A widely cultivated plant, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.
A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a FLAVOPROTEIN that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM and is involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in PLANTS; FUNGI; and BACTERIA. It was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.1.
A subtype of thioredoxins found primarily in CHLOROPLASTS.
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.
Tartronates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, which is a crystalline organic acid found in various fruits and used in certain medications as a stabilizing agent or for treating antimony poisoning.
An enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. It converts 2-acetolactate into 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-isovalerate. Also acts on 2-hydroxy-2-acetobutyrate to form 2-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-methylvalerate. EC 5.4.99.3.
An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of NITRATES.
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
The absence of light.
Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A plant genus of the family PORTULACACEAE.
The palm family of order Arecales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves, due to gluconapin (GLUCOSINOLATES) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. Flowers have 4 petals. Podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. Cress is a general term used for many in the Brassicacea family. Rockcress is usually ARABIS; Bittercress is usually CARDAMINE; Yellowcress is usually RORIPPA; Pennycress is usually THLASPI; Watercress refers to NASTURTIUM; or RORIPPA or TROPAEOLUM; Gardencress refers to LEPIDIUM; Indiancress refers to TROPAEOLUM.
A plant species cultivated for the seed used as animal feed and as a source of canola cooking oil.
A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
A plant genus of the family APIACEAE that is sometimes called Hemlock Water Dropwort but should not be confused with HEMLOCK. It contains enanthotoxin.

Post-ingestive feedbacks and associative learning regulate the intake of unsuitable sterols in a generalist grasshopper. (1/794)

Behavioural studies of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana were undertaken to identify the mechanisms that regulate the intake of dietary sterols. In the first experiment, grasshoppers were allowed to feed on spinach, a plant containing only unsuitable sterols; immediately after this first meal, a suitable or unsuitable sterol was injected into the haemolymph. Grasshoppers injected with unsuitable sterols had second meals on spinach that were significantly shorter than those of grasshoppers injected with suitable sterols, indicating that unsuitable dietary sterols are detected post-ingestively. In the second experiment, grasshoppers were fed food containing only unsuitable sterols and were then presented with glass-fibre discs containing different concentrations of a suitable sterol or sucrose only (the control). The results suggest that grasshoppers do not use a direct feedback operating on mouthpart chemoreceptors to regulate their intake of suitable sterols. In the third experiment, grasshoppers were presented with artificial diets containing different sterols and flavours, and feeding was observed over a sequence of meals. The results from both the first and last experiments suggest a role for associative learning in regulating the intake of unsuitable sterols.  (+info)

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (2/794)

Carotenoid bioavailability depends, amongst other factors, on the food matrix and on the type and extent of processing. To examine the effect of variously processed spinach products and of dietary fiber on serum carotenoid concentrations, subjects received, over a 3-wk period, a control diet (n = 10) or a control diet supplemented with carotenoids or one of four spinach products (n = 12 per group): whole leaf spinach with an almost intact food matrix, minced spinach with the matrix partially disrupted, enzymatically liquefied spinach in which the matrix was further disrupted and the liquefied spinach to which dietary fiber (10 g/kg wet weight) was added. Consumption of spinach significantly increased serum concentrations of all-trans-beta-carotene, cis-beta-carotene, (and consequently total beta-carotene), lutein, alpha-carotene and retinol and decreased the serum concentration of lycopene. Serum total beta-carotene responses (changes in serum concentrations from the start to the end of the intervention period) differed significantly between the whole leaf and liquefied spinach groups and between the minced and liquefied spinach groups. The lutein response did not differ among spinach groups. Addition of dietary fiber to the liquefied spinach had no effect on serum carotenoid responses. The relative bioavailability as compared to bioavailability of the carotenoid supplement for whole leaf, minced, liquefied and liquefied spinach plus added dietary fiber for beta-carotene was 5.1, 6.4, 9.5 and 9.3%, respectively, and for lutein 45, 52, 55 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that the bioavailability of lutein from spinach was higher than that of beta-carotene and that enzymatic disruption of the matrix (cell wall structure) enhanced the bioavailability of beta-carotene from whole leaf and minced spinach, but had no effect on lutein bioavailability.  (+info)

Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric TMV. (3/794)

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein is involved in systemic infection of host plants, and a specific mutation in this gene prevents the virus from moving into the upper uninoculated leaves. The coat protein also is required for different viral functions during early and late infection. To study the role of the coat protein in long-distance movement of AlMV independent of other vital functions during virus infection, we cloned the gene encoding the coat protein of AlMV into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector Av. This vector is deficient in long-distance movement and is limited to locally inoculated leaves because of the lack of native TMV coat protein. Expression of AlMV coat protein, directed by the subgenomic promoter of TMV coat protein in Av, supported systemic infection with the chimeric virus in Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum MD609, and Spinacia oleracea. The host range of TMV was extended to include spinach as a permissive host. Here we report the alteration of a host range by incorporating genetic determinants from another virus.  (+info)

Rapid purification of membrane extrinsic F1-domain of chloroplast ATP synthase in monodisperse form suitable for 3D-crystallization. (4/794)

A new chromatographic procedure for purification of the membrane extrinsic F1-domain of chloroplast ATP synthase is presented. The purification is achieved by a single anion exchange chromatography step. Determination of the enzyme-bound nucleotides reveals only 1 mole of ADP per complex. The purified enzyme shows a latent Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity of 1.0 mumol.mg-1 min-1 and a Mg(2+)-dependent activity of 4.4 mumol.mg-1 .min-1. Both activities are increased up to 8-10-fold after dithiothreitol activation. Analysis of the purified F1-complex by SDS/PAGE, silver staining and immunoblotting revealed that the preparation is uncontaminated by fragmented subunits or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Gel filtration experiments indicate that the preparation is homogenous and monodisperse. In order to determine the solubility minimum of the purified F1-complex the isoelectric point of the preparation was calculated from pH mapping on ion exchange columns. In agreement with calculations based on the amino acid sequence, a slightly acidic pI of 5.7 was found. Using ammonium sulphate as a precipitant the purified CF1-complex could be crystallized by MicroBatch.  (+info)

Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by triplets in solubilized light-harvesting complex II (LHCII). (5/794)

The quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by triplets in solubilized trimeric light harvesting complexes was analyzed by comparative pump-probe experiments that monitor with weak 2-ns probe pulses the fluorescence yield and changes of optical density, DeltaOD, induced by 2-ns pump pulses. By using a special array for the measurement of the probe fluorescence (Schodel R., F. Hillman, T. Schrotter, K.-D. Irrgang, J. Voight, and G. Biophys. J. 71:3370-3380) the emission caused by the pump pulses could be drastically reduced so that even at highest pump pulse intensities, IP, no significant interference with the signal due to the probe pulse was observed. The data obtained reveal: a) at a fixed time delay of 50 ns between pump and probe pulse the fluorescence yield of the latter drastically decreased with increasing IP, b) the recovery of the fluorescence yield in the microseconds time domain exhibits kinetics which are dependent on IP, c) DeltaOD at 507 nm induced by the pump pulse and monitored by the probe pulse with a delay of 50 ns (reflecting carotenoid triplets) increases with IP without reaching a saturation level at highest IP values, d) an analogous feature is observed for the bleaching at 675 nm but it becomes significant only at very high IP values, e) the relaxation of DeltaOD at 507 nm occurs via a monophasic kinetics at all IP values whereas DeltaOD at 675 nm measured under the same conditions is characterized by a biphasic kinetics with tau values of about 1 microseconds and 7-9 microseconds. The latter corresponds with the monoexponential decay kinetics of DeltaOD at 507 nm. Based on a Stern-Volmer plot, the time-dependent fluorescence quenching is compared with the relaxation kinetics of triplets. It is shown that the fluorescence data can be consistently described by a quenching due to triplets.  (+info)

Isolation of a highly active PSII-LHCII supercomplex from thylakoid membranes by a direct method. (6/794)

We have developed a simple and novel method to isolate a highly pure and active photosystem (PS) II complex, directly from thylakoid membranes. This complex is a discrete particle and contains all the proteins of the oxygen evolving complex and a set of chlorophyll alb binding proteins. The intactness of both the donor side and the acceptor side has resulted in a very high oxygen evolution activity and therefore offers a superior experimental system to that of PSII enriched membrane fragments in which there is heterogeneity in activities and biochemical composition.  (+info)

Availability of food folate in humans. (7/794)

The aim of our study was to determine whether the area-under-the-plasma-response-curve method with the positive area (AUC+) as primary analysis variable is suitable to evaluate the availability of food folate in humans. Healthy volunteers (n = 20) received four test meals in a randomized, four-period cross-over design as follows: meal A, 600 g spinach; meal B, 300 g spinach; meal C, 0.4 mg folic acid in water; meal D, folate-free control meal. Blood samples were drawn before administration of the test meals and up to 10 h postprandially. Plasma folate was significantly increased for up to 6 h after uptake of spinach and folic acid (P < 0.007), whereas the response curve after the control meal decreased slightly but significantly (P < 0.007). To calculate the net increase of plasma folate, the values were corrected by the individual predose concentrations. The AUC+ was calculated with these corrected values. The mean AUC+ was highest after consumption of meal A (71.2 +/- 24.0 h x nmol/L) followed by meal C (61.8 +/- 23. 8 h x nmol/L) and meal B (41.4 +/- 19.4 h x nmol/L). The AUC+ after meal B was significantly lower than after the other two meals (P < 0. 05). The results suggest that the AUC method with multiple blood sampling is useful for assessing the availability of food folate in humans.  (+info)

Chloroplast class I and class II aldolases are bifunctional for fructose-1,6-biphosphate and sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphate cleavage in the Calvin cycle. (8/794)

Class I and class II aldolases are products of two evolutionary non-related gene families. The cytosol and chloroplast enzymes of higher plants are of the class I type, the latter being bifunctional for fructose-1,6- and sedoheptulose-1,7-P2 in the Calvin cycle. Recently, class II aldolases were detected for the cytosol and chloroplasts of the lower alga Cyanophora paradoxa. The respective chloroplast enzyme has been shown here to be also bifunctional for fructose-1,6- and sedoheptulose-1,7-P2. Kinetics, also including fructose-1-P, were determined for all these enzymes. Apparently, aldolases are multifunctional enzymes, irrespective of their class I or class II type.  (+info)

"Spinacia oleracea" is the scientific name for a plant species, not a medical term. It is commonly known as spinach, a leafy green vegetable. While spinach has many health benefits and is often recommended as part of a balanced diet, it does not have a specific medical definition.

Spinach is rich in various nutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folic acid. It can contribute to overall health, support immune function, and provide antioxidant benefits. However, it is important to note that 'Spinacia oleracea' itself does not have a medical definition.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in the cells of green plants, algae, and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, which is the process by which these organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.

Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. They also contain a system of membranes and enzymes that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions known as the Calvin cycle. This process not only provides energy for the organism but also releases oxygen as a byproduct, which is essential for the survival of most life forms on Earth.

Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from ancient cyanobacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and eventually became integrated into their host's cellular machinery through a process called endosymbiosis. Over time, chloroplasts evolved to become an essential component of plant and algal cells, contributing to their ability to carry out photosynthesis and thrive in a wide range of environments.

Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid, which are lipids that contain a carbohydrate moiety. They are the most abundant lipids in plant chloroplasts and play important roles in membrane structure and function. The term "galactolipid" refers to lipids that contain one or more galactose molecules as their polar headgroup.

The two major types of galactolipids are monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs). MGDGs contain a single galactose molecule, while DGDGs contain two. These lipids are important components of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, where they help to maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of the membrane, as well as facilitate the movement of proteins and other molecules within it.

In addition to their role in plant cells, galactolipids have also been found to be important in animal cells, particularly in the brain. They are a major component of myelin sheaths, which surround and insulate nerve fibers, allowing for efficient electrical signaling. Abnormalities in galactolipid metabolism have been linked to several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Krabbe disease.

'Brassica' is a term used in botanical nomenclature, specifically within the family Brassicaceae. It refers to a genus of plants that includes various vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and mustard greens. These plants are known for their nutritional value and health benefits. They contain glucosinolates, which have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties. However, it is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic category used in the biological sciences.

I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.

Chloroplast thioredoxins are small, heat-stable proteins located in the chloroplasts of plant cells. They play a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the chloroplast, particularly those related to photosynthesis. Thioredoxins function as electron carriers and reduce disulfide bonds in target proteins, thereby activating or deactivating their enzymatic activity.

Chloroplast thioredoxins are reduced by ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase using electrons supplied by photosystem I during light reactions of photosynthesis. This reduction process enables chloroplast thioredoxins to regulate the activity of various enzymes involved in carbon fixation, such as Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), and other metabolic processes like protein folding and degradation.

There are multiple isoforms of chloroplast thioredoxins (trx), including TrxA, TrxB, TrxC, and TrxD, each with distinct roles in regulating specific target proteins and cellular processes. The regulation of chloroplast thioredoxins and their targets is critical for maintaining optimal photosynthetic efficiency and adapting to changing environmental conditions.

Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway of betaine, a compound that helps protect cells from environmental stress and is important for maintaining cell volume and osmotic balance. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of betaine aldehyde to betaine, using NAD+ as a cofactor.

Deficiency in BADH has been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as hyperbetalipoproteinemia type I, which is characterized by elevated levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Additionally, mutations in the BADH gene have been linked to an increased risk of alcoholism and alcohol-related disorders.

Fructose-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, which is the process of generating new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources in the body. Specifically, FBPase is involved in the fourth step of gluconeogenesis, where it catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is a key intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and its conversion to fructose-6-phosphate represents an important regulatory point in these pathways. FBPase is inhibited by high levels of energy charge (i.e., when the cell has plenty of ATP and low levels of ADP), as well as by certain metabolites such as citrate, which signals that there is abundant energy available from other sources.

There are two main isoforms of FBPase in humans: a cytoplasmic form found primarily in the liver and kidney, and a mitochondrial form found in various tissues including muscle and brain. Mutations in the gene that encodes the cytoplasmic form of FBPase can lead to a rare inherited metabolic disorder known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, which is characterized by impaired gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia.

Tartronates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, which is a crystalline organic acid found in many fruits and used as an antioxidant and preservative. In the context of medicine, tartronate salts such as potassium tartrate have been used in the treatment of certain metabolic disorders, such as hyperlactacidemia and lactic acidosis, due to their ability to act as a buffering agent and help regulate acid-base balance. However, the use of tartronates in medical therapy is not widely established and has largely been replaced by other more effective treatments.

2-Acetolactate Mutase is an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway known as the "biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids." This enzyme specifically catalyzes the conversion of 2-acetolactate to 3-hydroxyisovalerate, which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of the essential branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine.

The systematic name for this enzyme is 2-acetolactate hydro-lyase (3-hydroxyisovalerate-forming). It is classified as a member of the lyase family of enzymes, which are characterized by the cleavage of various bonds using water or other small molecules.

Defects in this enzyme have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), which is characterized by an accumulation of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolites in the body. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including neurological problems, developmental delays, and metabolic acidosis.

Cysteine synthase is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine. It catalyzes the reaction that combines O-acetylserine and hydrogen sulfide to produce cysteine and acetic acid. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining the sulfur balance in cells, as cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is an important component of proteins and many other molecules in the body. There are two forms of cysteine synthase: one that is found in bacteria and plants, and another that is found in animals. The animal form of the enzyme is also known as cystathionine beta-synthase, and it has a broader specificity than the bacterial and plant forms, as it can also catalyze the reaction that produces cystathionine from serine and homocysteine.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Nitrate reductases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). This process is an essential part of the nitrogen cycle, where nitrate serves as a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration for many bacteria and archaea. In plants, this enzyme plays a crucial role in nitrogen assimilation by reducing nitrate to ammonium (NH4+), which can then be incorporated into organic compounds. Nitrate reductases require various cofactors, such as molybdenum, heme, and/or FAD, for their activity. There are three main types of nitrate reductases: membrane-bound (which use menaquinol as an electron donor), cytoplasmic (which use NADH or NADPH as an electron donor), and assimilatory (which also use NADH or NADPH as an electron donor).

Photosynthesis is not strictly a medical term, but it is a fundamental biological process with significant implications for medicine, particularly in understanding energy production in cells and the role of oxygen in sustaining life. Here's a general biological definition:

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose (or sugar), using water and carbon dioxide. This process primarily takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in structures called thylakoids. The overall reaction can be summarized as:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the reactants, while glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are the products. Photosynthesis has two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water using the ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.

Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for understanding various biological processes, including cellular respiration, plant metabolism, and the global carbon cycle. Additionally, research into artificial photosynthesis has potential applications in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "darkness." In general, darkness refers to the absence of light. It is not a term that is commonly used in the medical field, and it does not have a specific clinical meaning. If you have a question about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to try to help you understand it.

Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures located in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some protists. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Thylakoids have a characteristic stacked or disc-like structure, called grana, and are interconnected by unstacked regions called stroma lamellae. The arrangement of thylakoids in grana increases the surface area for absorption of light energy, allowing for more efficient photosynthesis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vegetables" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a dietary category that includes various plant-based foods, typically referring to the edible parts of herbaceous plants excluding fruit (but including seeds), such as leaves, stems, roots, tubers, and bulbs.

However, in a nutritional or clinical context, vegetables are often defined by their nutrient content. For example, they may be classified as foods that are high in certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and low in calories and fat. Different healthcare professionals or organizations might have slightly different definitions or classifications of what constitutes a vegetable, but there is no single medical definition for this term.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Photosystem II Protein Complex is a crucial component of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Photosystem II plays a vital role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to drive the oxidation of water molecules into oxygen, electrons, and protons.

The protein complex consists of several subunits, including the D1 and D2 proteins, which form the reaction center, and several antenna proteins that capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center. Photosystem II also contains various cofactors, such as pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), redox-active metal ions (manganese and calcium), and quinones, which facilitate the charge separation and electron transfer processes during photosynthesis.

Photosystem II Protein Complex is responsible for the initial charge separation event in photosynthesis, which sets off a series of redox reactions that ultimately lead to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH and the synthesis of ATP, providing energy for the carbon fixation reactions in the Calvin cycle. Additionally, Photosystem II Protein Complex is involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the Earth's atmosphere's oxygen levels and making it an essential component of global carbon fixation and oxygen production.

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.

There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.

Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

"Portulaca" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants commonly known as "purslanes." These are mostly annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, often with succulent leaves and stems. They belong to the family Portulacaceae.

However, in a medical context, 'Portulaca' is not typically used as a medical term or diagnosis. If you're referring to a specific medical use or component of a purslane plant, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Arecaceae is the scientific name for the family of plants that includes palm trees. It is a large and diverse family with over 2,600 known species, distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plants in this family are characterized by their long, unbranched stems, which can be underground or aboveground, and their large, compound leaves that are arranged in a crown at the top of the stem.

The fruits of many Arecaceae species are also economically important, including coconuts, dates, and acai berries. In addition to their use as food sources, palm trees have many other uses, such as providing materials for construction, fiber for making ropes and baskets, and shade in tropical environments.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that are involved in the process of cellular respiration. It is the final pathway for electrons derived from the oxidation of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be transferred to molecular oxygen. This transfer of electrons drives the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

The electron transport chain consists of four complexes (I-IV) and two mobile electron carriers (ubiquinone and cytochrome c). Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to Complex I and Complex II respectively, which then pass them along to ubiquinone. Ubiquinone then transfers the electrons to Complex III, which passes them on to cytochrome c. Finally, cytochrome c transfers the electrons to Complex IV, where they combine with oxygen and protons to form water.

The transfer of electrons through the ETC is accompanied by the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. The flow of protons back across the inner membrane through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Overall, the electron transport chain is a crucial process for generating energy in the form of ATP in the cell, and it plays a key role in many metabolic pathways.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Brassicaceae is a scientific family name in the field of botany, which includes a group of plants commonly known as the mustard family or crucifers. This family includes many economically important crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, turnips, radishes, and mustards. The name Brassicaceae comes from the genus Brassica, which includes many of these familiar vegetables.

Plants in this family are characterized by their flowers, which have four petals arranged in a cross-like pattern, hence the common name "crucifers." They also typically have four sepals, six stamens, and two fused carpels that form a fruit called a silique or silicle.

Brassicaceae plants are known for their production of glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing compounds that give these plants their characteristic pungent or bitter flavors. When the plant tissues are damaged, such as during chewing, the glucosinolates are broken down into isothiocyanates, which have been shown to have potential health benefits, including anti-cancer properties.

'Brassica rapa' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes various types of vegetables such as turnips, Chinese cabbages, and bok choy. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, also known as the mustard or cabbage family. The plants in this species are characterized by their broad leaves and branching stem, and they are native to Europe and Central Asia.

Turnips, which are one of the most common vegetables in this species, are cool-season root crops that are grown for their enlarged taproot. They have a white or yellowish flesh that is crisp and tender with a sweet, slightly bitter flavor. Turnips can be eaten raw or cooked and are often used in soups, stews, and casseroles.

Chinese cabbages, also known as Napa cabbages, are another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. They have elongated, pale green leaves that form a compact head, and they are often used in Asian cuisine. Chinese cabbages have a mild flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked.

Bok choy, also known as pak choi, is another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. It has dark green leaves and white stems, and it is often used in stir-fries and soups. Bok choy has a mild flavor and a crisp texture.

Overall, 'Brassica rapa' is an important species of plant that includes many nutritious and delicious vegetables that are popular around the world.

'Brassica napus' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes both rapeseed and canola. It is a type of cruciferous vegetable that is widely cultivated for its seeds, which are used to produce oil, as well as for its leaves and stems, which are eaten as vegetables in some parts of the world.

Rapeseed oil, which is produced from the seeds of 'Brassica napus', has historically been used as a source of industrial lubricant and as a fuel for diesel engines. However, modern canola oil, which is also produced from 'Brassica napus' but has been bred to have lower levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates, is more commonly used as a food oil due to its mild flavor and high smoke point.

The leaves and stems of 'Brassica napus' are also edible and are commonly consumed in parts of Europe and Asia. They can be prepared in a variety of ways, including boiling, steaming, or stir-frying. The plant is also sometimes used as a cover crop or green manure due to its ability to improve soil health and reduce erosion.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays an essential role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and converting it into chemical energy to fuel the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The structure of chlorophyll includes a porphyrin ring, which binds a central magnesium ion, and a long phytol tail. There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have distinct absorption spectra and slightly different structures. Chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, enabling the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.

Glucosinolates are naturally occurring compounds found in various plants, particularly in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and mustard greens. They are sulfur-containing glucosides that can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase when the plant tissue is damaged, leading to the formation of biologically active compounds like isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles. These breakdown products have been shown to exhibit various health benefits, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. However, excessive intake or exposure may also cause adverse effects in some individuals.

"Oenanthe" is a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae, also known as the carrot or parsley family. Some species of this genus are known to contain toxic compounds and can be poisonous if ingested. The name "Oenanthe" comes from the Greek words "oinos," meaning wine, and "anthos," meaning flower, which may refer to the fact that some species have a smell reminiscent of wine. It is important to note that "Oenanthe" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a group of plants.

"Spinacia oleracea". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Spiranthes spiralis". MaltaWildPlants.com. ... "Brassica oleracea s.l.". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris". ... "Portulaca oleracea". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Posidonia oceanica". MaltaWildPlants.com. ... "Sonchus oleraceus". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Sonchus tenerrimus". MaltaWildPlants.com. ...
"Entity Display : Spinacia oleracea". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{ ... "Entity Display : Portulaca oleracea L". Ecoport.org. 2005-11-11. Retrieved 2018-02-28. "GRIN #952". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. " ...
Spinach Spinacia oleracea 33. Watercress Nasturtium officinale Mushrooms have high B vitamin content, as well as vitamin D, ... Kale Brassica oleracea var. sabellica 28. Moringa Moringa oleifera 29. Pak-choi or bok-choy (Chinese cabbage) Brassica rapa ...
Spinacieae). The genus Spinacia comprises 3 species: Spinacia oleracea L., spinach: only cultivated, probably originating from ... Type species is Spinacia oleracea. The genus name may derive from the Latin "spina" or from Persian "ispanakh" (=spine), ... Spinacia oleracea grows cultivated or naturalized in all temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinacia. Wikispecies has information related to Spinacia. (Articles with short ...
Spinacia oleracea (spinach) can also be infected by the same strand of BNYVV. For this plant, complete infection of the plant ... saccharifera (sugar beet), and Spinacia oleracea (spinach). In Beta vulgaria var. saccharifera (sugar beet), symptoms are most ... Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand spinach), Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine), Veronica ...
Diseases of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Arizona. Archived 2006-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Arizona Extension Plant ...
It can be found in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Aehle, Elke; Raynaud-Le Grandic, Sophie; Ralainirina, Robert; Baltora-Rosset, ... Spinacia oleracea) extracts by an adsorption procedure". Food Chemistry. 86 (4): 579-585. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.10.006. v ...
Law MY, Halliwell B (1986). "Purification and properties of glutathione synthetase from (Spinacia oleracea) leaves". Plant Sci ...
This article is a list of diseases of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological ...
The economically important host of Albugo occidentalis is spinach (Spinacia oleracea); although the oomycete has also been ...
Quinone and pigment composition of chloroplasts and quantasome aggregates from Spinacia oleracea. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 79, 30 ... "Quinone and pigment composition of chloroplasts and quantasome aggregates from Spinacia Oleracea". Biochimica et Biophysica ...
"Subcellular localization of acyl carrier protein in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 (3 ...
"Characterization of maltose biosynthesis from α-D-glucose-1-phosphate in Spinacia oleracea. L". Planta. 154 (1): 87-93. doi: ...
"Natural and stress constituents from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves and their biological activities". Bulletin of the Faculty of ...
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an edible flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. Spinach may also refer to: Amaranthus ...
Spinacia oleracea, and Staphylococcus aureus. MenB is only found in biosynthesis pathways in plants and bacteria, it does not ...
Spinacia oleracea): complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization". Plant Molecular Biology. 45 (3): 307-15. doi:10.1023/A ...
Spinacia oleracea L.) during processing". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 43 (9): 466-72. doi:10.1093/chromsci/43.9.466. ...
napus) - Common dogmustard (Erucastrum gallicum) Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) - Spinacia turkestanica Squash (Cucurbita pepo ... maritima Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) - Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) - Brassica ... Brassica oleracea Lentil (Lens culinaris) - Lens ervoides Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) - Pisum fulvum Butter Bean (Phaseolus ...
... (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and Western Asia. It is of the order ... Common spinach (S. oleracea) was long considered to be in the family Chenopodiaceae, but in 2003 that family was merged into ... to vitamin A Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Spinach Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinacia oleracea. ... Spinacea oleracea)". Food Science and Technology. Elsevier. 49 (2): 197-201. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.06.017. Iammarino, M; Di ...
In Streptoccoccus pneumoniae, 6.8-7, in Plasmodium falciparum 7.5, and in Spinacia oleracea, 8.1-8.5. Optimal Temperature will ... Cerulenin is known to inhibit synthase I in Carthamus tinctorius, Spinacia oleracea, Brassica napus, Allium ampeloprasu, ... For example, cerulenin inhibits synthase II in Spinacia oleracea, Allium ampelprasum, Escherichia coli, and Streptoccoccus ...
Garcia RE; Mudd JB (1981). "1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerol:sterol acyl transferase from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.)". Methods ...
Samsel K, Meghani A. The Effects of Commercial Freezing on Vitamin Concentrations in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). J Undergrad ...
Spinacia oleracea L.) Leaves : A Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Study". Plant Physiology. 82 (2): 591-3. doi:10.1104/pp.82.2 ... Spinacia oleracea) Aducci P, Ascenzi P, Pierini M, Ballio A (July 1986). "Purification and Characterization of Leu-Proteinase, ... Spinacia oleracea L.) Leaves". Plant Physiology. 81 (3): 812-6. doi:10.1104/pp.81.3.812. PMC 1075432. PMID 16664908. Aducci P, ...
Downy mildew has more direct importance on spinach (Spinacia oleracea), since it affects the harvested part (leaves). Yellow ... Spinacia, etc. However, the species name has been taxonomically rejected (see report 20 from the Nomenclature Committee for ...
Some species, such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea) or forms of beet (Beta vulgaris) (beetroot, chard), are used as vegetables. ...
Driven by fresh-market use, the consumption of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) has been on the rise in the United States. Per ...
... yellows virus is transmitted by multiple species of aphid and causes a yellowing disease in Beta vulgaris and Spinacia oleracea ...
Spinacieae), with two genera: Spinacia L.: with three species in Western Asia and North Africa: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) ... Food species comprise Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus), several Chenopodium species (Quinoa ... Some species are dioecious, like Spinacia, Grayia, Exomis, and Atriplex. In several species of tribe Atripliceae, the female ...
... reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218 (1): 77-91. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(82)90323-X. PMID ...
Awards / World Illustration Awards 2023 / 2013 / Shortlist / Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea). Next Previous Back to Awards List ...
Olympia is generally ready for harvest 45 days after planting. This variety is relatively slow to bolt, and is resistant to race 1, 2, and 3 of downy
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) anthotype by Teresa Guxens. November 1, 2022. August 16, 2022. ...
Spinacia oleracea) [TaxId:3562] from c.2.1.3 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): *Species Spinach (Spinacia ... PDB entries in Species: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) [TaxId: 3562]:. *Domain(s) for 1jn0: *. Domain d1jn0a1: 1jn0 A:0-148,A:313- ... Lineage for Species: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) [TaxId: 3562]. *Root: SCOP 1.73 *. Class c: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) [ ... Species Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) [TaxId:3562] from c.2.1.3 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) appears in SCOP ...
Spinacia oleracea L., cv. Racoon) microbiomes impacted by salinity and drought. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or ... The experiment was repeated three times from early fall to late spring in sand tanks planted with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L ... The experiment was repeated three times from early fall to late spring in sand tanks planted with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L ... TY - JOUR T1 - Functional relationships between aboveground and belowground spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., cv. Racoon) ...
Spinacia Oleracea - Inclusief Handleiding ? Vergelijk en koop via onze prijsvergelijker! ... HomeWinkelTuinPlantenZaai- & PootgoedSpinazie Zaad - Groentezaden - Spinacia Oleracea - Inclusief Handleiding. ...
The present study was aimed to assess the protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves (AESO 250, 500, and ... Int J Pharma Prof Res 1(1):1-4 Garg VK, Jain M, Sharma PK, Garg G (2010) Anti-inflammatory activity of Spinacia oleracea. Int J ... Indian J Exp Biol 46:185-190 PubMed Das S, Guha D (2008) CNS depressive role of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves ... Zurück zum Zitat Das S, Guha D (2008) CNS depressive role of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves in adult male ...
CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULES ASSOCIATED WITH CHLOROPLASTS OF SPINACH, SPINACIA OLERACEA Jerry E. Manning, Jerry E. Manning ... SPINACIA OLERACEA . J Cell Biol 1 May 1972; 53 (2): 594-601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.53.2.594 ...
Home / Personal Care/Cosmetics / Single Extracts / Spinach Leaf Spinacia Oleracea (Spinach) Leaf Extract. ...
"Spinacia oleracea" by people in this website by year, and whether "Spinacia oleracea" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Spinacia oleracea" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Spinacia oleracea" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Spinacia oleracea". ...
Retrieved from "https://uses.plantnet-project.org/e/index.php?title=Spinacia_oleracea&oldid=318846" ...
Spinacia oleracea Organic - Fair-Trade - Cruelty- free - Premium Superfood - Vegan Type: Açaí raw powder and Acai extract ...
Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green vegetable that originated in Persia. It belongs to the amaranth family and is related to ... Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green vegetable that originated in Persia. It belongs to the amaranth family and is ...
Plant Spinacia oleracea, Spinach, Leaf Vegetables - in @jerseylily garden plant collection ...
Home / Shop / Herbs & Spices / Herbs A to Z / Herbs S-U / Spinach Powder (Spinacia oleracea). ...
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45 days Glossy, thick, heavily savoyed, succulent leaves can get large while still maintaining a good, sweet flavor. Very dark green leaves have an upright growth habit for ease of harvest either as baby leaf or when mature. A little slower growing than other spinach but the flavor makes up for it. Plants are much mor
Spinacia oleracea properties. SPINACH BENEFITS. Photo of spinach. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was cultivated for the first time ... Among the main foods rich in this component we would mention the following ones: purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), carrot ( ...
Be the first to review "Spinacia oleracea - Spinach - Bloomsdale Long Standing seeds x 100" Cancel reply. You must be logged in ... Spinacia oleracea. This plant is not on the Australian Noxious Weed List ... Spinacia oleracea - Spinach - Bloomsdale Long Standing seeds x 100. Spinacia oleracea - Spinach - Bloomsdale Long Standing ...
"Spinacia oleracea". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Spiranthes spiralis". MaltaWildPlants.com. ... "Brassica oleracea s.l.". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris". ... "Portulaca oleracea". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Posidonia oceanica". MaltaWildPlants.com. ... "Sonchus oleraceus". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Sonchus tenerrimus". MaltaWildPlants.com. ...
Spinacia oleracea Linnaeus, 1753) is an ideal material for studying molecular mechanisms of early-stage sex chromosome ...
... F. BERTI; ... 1H-NMR RELAXATION INVESTIGATION OF HERBICIDES INTERACTING WITH PHOTOSYSTEM II PREPARATIONS FROM SPINACIA OLERACEA L. APPLIED ... 1H-NMR RELAXATION INVESTIGATION OF HERBICIDES INTERACTING WITH PHOTOSYSTEM II PREPARATIONS FROM SPINACIA OLERACEA L. APPLIED ...
Dive into the research topics of Multiple molecular forms of α-glucosidase from spinach seeds, spinacia oleracea l.. Together ... Multiple molecular forms of α-glucosidase from spinach seeds, spinacia oleracea l.. ...
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) anthotype by Natasha Guy. "Caroline at the mirror" by Natasha Guy. Country: Paris, France. Parts ... Mix of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Pepper, red bell (Capsicum annuum) anthotype by Ayo Varillas. "Perilous Branch (White ... Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) anthotype by Suanne Peterson. "Annie at Sixteen" by Suanne Peterson. Country: Medford, ...
Amaranthaceae, the amaranth family, contains some 174 genera and around 2,500 species distributed worldwide. Its members are typically herbaceous plants or subshrubs, many of which can tolerate poor saline soils. The flowers are often small and borne in dense inflorescences, and the simple leaves
Return to Article Details COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH OF SPINACIA OLERACEA ...
Spinacia oleracea. Juglans regia. salinity and drought. [161]. Spermidine synthase (MdSPDS1). LOC103451952. M. domestica. Pyrus ... Ectopic expression of Spinacia oleracea BADH gene in Persian walnut (Juglans regia) improved the growth of transgenic plants ...
Water Research Australia → Projects → Human & Environmental Health Impacts → Spinacia oleracea L. seedling emergence and early ... Spinacia oleracea L. seedling emergence and early development growth responses to Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) ... This study examined seedling emergence and early development growth responses of Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) in per and ... Project Name Spinacia oleracea L. seedling emergence and early development growth responses to Perfluoroalkylated Substances ( ...
Our work showed a rapid, eco-safety and suitable method for the synthesis of AgNPs from Eruca sativa and Spinacia oleracea leaf ... Objectives: Eruca sativa and Spinacia oleracea plants were used to evaluate their extra cellular potential synthesis of silver ... The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of the formed AgNPs formed by the leaf extract of both Eruca sativa and Spinacia oleracea ... Our work showed a rapid, eco-safety and suitable method for the synthesis of AgNPs from Eruca sativa and Spinacia oleracea leaf ...
  • Spinach is an annual plant, Spinacia oleracea, of the flowering plant family of Amaranthaceae and order Caryophyllales, which is popularly cultivated as a leaf vegetable. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Multiple molecular forms of α-glucosidase from spinach seeds, spinacia oleracea l. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Multiple molecular forms of α-glucosidase from spinach seeds, spinacia oleracea l. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our work showed a rapid, eco-safety and suitable method for the synthesis of AgNPs from Eruca sativa and Spinacia oleracea leaf extract and can be used in pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications. (ijbiotech.com)
  • De plant doet het het best in een standplaats met halfschaduw, en wordt ongeveer 40 cm groot. (mangroove.nl)
  • Op de verpakking staat een handleiding voor het zaaien en verzorgen van de plant. (mangroove.nl)
  • Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, is an annual plant. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • This study examined seedling emergence and early development growth responses of Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) in per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soil. (waterra.com.au)
  • The present study was aimed to assess the protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves (AESO 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) in inflammatory bowel disease using acetic acid- and ethanol-induced colitis in mice and indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats. (springermedizin.de)
  • Here we describe the first crystal structure for an L-galactose dehydrogenase [Spinacia oleracea GDH (SoGDH) from spinach], from the D-mannose/L-galactose (Smirnoff-Wheeler) pathway which converts L-galactose into L-galactono-1,4-lactone. (edu.pe)
  • Zurück zum Zitat Bergquist S (2006) Bioactive compounds in baby spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.), effects of pre- and post-harvest factors. (springermedizin.de)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Spinacia oleracea" by people in this website by year, and whether "Spinacia oleracea" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Spinacia oleracea" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) is a leafy green vegetable that originated in Persia. (healthline.com)
  • America Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) features 8-in plants that stand up to heat and drought. (planetnatural.com)
  • abstract = "In order to assess the possible health risk associated with the consumption of vegetables harvested from waste dump sites, trace metal levels in Spinacia oleracea planted in soils collected from waste dump sites were investigated. (smu.ac.za)
  • Lion, GN & Olowoyo, JO 2013, ' Population health risk due to dietary intake of toxic heavy metals from Spinacia oleracea harvested from soils collected in and around Tshwane, South Africa ', South African Journal of Botany , vol. 88, pp. 178-182. (smu.ac.za)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Spinacia oleracea" by people in this website by year, and whether "Spinacia oleracea" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)