Enlargement of the spleen.
Enlargement of the liver.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Tumors or cancer of the SPLEEN.
Condition characterized by splenomegaly, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells in the presence of a normal or hyperactive bone marrow, and the potential for reversal by splenectomy.
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Any of a variety of eruptive skin disorders characterized by erythema, oozing, vesiculation, and scaling. Etiology is varied.
A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.
Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) producing leukemia of the reticulum-cell type with massive infiltration of liver, spleen, and bone marrow. It infects DBA/2 and Swiss mice.
The formation and development of blood cells outside the BONE MARROW, as in the SPLEEN; LIVER; or LYMPH NODES.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
Rare congenital lymphoid disorder due to mutations in certain Fas-Fas ligand pathway genes. Known causes include mutations in FAS, TNFSF6, NRAS, CASP8, and CASP10 proteins. Clinical features include LYMPHADENOPATHY; SPLENOMEGALY; and AUTOIMMUNITY.
Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.
Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.
A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.
Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.
A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by variable reproductive cycles. The genera include: LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS and RHADINOVIRUS.
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.
A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.
Treatments which are undergoing clinical trials or for which there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects on health outcomes; coverage for such treatments is often denied by health insurers.
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.

Intensive investigation in management of Hodgkin's disease. (1/889)

Ninety-eight patients with clinically localised Hodgkin's disease underwent laparotomy and splenectomy to determine the extent of microscopic spread. In 68 patients the procedure was carried out for untreated disease apparently confined above the diaphragm. Abdominal disease cannot be confidently excluded on the basis of non-invasive investigation at presentation. Clinical assessment of splenic disease was unreliable unless gross splenomegaly was present. Pedal lymphography was accurate in assessing para-aortic and iliac disease but of no value in assessing other intra-abdominal lymph node involvement, including that of the mesenteric lymph node. Trephine bone marrow biopsy findings were normal in all patients before surgery, and only one patient was found to have diseased bone marrow by Stryker-saw biopsy at operation. Liver disease was identified at operation in nine patients, some of whom were asymptomatic with clinically undetectable splenic and nodal disease. Detailed clinical staging failed to detect disease in one-third of patients who underwent laparotomy. These studies show that if radiotherapy is to remain the treatment of choice for disease truly localised to lymph nodes a detailed staging procedure, including laparotomy and splenectomy, remains essential. The value of this potentially curative treatment is considerably diminished in the patient who has been inadequately staged.  (+info)

A tailless fas-FADD death-effector domain chimera is sufficient to execute Fas function in T cells but not B cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. (2/889)

The Fas receptor delivers signals crucial for lymphocyte apoptosis through its cytoplasmic death domain. Several Fas cytoplasmic-associated proteins have been reported and studied in cell lines. So far, only Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), another death domain-containing molecule has been shown to be essential for Fas signals in vivo. FADD is thought to function by recruiting caspase-8 through its death-effector domain. To test whether FADD is sufficient to deliver Fas signals, we generated transgenic mice expressing a chimera comprised of the Fas extracellular domain and FADD death-effector domain. Expression of this protein in lymphocytes of Fas-deficient MRL-lpr/lpr mice completely diminishes their T cell but not their B cell abnormalities. These results suggest that FADD alone is sufficient for initiation of Fas signaling in primary T cells, but other pathways may operate in B cells.  (+info)

Combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph in the evaluation of displaced kidney. (3/889)

The displacement of kidney was studied by using the combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph to leave the liver-spleen scintiphotograph alone. A suprarenal mass was shown as cold spot between the liver and right kidney on the combined study. When the liver scintiphotograph and kidney scintiphotograph were over-lapped and the differential diagnosis was difficult, the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph was useful in the diagnosis of the enlarged liver.  (+info)

Cytokine production in acute versus chronic human Schistosomiasis mansoni: the cross-regulatory role of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 in the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes to parasite antigens. (4/889)

The contribution of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-gamma to the regulation of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses was investigated in Brazilians with different clinical forms of schistosomiasis mansoni. Cells from members of a family with acute intestinal schistosomiasis responded to schistosomal soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) with greater amounts of IFN-gamma than did cells from several patients with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis; IL-10 levels were similar. Neutralization of IL-10 had no effect on the SEA-specific IFN-gamma response in patients with acute infection, whereas SWAP-induced IFN-gamma was increased in both groups. Anti-IL-10 also up-regulated SEA-specific IFN-gamma protein and mRNA responses in most splenocyte cultures from hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients but had no effect on antigen-specific IL-4 or IL-5 production. Neutralization of IFN-gamma resulted in a comparable increase in SWAP-specific IL-10 and IL-5, while IL-4 was not affected. These studies demonstrate that early disease in schistosomiasis is associated with a significant IFN-gamma response and that IL-10 contributes to the suppression of that response during both early and chronic infection.  (+info)

Genetics of graft-versus-host disease, I. A locus on chromosome 1 influences development of acute graft-versus-host disease in a major histocompatibility complex mismatched murine model. (5/889)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication occurring after bone marrow transplantation. The severity of GVHD varies widely, with this variation generally being attributed to variation in the degree of disparity between host and donor for minor histocompatibility antigens. However, it is also possible that other forms of polymorphism, such as polymorphisms in immune effector molecules, might play a significant role in determining GVHD severity. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we are studying the genetic factors that influence GVHD development in a murine model. We here report the first results of this analysis, which demonstrate that a locus on Chromosome 1 of the mouse, and possibly also a locus on Chromosome 4, exert considerable influence over the development of one aspect of acute GVHD - splenomegaly - in a parent-->F1 murine model. These results demonstrate that non-MHC genes can exert quite significant effects on the development of GVHD-associated pathology and that gene mapping can be used as a tool to identify these loci. Further analysis of such loci will allow identification of the mechanism whereby they influence GVHD and may lead in the future to improved selection of donors for human bone marrow transplantation.  (+info)

Oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in aniline-induced splenic toxicity. (6/889)

Our earlier studies with aniline suggested the involvement of oxidative stress as an early toxic event in the spleen. In order to understand the status and consequences of the damaging oxidative reactions, especially during the progression of characteristic splenic lesions, time-dependent subchronic studies were conducted in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 65 mg/kg/day aniline in the drinking water, while control rats received drinking water only. The animals were euthanized after 1, 2, or 3 months of aniline exposure. Total iron content was remarkably greater in the aniline-treated rats than in age-matched controls. There were time-dependent increases in splenic lipid peroxidation of aniline-treated rats. Malondialdehyde-protein adducts were quantitated by a competitive ELISA and showed greater concentrations in the spleens of aniline-treated rats, further substantiating our lipid peroxidation results. Protein oxidation in the spleens of aniline-treated rats was also greater, with a maximum increase of approximately 76% at 3 months. Western blot analysis for oxidized proteins showed two distinct protein bands at approximately 114 kD and approximately 69 kD in both post-nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the spleens. Furthermore, densitometric analysis of the blot showed increased band intensities of the oxidized proteins in both these spleen fractions from aniline-treated rats, suggesting the susceptibility of these proteins to aniline-induced oxidative stress. The most prominent morphological changes in the spleens of aniline-treated rats included thickening of the capsule, and capsular cells with nuclear prominence and hyperchromia indicative of capsular hyperplasia. These capsular changes and fibrosis of capsule, splenic trabeculae, and red pulp were noted at all three time points after aniline exposure. Our studies thus suggest that aniline-induced oxidative stress in the spleen is an ongoing event that leads to oxidative modifications of biomolecules. Such oxidative modifications, directly or indirectly, could contribute to the splenic toxicity leading to deleterious consequences, including capsular hyperplasia and fibrosis, as observed in this study, and possibly tumorigenesis in chronic aniline exposure conditions.  (+info)

A central role for alpha beta T cells in the pathogenesis of murine lupus. (7/889)

We have previously shown that female transgenic mice expressing IFN-gamma in the epidermis, under the control of the involucrin promoter, develop inflammatory skin disease and a form of murine lupus. To investigate the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we generated female IFN-gamma transgenic mice congenitally deficient in either alpha beta or gamma delta T cells. TCR delta-/- transgenics continued to produce antinuclear autoantibodies and to develop severe kidney lesions. In contrast, TCR beta-/- IFN-gamma transgenic mice failed to produce antinucleosome, anti-dsDNA, or antihistone autoantibodies, and kidney disease was abolished. Both alpha beta- and gamma delta-deficient transgenics continued to develop IFN-gamma-associated skin disease, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. The data show that the autoantibody-mediated pathology of murine lupus in IFN-gamma transgenic mice is completely alpha beta T cell dependent and that gamma delta T cells cannot drive autoantibody production. These results imply that production of antinuclear autoantibodies in IFN-gamma transgenic animals is Ag driven, and we identified clusters of apoptotic cells in the epidermis of the mice as a possible source of self Ags. Our findings emphasize the relevance of this murine lupus model to the human disease.  (+info)

Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. (8/889)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]) is a herpesvirus linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and a proportion of Castleman's disease. KSHV encodes viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), which is structurally homologous to human and murine IL-6. The biological activities of vIL-6 are largely unknown. To gain insight into the biology of vIL-6, we expressed vIL-6 in murine fibroblasts NIH3T3 cells and inoculated stable vIL-6-producing clones into athymic mice. vIL-6 was detected selectively in the blood of mice injected with vIL-6-expressing clones. Compared with controls, vIL-6-positive mice displayed increased hematopoiesis in the myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic lineages; plasmacytosis in spleen and lymph nodes; hepatosplenomegaly; and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. vIL-6-expressing NIH3T3 cells gave rise to tumors more rapidly than did control cells, and vIL-6-positive tumors were more vascularized than controls. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected at higher levels in the culture supernatant of vIL-6-expressing cells compared with controls, and immunohistochemical staining detected VEGF in spleen, lymph nodes, and tumor tissues from mice bearing vIL-6-producing tumors but not control tumors. Thus, vIL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that promotes hematopoiesis, plasmacytosis, and angiogenesis. Through these functions, vIL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain KSHV-associated disorders.  (+info)

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

Hepatomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size. The liver is usually located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and can be felt during a physical examination. A healthcare provider may detect hepatomegaly by palpating (examining through touch) the abdomen, noticing that the edge of the liver extends past the lower ribcage.

There are several possible causes for hepatomegaly, including:
- Fatty liver disease (both alcoholic and nonalcoholic)
- Hepatitis (viral or autoimmune)
- Liver cirrhosis
- Cancer (such as primary liver cancer, metastatic cancer, or lymphoma)
- Infections (e.g., bacterial, fungal, or parasitic)
- Heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions
- Genetic disorders (e.g., Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or Hunter syndrome)
- Metabolic disorders (e.g., glycogen storage diseases, hemochromatosis, or Wilson's disease)

Diagnosing the underlying cause of hepatomegaly typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the specific cause identified and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or, in some cases, surgical intervention.

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.

There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:

* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia

A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.

It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare, chronic bone marrow disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with fibrous scar tissue, leading to impaired production of blood cells. This results in cytopenias (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), which can cause fatigue, infection susceptibility, and bleeding tendencies. Additionally, PMF is often accompanied by the proliferation of abnormal megakaryocytes (large, atypical bone marrow cells that produce platelets) and extramedullary hematopoiesis (blood cell formation outside the bone marrow, typically in the spleen and liver).

PMF is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), which is a group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of one or more types of blood cells. PMF can present with various symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal discomfort due to splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and bone pain. In some cases, PMF may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of PMF remains unclear; however, genetic mutations are known to play a significant role in its development. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and MPL genes have been identified as commonly mutated in PMF patients. These genetic alterations contribute to the dysregulated production of blood cells and the activation of signaling pathways that promote fibrosis.

Diagnosis of PMF typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to identify genetic mutations. Treatment options depend on the individual patient's symptoms, risk stratification, and disease progression. They may include observation, supportive care, medications to manage symptoms and control the disease (such as JAK inhibitors), and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Splenic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the spleen, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can arise from various cell types present within the spleen, including hematopoietic cells (red and white blood cells, platelets), stromal cells (supporting tissue), or lymphoid cells (part of the immune system).

There are several types of splenic neoplasms:

1. Hematologic malignancies: These are cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow, such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. They often involve the spleen, causing enlargement (splenomegaly) and neoplastic infiltration of splenic tissue.
2. Primary splenic tumors: These are rare and include benign lesions like hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and hamartomas, as well as malignant tumors such as angiosarcoma, littoral cell angiosarcoma, and primary splenic lymphoma.
3. Metastatic splenic tumors: These occur when cancer cells from other primary sites spread (metastasize) to the spleen. Common sources of metastasis include lung, breast, colon, and ovarian cancers, as well as melanomas and sarcomas.

Symptoms of splenic neoplasms may vary depending on the type and extent of the disease but often include abdominal pain or discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and sometimes requires a biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options depend on the type of neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Hypersplenism is a condition characterized by an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) that results in the abnormal removal or destruction of various blood components, such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. This leads to peripheral blood cytopenias, which means there is a decrease in one or more types of blood cells in the circulation.

The spleen becomes overactive in hypersplenism, and its increased removal of blood cells can be secondary to various underlying disorders, such as:

1. Infections: e.g., bacterial endocarditis, malaria, or EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) infection
2. Hematologic diseases: e.g., hemolytic anemias, thalassemia, leukemias, lymphomas, or myeloproliferative neoplasms
3. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension
4. Vascular disorders: e.g., splenic vein thrombosis or congestive splenomegaly
5. Storage diseases: e.g., Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or Hurler syndrome

Symptoms of hypersplenism may include fatigue, weakness, pallor (in case of anemia), infections (due to neutropenia), and easy bruising or bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia). Treatment for hypersplenism involves addressing the underlying cause. In some cases, splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) may be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Lymphatic diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help to transport lymph fluid throughout the body, fight infection, and remove waste products.

Lymphatic diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Some common types of lymphatic diseases include:

1. Lymphedema: A condition that causes swelling in the arms or legs due to a blockage or damage in the lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the lymphatic system, such as tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, and HIV/AIDS.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma can cause inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system.
5. Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their lymphatic system, such as malformations or missing lymph nodes.

Symptoms of lymphatic diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of a lymphatic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (MAIDS) is not related to human medicine. It is a disease that affects mice and is caused by a retrovirus similar to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). MAIDS is used as an animal model to study certain aspects of HIV infection and AIDS. The disease is characterized by immune system dysfunction, leading to susceptibility to various opportunistic infections and cancers, much like human AIDS. However, it's essential to clarify that MAIDS is not a human health concern.

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. A healthy adult typically has a platelet count between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytopenia is usually diagnosed when the platelet count falls below 150,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytopenia can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying cause:

1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count. ITP can be further divided into primary or secondary forms, depending on whether it occurs alone or as a result of another medical condition or medication.
2. Decreased production: Thrombocytopenia can occur when there is insufficient production of platelets in the bone marrow due to various causes, such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
3. Increased destruction or consumption: Thrombocytopenia can also result from increased platelet destruction or consumption due to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or severe bacterial infections.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and skin rashes like petechiae (small red or purple spots) or purpura (larger patches). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the degree of thrombocytopenia and the presence of any underlying conditions. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and may include medications, transfusions, or addressing the underlying condition.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

Tropical medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with health problems that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. These regions are typically characterized by hot and humid climates, and often have distinct ecological systems that can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.

The field of tropical medicine encompasses a wide range of health issues, including:

1. Infectious diseases: Many tropical diseases are caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Some of the most common infectious diseases in the tropics include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika virus, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and Chagas disease.
2. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): A group of chronic infectious diseases that primarily affect poor and marginalized populations in the tropics. NTDs include diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
3. Zoonotic diseases: Diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans, often through insect vectors or contaminated food and water. Examples of zoonotic diseases in the tropics include rabies, leptospirosis, and Rift Valley fever.
4. Environmental health issues: The tropical environment can pose unique health challenges, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, heat stress, and poor air quality. Tropical medicine also addresses these environmental health issues.
5. Travel medicine: As global travel increases, there is a growing need for medical professionals who are knowledgeable about the health risks associated with traveling to tropical destinations. Tropical medicine physicians often provide pre-travel consultations and post-travel evaluations for international travelers.

Overall, tropical medicine is an essential field that addresses the unique health challenges faced by populations living in or traveling to tropical and subtropical regions.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

Eczematous skin diseases are a group of inflammatory skin conditions characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin. These patches can also become red, swollen, and blistered, and may ooze and crust over during the course of the disease. The term "eczema" is often used interchangeably with "dermatitis," although dermatitis is a broader term that includes any inflammation of the skin.

Eczematous skin diseases can have many different causes, including genetics, environmental factors, allergies, and immune system dysfunction. Common types of eczematous skin diseases include atopic dermatitis (the most common form of eczema), contact dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis.

Treatment for eczematous skin diseases typically involves a combination of self-care measures, such as avoiding triggers, keeping the skin moisturized, and taking lukewarm baths, as well as medical treatments, such as topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, phototherapy or systemic medications may be necessary to control severe or widespread eczema.

Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) is a rare and aggressive type of chronic leukemia, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of prolymphocytes, a specific type of mature but immature lymphocyte, in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs. There are two types of PLL: B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL).

B-PLL is a very rare subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), accounting for less than 1% of all leukemias. It primarily affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 60-70 years. The disease is characterized by the proliferation of malignant B-lymphocytes, known as prolymphocytes, which accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

T-PLL is an even rarer subtype of leukemia, accounting for less than 1% of all leukemias. It primarily affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 65 years. T-PLL arises from mature T-lymphocytes, which accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

The symptoms of PLL can vary but often include fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, and a high white blood cell count. The diagnosis of PLL typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Treatment options for PLL may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Portal hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. Normal portal venous pressure is approximately 5-10 mmHg. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure greater than 10 mmHg.

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to scarring and narrowing of the small blood vessels in the liver, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. Other causes include blood clots in the portal vein, inflammation of the liver or bile ducts, and invasive tumors that block the flow of blood through the liver.

Portal hypertension can lead to a number of complications, including the development of abnormal blood vessels (varices) in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which are prone to bleeding. Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another common complication of portal hypertension. Other potential complications include encephalopathy, which is a condition characterized by confusion, disorientation, and other neurological symptoms, and an increased risk of bacterial infections.

Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Medications to reduce pressure in the portal vein, such as beta blockers or nitrates, may be used. Endoscopic procedures to band or inject varices can help prevent bleeding. In severe cases, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Experimental leukemia refers to the stage of research or clinical trials where new therapies, treatments, or diagnostic methods are being studied for leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

In the experimental stage, researchers investigate various aspects of leukemia, such as its causes, progression, and potential treatments. They may conduct laboratory studies using cell cultures or animal models to understand the disease better and test new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, clinical trials may be conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel treatments in human patients with leukemia.

Experimental research in leukemia is crucial for advancing our understanding of the disease and developing more effective treatment strategies. It involves a rigorous and systematic process that adheres to ethical guidelines and scientific standards to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) is a type of retrovirus that specifically infects mice. It was first discovered by Charlotte Friend in the 1950s and has since been widely used as a model system to study retroviral pathogenesis, oncogenesis, and immune responses.

F-MuLV is a complex retrovirus that contains several accessory genes, including gag, pol, env, and others. The virus can cause leukemia and other malignancies in susceptible mice, particularly when it is transmitted from mother to offspring through the milk.

The virus is also known to induce immunosuppression, which makes infected mice more susceptible to other infections and diseases. F-MuLV has been used extensively in laboratory research to investigate various aspects of retroviral biology, including viral entry, replication, gene expression, and host immune responses.

It is important to note that Friend murine leukemia virus only infects mice and is not known to cause any disease in humans or other animals.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is defined as the production of blood cells outside of the bone marrow in adults. In normal physiological conditions, hematopoiesis occurs within the bone marrow cavities of flat bones such as the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae. However, certain disease states or conditions can cause EMH to occur in various organs such as the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood.

EMH can be seen in several pathological conditions, including hematologic disorders such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytopenia), myelodysplastic syndromes, and leukemias. It can also occur in response to bone marrow failure or infiltration by malignant cells, as well as in some non-hematologic disorders such as fibrocystic disease of the breast and congenital hemolytic anemias.

EMH may lead to organ enlargement, dysfunction, and clinical symptoms depending on the site and extent of involvement. Treatment of EMH is generally directed at managing the underlying condition causing it.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is a rare disorder of the immune system, primarily affecting children. It is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of certain types of white blood cells (lymphocytes), leading to an overactive immune response that can damage the body's own tissues and organs. This condition can also increase the risk of developing lymphoma and other malignancies.

In ALPS, there is a defect in the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) of lymphocytes, which results in their excessive accumulation. The disorder is typically caused by genetic mutations that affect the FAS gene or its signaling pathway, leading to impaired immune function and autoimmunity.

Symptoms of ALPS may include:

1. Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
2. Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and/or liver (hepatomegaly)
3. Autoimmune disorders, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia
4. Increased susceptibility to infections
5. Fatigue and weakness
6. Unintentional weight loss
7. Skin rashes or lesions
8. Neurological symptoms, such as seizures or developmental delays (in some cases)

Diagnosis of ALPS is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment usually involves a combination of immunosuppressive medications, targeted therapies, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential for monitoring disease progression and adjusting treatment plans as needed.

The splenic vein is a large, thin-walled vein that carries oxygenated blood from the spleen and pancreas to the liver. It is formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain the upper part of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left side of the colon (splenic flexure). The splenic vein runs along the top border of the pancreas and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. This venous system allows for the filtration and detoxification of blood by the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of diseases characterized by the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells, which are crucial components of the immune system. These disorders can arise from both B-cells and T-cells, leading to various clinical manifestations ranging from benign to malignant conditions.

LPDs can be broadly classified into reactive and neoplastic categories:

1. Reactive Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are typically triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency states. They involve an exaggerated response of the immune system leading to the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells. Examples include:
* Infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
* Lymph node enlargement due to various infections or autoimmune disorders
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), which occurs in the context of immunosuppression following organ transplantation
2. Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are malignant conditions characterized by uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal lymphoid cells, leading to the formation of tumors. They can be further classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Examples include:
* Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): Classical HL and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Various subtypes, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma

It is important to note that the distinction between reactive and neoplastic LPDs can sometimes be challenging, requiring careful clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular evaluations. Proper diagnosis and classification of LPDs are crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies and predicting patient outcomes.

Lymphocytosis is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the peripheral blood. A normal lymphocyte count ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter (μL) of blood in adults. Lymphocytosis is typically defined as a lymphocyte count greater than 4,800 cells/μL in adults or higher than age-specific normal values in children.

There are various causes of lymphocytosis, including viral infections (such as mononucleosis), bacterial infections, tuberculosis, fungal infections, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies, and certain cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. It is essential to investigate the underlying cause of lymphocytosis through a thorough clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or biopsies.

It's important to note that an isolated episode of mild lymphocytosis is often not clinically significant and may resolve on its own without any specific treatment. However, persistent or severe lymphocytosis requires further evaluation and management based on the underlying cause.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, slow-growing type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (a type of white blood cell). These excess B cells are often referred to as "hairy cells" because they look abnormal under the microscope, with fine projections or "hair-like" cytoplasmic protrusions.

In HCL, these abnormal B cells can build up in the bone marrow and spleen, causing both of them to enlarge. The accumulation of hairy cells in the bone marrow can crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia). This can result in fatigue, increased risk of infection, and easy bruising or bleeding.

HCL is typically an indolent disease, meaning that it progresses slowly over time. However, some cases may require treatment to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options for HCL include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor the disease's progression and adjust treatment plans as needed.

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that originates from histiocytes, which are cells that are part of the immune system and found in various tissues throughout the body. These cells normally function to help fight infection and remove foreign substances. In histiocytic sarcoma, there is an abnormal accumulation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the formation of tumors.

Histiocytic sarcoma can affect people of any age but is more commonly found in adults, with a slight male predominance. It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, skin, soft tissues, and internal organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs. The exact cause of histiocytic sarcoma remains unknown, but it is not considered to be hereditary.

The symptoms of histiocytic sarcoma depend on the location and extent of the tumor(s). Common signs include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, weight loss, night sweats, and pain or discomfort in the affected area. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies (like CT scans, PET scans, or MRI), biopsies, and laboratory tests to confirm the presence of histiocytic sarcoma and assess its extent.

Treatment for histiocytic sarcoma usually involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, such as the location and stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Clinical trials may also be an option for some patients, allowing them to access new and experimental therapies.

Prognosis for histiocytic sarcoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 15-30%. However, outcomes can vary significantly depending on individual factors, such as the patient's age, the extent of the disease at diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. Continued research is necessary to improve our understanding of this rare cancer and develop more effective therapies for those affected.

Polycythemia Vera is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of rare blood cancers. In Polycythemia Vera, the body produces too many red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and thickening of the blood, which can cause various symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, and itching. It can also lead to enlargement of the spleen. The exact cause of Polycythemia Vera is not known, but it is associated with genetic mutations in the JAK2 gene in most cases. It is a progressive disease that can lead to complications such as bleeding, thrombosis, and transformation into acute leukemia if left untreated.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and serious condition characterized by an uncontrolled immune response leading to inflammation and damage in various organs of the body. It occurs when certain immune cells, including lymphocytes and histiocytes (a type of white blood cell), become overactive and start to destroy other blood cells, particularly red blood cells and platelets. This results in symptoms such as fever, enlarged liver and spleen, cytopenia (decreased number of blood cells), and increased levels of inflammatory markers in the body.

HLH can be primary or secondary. Primary HLH is an inherited disorder caused by genetic mutations that affect the immune system's regulation. Secondary HLH, on the other hand, is acquired due to factors such as infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases. Treatment for HLH typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, and sometimes bone marrow transplantation. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with this condition.

Proguanil is an antimalarial medication that is primarily used to prevent and treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by blocking the development of the parasite in the red blood cells, thereby preventing the disease from progressing. Proguanil is often used in combination with other antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine or atovaquone to increase its effectiveness and reduce the risk of drug resistance.

Proguanil is available under various brand names, including Paludrine and Malarona. It is typically taken daily in tablet form, starting before travel to a malaria-endemic area and continuing for several weeks after leaving the area. Proguanil may also be used off-label for other indications, such as treating certain types of cancer or preventing recurrent urinary tract infections. However, its use for these conditions is not well-established and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

Like all medications, proguanil can have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and mouth ulcers. It may also interact with other drugs, such as warfarin and metoclopramide, so it is important to inform a healthcare provider of all medications being taken before starting proguanil. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider before taking proguanil, as its safety in these populations has not been well-studied.

Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high platelet count (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytosis is typically defined as a platelet count exceeding 450,000-500,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytosis can be classified into two types: reactive (or secondary) thrombocytosis and primary (or essential) thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is more common and occurs as a response to an underlying condition, such as infection, inflammation, surgery, or certain types of cancer. Primary thrombocytosis, on the other hand, is caused by intrinsic abnormalities in the bone marrow cells responsible for platelet production (megakaryocytes), and it is often associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms like essential thrombocythemia.

While mild thrombocytosis may not cause any symptoms, higher platelet counts can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding disorders due to excessive platelet aggregation. Symptoms of thrombocytosis may include headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, or chest pain if a blood clot forms in the brain or heart. Bleeding symptoms can manifest as easy bruising, nosebleeds, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Treatment for thrombocytosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis, treating the underlying disorder often resolves the high platelet count. For primary thrombocytosis, medications like aspirin or cytoreductive therapy (such as hydroxyurea) may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots and control platelet production. Regular monitoring of platelet counts is essential for managing this condition and preventing potential complications.

Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a reduction in the number of all three types of blood cells in the peripheral blood: red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). This condition can be caused by various underlying diseases, including bone marrow disorders, viral infections, exposure to toxic substances or radiation, vitamin deficiencies, and certain medications. Symptoms of pancytopenia may include fatigue, weakness, increased susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that plays a crucial role in intracellular signal transduction. It is named after the Roman god Janus, who is depicted with two faces, as JAK2 has two similar phosphate-transferring domains. JAK2 is involved in various cytokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways and contributes to hematopoiesis, immune function, and cell growth.

Mutations in the JAK2 gene have been associated with several myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. The most common mutation is JAK2 V617F, which results in a constitutively active enzyme that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival, contributing to the development of these MPNs.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

A "Graft versus Host Reaction" (GVHR) is a condition that can occur after an organ or bone marrow transplant, where the immune cells in the graft (transplanted tissue) recognize and attack the recipient's (host's) tissues as foreign. This reaction occurs because the donor's immune cells (graft) are able to recognize the host's cells as different from their own due to differences in proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

The GVHR can affect various organs, including the skin, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Symptoms may include rash, diarrhea, jaundice, and respiratory distress. The severity of the reaction can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening.

To prevent or reduce the risk of GVHR, immunosuppressive drugs are often given to the recipient before and after transplantation to suppress their immune system and prevent it from attacking the graft. Despite these measures, GVHR can still occur in some cases, particularly when there is a significant mismatch between the donor and recipient HLAs.

Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of herpesviruses, which are double-stranded DNA viruses that can establish lifelong infections in their hosts. Gammaherpesvirinae includes two genera: Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus.

Lymphocryptovirus genus contains the human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a major cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancer.

Rhadinovirus genus contains the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which is associated with several malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease.

Gammaherpesviruses primarily infect B cells and epithelial cells, and they can establish latency in their host cells, allowing them to evade the immune system and persist for the lifetime of the host. Infection with these viruses has been linked to various diseases, ranging from benign conditions such as infectious mononucleosis to malignancies such as lymphomas and carcinomas.

Gaucher disease is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down a complex fatty substance called glucocerebroside, found in the cells of various tissues throughout the body. When the enzyme is not present in sufficient quantities or is entirely absent, glucocerebroside accumulates inside the lysosomes (cellular organelles responsible for waste material breakdown) of certain cell types, particularly within white blood cells called macrophages. This buildup of lipids leads to the formation of characteristic lipid-laden cells known as Gaucher cells.

There are three main types of Gaucher disease, classified based on the absence or presence and severity of neurological symptoms:

1. Type 1 (non-neuronopathic) - This is the most common form of Gaucher disease, accounting for approximately 95% of cases. It primarily affects the spleen, liver, and bone marrow but does not typically involve the central nervous system. Symptoms may include an enlarged spleen and/or liver, low red blood cell counts (anemia), low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), bone pain and fractures, and fatigue.
2. Type 2 (acute neuronopathic) - This rare and severe form of Gaucher disease affects both visceral organs and the central nervous system. Symptoms usually appear within the first six months of life and progress rapidly, often leading to death before two years of age due to neurological complications.
3. Type 3 (subacute neuronopathic) - This form of Gaucher disease affects both visceral organs and the central nervous system but has a slower progression compared to type 2. Symptoms may include those seen in type 1, as well as neurological issues such as seizures, eye movement abnormalities, and cognitive decline.

Gaucher disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two defective copies of the gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. Treatment options for Gaucher disease include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), substrate reduction therapy (SRT), and chaperone therapy, depending on the type and severity of the disease.

Reticulin is a type of protein fiber that forms part of the extracellular matrix in various connective tissues in the body. It is composed of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, and it has a reticular or network-like structure when viewed under a microscope. In histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues), reticulin fibers are often stained to help identify certain types of cells or structures.

In particular, reticulin fibers are often found in close association with certain types of cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells and neurons. They provide structural support and help regulate the function of these cells. In addition, reticulin fibers play a role in the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair.

Abnormal accumulations of reticulin fibers can be seen in various disease states, such as fibrosis (excessive scarring) and certain types of cancer. For example, increased reticulin fibers are often found in the liver in patients with cirrhosis, a condition characterized by extensive scarring and damage to the liver. Similarly, abnormal reticulin fiber deposition is seen in some forms of lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system.

Hypergammaglobulinemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of gamma globulins (a type of immunoglobulins or antibodies) in the blood. These proteins are part of the body's immune system and help to fight off infections. However, when their levels become too high, it can indicate an underlying medical disorder.

There are several types of hypergammaglobulinemia, including:

1. Primary hypergammaglobulinemia: This is a rare condition that is present at birth or develops during early childhood. It is caused by genetic mutations that lead to overproduction of immunoglobulins.
2. Secondary hypergammaglobulinemia: This type is more common and is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain types of cancer.

Symptoms of hypergammaglobulinemia can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. They may include recurrent infections, fatigue, swelling of the lymph nodes, and joint pain. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, if possible, as well as managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Investigational therapies, also known as experimental or investigational new drugs (INDs), refer to treatments or interventions that are currently being studied and have not yet been approved for general use by regulatory authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These therapies may include new drugs, biologics, medical devices, procedures, or behavioral interventions.

Investigational therapies are typically tested in clinical trials to assess their safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage. The process of testing an investigational therapy can take several years and involves multiple phases of research, including preclinical studies (testing in the lab), phase I trials (safety testing in a small group of people), phase II trials (testing for effectiveness and side effects in a larger group of people), and phase III trials (large-scale testing to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and collect information that will allow the therapy to be used safely).

Participation in clinical trials of investigational therapies is voluntary and usually requires informed consent from the participant. Investigational therapies may offer hope for people with serious or life-threatening conditions who have exhausted all other treatment options, but they also carry risks, as their safety and efficacy have not yet been fully established.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a systemic protozoan disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex. It is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is characterized by fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. If left untreated, it can be fatal in over 95% of cases within 2 years of onset of symptoms. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp. or Lutzomyia spp.). The parasites enter the skin and are taken up by macrophages, where they transform into amastigotes and spread to internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Diagnosis is typically made through demonstration of the parasite in tissue samples or through serological tests. Treatment options include antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin. Prevention measures include vector control, early detection and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites.

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare type of chronic leukemia, which is a cancer of the white blood cells. Specifically, CNL is characterized by an overproduction of mature neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection.

The medical definition of CNL, as per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, is as follows:

Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by sustained peripheral blood neutrophilia >25 × 109/L, with a left shift and often toxic granulations, without evidence of another myeloid neoplasm. The bone marrow shows hypercellularity with an increase in mature neutrophils, including bands, segmented forms, and occasionally toxic granulations or Döhle bodies. There is no significant increase in blasts, promyelocytes, or other immature granulocytic precursors (

Hematologic diseases, also known as hematological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the production, function, or destruction of blood cells or blood-related components, such as plasma. These diseases can affect erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes), as well as clotting factors and hemoglobin.

Hematologic diseases can be broadly categorized into three main types:

1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin, or hematocrit, leading to insufficient oxygen transport to tissues and organs. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia.
2. Leukemia and other disorders of white blood cells: These conditions involve the abnormal production or function of leukocytes, which can lead to impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. Examples include leukemias (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia), lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
3. Platelet and clotting disorders: These diseases affect the production or function of platelets and clotting factors, leading to abnormal bleeding or clotting tendencies. Examples include hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Hematologic diseases can have various causes, including genetic defects, infections, autoimmune processes, environmental factors, or malignancies. Proper diagnosis and management of these conditions often require the expertise of hematologists, who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders related to blood and its components.

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

A "Blood Cell Count" is a medical laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets in a sample of blood. This test is often used as a part of a routine check-up or to help diagnose various medical conditions, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and many others.

The RBC count measures the number of oxygen-carrying cells in the blood, while the WBC count measures the number of immune cells that help fight infections. The platelet count measures the number of cells involved in clotting. Abnormal results in any of these counts may indicate an underlying medical condition and further testing may be required for diagnosis and treatment.

The standard system for classifying splenomegaly on radiography is: Normal (not splenomegaly): the largest dimension is less ... Splenomegaly also occurs in mammals parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella. The possible causes of moderate splenomegaly (spleen ... At autopsy, splenomegaly can be defined as a spleen weight above the upper limit of the standard reference range of 230 g (8.1 ... Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. ...
... is characterized by massive splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, marked elevations in levels of serum IgM ... Tropical splenomegaly syndrome, also known as hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly, occurs due immunological overstimulation to ... Fakunle Y. Tropical splenomegaly. In: Luzzatto L, ed. Clinics in haematology. London: WB Saunders, 1981: 963-975. Neelam Raval ... Greenwood B, Fakunle Y. The tropical splenomegaly syndrome. In: The role of the spleen in the immunology of parasitic disease. ...
"Splenomegaly". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 7 August 2021. For example, if the total WBC count is 30,000, ... splenomegaly with splenic sequestration of granulocytes. Lymphocytosis is usually detected when a complete blood count is ...
Splenomegaly is a condition of the spleen causing it to be enlarged. The splenic condition involving Felty syndrome is more ... "Splenomegaly". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 11 August 2021. "Anemia: Overview". The Lecturio Medical Concept ... An acronym can be used to make recognizing this disease somewhat easier:[citation needed] S: Splenomegaly A: Anemia N: ... This increase in defense activities ultimately causes hypertrophy of the spleen, leading to splenomegaly. The spleen is found ...
Chapman, J; Azevedo, AM (2018). "Splenomegaly". Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28613657. Retrieved 2019-02- ...
Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas. Values ... Updated: Sep 22, 2016 Neetu Radhakrishnan (2018-07-25). "Splenomegaly". Medscape. Updated Apr. 2012 (referring the ...
Dullness to percussion over Traube's space may indicate splenomegaly, although this can also be a normal finding after a meal ... The normal human spleen measures about 125 millimeters in length, and splenomegaly is an important clinical sign. There are 2 ... A 1993 systematic review by The Rational Clinical Examination found that, as a test for splenomegaly, percussion over Traube's ... Does this patient have splenomegaly?". JAMA. 270 (18): 2218-21. doi:10.1001/jama.270.18.2218. PMID 8411607. synd/3182 at Who ...
Normally, the level of dullness does not extend more than 8 cm above the costal margin and splenomegaly is diagnosed if the ... In medical diagnosis Nixon's sign is an alternative to Castell's sign, useful in identifying splenomegaly. The patient is first ... Grover SA; Barkun AN; Sackett DL (1993-11-10). "Does this patient have splenomegaly?". JAMA. 270 (18): 2218-2221. doi:10.1001/ ...
Middleton sign is still one of the best methods for identifying splenomegaly. A novel and innovative program of "preceptorships ... Does this patient have splenomegaly? [see comments]. J Amer Med Assoc. 1993; 270(18):2218-21, Nov 10. Middleton WS: The destiny ...
Splenomegaly, although associated with numerous diseases, remains one of the more elusive physical exam findings in the abdomen ... First the presence of gross splenomegaly or profuse fluid in the stomach or colon may lead to the absence of a resonant ... Castell's sign is a medical sign assessed to evaluate splenomegaly and typically part of an abdominal examination. It is an ... Similar to many other findings in medicine, Castell's sign must be combined with clinical findings to rule in splenomegaly. To ...
... diffuse splenomegaly is observed; the cut surface is dark red and the consistency is firm. The liver is usually bile stained ( ...
Other symptoms such as inflammation in the eyes and axial and appendicular skeleton; lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, are less ...
... and splenomegaly. In the case of delayed or absent seroconversion, an immunofluorescence test could be used if the diagnosis is ...
The clinical severity of HS varies from mild (symptom-free carrier), to moderate (anemic, jaundiced, and with splenomegaly), to ... This leads to both splenomegaly and anemia. Should this process continue unchecked chronically, inappropriate regulation of ... splenomegaly, and fatigue. Acute cases can threaten to cause hypoxia secondary to anemia and acute kernicterus through high ...
Splenomegaly. [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. ... Leukopenia and neutropenia are due to splenomegaly with splenic margination.[citation needed] Coagulation defects occur, as the ...
Splenomegaly At least one of: Mutation in RAS or PTPN11 Diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1 Chromosome 7 monosomy Or two or more ... "Splenic irradiation for splenomegaly: A systematic review". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 53: 47-52. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.016 ... lymphadenopathy moderate hepatomegaly marked splenomegaly leukocytosis absolute monocytosis anemia thrombocytopenia Most of ...
Sep 2001). "Littoral-cell angioma as a cause of splenomegaly". N Engl J Med. 345 (10): 772-3. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109063451016. ...
The most common signs are hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Prolonged cholestasis in PSC may cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency ...
Marked splenomegaly may result in the spleen occupying a large portion of the left side of the abdomen. The spleen is the ... Splenomegaly can result from antigenic stimulation (e.g., infection), obstruction of blood flow (e.g., portal vein obstruction ... Enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly. It may be caused by sickle cell anemia, sarcoidosis, malaria, bacterial ... Basic work-up for acute splenomegaly includes a complete blood count with differential, platelet count, and reticulocyte and ...
Venous splenomegaly: A study in experimental portal congestion. T. Bhaskara Menon, Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, ... "Pathological Studies on Splenomegaly" on 11 February 1938. He wrote a book entitled "An Introduction to Tropical Pathology" ( ... "Venous splenomegaly: A study in experimental portal congestion". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 46 (2): 357-365. ...
The haplotype was further linked to false-tumor splenomegaly, CD8 lymphocytosis, and high IgG. An association was seen between ... "CD8 lymphocytosis and pseudotumoral splenomegaly in HIV infection". Lancet. 340 (8813): 207-8. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90471-E ...
Song MK, Park BB, Uhm JE (March 2018). "Understanding Splenomegaly in Myelofibrosis: Association with Molecular Pathogenesis". ...
... splenomegaly, kidney dysfunction, non-specific skin lesions, a six-year history of eosinophilia, and, on admission, an ... splenomegaly occurring in ~10% of patients. Cardiovascular complications such as various types of heart damage due to ...
Less common manifestations include splenomegaly, hematuria and glomerulonephritis. Headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia ...
Splenomegaly can make anemia worse, and it can reduce the life of transfused red blood cells. Severe enlargement of the spleen ... "Symptoms and causes - Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Archived from the original on 19 ...
The most common physical finding is moderate splenomegaly. B symptoms are seen in a third of cases, and recurrent infections ...
Splenomegaly Kehr's sign Ballance's sign Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse ...
Dull sounds on the abdomen could suggest pregnancy, an ovarian tumor, a distended bladder, hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. ... Abnormal findings may include splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and urinary retention.[citation needed] Organomegaly of the liver and ... Hepatomegaly by percussing from the right iliac region to the right hypochondrium Splenomegaly by percussing from the right ...
Morbilliform rash, eschar, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathies are typical signs. Leukopenia and abnormal liver function tests ...
Splenomegaly, cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly may occur in the baby. Excessive tissue fluid may accumulate in the stomach, lungs ... Patients receiving incompatible blood transfusion may have pale skin, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and the yellowing of mouth and ...
The standard system for classifying splenomegaly on radiography is: Normal (not splenomegaly): the largest dimension is less ... Splenomegaly also occurs in mammals parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella. The possible causes of moderate splenomegaly (spleen ... At autopsy, splenomegaly can be defined as a spleen weight above the upper limit of the standard reference range of 230 g (8.1 ... Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. ...
Splenomegaly is a larger-than-normal spleen. The spleen is an organ in the upper left part of the belly. ... Splenomegaly is a larger-than-normal spleen. The spleen is an organ in the upper left part of the belly. ... If you have splenomegaly, your health care provider may advise you to avoid contact sports. Your provider will tell you what ... Splenomegaly is a larger-than-normal spleen. The spleen is an organ in the upper left part of the belly. ...
A wide variety of diseases are associated with splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, with many of the mechanisms leading ... Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. [1] In the past, splenomegaly was a clinical ... For discussion of splenomegaly in children, see Pediatric Splenomegaly. For discussion of hyperreactive malarial syndrome, see ... Neoplastic splenomegaly. Hematologic neoplasms make up the bulk of cancer-related causes of splenomegaly. This category ...
Splenomegaly in childhood is generally first suspected upon physical examination. One third of newborns and 10% of children may ... Workup in pediatric splenomegaly. Splenomegaly is usually the result of a systemic disorder rather than primary splenic disease ... 31] Such hyperendemic areas may have a prevalence of massive splenomegaly (hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly) of 1-2% in ... There is an indirect relationship between splenomegaly and ethnic origin. Specific causes of splenomegaly have differing ...
Among 987 persons screened, 145 (14.7%) had splenomegaly and received further testing. Among the 145 patients with splenomegaly ... although active infection was found in less than one third of persons with splenomegaly. Malaria-associated splenomegaly is a ... However, splenomegaly is a challenging clinical entity that appears to be an emerging, highly prevalent condition in Congolese ... Splenomegaly of Unknown Etiology in Congolese Refugees Applying for Resettlement to the United States - Uganda, 2015. MMWR Morb ...
Objective We tested the effect of exercise training and genistein treatment on splenomegaly in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar ... glucose and IL‑6 (P , 0.05). Our findings indicate that reversal of splenomegaly by regular exercise and genistein treat‑ ... Objective: We tested the effect of exercise training and genistein treatment on splenomegaly in mice fed a high‑fat, ... Objective We tested the effect of exercise training and genistein treatment on splenomegaly in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar ...
If you have splenomegaly, your health care provider may advise you to avoid contact sports. Your provider will tell you what ... Splenomegaly is a larger-than-normal spleen. The spleen is an organ in the upper left part of the belly. ... Approach to the patient with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed ...
We describe a pilot program using a new point-of-care US technology to identify and monitor splenomegaly in United States-bound ... Unresolved splenomegaly in recently resettled Congolese refugees: multiple states, 2015-1018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 14. ... Unresolved splenomegaly in recently resettled Congolese refugees: multiple states, 2015-1018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 14. ... Point-of-care ultrasonography improves the diagnosis of splenomegaly in hospitalized patients. Crit Ultrasound J 7: 13. ...
Splenomegaly is also known as enlarged spleen that occurs when your spleen becomes enlarged Check for its causes, symptoms & ... What are the most important facts to know about splenomegaly?. Splenomegaly occurs when the spleen enlarges more than 12 cm in ... What are the complications that can occur due to splenomegaly?. Splenomegaly can lead to complications like- ... What are the symptoms of Splenomegaly?. Generally, splenomegaly shows no prior indicators. But in some cases, the patients may ...
The tropical splenomegaly syndrome.. W R Pitney. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1968 ...
"Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly." Harrisons Manual of Medicine, 19e Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson J, ... Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Kasper D.L., & Fauci A.S ... Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Kasper D.L., & Fauci A.S ...
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Splenomegaly -- physiopathology ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Splenomegaly -- ...
A wide variety of diseases are associated with splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, with many of the mechanisms leading ... Hyperplastic splenomegaly. In this setting, splenomegaly is thought to reflect work hypertrophy that results from the removal ... For discussion of splenomegaly in children, see Pediatric Splenomegaly. For discussion of hyperreactive malarial syndrome, see ... Infiltrative splenomegaly. In this setting, splenomegaly is the result of engorgement of macrophages with indigestible ...
Robust Multi-contrast MRI Spleen Segmentation for Splenomegaly using Multi-atlas Segmentation. Yuankai Huo, Jiaqi Liu, Zhoubing ... Robust Multi-contrast MRI Spleen Segmentation for Splenomegaly using Multi-atlas Segmentation. Posted by huoy1 on Monday, ... In this paper, we propose to use MAS for clinical MRI spleen segmentation for splenomegaly. Methods: First, an automated ... Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential imaging modality in non-invasive splenomegaly diagnosis. However, ...
Splenomegaly - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Evaluation of Splenomegaly History Most of the presenting symptoms result from the underlying disorder. However, splenomegaly ... Causes of splenomegaly are myriad, as are the many possible ways of classifying them (see table Common Causes of Splenomegaly ... Splenomegaly can lead to cytopenias, a disorder called hypersplenism Hypersplenism Hypersplenism is cytopenia caused by ...
Mononucleosis and splenomegaly - Video answers are found in the Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines powered by Unbound Medicine ... "Mononucleosis and Splenomegaly - Video." Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines, Duodecim Medical Publications Limited, 2019. ... Mononucleosis and splenomegaly - Video. (2019). In Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications Limited. ... Mononucleosis and splenomegaly - Video. Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications Limited; 2019. https ...
Enlarged spleen - splenomegaly. / Spleen / By alaskaman17 Pathology and causes. On physical examination of adults, the spleen ... Intestine Liothyronine Sodium lung problems Massage peptic ulcer disease proper nutrition side effects sildenafil splenomegaly ...
Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen. This medical condition can occur in all breeds and genders, and is not ... Splenomegaly in Cats. Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen. This medical condition can occur in all breeds and ... Treatment options will be recommended based upon the cause of the splenomegaly. ...
After consulting for the first time at 5 years of age, she was discovered to have massive splenomegaly. Clinical follow-up ... This case of idiopathic splenomegaly in childhood due to a somatic variant in KRAS expands our understanding of the clinical ... In this report, we describe a non-malignant somatic variant in KRAS with prominent clinical features of massive splenomegaly, ... RALD is characterized by splenomegaly, persistent monocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia and cytopenia, but can also include ...
Clinical Trial of Malaria Prophylaxis in Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome. Pieter C. Stuiver, John L. Ziegler, John B. Wood, ... Clinical Trial of Malaria Prophylaxis in Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome. / Stuiver, Pieter C.; Ziegler, John L.; Wood, John B. ... Clinical Trial of Malaria Prophylaxis in Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome. In: British medical journal. 1971 ; Vol. 1, No. 5746. ... Clinical Trial of Malaria Prophylaxis in Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome. British medical journal. 1971 Feb 20;1(5746):426-429. ...
Splenomegaly. 1.2.1. Portal hypertension/cirrhosis. 1.2.2. Infections (EBV). 1.2.3. Autoimmune disorders (SLE, RA/Felty ...
Matsuura T, Hayashida M, Saeki I, Taguchi T. The risk factors of persistent thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly after liver ... Matsuura, T, Hayashida, M, Saeki, I & Taguchi, T 2010, The risk factors of persistent thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly after ... Matsuura, T., Hayashida, M., Saeki, I., & Taguchi, T. (2010). The risk factors of persistent thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly ... The risk factors of persistent thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly after liver transplantation. Toshiharu Matsuura, Makoto ...
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). Striking clinical features include frequent cutaneous and extranodal involvement, young age at presentation, and male predominance.
SPLENOMEGALY Br Med J 1913; 2 :847 (Published 04 October 1913) *PDF ...
Splenomegaly. 31 (4.08). 21 (6.16). 10 (2.39). 0.010. Adenomegaly. 17 (2.24). 7 (2.05). 10 (2.39). 0.810. ...
Splenomegaly. *Ulcerative Colitis. *Unexplained Weight Loss. *Upper Digestive Tract Cancer. *Viral Enteritis ...
Retrovir package insert / prescribing information for healthcare professionals. Includes: indications, dosage, adverse reactions and pharmacology.
2022). Splenomegaly.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430907/. *. Dale, D. C., et al. (2018). An update on the diagnosis ...
shrunken right lobe and splenomegaly. The hepatic veins could not be identified. No other abnormalities were discovered. What ... and splenomegaly. The inability to identify the hepatic veins suggests a potential issue with their patency, which should be ... and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). Therefore, it is important to assess for the presence of portal hypertension during an ...
  • Diagnostic Evaluation: USG for mild hepatomegaly in the liver and splenomegaly in the spleen, USG for a large pleural effusion on the right side of the thorax, ECG QS complexes in V1, V2, V3, 2 D Echo ejection fraction 15%, all chambers dilated, poor biventricular systolic function, mild mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation Outcome: A pleural tap was performed. (jrmds.in)
  • Hepatosplenomegaly is derived from the two words that make up the condition: hepatomegaly, which means swelling or enlargement of the liver, and splenomegaly, which means swelling or enlargement of the spleen [ 10 ]. (jrmds.in)
  • Hepatosplenomegaly is derived from the two words hepatomegaly, which refers to liver swelling or enlargement, and splenomegaly, which refers to spleen swelling or enlargement. (jrmds.in)
  • For discussion of hyperreactive malarial syndrome, see Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • The tropical splenomegaly syndrome. (qxmd.com)
  • A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of malaria prophylaxis in tropical splenomegaly syndrome showed a significant reduction in spleen size and an improvement of anaemia and symptoms in patients treated with antimalarials compared with control subjects receiving placebo. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This study confirms the observations from West Africa and provides further indirect evidence for a malarial aetiology of tropical splenomegaly syndrome. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenomegaly refers strictly to spleen enlargement, and is distinct from hypersplenism, which connotes overactive function by a spleen of any size. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. (medscape.com)
  • A wide variety of diseases are associated with splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, with many of the mechanisms leading to this condition being exaggerated forms of normal spleen function. (medscape.com)
  • Splenomegaly is abnormal enlargement of the spleen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen. (petmd.com)
  • The most common causes of splenomegaly in developed countries are infectious mononucleosis, splenic infiltration with cancer cells from a hematological malignancy and portal hypertension (most commonly secondary to liver disease, and sarcoidosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Signs of splenomegaly may include a palpable left upper quadrant abdominal mass or splenic rub. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of infectious mononucleosis splenomegaly is a common symptom and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into a person's condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenomegaly decreases in frequency with age because the ratio of the splenic volume to the abdominal volume reduces over time. (medscape.com)
  • During two evaluations of refugee populations in western Uganda in March and July 2015, refugees with splenomegaly on physical examination were offered additional assessment and treatment, including abdominal ultrasonography and laboratory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Apart from the signs and symptoms related to the underlying disease, people with splenomegaly may experience mild pain in the abdominal region. (askapollo.com)
  • Splenomegaly can result in hematologic disturbances and abdominal pain and can increase the risk for splenic rupture from blunt trauma , resulting in life -threatening internal bleeding . (bvsalud.org)
  • Among 85 patients who were diagnosed with splenomegaly through abdominal palpation or ultrasound at any point after resettlement, 53 had some hematologic abnormality ( leukopenia , anemia , or thrombocytopenia ), 16 had evidence of current or recent malaria infection , and eight had evidence of schistosomiasis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Abdominal palpation revealed splenomegaly. (hindawi.com)
  • Increasingly, most cases of splenomegaly are recognized as being secondary to some other condition. (medscape.com)
  • Splenectomy has a decreasing number of indications, but can still be used to help control or stage the underlying disease in cases of splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • Approach to the patient with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fewer than 33% of refugees had evidence of an active infection known to cause splenomegaly at the time of assessment (via positive malaria antigen, hepatitis B antigen, or Schistosoma ova). (cdc.gov)
  • Briefly, Hodgkin's disease and polycythemia vera can cause splenomegaly, but so can chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, syphilis and brucellosis. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Many conditions can cause splenomegaly , such as various infections , liver disease , and cancer . (bvsalud.org)
  • The standard system for classifying splenomegaly on radiography is: Normal (not splenomegaly): the largest dimension is less than 11 cm Moderate splenomegaly: the largest dimension is between 11 and 20 cm Severe splenomegaly: the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm Also, a cutoff of a craniocaudal height of 13 cm is also used to define splenomegaly. (wikipedia.org)
  • dullness to percussion there (as opposed to tympany, which is normally present and represents the air-filled stomach) is consistent with mild to moderate splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • For discussion of splenomegaly in children, see Pediatric Splenomegaly . (medscape.com)
  • Although a definitive underlying etiology could not be determined, malaria-associated splenomegaly is one consideration: among potential infectious agents, malaria was the most prevalent, although active infection was found in less than one third of persons with splenomegaly. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria-associated splenomegaly is a diagnosis of exclusion and occurs following repeated malaria infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Because no alternative diagnosis was identified, and because of the risk for severe sequelae of untreated malaria and the low risk for adverse effects of malaria medications, all refugees with splenomegaly were empirically treated for malaria with artemether-lumefantrine at the time of diagnosis, and were provided with bed nets for further prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • thus, persons with detectable splenomegaly received two treatment courses for blood-stage malaria infection before departure ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • CDC has recommended further laboratory and radiology testing for all refugees with splenomegaly after relocation to the United States, including repeat malaria testing in symptomatic patients (using one or more of the following: thick/thin blood smears, rapid diagnostic test, or malaria polymerase chain reaction testing) and empiric treatment with primaquine (after assuring normal glucose-6-dehydrogenase levels). (cdc.gov)
  • More pronounced splenomegaly can be palpated below the level of the costal margin and can even extend down to the pelvic brim. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersplenism Hypersplenism is cytopenia caused by splenomegaly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • RALD is characterized by splenomegaly, persistent monocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia and cytopenia, but can also include autoimmune features and lymphadenopathy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examples include splenomegaly from lupus and Felty syndrome, and from viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus-induced mononucleosis. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/458461/all/Mononucleosis_and_splenomegaly___Video. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Splenomegaly may also come from bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of the heart's inner lining (endocarditis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenomegaly and hypersplenism should not be confused. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the splenomegaly underlies hypersplenism, a splenectomy is indicated and will correct the hypersplenism. (wikipedia.org)
  • consequently, a thorough diagnostic workup is still indicated, as, leukemia, lymphoma and other serious disorders can cause hypersplenism and splenomegaly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypersplenism is a secondary process that can arise from splenomegaly of almost any cause (see table Common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Splenomegaly and hypersplenism are another reason why hemolytic anemias from changes outside of the RBC occur. (nethealthbook.com)
  • When the splenomegaly becomes chronic, hypersplenism sets in , which means that the chronically enlarged spleen is now so effective in removing RBC's that this condition becomes a new entity and removal of the enlarged spleen may become part of the treatment plan. (nethealthbook.com)
  • A spleen weight of 400-500 g indicates splenomegaly, while a weight of more than 1000 g is labelled as massive splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • A spleen weight of 400-500 g indicates splenomegaly, and some authors consider spleens weighing more than 1000 g to have massive splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, the recovery of pre-transplant thrombocytopenia differs among patients, and some patients experience persistent thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly even several years after LT. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 38 liver transplant patients who had at least a 1-year follow-up in our institute. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The serial platelet counts and the spleen volumes estimated by the CT scans were obtained before LT and at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years after LT. In cases with persistent thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000/μl beyond 1 year after LT) and splenomegaly after LT, the associated clinical factors were reviewed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Even though primaquine was provided to a minority of patients in this cohort, it should be provided to all eligible patients with persistent splenomegaly , and repeated antischistosomal therapy should be provided to patients with evidence of current or recent schistosomiasis . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this setting, splenomegaly is thought to reflect work hypertrophy that results from the removal of abnormal blood cells from the circulation (either cells with intrinsic defects or cells coated with antibody) or, in some cases, that results from extramedullary hematopoiesis (ie, myeloproliferative disease). (medscape.com)
  • Splenomegaly refers to a condition where a person's spleen gets enlarged. (askapollo.com)
  • If confirmation of splenomegaly is necessary because the examination is equivocal, ultrasonography is the test of choice because of its accuracy and low cost. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 1 ] In the past, splenomegaly was a clinical finding, but in recent years, imaging studies have also helped to assess for or confirm mild splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings indicate that reversal of splenomegaly by regular exercise and genistein treatment may be important in the clinical management of HFSD-induced obesity. (researchgate.net)
  • In this paper, we propose to use MAS for clinical MRI spleen segmentation for splenomegaly. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Methods: First, an automated segmentation method using the selective and iterative method for performance level estimation (SIMPLE) atlas selection is used to address the concerns of inhomogeneity for clinical splenomegaly MRI. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In this report, we describe a non-malignant somatic variant in KRAS with prominent clinical features of massive splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This case of idiopathic splenomegaly in childhood due to a somatic variant in KRAS expands our understanding of the clinical spectrum of RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder and emphasizes the value of securing a molecular diagnosis in children with unusual early-onset presentations with a suspected monogenic origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential imaging modality in non-invasive splenomegaly diagnosis. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Splenomegaly is usually the result of a systemic disorder rather than primary splenic disease. (medscape.com)
  • In 2014, panel physicians from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), who conduct Department of State -required predeparture examinations for U.S.-bound refugees at resettlement sites in Uganda , noticed an unusually high number of Congolese refugees with enlarged spleens, or splenomegaly . (bvsalud.org)
  • This results in extramedullary hematopoiesis with resultant symptomatic and sometimes massive splenomegaly. (fda.gov)
  • Splenomegaly also occurs in mammals parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella. (wikipedia.org)
  • Splenomegaly occurs when the spleen enlarges more than 12 cm in length and 400 grams in weight. (askapollo.com)
  • Here we report the discovery of a non-malignant somatic KRAS variant using whole exome sequencing in a minimally symptomatic then-8-year-old girl with unexplained massive splenomegaly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Poulin et al defined splenomegaly as moderate if the largest dimension is 11-20 cm, and severe if the largest dimension is greater than 20 cm. (medscape.com)
  • At autopsy, splenomegaly can be defined as a spleen weight above the upper limit of the standard reference range of 230 g (8.1 oz). (wikipedia.org)
  • In massive splenomegaly, the length can be more than 20 cm, and it can weigh more than one kg. (askapollo.com)
  • After consulting for the first time at 5 years of age, she was discovered to have massive splenomegaly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Splenomegaly is almost always secondary to other disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, splenomegaly itself may cause early satiety by encroachment of the enlarged spleen on the stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is therefore not surprising that splenomegaly is associated with any disease process that involves abnormal red blood cells being destroyed in the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite this recommended treatment protocol , 35 of 64 patients with available follow-up records had splenomegaly that persisted beyond 6 months after resettlement. (bvsalud.org)
  • The inflammation of the spleen is referred to as splenomegaly. (jrmds.in)
  • Treatment depends on the cause of splenomegaly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Objective We tested the effect of exercise training and genistein treatment on splenomegaly in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFSD). (researchgate.net)
  • Treatment options will be recommended based upon the cause of the splenomegaly. (petmd.com)
  • Splenomegaly may occur for several reasons and lead to severe complications if left untreated. (askapollo.com)
  • Among the 145 patients with splenomegaly, 63.4% were aged 5-17 years (median = 14.8 years). (cdc.gov)
  • Given substantial evidence of familial clustering of cases, family members of patients with known splenomegaly should be proactively screened for this condition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whatever the process is that leads to destruction of RBC's, eventually the spleen will filter out these damaged RBC's leading to swelling of the spleen (splenomegaly) and anemia (a lowered RBC count in the blood). (nethealthbook.com)