Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.
Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. Included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. It is produced by the World Health Organization (From ICD-10, p1). The Clinical Modifications, produced by the UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the U.S.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Process of substituting a symbol or code for a term such as a diagnosis or procedure. (from Slee's Health Care Terms, 3d ed.)
A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
Review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. The review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality.
Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.
Secondary headache attributed to TRAUMA of the HEAD and/or the NECK.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place name and not a medical term, so it doesn't have a medical definition. It's the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, culture, and landmarks. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help answer those!

The role of capsaicin-sensitive muscle afferents in fatigue-induced modulation of the monosynaptic reflex in the rat. (1/960)

1. The role of group III and IV afferent fibres of the lateral gastrocnemious muscle (LG) in modulating the homonymous monosynaptic reflex was investigated during muscle fatigue in spinalized rats. 2. Muscle fatigue was induced by a series of increasing tetanic electrical stimuli (85 Hz, 600 ms) delivered to the LG muscle nerve. Series consisted of increasing train numbers from 1 to 60. 3. Potentials from the spinal cord LG motor pool and from the ventral root were recorded in response to proprioceptive afferent stimulation and analysed before and during tetanic muscle activations. Both the pre- and postsynaptic waves showed an initial enhancement and, after a '12-train' series, an increasing inhibition. 4. The enhancement of the responses to muscle fatiguing stimulation disappeared after L3-L6 dorsal root section, while a partial reflex inhibition was still present. Conversely, after section of the corresponding ventral root, there was only a reduction in the inhibitory effect. 5. The monosynaptic reflex was also studied in animals in which a large number of group III and IV muscle afferents were eliminated by injecting capsaicin (10 mM) into the LG muscle. As a result of capsaicin treatment, the fatigue-induced inhibition of the pre- and postsynaptic waves disappeared, while the response enhancement remained. 6. We concluded that the monosynaptic reflex inhibition, but not the enhancement, was mediated by those group III and IV muscle afferents that are sensitive to the toxic action of capsaicin. The afferents that are responsible for the response enhancement enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, while those responsible for the inhibition enter the spinal cord through both the ventral and dorsal roots.  (+info)

Spontaneous network activity transiently depresses synaptic transmission in the embryonic chick spinal cord. (2/960)

We examined the effects of spontaneous or evoked episodes of rhythmic activity on synaptic transmission in several spinal pathways of embryonic day 9-12 chick embryos. We compared the amplitude of synaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF), the dorsal or ventral roots, before and after episodes of activity. With the exception of the short-latency responses evoked by dorsal root stimulation, the potentials were briefly potentiated and then reduced for several minutes after an episode of rhythmic activity. Their amplitude progressively recovered in the interval between successive episodes. The lack of post-episode depression in the short-latency component of the dorsal root evoked responses is probably attributable to the absence of firing in cut muscle afferents during an episode of activity. The post-episode depression of VLF-evoked potentials was mimicked by prolonged stimulation of the VLF, subthreshold for an episode of activity. By contrast, antidromically induced motoneuron firing and the accompanying calcium entry did not depress VLF-evoked potentials recorded from the stimulated ventral root. In addition, post-episode depression of VLF-evoked synaptic currents was observed in voltage-clamped spinal neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that somatic postsynaptic activity and calcium entry are not required for the depression. We propose instead that the mechanism may involve a form of long-lasting activity-induced synaptic depression, possibly a combination of transmitter depletion and ligand-induced changes in the postsynaptic current accompanying transmitter release. This activity-dependent depression appears to be an important mechanism underlying the occurrence of spontaneous activity in developing spinal networks.  (+info)

Early specification of sensory neuron fate revealed by expression and function of neurogenins in the chick embryo. (3/960)

The generation of sensory and autonomic neurons from the neural crest requires the functions of two classes of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, the Neurogenins (NGNs) and MASH-1, respectively (Fode, C., Gradwohl, G., Morin, X., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Goridis, C. and Guillemot, F. (1998) Neuron 20, 483-494; Guillemot, F., Lo, L.-C., Johnson, J. E., Auerbach, A., Anderson, D. J. and Joyner, A. L. (1993) Cell 75, 463-476; Ma, Q., Chen, Z. F., Barrantes, I. B., de la Pompa, J. L. and Anderson, D. J. (1998 Neuron 20, 469-482). We have cloned two chick NGNs and found that they are expressed in a subset of neural crest cells early in their migration. Ectopic expression of the NGNs in vivo biases migrating neural crest cells to localize in the sensory ganglia, and induces the expression of sensory neuron-appropriate markers in non-sensory crest derivatives. Surprisingly, the NGNs can also induce the expression of multiple pan-neuronal and sensory-specific markers in the dermomyotome, a mesodermal derivative. Taken together, these data suggest that a subset of neural crest cells may already be specified for a sensory neuron fate early in migration, as a consequence of NGN expression.  (+info)

The lumbosacral dorsal rami of the cat. (4/960)

The lumbosacral dorsal rami of the cat were studied by gross dissection. The L1-6 dorsal rami form three discrete branches - lateral, intermediate and medial. The lateral branches supply the iliocostalis lumborum and become cutaneous over the back. The intermediate branches ramify in the longissimus lumborum, and are separated from the lateral branches by the lumbar intermuscular septum. The medial branches supply the multifidus and have a constant branch - the nerve to intertransversarii mediales. The L7 dorsal ramus forms only medial and intermediate branches. The S1 and S2 dorsal rami form three branches, the middle of which form the ascending sacral trunk and accessory ascending sacral trunk. The ascending sacral trunk is derived from S1 and S2, the accessory ascending sacral trunk from S2. Both nerves are the exclusive nerve supply of lumbococcygeus.  (+info)

Extradural inflammation associated with annular tears: demonstration with gadolinium-enhanced lumbar spine MRI. (5/960)

Annular tears are manifest on MRI as the high-intensity zone (HIZ) or as annular enhancement. Patients with annular tears may experience low back pain with radiation into the lower limb in the absence of nerve root compression. Inflammation of nerve roots from leak of degenerative nuclear material through full-thickness annular tears is a proposed mechanism for such leg pain. The aim of this study is to illustrate the appearance of extradural enhancement adjacent to annular tears in patients being investigated for low back pain with radiation into the lower limb(s). Sagittal T1- and T2-weighted spin echo and axial T1-weighted spin echo sequences were obtained in eight patients being investigated for low back and leg pain. In all patients, the T1-weighted sequences were repeated following intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA). Annular tears were identified at 12 sites in eight patients. Extradural inflammation appeared as a region of intermediate signal intensity replacing the fat between the posterior disc margin and the theca, which enhanced following Gd-DTPA. The inflammatory change was always associated with an annular tear, and in four cases directly involved the nerve root. Enhancement of the nerve root was seen in two cases. The findings may be relevant in the diagnosis of chemical radiculopathy secondary to inflammation at the site of an annular leak from a degenerating disc.  (+info)

Ten- to 15-year outcome of surgery for lumbar disc herniation: radiographic instability and clinical findings. (6/960)

The most appropriate treatment for radiculopathy associated with disc pathology is still controversial. Since 1934, surgical treatment has consisted of hemilaminectomy and removal of the herniated material. Many authors believe that these procedures may cause degenerative spondylosis and vertebral instability. Several surgical methods have been proposed, but the long-term effects are still being debated. In addition there appear to be few well-designed outcome studies on the management of this disease. In the present study, 150 patients were selected for surgery with strict criteria and all treated with the standard technique. The series was evaluated by subjective analyses (Roland questionnaire; 120 patients), objective examinations (68 patients - 56.6%) and radiographic studies including dynamic views (analyzed by the Taillard and Boxall methods) to establish the presence of vertebral instability (50 patients - 41.6%). The subjective and objective analyses showed a high rate of good results. Radiographic studies showed vertebral instability in 30 cases, but only 9 were symptomatic. Recurrences were not observed and only a few patients suffered from leg pain. The standard procedure for lumbar disc herniation showed good results at 10- and 15-year follow-up.  (+info)

Spondyloptosis and multiple-level spondylolysis. (7/960)

An unusual case of a combination of multiple bilateral spondylolyses (L2, 3 and 4), spondylolisthesis at L3/4, spondyloptosis at L4/5 and sacralization of L5 in a teenage female is described. The patient had severely increasing lower back pain radiating to the left lower limb. Radiography identified the abnormalities and myelography revealed complete obstruction and compression of the thecal sac at the L4/5 level. The case was treated surgically by posterior decompression, corpectomy and fusion in a three-stage operation. The follow-up was extended to 2 years with no complications. No similar case has previously been reported.  (+info)

Optical mapping of neural network activity in chick spinal cord at an intermediate stage of embryonic development. (8/960)

We have applied multiple-site optical recording of transmembrane potential changes to recording of neuronal pathway/network activity from embryonic chick spinal cord slice preparations. Spinal cord preparations were dissected from 8-day-old chick embryos at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 33, and transverse slice preparations were prepared with the 13th cervical spinal nerve or with the 2nd or 5th lumbosacral spinal nerve intact. The slice preparations were stained with a voltage-sensitive merocyanine-rhodanine dye (NK2761). Transmembrane voltage-related optical (dye-absorbance) changes evoked by spinal nerve stimulation with positive square-current pulses using a suction electrode were recorded simultaneously from many loci in the preparation, using a 128- or 1,020-element photodiode array. Optical responses were detected from dorsal and ventral regions corresponding to the posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) gray horns. The optical signals were composed of two components, fast spike-like and slow signals. In the dorsal region, the fast spike-like signal was identified as the presynaptic action potential in the sensory nerve and the slow signal as the postsynaptic potential. In the ventral region, the fast spike-like signal reflects the antidromic action potential in motoneurons, and the slow signal is related to the postsynaptic potential evoked in the motoneuron. In preparations in which the ventral root was cut microsurgically, the antidromic action potential-related optical signals were eliminated. The areas of the maximal amplitude of the evoked signals in the dorsal and ventral regions were located near the dorsal root entry zone and the ventral root outlet zone, respectively. Quasiconcentric contour-line maps were obtained in the dorsal and ventral regions, suggesting the functional arrangement of the dorsal and ventral synaptic connections. Synaptic fatigue induced by repetitive stimuli in the ventral synapses was more rapid than in the dorsal synapses. The distribution patterns of the signals were essentially similar among C13, LS2, and LS5 preparations, suggesting that there is no difference in the spatiotemporal pattern of the neural responses along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord at this developmental stage. In the ventral root-cut preparations, comparing the delay times between the ventral slow optical signals, we have been able to demonstrate that neural network-related synaptic connections are generated functionally in the embryonic spinal cord at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 33.  (+info)

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as schwannomas and neurofibromas, grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), can invade nearby tissues and may metastasize (spread) to other organs.

PNS neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the affected area. In some cases, PNS neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they become quite large. Treatment options for PNS neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

Radiculopathy is a medical term that refers to the condition where there is damage or disturbance in the nerve roots as they exit the spinal column. These nerve roots, also known as radicles, can become damaged due to various reasons such as compression, inflammation, or injury, leading to a range of symptoms.

Radiculopathy may occur in any part of the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When the nerve roots in the cervical region are affected, it can result in symptoms such as neck pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or fingers. On the other hand, when the nerve roots in the lumbar region are affected, it can cause lower back pain, leg pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs or feet.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage to the nerve roots. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own with rest and conservative treatment. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as physical therapy, medication, or surgery may be necessary to alleviate the symptoms and prevent further damage.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

Neuralgia is a type of pain that occurs along the pathway of a nerve, often caused by damage or irritation to the nerve. It is typically described as a sharp, stabbing, burning, or electric-shock like pain that can be severe and debilitating. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it most commonly occurs in the facial area (trigeminal neuralgia) or in the nerves related to the spine (postherpetic neuralgia). The pain associated with neuralgia can be intermittent or constant and may be worsened by certain triggers such as touch, temperature changes, or movement. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain, as well as other therapies such as nerve blocks, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

Sciatica is not a medical condition itself but rather a symptom of an underlying medical problem. It's typically described as pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, which runs from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg.

The pain can vary widely, from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation or excruciating discomfort. Sometimes, the pain is severe enough to make moving difficult. Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine, or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve.

While sciatica can be quite painful, it's not typically a sign of permanent nerve damage and can often be relieved with non-surgical treatments. However, if the pain is severe or persists for a long period, it's essential to seek medical attention as it could indicate a more serious underlying condition.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

Ligation, in the context of medical terminology, refers to the process of tying off a part of the body, usually blood vessels or tissue, with a surgical suture or another device. The goal is to stop the flow of fluids such as blood or other substances within the body. It is commonly used during surgeries to control bleeding or to block the passage of fluids, gases, or solids in various parts of the body.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

The lumbosacral plexus is a complex network of nerves that arises from the lower part of the spinal cord, specifically the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S4) roots. This plexus is responsible for providing innervation to the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and some parts of the abdomen and pelvis.

The lumbosacral plexus can be divided into several major branches:

1. The femoral nerve: It arises from the L2-L4 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, as well as sensation to the anterior and medial aspects of the leg and thigh.
2. The obturator nerve: It originates from the L2-L4 roots and provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and sensation to the inner aspect of the thigh.
3. The sciatic nerve: This is the largest nerve in the body, formed by the union of the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves. It arises from the L4-S3 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the lower leg and foot, as well as sensation to the posterior aspect of the leg and foot.
4. The pudendal nerve: It originates from the S2-S4 roots and is responsible for providing motor innervation to the pelvic floor muscles and sensory innervation to the genital region.
5. Other smaller nerves, such as the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves, also arise from the lumbosacral plexus and supply sensation to various regions in the lower abdomen and pelvis.

Damage or injury to the lumbosacral plexus can result in significant neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities.

Spinal ganglia, also known as dorsal root ganglia, are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They are situated along the length of the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Each spinal ganglion contains numerous neurons, or nerve cells, with long processes called axons that extend into the periphery and innervate various tissues and organs. The cell bodies within the spinal ganglia receive sensory input from these axons and transmit this information to the central nervous system via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves. This allows the brain to interpret and respond to a wide range of sensory stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of one's body).

Hyperalgesia is a medical term that describes an increased sensitivity to pain. It occurs when the nervous system, specifically the nociceptors (pain receptors), become excessively sensitive to stimuli. This means that a person experiences pain from a stimulus that normally wouldn't cause pain or experiences pain that is more intense than usual. Hyperalgesia can be a result of various conditions such as nerve damage, inflammation, or certain medications. It's an important symptom to monitor in patients with chronic pain conditions, as it may indicate the development of tolerance or addiction to pain medication.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

The Cauda Equina refers to a bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord within the vertebral column. It originates from the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S5) regions and looks like a horse's tail, hence the name "Cauda Equina" in Latin. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremities, bladder, bowel, and sexual organs. Any damage or compression to this region can lead to serious neurological deficits, such as bowel and bladder incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and lower limb weakness or paralysis.

Intervertebral disc displacement, also known as a slipped disc or herniated disc, is a medical condition where the inner, softer material (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures through its outer, tougher ring (annulus fibrosus). This can put pressure on nearby nerves and cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area, often in the lower back or neck. The displacement may also lead to inflammation and irritation of the surrounding spinal structures, further exacerbating the symptoms. The condition is typically caused by age-related wear and tear (degenerative disc disease) or sudden trauma.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

Spinal cord neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors within the spinal cord. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They originate from the cells within the spinal cord itself (primary tumors), or they may spread to the spinal cord from other parts of the body (metastatic tumors). Spinal cord neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramina (the openings through which nerves exit the spinal column), typically in the lower back (lumbar) or neck (cervical) regions. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected areas, often in the legs, arms, or hands. It's most commonly caused by age-related wear and tear, but can also be due to degenerative changes, herniated discs, tumors, or spinal injuries.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone in the lower portion of the human vertebral column, located between the lumbar spine and the coccyx (tailbone). It forms through the fusion of several vertebrae during fetal development. The sacrum's base articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, while its apex connects with the coccyx.

The sacrum plays an essential role in supporting the spine and transmitting weight from the upper body to the pelvis and lower limbs. It also serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments. The sacral region is often a focus in medical and chiropractic treatments due to its importance in spinal stability, posture, and overall health.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

Pain threshold is a term used in medicine and research to describe the point at which a stimulus begins to be perceived as painful. It is an individual's subjective response and can vary from person to person based on factors such as their pain tolerance, mood, expectations, and cultural background.

The pain threshold is typically determined through a series of tests where gradually increasing levels of stimuli are applied until the individual reports feeling pain. This is often used in research settings to study pain perception and analgesic efficacy. However, it's important to note that the pain threshold should not be confused with pain tolerance, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person can endure.

The epidural space is the potential space located outside the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). This space runs the entire length of the spinal canal and contains fatty tissue, blood vessels, and nerve roots. It is often used as a route for administering anesthesia during childbirth or surgery, as well as for pain management in certain medical conditions. The injection of medications into this space is called an epidural block.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

The cervical plexus is a network of nerves that arises from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the first four cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4) and a portion of C5. These nerves form a series of loops and anastomoses (connections) that give rise to several major and minor branches.

The main functions of the cervical plexus include providing sensory innervation to the skin on the neck, shoulder, and back of the head, as well as supplying motor innervation to some of the muscles in the neck and shoulders, such as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.

Some of the major branches of the cervical plexus include:

* The lesser occipital nerve (C2), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the back of the head and neck.
* The great auricular nerve (C2-C3), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the ear and lower part of the face.
* The transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the anterior and lateral neck.
* The supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4), which provide sensory innervation to the skin over the shoulder and upper chest.
* The phrenic nerve (C3-C5), which supplies motor innervation to the diaphragm, the major muscle of respiration.

Overall, the cervical plexus plays a crucial role in providing sensory and motor innervation to the neck, head, and shoulders, allowing for normal movement and sensation in these areas.

Mononeuropathy is a medical condition that refers to damage or dysfunction affecting a single peripheral nerve, outside of the brain and spinal cord. This can result in weakness, numbness, or pain in the area served by that specific nerve. Mononeuropathies can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, compression, infection, or systemic diseases like diabetes. The symptoms and severity may vary depending on the type and location of the affected nerve.

Rhizotomy is a surgical procedure where the root(s) of a nerve are cut. It is often used to treat chronic pain, spasticity, or other neurological symptoms that have not responded to other treatments. In some cases, only a portion of the nerve root may be severed (selective rhizotomy), while in others the entire root may be cut (root transaction). The specific nerves targeted during a rhizotomy depend on the individual patient's condition and symptoms.

This procedure is typically performed by a neurosurgeon, and it can be done through an open surgical approach or using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic or percutaneous approaches. After the surgery, patients may require physical therapy to help regain strength and mobility in the affected area. Potential risks of rhizotomy include numbness, weakness, and loss of reflexes in the areas served by the severed nerves.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system for classifying and coding mortality and morbidity data, established by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a common language and framework for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers to share and compare health-related information across countries and regions.

The ICD codes are used to identify diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health conditions. The classification includes categories for various body systems, mental disorders, external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status. It also includes a section for symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings.

The ICD is regularly updated to incorporate new scientific knowledge and changing health needs. The most recent version, ICD-11, was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect on January 1, 2022. It includes significant revisions and expansions in several areas, such as mental, behavioral, neurological disorders, and conditions related to sexual health.

In summary, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for classifying and coding diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health-related information, enabling standardized data collection, comparison, and analysis across countries and regions.

A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.

Examples of factual medical databases include:

1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.

Clinical coding, also known as medical coding, is the process of converting healthcare diagnoses, procedures, and services into standardized codes used for reimbursement, statistical analysis, and public health reporting. In many healthcare systems, clinical coders review medical records, such as doctors' notes, laboratory results, and imaging reports, to assign codes from classification systems such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT).

Accurate clinical coding is essential for healthcare organizations to receive proper reimbursement from insurance companies and government payers, as well as to track outcomes, identify trends, and monitor quality of care. Clinical coders must have a strong understanding of anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, and coding guidelines to ensure the correct assignment of codes.

The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels and tissue located within each ventricle (fluid-filled space) of the brain. It plays a crucial role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.

The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells, called plexus epithelial cells, that line the ventricular walls. These cells have finger-like projections called villi, which increase their surface area for efficient CSF production. The blood vessels within the choroid plexus transport nutrients, ions, and water to these epithelial cells, where they are actively secreted into the ventricles to form CSF.

In addition to its role in CSF production, the choroid plexus also acts as a barrier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), regulating the exchange of substances between them. This barrier function is primarily attributed to tight junctions present between the epithelial cells, which limit the paracellular movement of molecules.

Abnormalities in the choroid plexus can lead to various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or certain types of brain tumors.

An insurance claim review is the process conducted by an insurance company to evaluate a claim made by a policyholder for coverage of a loss or expense. This evaluation typically involves examining the details of the claim, assessing the damages or injuries incurred, verifying the coverage provided by the policy, and determining the appropriate amount of benefits to be paid. The insurance claim review may also include investigating the circumstances surrounding the claim to ensure its validity and confirming that it complies with the terms and conditions of the insurance policy.

A pain clinic, also known as a pain management center or pain treatment center, is a healthcare facility that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of various types and levels of pain. These clinics are typically staffed with interdisciplinary teams of medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and physical therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive and personalized care for patients experiencing chronic or acute pain.

Pain clinics may offer a range of treatments, including medications, injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, psychological counseling, and complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage. The goal of these clinics is to help patients manage their pain effectively, improve their quality of life, and increase their functionality and mobility.

It's important to note that while pain clinics can be very helpful for many people, it's essential to do your research and choose a reputable clinic with licensed and experienced medical professionals who prioritize patient safety and evidence-based treatments.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "ceremonial behavior." However, in general, ceremonial behaviors are actions or rituals that are performed in a formal, ritualistic manner, often as part of a cultural, religious, or social tradition. These behaviors can serve various purposes, such as marking important life events, expressing shared values and beliefs, or reinforcing social bonds.

In some cases, ceremonial behaviors may have health implications. For example, participation in cultural or religious rituals can provide a sense of community and support, which can have positive effects on mental health. Additionally, certain ceremonial practices, such as meditation or prayer, may have direct physiological effects that contribute to stress reduction and relaxation.

However, it's important to note that the term "ceremonial behavior" is not a medical diagnosis or clinical concept, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a secondary headache disorder that occurs following a traumatic injury to the head or neck. According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3), PTH can be classified into two types: acute and chronic.

Acute post-traumatic headache develops within seven days after the trauma, while chronic post-traumatic headache persists for more than three months after the injury. The headaches can have various characteristics, such as being tension-type or migraine-like, and may be accompanied by other symptoms like memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes.

The exact pathophysiology of PTH is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a complex interplay between mechanical, vascular, and neuroinflammatory factors that result from the traumatic injury. Treatment for PTH typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including pharmacologic therapy, physical therapy, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle modifications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "London" is a place and not a medical term or condition. It is the capital city and largest metropolitan area in both England and the United Kingdom. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

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... may refer to: Dorsal root of spinal nerve Ventral root of spinal nerve This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Root of spinal nerve. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to ...
The dorsal root of spinal nerve (or posterior root of spinal nerve or sensory root) is one of two "roots" which emerge from the ... Nerve fibres with the ventral root then combine to form a spinal nerve. The dorsal root transmits sensory information, forming ... The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots. Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. Ventral root " ... the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve. The root emerges from the posterior part of the spinal cord and travels to the ...
... the ventral root of spinal nerve, anterior root, or motor root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end ... The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots. Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. "Spinal Nerves - ... the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve. Cervical vertebra Medulla spinalis A spinal nerve ... "Autonomic Connections of the Spinal Cord" Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 06.114 - "Spinal Root Nerve Fibers" ...
The spinal root of accessory nerve (or part) is firm in texture, and its fibers arise from the motor cells in the lateral part ... which ascends between the ligamentum denticulatum and the posterior roots of the spinal nerves; enters the skull through the ... In the jugular foramen, it receives one or two filaments from the cranial part of the nerve, or else joins it for a short ... The nerve then descends obliquely behind the Digastricus and Stylohyoideus to the upper part of the Sternocleidomastoideus; it ...
Ventral root axons join with dorsal root ganglia to form mixed spinal nerves (below). These then merge to form peripheral ... Shortly after this spinal nerve forms, it then branches into the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. Spinal nerves are mixed nerves ... Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as mixed nerves. Posterior ... The dorsal ramus of spinal nerve (or posterior ramus of spinal nerve, or posterior primary division) is the posterior division ...
Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view. Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep ... The delicate arachnoid layer is not attached to the inside of the dura but against it and surrounds the brain and spinal cord. ... Spinal dura mater opened, arachnoid mater visible. The medulla spinalis and its membranes. ... from the Greek root meaning "thin"). Similarly, the dura in this situation is called the pachymeninx. There are two ...
... observation of spinal nerve root degeneration". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 75 (6): 895-9. doi:10.1213/00000539-199212000-00006. ... cervical nerve block, occipital nerve block. mandibular nerve block or maxillary nerve block for dental anesthesia, ophthalmic ... anesthesia via infraorbital nerve block, ulnar nerve block, paravertebral block, intercostal nerve block, sciatic nerve block, ... Chloroprocaine was developed to meet the need for a short-acting spinal anaesthetic that is reliable and has a favourable ...
Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. This article incorporates text in the public ... The lumbar enlargement (or lumbosacral enlargement) is a widened area of the spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves ... "Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord: Regions of the Spinal Cord" Atlas image: n3a5p3 at the University of Michigan Health System ... "Spinal Cord, Fetus, Posterior View" Portal: Anatomy v t e (Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of ...
The dorsal root ganglia lie in the intervertebral foramina. The anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots join just beyond ( ... The formation of the spinal nerve from the posterior and anterior roots Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. ... also known as a posterior root ganglion) is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. The cell ... Anterior root of spinal nerve Knee jerk "Ganglion". Physiopedia. Retrieved 2021-05-15. Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; ...
Gelfan, Samuel; Tarlov, I. M. (1956). "Physiology of Spinal Cord, Nerve Root and Peripheral Nerve Compression". American ... At NYMC he did research on spinal cord physiology with grants from the National Institutes of Health. Gelfan was the author or ... Gelfan, Samuel; Rapisarda, A. F. (1964). "Synaptic density on spinal neurons of normal dogs and dogs with experimental hind- ... Gelfan, S.; Tarlov, I. M. (1959). "Interneurones and rigidity of spinal origin". The Journal of Physiology. 146 (3): 594-617. ...
"Infrared neural stimulation of human spinal nerve roots in vivo". Neurophotonics. 2 (1): 015007. doi:10.1117/1.NPh.2.1.015007. ...
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. Dissection of side wall of pelvis showing sacral and ... It allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the one in which they originated. Also, a ... It interacts with the anterior rami of spinal nerves by way of rami communicantes. The sympathetic trunk permits preganglionic ... The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the ...
... is a surgical procedure which involves decompression of a spinal nerve root. For example, it can be performed in ... where the cervical nerve roots within the intervertebral foramina are decompressed. Knight G (August 1955). "Facetectomy in the ...
Myotome is the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates. In other usage, Myotome may refer to: Myotome of a ...
... , also known as Mackiewicz sign, is a test for spinal nerve root compression, which is associated ... The femoral nerve stretch test can identify spinal nerve root compression, which is associated with disc protrusion and femoral ... It can reliably identify spinal nerve root compression for L2, L3, and L4. It is usually positive for L2-L3 and L3-L4 (high ... To perform a femoral nerve stretch test, a patient lies prone, the knee is passively flexed to the thigh and the hip is ...
It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots ... roots combine to form spinal nerves (mixed; motor and sensory), one on each side of the spinal cord. Spinal nerves, with the ... showing the exits of the spinal nerves. The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves ... The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves. A longer view of the spinal cord. ...
Schievink, WI; Jacques, L (2003). "Recurrent spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with "nude nerve root" ... Patients with a nude nerve root, where the root sleeve is absent, are at increased risk for developing recurrent CSF leaks. ... Spinal leaks occur when one or more holes form in the dura along the spinal cord. Both cranial and spinal CSF leaks cause ... CFS leak info Spinal CSF leak Spinal CSF leak Canada (CS1: long volume value, Articles with short description, Short ...
This indicates impingement of the sciatic nerve, dural lining, spinal cord, or nerve roots. This test can have a lot of false- ... The purpose of this test is to place tension on the dural sheath of the sciatic nerve. Patient should be sitting on the edge of ... The dural sheath around the sciatic nerve is being stressed or stretched as the patient changes positions. Positive sign is any ... The slump test is an orthopedic test used to determine if a patient has sciatic nerve impingement. ...
The nerves are primarily from the sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in ... which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve. Some sources also state that the fibularis tertius everts.: 108 Peroneus ... plantarflexion; these nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot.[citation needed] Pronation at the forearm is a ...
Damage to the sacral spinal nerve roots can cause neurogenic bladder dysfunction and fecal incontinence. The pelvic splanchnic ... Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide ... The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, and S4, and enter the sacral ... Visceral afferent fibers go to spinal cord following pathway of pelvic splanchnic nerve fibers. The parasympathetic nervous ...
The popliteus muscle is supplied by the tibial nerve, from spinal roots L5 and S1. There is sometimes an additional head from ...
Paraesthesias or weakness involving a dermatome indicate probable spinal cord or spinal nerve root involvement. Although it is ... Numbness and tingling are associated with spinal DCS, but can also be caused by pressure on nerves (compression neurapraxia). ... while pressure on a nerve tends to produce characteristic areas of numbness associated with the specific nerve on only one side ... The most severe types of DCS interrupt - and ultimately damage - spinal cord function, leading to paralysis, sensory ...
Dermatomal distributions are lines on the skin surface following the distribution of spinal nerve roots. The rash caused by ...
Paraesthesias or weakness involving a dermatome indicate probable spinal cord or spinal nerve root involvement. Although it is ... Numbness and tingling are associated with spinal DCS, but can also be caused by pressure on nerves (compression neurapraxia). ... while pressure on a nerve tends to produce characteristic areas of numbness associated with the specific nerve on only one side ... Typical acute spinal decompression injury occurs in the columns of white matter. Infarcts are characterised by a region of ...
Loss of bowel control due to severed nerves in the spinal cord is one of the more common reasons for lumbar root stimulator ... The difference in nomenclature is derived from which nerve roots on the spinal cord are being electrically stimulated. However ... Root stimulators are mounted onto the anterior roots of the spinal cord and electrically stimulate the neurons allowing them to ... "Control of leg-powered paraplegic cycling using stimulation of the lumbo-sacral anterior spinal nerve roots". Artif Organs. 21 ...
The femoral nerve stretch test can be performed to identify the compression of spinal nerve roots. The test is positive if ... Some of the nerve blocks that work by affecting the femoral nerve are the femoral nerve block, the fascia iliac block and the 3 ... Femoral nerve.Deep dissection. Femoral nerve.Deep dissection. Femoral nerve stretch test This article incorporates text in the ... 1 nerve block. Femoral nerve blocks are very effective. During pelvic surgery and abdominal surgery, the femoral nerve must be ...
In addition, lesions may mechanically interfere with the spinal cord or nerve roots, producing neurologic deficits. Pain and ... Spinal lesions can cause painful scoliosis, although this is less common with osteoblastoma than with osteoid osteoma. ... The tumors usually involve the posterior elements, and 17% of spinal osteoblastomas are found in the sacrum. The long tubular ... However, the tumor may be painful, and spinal lesions may be associated with scoliosis and neurologic manifestations. ...
"Resection of the Posterior Spinal Nerve-roots in the Treatment of Gastric Crises and Spastic Paralysis". Proceedings of the ... an area of skin that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal nerve roots), and he helped map the motor cortex of the cerebrum. ... The involvement of spinal reflexes in the genesis of muscular spasticity suggested its possible treatment by surgical ... In 1915 Foerster first reported on his innovative results concerning the surgical treatment of nerve damage by shot wounds, as ...
... lead to pressure and potentially damage to the spinal nerve roots. The compression of the spinal nerve roots that control ... to enter the spinal cord and release pressure on the nerve roots. Laminoplasty and spinal fusion surgeries are other ... allowing for decreased pressure on spinal nerve roots. Advances in this procedure involve finding ways to access the spinal ... NC is a medical condition most commonly caused by damage and compression to the lower spinal nerve roots. It is a neurological ...
Spinal nerve root may refer to: Posterior root of spinal nerve Anterior root of spinal nerve This article includes a list of ...
Injury To Nerves And Spinal Cord 950-957 > Injury to nerve roots and spinal plexus 953- ... spinal (cord) 952.9. *. with fracture, vertebra - see Fracture, vertebra, by site, with spinal cord injury ... Cant find a code? Start at the root of ICD-9-CM, check the 2015 ICD-9-CM Index or use the search engine at the top of this ... nerve (root) NEC - see Injury, nerve, spinal, root. *. plexus 953.9. *. brachial 953.4. ...
Washington University spinal neurosurgeons specialize in the treatment of complex brachial plexus tumors and spinal nerve root ... Why rely on Washington University experts to treat brachial plexus tumors or spinal nerve root tumors?. ... The brachial plexus is a collection of nerves that extends from the spinal cord and provides information about upper extremity ... This collection of nerves separates into several divisions in the region of the upper neck, giving off braches that form the ...
... noncontrast enhancing mass within the left epaxial muscles that invaded the L5-6 vertebral canal and caused spinal cord ... Imaging Diagnosis-Infiltrative Lipoma Causing Spinal Cord And Lumbar Nerve Root Compression In A Dog. ... noncontrast enhancing mass within the left epaxial muscles that invaded the L5-6 vertebral canal and caused spinal cord ...
... is a prevalent and disabling cause of low back and leg pain in elderly people and nerve root sedimentation sign (NRSS) has been ... Transverse magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the narrowest spinal canal in all patients were acquired and graded by two ... the nerve root settles on the dorsal side of the dural sac under the action of gravity; (b)positive: the nerve roots are ... except the two nerve roots leaving the dural sac); On the contrary, except for the two nerve roots leaving the dural sac, if ...
Spinal nerve root avulsions occur particularly in brachial plexus traction injuries. Models of spinal cord regeneration and ... In this work, the functional consequences of segmental spinal cord regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord nerve root ... Functional recovery after traumatic spinal nerve root (brachial plexus) injury in man. Doctoral thesis , UCL (University ... Fifty one patients who had sustained, total brachial plexus injury with spinal nerve root avulsion repaired by various surgical ...
Spinal cord and nerve root disorders traumatic. Primary tabs. *Innovative solutions (1)(active tab) ... You are looking for all the solutions related to Spinal cord and nerve root disorders traumatic ...
What To Expect After A Nerve Root Block. Patients often feel slightly apprehensive about having a nerve root block, because ... Whichever is recommended, you should find that life is a lot easier after the nerve root block, hopefully for a period of a few ... The main benefit of physiotherapy after a nerve root block is that it will encourage the body to heal itself. The physiotherapy ... Sometimes, given that we live in such a hectic world, patients often feel that the nerve root block should be the end of ...
... may be performed to determine whether there is degeneration of the nerve or if pressure on the nerve of the spine. ... Anatomy Of Nerve Pain * Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots * Spine Anatomy Overview Video ... Typically, an EMG/nerve conduction studies are ordered when a patient is having some type of nerve symptom. That can be in one ... EMG/NCS stands for electromyogram and nerve conduction studies. And this is an electrical test of your nerves and muscles. The ...
Efficacy of different spinal nerve roots for neuromodulation of micturition reflex in rats. View Poster ... The aim of the present study was to identify the most efficient sensory and motor spinal nerve roots involved in micturition ... MP09-10: Efficacy of different spinal nerve roots for neuromodulation of micturition reflex in rats. ... L5-S2 spinal cords and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were harvested for immunohistochemistry study. ...
Nerve Root Disorders - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Nerve roots are the short branches of a spinal nerve Cranial nerves and spinal nerves The peripheral nervous system consists of ... Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord along the length of the spine. Each spinal nerve contains two nerve roots: one motor and one ... After exiting the spinal cord, the two nerve roots join to form a single spinal nerve. Each spinal nerve then goes between two ...
WebMD explains both surgical and nonsurgical spinal decompression. Learn whats involved and find out if it could ease your ... Injured or diseased spinal nerve roots. More research is needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of nonsurgical spinal ... Foraminotomy or foraminectomy: A surgeon removes bone and other tissue to expand the openings for nerve roots. ... Nonsurgical spinal decompression is a type of motorized traction that may help relieve back pain. Spinal decompression works by ...
Clinical effect of repetitive functional magnetic stimulation of sacral nerve roots on urinary retention after spinal cord ...
... during intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) to assess a nerves functional integrity. ES, however, is subject to off-target ... Without loss in performance, INS is readily compatible with existing clinical nerve monitoring systems. These findings ... In surgical procedures where the risk of accidental nerve damage is prevalent, surgeons commonly use electrical stimulation (ES ... Morphometric analysis of the fiber populations of the rat sciatic nerve, its spinal roots, and its major branches. J. Comp. ...
Compressive neuropathy of spinal nerve roots. A mechanical or biological problem?. Spine. 1991 Feb. 16(2):162-6. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Garfin SR, Rydevik B, Lind B, Massie J. Spinal nerve root compression. Spine. 1995 Aug 15. 20(16):1810-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ... Olmarker K, Nordborg C, Larsson K, Rydevik B. Ultrastructural changes in spinal nerve roots induced by autologous nucleus ... Mechanical compression of a nerve alone is not necessarily painful; however, if that nerve is inflamed, it can produce severe ...
Cervical spinal cord compression from subdural hematoma caused by traumatic nerve root avulsion: illustrative case ... The source of the hematoma may be an avulsed nerve root, and the associated deficits may be unilateral if the hematoma is ... The broad differential diagnosis included radial nerve palsy, C7 radiculopathy, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Given the ... Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts (SEACs) are rare and can cause spinal dysfunction. Total cyst removal and duraplasty via ...
Spinal cord or nerve root compression When to Contact a Medical Professional. ... Osteoporotic spinal fractures. In: Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Krettek C, Anderson PA, eds. Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, ... These fractures often do not cause injury to the spinal cord. The condition is usually treated with medicines and calcium ... More surgery to join spine bones together or to relieve pressure on a nerve. ...
One or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain. Additional ... These projections can press against the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots. They can undermine nerve function and cause pain. ... Poor or no reaction could indicate a compressed nerve root. Hot and cold stimuli may be used to see how well the nerves react ... a narrowing of the spinal canal, or spinal stenosis. These changes can affect the nerves, leading to pain, weakness, and ...
Thoracic meninges, spinal cord and nerve roots dissected in relation to vertebral column. Transverse section of body of eighth ... Thoracic meninges, spinal cord and nerve roots dissected in relation to vertebral column. ... The thoracic part of the spinal cord has been exposed by a laminectomy. The upper thoracic vertebra have been completely ... Transverse section of body of eighth thoracic vertebra illustrating relations of blood vessels, nerves and ligaments. ...
Spinal cord, cauda equina or nerve root compression; 6) Mixed with other bacterial infections. All of the patients in Group B ... and spinal canal, corresponding to flat dural or nerve root compression (Figure 6), T2WI showed high signal when bone ... and limited spinal activity, often in a fixed position, can form psoas muscle abscess, with corresponding nerves Root radiating ... the dural sac and nerve roots of the diseased segment were exposed, and the pus in the spinal canal was removed, there were ...
Knowledge of the anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and nerve roots. ... Ability to assess and manage spinal tumors, primary and metastatic, with the same approach that is used in the trauma ... The residents will become comfortable in the use and handling of modern spinal instrumentation, including hooks, rods, plates, ... Ability to assess and manage hand and upper extremity trauma including fractures, tendon, nerve, and vascular injuries. ...
Spinal nerve roots demonstrated focal lymphocytic inflammation within the endoneurial compartment. No evidence of a ... of conduction velocity could certainly be seen in pathologic conditions affecting anterior horn cells or spinal nerve roots. In ... In fact, we acknowledge a spectrum of cord, root, and nerve involvement with WVN flaccid paralysis. ... Spinal cord disease in West Nile virus infection [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:564-5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
Neuroinflammation Seen in Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots of Patients with Chronic Sciatica. Featuring Yi Zhang, MD, PhD, and Marco ...
Well explore more about both your spinal nerves and dermatomes, including a chart showing each area on the body. ... A dermatome is a distinct area of your skin defined by its connection to one of 30 spinal nerves. ... You have 31 pairs of spinal nerves. They form nerve roots that branch from your spinal cord. Spinal nerves are named and ... A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, forming nerve roots that ...
Disorders related to the spine, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots. * *Cranial and peripheral nerve disorders ...
The knowledge of the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord is very important in planning the procedures of the spinal cord ... This chapter compares the arterial spinal cord blood supply of the frequently used species (pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat) in ... A complete understanding of the anatomy of the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord is critical for the anatomists and ... Several animal models exist to examine physiological and functional changes after the spinal cord injury with aim to explain ...
I have seen the health impact of joints that degrade around spinal cords, nerve roots, and vascular structures. Morbidity and ... Marry Me, Mindy: How long does pain from a "pinched nerve" typically last? WebMD says that if the pain persists or is severe, ... Pinched a nerve in my neck on a Photoshoot and got adjusted this morning. It really hurts! Any home remedy suggestions loves? ... If there was any talk of a pinched nerve, you can bet it was a chiropractor she saw, as her brother says, and not an MD. If ...
Abnormal bone spurs or rough intervertebral disc edges exert pressure on spinal nerve roots or the cauda equina, a nerve root ... Cervical Foraminotomy: Space through which a spinal nerve root branches off from the cervical spinal canal is too narrow, ... Microscopic Discectomy: Performed to relieve pressure on spinal nerve roots caused by a ruptured intervertebral disc. Disc ... Decompressing the disc relieves pressure on adjacent nerve roots.. Endoscopic Scoliosis Surgery: Performed to correct abnormal ...
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative disease of the lumbar spine that occult commonly in the elderly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nerve root disorders usually result from a herniated disk or osteoarthritis in the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord along the length of the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Each spinal nerve then goes between two back bones (vertebrae) in the spine to connect to a specific area of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A column of bones called vertebrae make up the spine (spinal column). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The vertebrae protect the spinal cord (a long, fragile structure contained in the spinal canal), which runs through the center of the spine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The spinal cord ends about three fourths of the way down the spine, but a bundle of nerves extends beyond the cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spinal decompression works by gently stretching the spine. (webmd.com)
  • This change takes pressure off the spinal disks, which are gel-like cushions between the bones in your spine, by creating negative pressure in the disc. (webmd.com)
  • As a result, bulging or herniated disks may retract, taking pressure off nerves and other structures in your spine. (webmd.com)
  • In addition, you may need spinal fusion to stabilize your spine. (webmd.com)
  • More surgery to join spine bones together or to relieve pressure on a nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Intervertebral discs, also known as intervertebral fibrocartilage or spinal discs, provide the padding between the vertebrae of the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The implementation of surgery has obvious advantages whether it is to relieve pain, stabilize the spine, restore nerve function, or recover early. (scirp.org)
  • Knowledge of the anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and nerve roots. (utmb.edu)
  • Ability to assess and manage spinal tumors, primary and metastatic, with the same approach that is used in the trauma principles of reconstructing the spine after extensive spinal resection. (utmb.edu)
  • Spinal nerves are named and grouped by the region of the spine that they're associated with. (healthline.com)
  • Because your spinal nerves exit your spine laterally, dermatomes associated with your torso and core are distributed horizontally. (healthline.com)
  • For instance, symptoms that occur along a specific dermatome may indicate a problem with a specific nerve root in the spine. (healthline.com)
  • Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): An intervertebral disc in the cervical spine bulges or herniates, exerting pressure on an adjacent nerve root. (pr.com)
  • Your symptoms may be caused by muscle strains or spasms, arthritis in your spine, a bulging disc , or narrowed openings for your spinal nerves or spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Low back pain (lumbar pain) can be caused by a problem in the muscles, ligaments, discs, joints or nerves of the spine. (mydr.com.au)
  • Especially when the diagnostic evaluation of the thecal sac and single nerve roots in degenerative spine disease is required, myelography and postmyelographic CT are considered to be even more sensitive and more specific than MR imaging or MR myelography. (ajnr.org)
  • Spinal decompression can be performed anywhere along the spine from the neck (cervical) to the lower back (lumbar). (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Foraminotomy is the removal of bone around the neural foramen - the canal where the nerve root exits the spine. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • In some cases, spinal fusion may be done at the same time to help stabilize sections of the spine treated with laminectomy. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Fusing the joint prevents the spinal stenosis from recurring and can help eliminate pain from an unstable spine. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Arrested bone growth at the base of the skull and the spine can cause the spinal cord and brain stem to become compressed. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Radiculopathy' refers to a set of conditions marked by a 'pinched nerve' in the spine. (selfgrowth.com)
  • The compression of a nerve in the spine leads to pain, numbness, or weakness, and can also cause difficulty in controlling certain muscles. (selfgrowth.com)
  • In Radiculopathy, one or more nerves in the spinal column get 'pinched' or compressed (and inflamed) because of an injury, trauma, or any other condition which causes damage to the discs in the spine. (selfgrowth.com)
  • The pinching of the nerves commonly occurs close to the nerve root - that is, the site at which the nerves extend out of the spine to various parts of the body. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Cervical Radiculopathy, in which nerve compression occurs in the cervical spine (upper back or neck). (selfgrowth.com)
  • Lumbar Radiculopathy, in which nerve compression occurs in the lumbar spine (lower back). (selfgrowth.com)
  • The main cause of Radiculopathy is that the space close to the root of a nerve in the spine gets narrowed due to different reasons, including injury or other health conditions. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Which is a spinal disease that effects the nerve roots of the spine. (cbs7.com)
  • The complex anatomy of the lumbar spine is a remarkable combination of these strong vertebrae, multiple bony elements linked by joint capsules, and flexible ligaments/tendons, large muscles, and highly sensitive nerves. (medscape.com)
  • The lumbar spine is designed to be incredibly strong, protecting the highly sensitive spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. (medscape.com)
  • Each of the 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae has one pair of spinal nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here, the authors describe a 50-year-old male with an aggressive ENB, initially treated with resection and chemotherapy/radiation, who developed multiple thoracic and lumbar spinal metastases. (thejns.org)
  • The thoracic part of the spinal cord has been exposed by a laminectomy. (stanford.edu)
  • Thoracic nerves. (healthline.com)
  • You have 12 pairs of thoracic nerves that are numbered T1 through T12. (healthline.com)
  • Thoracic Radiculopathy - It refers to compression of the nerve root of the thoracic area which is your upper back. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Twelve SD rats underwent unilateral L5-S2 dorsal roots (DRTs) and ventral roots (VRTs) electrically stimulation and the bladder reflex contractions (BRCs) were recorded under isovolumetric condition. (auanet.org)
  • L5-S2 spinal cords and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were harvested for immunohistochemistry study. (auanet.org)
  • By using an in vitro model (with inflamed intervertebral disc cells), the effect of celecoxib on outgrowth and sensitization of dorsal root ganglion cells (DRG), which are the main transmitter of pain signals in the IVD, will be investigated. (aofoundation.org)
  • Peripheral nerves entering the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). (aofoundation.org)
  • Treating Discogenic Pain by Reducing Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Sensitization using the COX-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib - An in vitro Study with Inflammatory Cytokine Treated Annulus Fibrosus Cells. (aofoundation.org)
  • Once the study was complete the ventral tail nerves, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord were dissected, and levels of various transcripts involved in sensorineural dysfunction were measured. (cdc.gov)
  • Laminectomy is the removal of the entire bony lamina, a portion of the enlarged facet joints, and the thickened ligaments overlying the spinal cord and nerves. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • It is due mainly to the reduction of the anatomical space of the nerves and blood vessels in the lumbar spinal canal and clinically, it often presents as persistent low back pain, sacral pain or neurogenic intermittent claudication and so on [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sacral nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Like the lumbar spinal nerves, you also have five pairs of sacral spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Short description: Sacral spinal cord injur. (icd9data.com)
  • Emerging from the spinal cord between the vertebrae are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are 8 pairs of sensory nerve roots for the 7 cervical vertebrae. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Degenerative disc disease is when one or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Your backbone, or spinal column, is made up of a chain of bones called the vertebrae. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae A spinal cord injury is damage to the bundle of cells and nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes the vertebrae of children with achondroplasia do not grow enough to allow sufficient space for nerves exiting and entering the spinal cord to pass in and out of the bony spinal column. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Decompressive Lumbar Laminectomy: Abnormal bone spurs or rough intervertebral disc edges exert pressure on spinal nerve roots or the cauda equina, a nerve root bundle at the end of the spinal cord. (pr.com)
  • Decompression surgery (laminectomy) opens the bony canals through which the spinal cord and nerves pass, creating more space for them to move freely. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Laminectomy -part if spinal bone is removed to ease pressure on nerves. (epnet.com)
  • Pressure may also obstruct blood flow through the blood vessels in the spinal cord. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • The same numbered spinal nerve root, recurrent meningeal nerves, and radicular blood vessels pass through each foramen. (medscape.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a prevalent and disabling cause of low back and leg pain in elderly people and nerve root sedimentation sign (NRSS) has been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing LSS in selected patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves, designated L1 through L5. (healthline.com)
  • Five lumbar spinal nerve roots are found on each side. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, at the end of the spinal cord, there is a pair of coccygeal nerve roots, which supply a small area of the skin around the tailbone (coccyx). (msdmanuals.com)
  • You only have a single pair of coccygeal spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • In this work, the functional consequences of segmental spinal cord regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord nerve root injury and repair in humans were studied. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Models of spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery in patients with spinal root avulsion were developed and changes in motor, sensory and autonomic functions in patients with severe brachial plexus injury studied with clinical and neurophysiological techniques. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, INIs are also a common source of medicolegal litigation with 60% of INI complications during thyroid surgery leading to malpractice lawsuits and 82% of cases of spinal accessory nerve injury resulting in patient compensation 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • These fractures often do not cause injury to the spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Several animal models exist to examine physiological and functional changes after the spinal cord injury with aim to explain knowledge about the spinal cord injury in human. (intechopen.com)
  • This chapter compares the arterial spinal cord blood supply of the frequently used species (pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat) in experimental spinal cord injury and in human. (intechopen.com)
  • Spinal cord injury is associated with sustainable disability and results in loss of bladder, respiratory, cardiac, or sexual functions, and in varying degree of paralysis [ 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Cervical Laminoplasty: Cervical spinal canal is painfully restrictive due to injury or disease. (pr.com)
  • The changes in transcript levels suggested that obese Zucker rats had some level of sensory nerve injury prior to exposure, and that exposure to vibration activated pathways involved in injury and re-innervation. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to rule out spinal cord pathol- lar immune derangements that potentially ogy, craniospinal magnetic resonance imag- result in neuronal injury and demyelina- ing (MRI) was obtained immediately. (who.int)
  • This helps ease the pressure on the spinal cord. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Neck pain along with weakness, numbness, or tingling of hands, feet, legs, or arms is the most common symptom of possible pressure on the spinal cord or on the nerve roots. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Cranial nerves and spinal nerves The peripheral nervous system consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) that run throughout the body like strings, making connections with the brain, other parts of the body, and. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cranial nerves were intact. (who.int)
  • There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, forming nerve roots that branch from your spinal cord. (healthline.com)
  • You have 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • This bulging disc can press on the spinal cord and cause symptoms such as pain, tingling, or weakness in a nearby part of the body. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Then bone spurs develop that may press on the spinal cord or nerve roots. (carle.org)
  • Bones and joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis may dislocate and press on the spinal cord or on the nerve roots. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Procedure also used to remove tumors, osteophytes, or vertebral fracture fragments from the spinal canal. (pr.com)
  • Spinal nerve root may refer to: Posterior root of spinal nerve Anterior root of spinal nerve This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). (wikipedia.org)
  • Electrodiagnostics performed on hospital day 7 demonstrated reduced motor and sensory amplitudes on right median and ulnar nerves, reduced motor amplitudes, and mildly reduced conduction velocities in the right peroneal nerve and right posterior tibial nerves. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on studies in birds, the telencephalic leptomeninges arise from the neural crest (neuroectoderm) and the leptomeninges of the posterior brain and the spinal cord arises from the mesoderm. (medscape.com)
  • This area has many small bones and muscles that surround and protect the spinal cord and nerves. (epnet.com)
  • After exiting the spinal cord, the two nerve roots join to form a single spinal nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A dermatome is an area of skin whose sensory nerves all come from a single spinal nerve root. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. (healthline.com)
  • Each of your dermatomes is supplied by a single spinal nerve. (healthline.com)
  • Each of your dermatomes is associated with a single spinal nerve. (healthline.com)
  • The brachial plexus is a collection of nerves that extends from the spinal cord and provides information about upper extremity function to and from the brain. (wustl.edu)
  • Why rely on Washington University experts to treat brachial plexus tumors or spinal nerve root tumors? (wustl.edu)
  • Washington University spinal neurosurgeons specialize in the treatment of complex brachial plexus tumors and spinal nerve root tumors. (wustl.edu)
  • Spinal nerve root avulsions occur particularly in brachial plexus traction injuries. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Spinal stenosis is often caused by age-related changes: arthritis, enlarged joints, bulging discs, bone spurs, and thickened ligaments (Fig. 1). (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Stenosis can include narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals, enlargement of the facet joints, stiffening of the ligaments, bulging disc, and bone spurs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Computed tomography revealed a large, homogeneous, hypoattenuating, noncontrast enhancing mass within the left epaxial muscles that invaded the L5-6 vertebral canal and caused spinal cord compression. (avmi.net)
  • Transverse magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the narrowest spinal canal in all patients were acquired and graded by two experienced doctors using the Braz classification, Schizas classification and Chen Jia classification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A surgeon removes a small portion of bone -- a section of bony arch or the entire bony arch -- to increase the size of the spinal canal and relieve pressure. (webmd.com)
  • Cervical Corpectomy: Narrowing of the cervical spinal canal due to growth of bone spurs or the ligament behind the vertebral bodies, where an anterior cervical discectomy does not address the entire area of neural compression. (pr.com)
  • The lamina bone forms the backside of the spinal canal and makes a roof over the spinal cord. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Laminaplasty is the expansion of the spinal canal by cutting the laminae on one side and swinging them open like a door. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Disc material may bulge (herniate) into the spinal canal or nerve root canal and cause pain. (carle.org)
  • Injection of steroids and an anesthetic drug into the spinal canal may help pain. (carle.org)
  • Narrowing / stenosis of the spinal and nerve root canals can cause chronic pain, numbness, and muscle weakness in your arms or legs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • If only a single nerve root is compressed, children may experience pain, numbness or weakness in a specific arm or leg. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • As the nerve is irritated, back and leg pain, tingling, and numbness or weakness in the legs or feet can occur. (carle.org)
  • Due to the insensitivity of the body's reaction ability in the elderly, the early clinical symptoms are not typical, and the imaging findings are easily confused with spinal tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
  • The degree and type of present symptoms depend on the affected part of the spinal cord. (intechopen.com)
  • Nerve conduction studies called electromyography may be suggested, however the results often don't reflect the symptoms, so this test may not give any useful information. (mydr.com.au)
  • The pressure of a growing cyst on the spinal nerves can cause pain and a number of debilitating symptoms. (sutterhealth.org)
  • The symptoms of Radiculopathy depend on the pinched/compressed nerve root and the body part which is served by the affected nerve. (selfgrowth.com)
  • The most objective method to evaluate anatomic spinal stenosis through imaging data is by using the dural sac cross-sectional area (DSCA) evaluation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, a well-defined and simple morphological classification for assessing the severity of anatomical spinal stenosis is very important. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Decompression surgery for spinal stenosis is elective, except in the rare instance of cauda equina syndrome or rapidly progressing neurologic deficits. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • [13] Surgery may be beneficial for those with disc-related chronic pain and disability or spinal stenosis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonsurgical spinal decompression is a type of motorized traction that may help relieve back pain . (webmd.com)
  • In this procedure, a portion of the disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerves. (webmd.com)
  • Discectomy is the removal of a portion of a bulging or degenerative disc to relieve pressure on the nerves. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Discectomy -remove damaged tissue between spinal bones, can relieve pressure on nerves. (epnet.com)
  • More than 200,000 such procedures are performed each year to relieve compression on the spinal cord or nerve roots. (memphisdailynews.com)
  • And this is an electrical test of your nerves and muscles. (spine-health.com)
  • Motor nerve roots contain nerve fibers that carry commands from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The motor roots carry commands from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body, particularly to skeletal muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Low back pain ( LBP ) or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back , in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. (wikipedia.org)
  • To know how effective it really is, researchers need to compare spinal decompression with other alternatives to surgery. (webmd.com)
  • Are There Different Types of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
  • What Are the Risks of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
  • It can be difficult to determine who will benefit from spinal decompression surgery. (webmd.com)
  • Cleveland Clinic: "Spinal Decompression Surgery. (webmd.com)
  • IONM seeks to preserve peripheral nerve function through electrical stimulation (ES) of at risk nerves throughout surgery and examining any changes in the amplitude and latency of the evoked signals that are indicative of damage. (nature.com)
  • Ask your surgeon about their training, especially if your case is complex or you've had more than one spinal surgery. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • I have an L5 nerve root that is 3x the size it should be and have had surgery + steroid injections to try to fix it. (medhelp.org)
  • I had nerve decompression surgery last Weds (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) to try to stop left sided anterior thigh pain which is part. (medhelp.org)
  • One or more of the following tests may also be done for persistent pain or if surgery is being considered: computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), combined myelography/CT, and electromyography/nerve conduction velocity test (EMG/NCV). (carle.org)
  • Large nerves called nerve roots lead from the spinal cord through small holes in the bones called foramen. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Spinal fusion -2 or more spinal bones are fused. (epnet.com)
  • Various pathological conditions, including surgical treatments, traumatic injuries, embolism, malformations and tumors, result in severe changes in the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Brachial neuritis is defined as dysfunction limited to the upper extremity nerve plexus (i.e., its trunks, division, or cords) without involvement of other peripheral (e.g., nerve roots or a single peripheral nerve) or central (e.g., spinal cord) nervous system structures. (cdc.gov)
  • This method is used when disc degeneration has caused the height of the foramen to collapse and pinch a nerve. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • It was found that patients without any surgical repair suffered the worst pain and its severity is least in the patient group repaired by graft or other nerve transfer. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Patients often feel slightly apprehensive about having a nerve root block, because they are slightly worried about the pain levels and are also apprehensive about whether or not it will be successful. (spinal-healthcare.com)
  • However, there is no need to feel concerned, most root blacks are successful and your pain consultant will have been relatively certain that it will provide some pain relief for you. (spinal-healthcare.com)
  • Spinal Healthcare is part of the renowned London Pain Clinic Group. (spinal-healthcare.com)
  • Sensory nerve roots contains nerve fibers that carry sensory information about such things as touch, position, pain, and temperature from the body to the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sensory nerves carry information about such things as touch, pain, temperature, and vibration from the skin to the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Surgical spinal decompression is another option for treating certain types of back pain . (webmd.com)
  • Facet rhizotomy is a radiofrequency current that deadens the nerves around the facet joint, preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They can undermine nerve function and cause pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These nerves transmit sensations, such as pain, from a specific area of your skin to your CNS. (healthline.com)
  • But on Friday the pain remained -- she tweeted, "Pinched a nerve in my neck on a photoshoot and got adjusted this morning. (scienceblogs.com)
  • MRIs are probably the most useful imaging technique for low back pain as they can show problems with the discs and whether anything is pressing on the nerves of the spinal cord. (mydr.com.au)
  • If a nerve is irritated, the pain may spread into the buttock or leg on one side. (epnet.com)
  • The nerve pain seems to be chronic as I've had it for a number of years. (medhelp.org)
  • I've been through a host of injections in my L5 nerve root and the pain relief is only temporary. (medhelp.org)
  • This condition is also known as Sciatica as the Sciatic nerve is involved which leads to back pain . (selfgrowth.com)
  • Nerve endings in the degenerated disc are activated due to a constant inflammation and they are thought to transmit the pain signals to the central nervous system. (aofoundation.org)
  • Preparation for placement of a permanent spinal cord stimulator usually necessitates a trial procedure, which allows both the SCS team and the subject to determine whether or not a permanent implant would provide substantial or adequate pain relief and improvements in QOL. (medscape.com)
  • This study is a 52-week multicentre, two-parallel-group, assessor-blinded, double-sham-controlled, randomised noninferiority clinical trial with an embedded vanguard (internal pilot) phase, process evaluation, cost-effectiveness analysis, and an adjunct non-randomised patient preference cohort, to compare spinal manual therapy versus corticosteroid nerve root injection for the management of patients with lumbar radicular pain. (who.int)
  • The cauda equina carries nerve impulses to and from the legs, lower intestine, and bladder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The two cases of spinal cord pathologic findings published to date demonstrated focal loss of anterior-horn neurons ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This collection of nerves separates into several divisions in the region of the upper neck, giving off braches that form the peripheral nerves that supply the arm and hand. (wustl.edu)
  • Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves controlling the bladder offers an alternative, non-destructive medical treatment for urinary incontinence and retention. (auanet.org)
  • In surgical procedures where the risk of accidental nerve damage is prevalent, surgeons commonly use electrical stimulation (ES) during intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) to assess a nerve's functional integrity. (nature.com)
  • Spinal Decompression Therapy: Is It Right for You? (webmd.com)
  • Some people turn to spinal decompression therapy -- either surgical or nonsurgical. (webmd.com)
  • What Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
  • More research is needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
  • How Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression Done? (webmd.com)
  • You are fully clothed during spinal decompression therapy. (webmd.com)
  • Who Should not Have Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
  • Ask your doctor whether or not you are a good candidate for nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
  • If other measures don't work, your doctor may suggest surgical spinal decompression for bulging or ruptured disks, bony growths, or other spinal problems. (webmd.com)
  • Doctors diagnose spinal compression fractures using x-rays or computed tomography. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Tarlov cysts (also known as meningeal or perineurial cysts) occur on weakened areas of spinal nerve roots. (sutterhealth.org)
  • We report a case of West Nile poliomyelitis with preserved deep-tendon reflexes, diminished sensory nerve action potentials, and pathologic findings which do not localize to the anterior horn. (cdc.gov)
  • Inflammation of the intervertebral disc (IVD) can trigger nerve ingrowth and sensitization. (aofoundation.org)
  • By assessing nerve functionality throughout a surgical procedure, the risk of INI is greatly reduced and timely interventions can be made if damage occurs. (nature.com)
  • Sections from the postmortem medulla and spinal cord were positive for WNV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing at the state laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure 1 T2 weighted sagittal magnetic resonance image showing increased signal within the whole spinal cord and medulla oblongata mg/dL is the normal range for cerebrospinal fluid protein in our laboratory) and glu- cose content was 58 mg/dL (simultane- ous blood sugar 90 mg/dL). (who.int)
  • Occasionally, compression or other types of spinal fractures result from great force, as may occur in a car crash, a fall from a height, or a gunshot wound. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Spinal nerve roots demonstrated focal lymphocytic inflammation within the endoneurial compartment. (cdc.gov)
  • When a nerve root is compressed, it leads to inflammation. (selfgrowth.com)
  • However they did display significant changes in transcript levels for factors involved in synapse formation, peripheral nerve remodeling, and inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • EMG/NCS stands for electromyogram and nerve conduction studies. (spine-health.com)
  • Typically, an EMG/nerve conduction studies are ordered when a patient is having some type of nerve symptom. (spine-health.com)
  • 1. Active spinal manual therapy (SMT) plus sham-control nerve root injection (NRI). (who.int)
  • The authors performed targeted exome sequencing on both the resected primary tumor and biopsied spinal metastases, which revealed 12 total variants of unknown clinical significance in genes associated with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and cell proliferation. (thejns.org)
  • Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The sensory roots carry information to the brain from other parts of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Your PNS works to connect the rest of your body with your CNS, which is made up of your brain and spinal cord. (healthline.com)
  • The signals are sent to and from your brain through the spinal cord. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This can compress key nervous system structures, like the brain stem, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Nerve root disorders result from sudden or long-term pressure on the spinal nerve root. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors diagnose nerve root disorders based on results of imaging tests, electrodiagnostic testing, and tests to identify the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Currently, the inter-institute research collaboration is working on medical image analysis methods, including artificial intelligence technology that allows automatic diagnosis and prognosis of painful spinal disorders, such as disc herniation. (concordia.ca)
  • MRI scans can show the spinal discs and the nerve roots and the soft tissues. (mydr.com.au)
  • Removing the lamina and thickened ligament gives more room for the nerves and allows for removal of bone spurs (osteophytes). (mayfieldclinic.com)