A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.
A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.
Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.
An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
A childhood seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)
Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)
A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.
A pathway of fibers that originates in the lateral part of the ENTORHINAL CORTEX, perforates the SUBICULUM of the HIPPOCAMPUS, and runs into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the DENTATE GYRUS where the pathway terminates. It is also known as the perforating fasciculus.
A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA2 FIELD and the DENTATE GYRUS.
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A variant of epilepsy characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the CEREBRAL CORTEX or from subcortical structures (e.g., BRAIN STEM; BASAL GANGLIA). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see ENCEPHALITIS, TICK BORNE); Rasmussen syndrome (see ENCEPHALITIS); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Nipecotic acids are a class of compounds, specifically GABAergic drugs, that act as reversible inhibitors of the presynaptic GABA transporter (GAT), increasing the concentration of GABA in the synaptic cleft and enhancing its inhibitory effects on neurotransmission.
Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.
A syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Seizures, including atypical absence (EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), complex partial (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL), and other types may occur. The electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. The language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including APHASIA and auditory AGNOSIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; J Child Neurol 1997 Nov;12(8):489-495)
A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.
A state of reduced sensibility and response to stimuli which is distinguished from COMA in that the person can be aroused by vigorous and repeated stimulation. The person is still conscious and can make voluntary movements. It can be induced by CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS. The word derives from Latin stupere and is related to stunned, stupid, dazed or LETHARGY.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Correlation between hypermetabolism and neuronal damage during status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine in immature and adult rats. (1/712)

The correlation between seizure-induced hypermetabolism and subsequent neuronal damage was studied in 10-day-old (P10), 21-day-old (P21), and adult rats subjected to lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE). Local CMRglc (LCMRglc) values were measured by the [14C]2-deoxyglucose method for a duration of 45 minutes starting at 60 minutes after the onset of SE, and neuronal damage was assessed by cresyl violet staining at 6 days after SE. In P21 and adult rats, LCMRglc values were increased by 275 to 875% in all thalamic, cortical, forebrain, and hypothalamic regions plus the substantia nigra. In addition, at P21 there were also large increases in LCMRglc in brainstem regions. In P10 rats, metabolic increases were mostly located in cortical and forebrain regions plus the substantia nigra but did not affect hypothalamic, thalamic, or brainstem areas. In adult rats, there was an anatomical correlation between hypermetabolism and neuronal damage. At P21, although hypermetabolism occurred in regions with damage, the extent of damage varied considerably with the animals and ranged from an almost negligible to a very extended degree. Finally, in P10 rats, although quite pronounced hypermetabolism occurred, there was no neuronal damage induced by the seizures. Thus, in the present model of epilepsy, the correlation between marked hypermetabolism and neuronal damage can be shown in adult rats. Conversely, immature rats can sustain major metabolic activations that lead either to a variable extent of damage, as seen at P21, or no damage, as recorded at P10.  (+info)

Oligodendroglial vacuolar degeneration in the bilateral motor cortices and astrocytosis in epileptic beagle dogs. (2/712)

We performed a pathologic examination of the brains of three dogs in an epileptic beagle colony. Histologically, all the cases had diffuse astrocytosis in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia as well as the hippocampus, whereas they showed acute nerve cell change in the hippocampus and some other areas of the cerebrum. One of these animals showed laminar myelin pallor associated with the presence of many vacuoles in the IV to VI layers of the bilateral motor cortices. Most of the vacuoles contained fine granules stained with luxol-fast-blue stain. Ultrastructural examination revealed that some oligodendrocytes and perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes in the bilateral cerebral motor cortices of the two affected dogs had many vacuoles surrounded by myelin-like lamellar structures. These findings suggest a possibility that astrocytosis in the cerebrum and vacuolar degeneration of oligodendrocytes in the cerebral motor cortex may be, at least in part, related to the occurrence or development of seizures.  (+info)

Paradoxical GH response to TRH during status epilepticus in man. (3/712)

Information on GH in relation to epilepsy is sparse, and to our knowledge there is no information on GH levels during status epilepticus in man. We studied GH in serum in six patients during status epilepticus, and in a control group of six seizure-free patients with epilepsy, before and after injection of TRH. The baseline GH values before TRH administration were within the normal range in all patients. After injection of TRH all patients with status epilepticus showed a paradoxical peak-shaped increase of GH to at least twice their baseline levels within 45 min after the injection (median basal GH value 1.5 mU/l and median peak GH value 6. 5 mU/l, mean increase 330%). No uniform reaction to TRH was observed in the control group (median basal GH value 2.7 U/l and median of the highest value within 45 min 5.2mU/l). A paradoxical peak reaction of GH to TRH was significantly more frequent in the status epilepticus group compared with the control group (P=0.008, Fisher exact probability test). TRH is not considered a GH-releasing hormone in humans during normal conditions, but a paradoxical response of GH to TRH, similar to that observed during status epilepticus, has been reported in various other pathological conditions, such as acromegaly, liver cirrhosis, mental depression and hypothyroidism. Our results of GH release after TRH administration in patients with status epilepticus suggest an altered regulation of GH as a result of the long-standing epileptic activity.  (+info)

Recurrent mossy fiber pathway in rat dentate gyrus: synaptic currents evoked in presence and absence of seizure-induced growth. (4/712)

A common feature of temporal lobe epilepsy and of animal models of epilepsy is the growth of hippocampal mossy fibers into the dentate molecular layer, where at least some of them innervate granule cells. Because the mossy fibers are axons of granule cells, the recurrent mossy fiber pathway provides monosynaptic excitatory feedback to these neurons that could facilitate seizure discharge. We used the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy to study the synaptic responses evoked by activating this pathway. Whole cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in approximately 74% of granule cells from rats that had survived >10 wk after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Recurrent mossy fiber growth was demonstrated with the Timm stain in all instances. In contrast, antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an EPSC in only 5% of granule cells studied 4-6 days after status epilepticus, before recurrent mossy fiber growth became detectable. Notably, antidromic mossy fiber stimulation also evoked an EPSC in many granule cells from control rats. Clusters of mossy fiber-like Timm staining normally were present in the inner third of the dentate molecular layer at the level of the hippocampal formation from which slices were prepared, and several considerations suggested that the recorded EPSCs depended mainly on activation of recurrent mossy fibers rather than associational fibers. In both status epilepticus and control groups, the antidromically evoked EPSC was glutamatergic and involved the activation of both AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. EPSCs recorded in granule cells from rats with recurrent mossy fiber growth differed in three respects from those recorded in control granule cells: they were much more frequently evoked, a number of them were unusually large, and the NMDA component of the response was generally much more prominent. In contrast to the antidromically evoked EPSC, the EPSC evoked by stimulation of the perforant path appeared to be unaffected by a prior episode of status epilepticus. These results support the hypothesis that recurrent mossy fiber growth and synapse formation increases the excitatory drive to dentate granule cells and thus facilitates repetitive synchronous discharge. Activation of NMDA receptors in the recurrent pathway may contribute to seizure propagation under depolarizing conditions. Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses also are present in normal rats, where they may contribute to repetitive granule cell discharge in regions of the dentate gyrus where their numbers are significant.  (+info)

Platelet activating factor receptor expression is associated with neuronal apoptosis in an in vivo model of excitotoxicity. (5/712)

Platelet activating factor (PAF), an endogenous proinflammatory agent, mediates neuronal survival, glutamate release, and transcriptional activation following excitotoxin challenge. To determine whether PAF receptor (PAFR) expression is altered during excitotoxicity, changes in PAFR mRNA localization were compared with markers of neuronal apoptosis and reactive gliosis following systemic injection of kainic acid. Data from semi-quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, DNA fragmentation, cellular morphology analysis, and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that the localization of PAFR mRNA is altered during kainic acid-induced neurodegeneration. While PAFR mRNA is normally exhibited by neurons and microglia in rat hippocampus, expression becomes restricted to apoptotic neurons and to glia involved in phagocytosing apoptotic debris following treatment with excitotoxin. PAFR mRNA is rarely detected in surviving neurons. These data provide the first indication that PAFR-expressing neurons may be preferentially susceptible to excitotoxic challenge.  (+info)

Substance P is expressed in hippocampal principal neurons during status epilepticus and plays a critical role in the maintenance of status epilepticus. (6/712)

Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and is involved in a variety of physiological processes including cardiovascular function, inflammatory responses, and nociception. We show here that intrahippocampal administration of SP triggers self-sustaining status epilepticus (SSSE) in response to stimulation of the perforant path for periods too brief to have any effect in control rats, and this SSSE generates a pattern of acute hippocampal damage resembling that known to occur in human epilepsy. The SP receptor (SPR) antagonists, spantide II and RP-67,580, block both the initiation of SSSE and SSSE-induced hippocampal damage and terminate established anticonvulsant-resistant SSSE. SSSE results in a rapid and dramatic increase in the expression of preprotachykinin A (a precursor of SP) mRNA and SP in principal neurons in CA3, CA1, and the dentate gyrus as well as in hippocampal mossy fibers. SP also increases glutamate release from hippocampal slices. Enhanced expression of SP during SSSE may modulate hippocampal excitability and contribute to the maintenance of SSSE. Thus, SPR antagonists may constitute a novel category of drugs in antiepileptic therapy.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical evidence of seizure-induced activation of trk receptors in the mossy fiber pathway of adult rat hippocampus. (7/712)

Recent work suggests that limiting the activation of the trkB subtype of neurotrophin receptor inhibits epileptogenesis, but whether or where neurotrophin receptor activation occurs during epileptogenesis is unclear. Because the activation of trk receptors involves the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, the availability of antibodies that selectively recognize the phosphorylated form of trk receptors permits a histochemical assessment of trk receptor activation. In this study the anatomy and time course of trk receptor activation during epileptogenesis were assessed with immunohistochemistry, using a phospho-specific trk antibody. In contrast to the low level of phosphotrk immunoreactivity constitutively expressed in the hippocampus of adult rats, a striking induction of phosphotrk immunoreactivity was evident in the distribution of the mossy fibers after partial kindling or kainate-induced seizures. The anatomic distribution, time course, and threshold for seizure-induced phosphotrk immunoreactivity correspond to the demonstrated pattern of regulation of BDNF expression by seizure activity. These results provide immunohistochemical evidence that trk receptors undergo activation during epileptogenesis and suggest that the mossy fiber pathway is particularly important in the pro-epileptogenic effects of the neurotrophins.  (+info)

Actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in slices from rats with spontaneous seizures and mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. (8/712)

This study examined the acute actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat dentate gyrus after seizures, because previous studies have shown that BDNF has acute effects on dentate granule cell synaptic transmission, and other studies have demonstrated that BDNF expression increases in granule cells after seizures. Pilocarpine-treated rats were studied because they not only have seizures and increased BDNF expression in granule cells, but they also have reorganization of granule cell "mossy fiber" axons. This reorganization, referred to as "sprouting," involves collaterals that grow into novel areas, i.e., the inner molecular layer, where granule cell and interneuron dendrites are located. Thus, this animal model allowed us to address the effects of BDNF in the dentate gyrus after seizures, as well as the actions of BDNF on mossy fiber transmission after reorganization. In slices with sprouting, BDNF bath application enhanced responses recorded in the inner molecular layer to mossy fiber stimulation. Spontaneous bursts of granule cells occurred, and these were apparently generated at the site of the sprouted axon plexus. These effects were not accompanied by major changes in perforant path-evoked responses or paired-pulse inhibition, occurred only after prolonged (30-60 min) exposure to BDNF, and were blocked by K252a. The results suggest a preferential action of BDNF at mossy fiber synapses, even after substantial changes in the dentate gyrus network. Moreover, the results suggest that activation of trkB receptors could contribute to the hyperexcitability observed in animals with sprouting. Because human granule cells also express increased BDNF mRNA after seizures, and sprouting can occur in temporal lobe epileptics, the results may have implications for understanding temporal lobe epilepsy.  (+info)

Status epilepticus is a serious and life-threatening medical condition characterized by an ongoing seizure activity or a series of seizures without full recovery of consciousness between them, lasting for 30 minutes or more. It is a neurological emergency that requires immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications such as brain damage, respiratory failure, or even death.

The condition can occur in people with a history of epilepsy or seizure disorders, as well as those without any prior history of seizures. The underlying causes of status epilepticus can vary and may include infection, trauma, stroke, metabolic imbalances, toxins, or other medical conditions that affect the brain's normal functioning. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage and improve outcomes in patients with this condition.

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.

Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.

While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Lorazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. Medically, it is defined as a prescription drug used for the treatment of anxiety disorders, short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety or anxiety associated with depressive symptoms. It can also be used for the treatment of insomnia, seizure disorders, and alcohol withdrawal. Lorazepam works by affecting chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety or other symptoms.

It is important to note that lorazepam can be habit-forming and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider. Misuse of this medication can lead to serious risks, including addiction, overdose, or death.

Kainic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a compound that has been widely used in scientific research, particularly in neuroscience. It is a type of excitatory amino acid that acts as an agonist at certain types of receptors in the brain, specifically the AMPA and kainate receptors.

Kainic acid is often used in research to study the effects of excitotoxicity, which is a process that occurs when nerve cells are exposed to excessive amounts of glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters, leading to cell damage or death. Kainic acid can induce seizures and other neurological symptoms in animals, making it a valuable tool for studying epilepsy and related disorders.

While kainic acid itself is not a medical treatment or diagnosis, understanding its effects on the brain has contributed to our knowledge of neurological diseases and potential targets for therapy.

Convulsants are substances or agents that can cause seizures or convulsions. These can be medications, toxins, or illnesses that lower the seizure threshold and lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and relaxation. Examples of convulsants include bromides, strychnine, organophosphate pesticides, certain antibiotics (such as penicillin or cephalosporins), and alcohol withdrawal. It is important to note that some medications used to treat seizures can also have convulsant properties at higher doses or in overdose situations.

Diazepam is a medication from the benzodiazepine class, which typically has calming, sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. Its medical uses include the treatment of anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, end-of-life sedation, seizures, muscle spasms, and as a premedication for medical procedures. Diazepam is available in various forms, such as tablets, oral solution, rectal gel, and injectable solutions. It works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in the modulation of nerve impulses in the brain, producing a sedative effect.

It is important to note that diazepam can be habit-forming and has several potential side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and impaired coordination. It should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and according to the prescribed dosage to minimize the risk of adverse effects and dependence.

Muscarinic agonists are a type of medication that binds to and activates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are found in various organ systems throughout the body. These receptors are activated naturally by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and when muscarinic agonists bind to them, they mimic the effects of acetylcholine.

Muscarinic agonists can have a range of effects on different organ systems, depending on which receptors they activate. For example, they may cause bronchodilation (opening up of the airways) in the respiratory system, decreased heart rate and blood pressure in the cardiovascular system, increased glandular secretions in the gastrointestinal and salivary systems, and relaxation of smooth muscle in the urinary and reproductive systems.

Some examples of muscarinic agonists include pilocarpine, which is used to treat dry mouth and glaucoma, and bethanechol, which is used to treat urinary retention. It's important to note that muscarinic agonists can also have side effects, such as sweating, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, due to their activation of receptors in various organ systems.

Febrile seizures are a type of seizure that occurs in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and is often associated with fever. A febrile seizure is defined as a convulsion or seizure that is brought on by a high fever, usually greater than 100.4°F (38°C), but can also occur in response to a rapid rise in body temperature. The seizures can vary in length and may involve shaking of the entire body, jerking of the arms and legs, or just twitching of one part of the body. They can be quite alarming to witness, but they are usually harmless and do not cause any long-term neurological problems.

Febrile seizures are most commonly caused by viral infections, such as a cold or flu, but they can also occur with bacterial infections, such as a urinary tract infection or ear infection. In some cases, the fever and seizure may be the first signs that a child is ill.

While febrile seizures are generally harmless, it is important to seek medical attention if your child has a seizure. This is because a small percentage of children who have febrile seizures may go on to develop epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Additionally, some serious underlying conditions, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause fever and seizures, so it is important to rule out these possibilities with a thorough medical evaluation.

If your child has a febrile seizure, the best course of action is to remain calm and make sure they are in a safe place where they cannot injure themselves. Do not try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth. Instead, gently turn them onto their side to prevent choking and call for medical help. Most febrile seizures last only a few minutes and resolve on their own without any treatment. After the seizure, your child may be sleepy or confused, but they should return to their normal state within a short period of time.

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

Piracetam is a nootropic drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Piracetam is believed to work by reducing the permeability of cell membranes in the brain, which may enhance communication between neurons and improve memory and learning.

Medically, piracetam is used off-label for a variety of conditions related to cognitive decline or impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline. It has also been studied in the treatment of myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), dyslexia, and other neurological disorders.

It is important to note that while piracetam has shown some promise in improving cognitive function in certain populations, its effectiveness is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, piracetam is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use, although it is available as a dietary supplement in the United States.

As with any medication or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking piracetam to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug, primarily used in the treatment of seizures and prevention of seizure recurrence. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and stabilizing the electrical activity of neurons. Phenytoin is also known to have anti-arrhythmic properties and is occasionally used in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.

The drug is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and a liquid formulation. Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure that the drug remains within the therapeutic range, as both low and high levels can lead to adverse effects.

It's important to note that phenytoin has several potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with other anticonvulsant medications, certain antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all the medications being taken to minimize the risk of interactions and optimize treatment outcomes.

Tonic-clonic epilepsy, also known as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain. This type of epilepsy is characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase.

During the tonic phase, which usually lasts for about 10-20 seconds, the person loses consciousness and their muscles stiffen, causing them to fall to the ground. This can result in injuries if the person falls unexpectedly or hits an object on the way down.

The clonic phase follows immediately after the tonic phase and is characterized by rhythmic jerking movements of the limbs, face, and neck. These movements are caused by alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles and can last for several minutes. The person may also lose bladder or bowel control during this phase.

After the seizure, the person may feel tired, confused, and disoriented. They may also have a headache, sore muscles, and difficulty remembering what happened during the seizure.

Tonic-clonic epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain injury, infection, or stroke. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or dietary changes, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal (localized) epilepsy that originates from the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain and are involved in processing sensory information, memory, and emotion. TLE is characterized by recurrent seizures that originate from one or both temporal lobes.

The symptoms of TLE can vary depending on the specific area of the temporal lobe that is affected. However, common symptoms include auras (sensory or emotional experiences that occur before a seizure), strange smells or tastes, lip-smacking or chewing movements, and memory problems. Some people with TLE may also experience automatisms (involuntary movements such as picking at clothes or fumbling with objects) during their seizures.

Treatment for TLE typically involves medication to control seizures, although surgery may be recommended in some cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and improve quality of life.

Complex partial epilepsy, also known as temporal lobe epilepsy or focal impaired awareness epilepsy, is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in the temporal lobe or other localized areas of the brain. These seizures typically involve alterations in consciousness or awareness, and may include automatisms (involuntary, repetitive movements), such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or picking at clothes. Complex partial seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be followed by a post-ictal period of confusion or fatigue.

Complex partial epilepsy is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, such as hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, or malformations. It can also be caused by infectious or inflammatory processes, vascular disorders, or genetic factors. The diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy typically involves a thorough neurological evaluation, including a detailed history of seizure symptoms, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during and between seizures.

Treatment for complex partial epilepsy usually involves medication therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective in controlling seizures or if there is a structural lesion that can be safely removed. Other treatment options may include dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

Mossy fibers in the hippocampus are a type of axon that originates from granule cells located in the dentate gyrus, which is the first part of the hippocampus. These fibers have a distinctive appearance and earn their name from the numerous small branches or "spines" that cover their surface, giving them a bushy or "mossy" appearance.

Mossy fibers form excitatory synapses with pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and spatial navigation. These synapses are unique because they have a high degree of plasticity, meaning that they can change their strength in response to experience or learning. This plasticity is thought to be important for the formation and storage of memories.

Mossy fibers also release neurotransmitters such as glutamate and contribute to the regulation of hippocampal excitability. Dysfunction in mossy fiber function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.

The dentate gyrus is a region of the brain that is located in the hippocampal formation, which is a part of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is characterized by the presence of densely packed granule cells, which are a type of neuron. The dentate gyrus is involved in the formation of new memories and the integration of information from different brain regions. It is also one of the few areas of the adult brain where new neurons can be generated throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. Damage to the dentate gyrus has been linked to memory impairments, cognitive decline, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Epilepsy, partial is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in a specific, localized area of the brain. These seizures are also known as focal seizures and can vary in severity and symptoms depending on the location of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Partial epilepsies can be further classified into two main categories: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures are associated with impaired awareness or responsiveness during the seizure.

The causes of partial epilepsies can include brain injury, infection, stroke, tumors, genetic factors, or an unknown cause. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain responsible for the seizures.

Absence epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent brief episodes of "absences," or staring spells, that can last from a few seconds to several minutes. These episodes are often accompanied by subtle body movements such as lip smacking or eyelid flutters. Absence epilepsy is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, and it is more common in girls than boys.

The seizures in absence epilepsy are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, specifically in a part of the brain called the cortex. These abnormal electrical discharges occur in a pattern that involves both sides of the brain simultaneously. This differs from other types of epilepsy, which may involve only one side of the brain or specific areas within a single hemisphere.

Absence seizures are typically brief and do not cause confusion or disorientation after they end. However, if they occur frequently, they can interfere with learning and social development. In some cases, absence epilepsy may be associated with other types of seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures or myoclonic jerks.

The diagnosis of absence epilepsy is usually made based on the characteristic symptoms and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which can detect the abnormal electrical activity in the brain during a seizure. Treatment typically involves medication to control the seizures, such as ethosuximide or valproic acid. In some cases, a ketogenic diet may also be recommended as an alternative treatment option.

Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that involve both halves of the brain (generalized onset) from the beginning of the seizure. These types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, absence (petit mal) seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Generalized epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors or brain abnormalities, and it is typically treated with medication. People with generalized epilepsy may experience difficulties with learning, memory, and behavior, and they may have a higher risk of injury during a seizure. It's important for individuals with generalized epilepsy to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.

Flurothyl, also known as Nelson's fluid or induction agent, is a chemical compound with the formula C5H4F6O. It is a colorless liquid that is volatile and has a sweetish odor. In medicine, it was historically used as a rapid-acting inhalational general anesthetic, but its use has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, including the risk of seizures and cardiac arrest. Flurothyl works by sensitizing the brain to carbon dioxide, leading to a loss of consciousness. It is still used in research settings to study seizure disorders and anesthetic mechanisms.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Paraldehyde is not typically defined in the context of modern medical terminology. However, historically, it was used in medicine as a sedative and anticonvulsant. Paraldehyde is a chemical compound consisting of three molecules of acetaldehyde joined together, forming a cyclic structure. It has been used in the past to treat seizures and anxiety, but its use has largely been discontinued due to its adverse effects, such as unpleasant odor, gastric irritation, and potential for causing respiratory depression.

In modern medical terminology, paraldehyde is not commonly used or recognized. Instead, more modern and safer medications are employed to manage similar conditions.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Lithium Chloride (LiCl) is not typically defined in a medical context as it is not a medication or a clinical condition. However, it can be defined chemically as an inorganic compound consisting of lithium and chlorine. Its chemical formula is LiCl, and it is commonly used in laboratory settings for various purposes such as a drying agent or a component in certain chemical reactions.

It's worth noting that while lithium salts like lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) are used medically to treat bipolar disorder, lithium chloride is not used for this purpose due to its higher toxicity compared to other lithium salts.

A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be awakened, cannot respond to stimuli, and does not exhibit any sleep-wake cycles. It is typically caused by severe brain injury, illness, or toxic exposure that impairs the function of the brainstem and cerebral cortex.

In a coma, the person may appear to be asleep, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate or respond to stimuli. Comas can last for varying lengths of time, from days to weeks or even months, and some people may emerge from a coma with varying degrees of brain function and disability.

Medical professionals use various diagnostic tools and assessments to evaluate the level of consciousness and brain function in individuals who are in a coma, including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. Treatment for coma typically involves supportive care to maintain vital functions, manage any underlying medical conditions, and prevent further complications.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).

In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).

PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.

The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.

Chlormethiazole is a sedative and anticonvulsant drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal, such as agitation, tremors, and seizures. It belongs to the class of drugs known as thiazoles and exerts its therapeutic effects by acting on the central nervous system (CNS).

The chemical formula for Chlormethiazole is C4H5ClN2S. It has a white to off-white crystalline appearance and is soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform. In addition to its use as a sedative and anticonvulsant, Chlormethiazole has also been used in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and various other neurological disorders.

It's important to note that Chlormethiazole can be habit-forming and should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, it may interact with other medications and medical conditions, so it's essential to discuss any potential risks and benefits with a doctor before using this medication.

The perforant pathway is a group of axons that primarily originate from the entorhinal cortex and terminate in the hippocampus, playing a significant role in memory and spatial navigation. It consists of two distinct sections: the lateral perforant pathway, which projects to the dentate gyrus, and the medial perforant pathway, which innervates the cornu ammonis (CA) regions of the hippocampus, specifically CA3 and CA1. This neural highway is essential for learning new information and storing long-term memories by facilitating communication between the neocortex and the hippocampal formation. Damage to the perforant pathway has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.

Phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication that is primarily used for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by suppressing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to its anticonvulsant properties, phenobarbital also has sedative and hypnotic effects, which can be useful for treating anxiety, insomnia, and agitation.

Phenobarbital is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and elixirs, and it is typically taken orally. The medication works by binding to specific receptors in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which help to regulate nerve impulses in the brain. By increasing the activity of GABA, phenobarbital can help to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures.

While phenobarbital is an effective medication for treating seizures and other conditions, it can also be habit-forming and carries a risk of dependence and addiction. Long-term use of the medication can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses may be needed to achieve the same effects. Abruptly stopping the medication can also lead to withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, restlessness, and seizures.

Like all medications, phenobarbital can have side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and impaired coordination. It can also interact with other medications, such as certain antidepressants and sedatives, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting phenobarbital.

In summary, phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication used primarily for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by binding to GABA receptors in the brain and increasing their activity, which helps to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures. While phenobarbital can be effective, it carries a risk of dependence and addiction and can have side effects and drug interactions.

The CA3 region, also known as the field CA3 or regio CA3, is a subfield in the hippocampus, a complex brain structure that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. The hippocampus is divided into several subfields, including the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA2, CA1, and the subiculum.

The CA3 region is located in the cornu ammonis (Latin for "ammon's horn") and is characterized by its distinctive appearance with a high density of small, tightly packed pyramidal neurons. These neurons have extensive branching dendrites that receive inputs from various brain regions, including the entorhinal cortex, other hippocampal subfields, and the septum.

The CA3 region is particularly noteworthy for its involvement in pattern completion, a process by which the brain can recognize and recall complete memories based on partial or degraded inputs. This function is mediated by the recurrent collateral connections between the pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region, forming an autoassociative network that allows for the storage and retrieval of memory patterns.

Deficits in the CA3 region have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.

Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor, mutism, negativism, rigidity, posturing, stereotypy, agitation, or Grimmacing. It can be a symptom associated with various neurological and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or brain injury. Catatonic symptoms can also occur as a side effect of certain medications.

The diagnosis of catatonia is typically made based on the observation of characteristic clinical symptoms and the exclusion of other potential causes through medical evaluation. Treatment for catatonia may include medication, such as benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), depending on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms.

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a rare and severe form of focal motor seizures, characterized by continuous and frequent contractions of specific muscle groups. These muscle contractions can be either constant or intermittent, but they persist for extended periods, often lasting for days or even weeks.

EPC primarily affects one side of the body, typically involving the face, arms, or legs. The movements can range from subtle twitching to severe jerking or stiffening of the muscles. In some cases, the seizures may evolve into secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which affect the entire body.

EPC is often resistant to medical treatment and can be a challenging condition to manage. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing difficulties with daily activities, mobility, and cognitive function. In some cases, EPC may be associated with underlying neurological conditions, such as stroke, brain injury, or tumors. Early identification and appropriate treatment of these underlying causes are essential to improve outcomes for individuals with EPC.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Nipecotic acids are a class of compounds that function as GABA transaminase inhibitors. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its levels are regulated by enzymes such as GABA transaminase.

Nipecotic acids work by inhibiting this enzyme, leading to an increase in GABA levels in the brain. This can have various effects on the nervous system, including sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant actions. Some nipecotic acid derivatives are used in research as tools for studying the role of GABA in the brain, while others have been investigated for their potential therapeutic uses in treating conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy.

It's important to note that nipecotic acids and their derivatives can have significant side effects and toxicity, and they are not approved for use as medications in most countries. Therefore, they should only be used under the close supervision of a trained medical professional for research purposes.

Excitatory amino acid agonists are substances that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors, leading to an increase in the excitation or activation of neurons. The most common excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system are glutamate and aspartate.

Agonists of excitatory amino acid receptors can be divided into two main categories: ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainite receptors, are ligand-gated ion channels that directly mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity through second messenger systems.

Excitatory amino acid agonists have been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including learning and memory, neurodevelopment, and neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also used in research to study the functions of excitatory amino acid receptors and their roles in neuronal signaling. However, due to their potential neurotoxic effects, the therapeutic use of excitatory amino acid agonists is limited.

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) is a rare childhood neurological disorder characterized by the sudden or gradual development of an aphasia (language disturbance), which is often accompanied by various seizure types. It primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 7, with normal language development followed by a regression.

The hallmark of LKS is the loss of the ability to understand spoken language (receptive aphasia) and, in some cases, the inability to speak (expressive aphasia). This language disorder may occur either suddenly or gradually, and it can sometimes be accompanied by various types of epileptic seizures.

The EEG (electroencephalogram), which measures electrical activity in the brain, often shows abnormalities during sleep stages in children with LKS. However, these abnormalities may not always correlate with the occurrence of seizures.

Although the exact cause of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome is unknown, it's believed to be related to an abnormality in the language-dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the brain. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications and, in some cases, corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies. Speech and language therapy are also crucial components of treatment to help children regain their communication skills.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Organic chemicals" is a broad term that refers to chemical compounds containing carbon, often bonded to hydrogen. These can include natural substances like sugars and proteins, as well as synthetic materials like plastics and pharmaceuticals.

However, if you're asking about "organic" in the context of farming or food production, it refers to things that are produced without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, irradiation, and sewage sludge.

In the field of medicine, there isn't a specific definition for 'organic chemicals'. If certain organic chemicals are used in medical contexts, they would be defined by their specific use or function (like a specific drug name).

Stupor, in medical terms, is a state of impaired consciousness and responsiveness. A person in a stupor is unresponsive to most or all stimuli, but can be aroused briefly by strong stimulation such as sharp pain or loud noise. However, they quickly return to their unresponsive state once the stimulus is removed. It's a condition that lies between lethargy and coma on the spectrum of decreased levels of consciousness. Prolonged stupor may indicate serious underlying conditions like brain injury, infection, or severe metabolic disturbances.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

Midazolam is a medication from the class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. It works by enhancing the effect of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has a calming effect on the brain and nervous system. Midazolam is often used for its sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Medically, midazolam is used for various purposes, including:

1. Preoperative medication (sedation before surgery)
2. Procedural sedation (for minor surgical or diagnostic procedures)
3. Treatment of seizures (status epilepticus)
4. Sedation in critically ill patients
5. As an adjunct to anesthesia during surgeries
6. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms
7. To induce amnesia for certain medical or dental procedures

Midazolam is available in various forms, such as tablets, intravenous (IV) solutions, and intranasal sprays. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration, making it suitable for brief, intermittent procedures. However, midazolam can cause side effects like drowsiness, confusion, respiratory depression, and memory impairment. Therefore, its use should be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by persistent inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and subsequent damage to the articular cartilage and bone. The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically targeting the synovial membrane lining the joint capsule. This results in swelling, pain, warmth, and stiffness in affected joints, often most severely in the hands and feet.

RA can also have extra-articular manifestations, affecting other organs such as the lungs, heart, skin, eyes, and blood vessels. The exact cause of RA remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing rheumatoid arthritis to prevent joint damage, disability, and systemic complications.

Disability Evaluation is the process of determining the nature and extent of a person's functional limitations or impairments, and assessing their ability to perform various tasks and activities in order to determine eligibility for disability benefits or accommodations. This process typically involves a medical examination and assessment by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician or psychologist, who evaluates the individual's symptoms, medical history, laboratory test results, and functional abilities. The evaluation may also involve input from other professionals, such as vocational experts, occupational therapists, or speech-language pathologists, who can provide additional information about the person's ability to perform specific tasks and activities in a work or daily living context. Based on this information, a determination is made about whether the individual meets the criteria for disability as defined by the relevant governing authority, such as the Social Security Administration or the Americans with Disabilities Act.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

... occurs in up to 40 per 100,000 people per year. Those with status epilepticus make up about 1% of people who ... Super-refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset ... New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is defined as status epilepticus that does not respond to an anticonvulsant and ... Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. Status epilepticus may occur ...
... (CPSE) is one of the non-convulsive forms of status epilepticus, a rare form of epilepsy ... As is the case with other non-convulsive status epilepticus forms, CPSE is dangerously underdiagnosed. This is due to the ... The EEG is also needed to differentiate between absence status epilepticus (which affects the entire brain), and CPSE, which ... Husain AM, Horn GJ, Jacobson MP (2003). "Non-convulsive status epilepticus: usefulness of clinical features in selecting ...
Lowenstein DH, Bleck TP, Macdonald RM (1999). "It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus". Epilepsia. 40 (1): ... Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK (1998). "Status epilepticus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (14): 970-6. doi:10.1056/ ... as well as a highly cited article suggesting a revision of the definition of status epilepticus. In the 1990s, he was the ... NINDS-sponsored clinical trial looking at the potential benefits of active treatment of patients in status epilepticus in the ...
Status epilepticus refers to a seizure or series of seizures that have not terminated within 5 minutes. Seizures have a large ... 1172-9. "Status Epilepticus". Epilepsy Foundation. Moore, S.P. (2005). The Definitive Neurological Surgery Board Review. ...
... and lidocaine for treatment of status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG, Treiman DM, Porter RJ, eds. Status ... Phenobarbital sodium injection can be used to stop acute convulsions or status epilepticus, but a benzodiazepine such as ... It is still used to treat status epilepticus, particularly where there are no resuscitation facilities. Stiripentol (2007). ... Tomson, T; Svanborg, E; Wedlund, JE (May-June 1986). "Nonconvulsive status epilepticus". Epilepsia. 27 (3): 276-85. doi:10.1111 ...
Febrile status epilepticus is a subtype of complex febrile seizures that lasts for longer than 30 minutes. It can occur in up ... Anti-seizure medication are used in status epilepticus in an effort to prevent complications such as injury to the hippocampus ... Ahmad S, Marsh ED (September 2010). "Febrile status epilepticus: current state of clinical and basic research". Seminars in ... Seinfeld S, Goodkin HP, Shinnar S (March 2016). "Status Epilepticus". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 6 (3): ...
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is seizure activity with no accompanying tonic-clonic movements. It can present with stupor, ... Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is diagnosed by the presence of seizure activity seen on electroencephalogram (EEG). Catatonia ... Kanemoto K, Miyamoto T, Abe R (September 1999). "Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of de novo absence status epilepticus ... Wylie, Todd; Sandhu, Divyajot S.; Murr, Najib (2022). "Status Epilepticus". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28613459. ...
The addition of hematin or heme arginate has been used during status epilepticus. Depression often accompanies the disease and ... Magnesium sulfate and bromides have also been used in porphyria seizures; however, development of status epilepticus in ... Cherian A, Thomas SV (2009). "Status epilepticus". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 12 (3): 140-53. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.56312. PMC ...
Plu, Fred (1983). "Status epilepticus. Mechanisms of brain damage and treatment". Annals of Neurology. 34 (6): 1-551. doi: ... Clinician consensus is that frequent or intractable seizures (status epilepticus) leads to neuronal damage and are associated ... Pisani, Francesco; Cerminara, Caterina; Fusco, Carlo; Sisti, Lisa (2007-12-04). "Neonatal status epilepticus vs recurrent ... status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures". Developmental Brain Research. 65 (2): 227-236. doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92 ...
... and status epilepticus. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fenfluramine labeling includes a boxed warning stating the ... and status epilepticus. Fenfluramine acts as a serotonin releasing agent, agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, and σ1 ... Drugs with non-standard legal status, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug, Multiple chemicals in ...
Betjemann JP (December 2015). "Current Trends in Treatment of Status Epilepticus and Refractory Status Epilepticus". Seminars ... are in status epilepticus. In those with a status epilepticus, mortality is between 10% and 40%. Those who have a seizure that ... Any seizure lasting longer than five minutes should be treated as status epilepticus. A first seizure generally does not ... Walker MC, Schorge S, Kullmann DM, Wykes RC, Heeroma JH, Mantoan L (September 2013). "Gene therapy in status epilepticus". ...
Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al-Roomi K (September 2014). "Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus". The Cochrane ... ISBN 978-0-941332-78-1. Walker M (September 2005). "Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide". BMJ. 331 (7518): 673-7. doi: ... Intravenous diazepam or lorazepam are first-line treatments for status epilepticus. However, intravenous lorazepam has ... Drugs with non-standard legal status, Articles with changed DrugBank identifier, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Drugboxes ...
Seizures are the most common symptom and different types of seizures may be seen, including refractory status epilepticus. ... Anti-GABA-BR encephalitis is characterized by cognitive symptoms with severe seizures or status epilepticus. Other ... Davis, Rebecca; Dalmau, Josep (September 2013). "Autoimmunity, seizures, and status epilepticus". Epilepsia. 54 (6): 46-49. doi ... Presence of refractory status epilepticus Advanced age of onset (over or equal to 60 years) Having the subtype of probable AE ( ...
Walker M (2005). "Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide". BMJ. 331 (7518): 673-677. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7518.673. PMC ... Clinical example: Diazepam has long been a drug of choice for status epilepticus; its high lipid solubility means it gets ... Lorazepam is more effective than diazepam and intravenous phenytoin in the treatment of status epilepticus and has a lower risk ... Cock HR, Schapira AH (2002). "A comparison of lorazepam and diazepam as initial therapy in convulsive status epilepticus". QJM ...
Status epilepticus may required benzodiazepines. Antipsychotic drugs may be needed for a short time period if behavior ... as well as for seizures and non-compulsive status epilepticus. A very specific exception is herpes simplex virus (HSV) ... Symptoms usually occur acutely, and the most common symptoms of infection are fever, headache, altered mental status, ... Important aspects of one's history include immune status, exposure to animals, including insects, travel history, vaccination ...
Abend NS, Loddenkemper T (July 2014). "Management of pediatric status epilepticus". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 16 ...
Niedermeyer E, Ribeiro M (October 2000). "Considerations of nonconvulsive status epilepticus". Clinical EEG. 31 (4): 192-5. doi ...
... including Status Epilepticus: Practical Guidelines in Management, a handbook on Status epilepticus. She was the convener of ... Ashalatha Radhakrishnan (30 September 2017). Status Epilepticus: Practical Guidelines in Management. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978- ... Ashalatha Radhakrishnan (28 November 2013). "Status Epilepticus & Seizure Emergencies" (Webinar - YouTube video). DocMode org. ... Status Epilepticus: Practical Guidelines in Management. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-86322-99-9. Hannes Vogel (27 April 2009). ...
Walker MC, Schorge S, Kullmann DM, Wykes RC, Heeroma JH, Mantoan L (September 2013). "Gene therapy in status epilepticus" (PDF ...
... electrical status epilepticus of sleep; RL = receptive language; S = sociability Continuous spike and wave of slow-wave sleep ... including electrographic status epilepticus of sleep (ESES). The first indication of the language problem is usually auditory ...
... status epilepticus, suicide, trauma, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Death from status epilepticus is ... Convulsive status epilepticus that does not respond to initial treatment typically requires admission to the intensive care ... In the developing world, many deaths are due to untreated epilepsy leading to falls or status epilepticus. Epilepsy is one of ... Most institutions have a preferred pathway or protocol to be used in a seizure emergency like status epilepticus. These ...
Status epilepticus: Termination of seizures, prevention of seizure recurrence, treatment of cause of seizure, management of ... Datar S (November 2017). "New Developments in Refractory Status Epilepticus". Neurol Clin. 35 (4): 751-760. doi:10.1016/j.ncl. ... status epilepticus, and/or involve trauma to the patient, i.e., due to a stroke or a fall), swelling of the brain (Cerebral ...
... including status epilepticus. Midazolam is effective for status epilepticus or when intravenous access cannot be obtained, and ... In those with significant dependence, sudden discontinuation may result in withdrawal symptoms such as status epilepticus. A ... Walker M (September 2005). "Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide". BMJ. 331 (7518): 673-677. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7518. ... Wolfe TR, Macfarlane TC (May 2006). "Intranasal midazolam therapy for pediatric status epilepticus". The American Journal of ...
... which can develop into status epilepticus, which is a medical emergency. It can also cause myoclonic status epilepticus. In ... Drugs with non-standard legal status, Articles with changed DrugBank identifier, Articles with changed EBI identifier, ECHA ...
Al-Khamees WA, Schwartz MD, Alrashdi S, Algren AD, Morgan BW (2011). "Status Epilepticus Associated with Borage Oil Ingestion ... One case of status epilepticus has been reported that was associated with borage oil ingestion. A methanol extract of borage ...
It is a type of new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The seizures are often resistant to treatment. High doses of ... Simon Shorvon and Monica Ferlisi (2011-09-13). "The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of ... The acute phase consists of highly recurrent focal seizures, rapidly evolving into refractory status epilepticus. The chronic ... Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), is onset of severe seizures (status epilepticus) following a febrile ...
Al-Khamees, W. A. A.; Schwartz, M. D.; Alrashdi, S.; Algren, A. D.; Morgan, B. W. (2011). "Status Epilepticus Associated with ...
"Rapid Sequence Termination (RST) of status epilepticus". 2014-06-04. Pelletier PP, Caventou JB (1818). "Note sur un nouvel ... and its use should be avoided in any patient with a tenuous airway or altered mental status. Seizures are controlled by ...
The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus. Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, ... ISBN 978-0-85369-676-6. Kälviäinen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I (2005). "Refractory generalised convulsive status epilepticus : ... The first-line drugs for treatment of status epilepticus are benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam or diazepam. If these fail, ... "4.8.2 Drugs used in status epilepticus". British National Formulary for Children. London: BMJ Publishing. p. 269. ...
Acute epileptic seizures and status epilepticus tend to be the seizures reported. 57% of the cases occur among patients who had ... "Status epilepticus and COVID-19: A systematic review". Epilepsy & Behavior. 118: 107887. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107887. PMC ...
Status epilepticus occurs in up to 40 per 100,000 people per year. Those with status epilepticus make up about 1% of people who ... Super-refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset ... New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is defined as status epilepticus that does not respond to an anticonvulsant and ... Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. Status epilepticus may occur ...
Approximately 30-40% of patients with status epilepticus may develop refractory status epilepticus, where seizures continue ... For Refractory Status Epilepticus UCLA Case Study Results To Be Presented At Major International Status Epilepticus Conference ... Case Study of the Use of eTNS for Status Epilepticus in the ICU ... Refractory status epilepticus is very lethal, with a mortality ... Status epilepticus is a life-threatening neurological emergency characterized by multiple or continuous seizures lasting longer ...
Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as a seizure that lasts more than 30 minutes, constituting a neurological emergency. The ... Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1998 Aug. 39 (8):833 ... A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. ... encoded search term (Pediatric Status Epilepticus) and Pediatric Status Epilepticus What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... Acta Neurol Scand. 1997 Sep; ... Results: Initially, images were normal but several days after onset of status epilepticus focal hyperintensive signal changes ... Objectives: To investigate MRI changes during tonic-clonic and focal motor status epilepticus. ...
Electrographic seizure burden and outcomes following pediatric status epilepticus. Epilepsy & Behavior (2019) * Saptharishi ... "Electrographic seizure burden and outcomes following pediatric status epilepticus" Epilepsy & Behavior (2019) Available at: ...
2009) Factors predictive of outcome in patients with de novo status epilepticus. QJM 102:57-62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn149 pmid: ... 1988) Response of status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine to treatment with diazepam. Exp Neurol 101:267-275. doi ... 2009) A simple quantitative method for analyzing electrographic status epilepticus in rats. J Neurophysiol 101:1660-1670. doi: ... 2007) Bcl-w protects hippocampus during experimental status epilepticus. Am J Pathol 171:1258-1268. doi:10.2353/ajpath. ...
Special Syndromes of Status Epilepticus , Presented by James J. Riviello, Jr, MD Clarifying the Syndromes of Status Epilepticus ... I refer to whats been discussed as overt status epilepticus. This would be the status epilepticus syndromes that are ... Weve heard some talk tonight about status epilepticus and convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. ... Special Challenges in Status Epilepticus. *Authors: Co-chairs: Edward Faught, MD; John M. Pellock, MD; Faculty: Emilio Perucca ...
New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus Secondary to COVID-19 Infection In Adults: A Systematic Review ... Keywords: new-onset refractory status epilepticus, COVID-19, status epilepticus severity score, status epilepticus, NORSE, ... In this review, the most reported type of status epilepticus was non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), reported in 7 out of ... The most common type of status epilepticus reported in our study population was non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) (7 out ...
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers profound and lasting alterations in hippocampal physiology that can lead to the development of ... Status Epilepticus-Induced Somatostatinergic Hilar Interneuron Degeneration Is Regulated by Striatal Enriched Protein Tyrosine ... Status Epilepticus-Induced Somatostatinergic Hilar Interneuron Degeneration Is Regulated by Striatal Enriched Protein Tyrosine ... Status Epilepticus-Induced Somatostatinergic Hilar Interneuron Degeneration Is Regulated by Striatal Enriched Protein Tyrosine ...
Jantoven and Status Epilepticus - Suspected Cause - Reports of Side Effects ... Index of reports > Cases with Status Epilepticus (2) Below is the selection of side effect reports (a.k.a. adverse event ... Reactions: Anticonvulsant Drug Level Decreased, Drug Interaction, Status Epilepticus Adverse event resulted in: hospitalization ... Reactions: Drug Interaction, Ear Infection, Status Epilepticus, Anticonvulsant Drug Level Below Therapeutic Adverse event ...
British, b. 1978) STATUS EPILEPTICUS, 2018 Website Commissioned by the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago ... STATUS EPILEPTICUS. mixes rhythms of vigilance, distraction, and blackout with nocturnal, burrowing creatures and wilder, ... STATUS EPILEPTICUS. allows users to navigate multiple sequence-less, simultaneous, and potentially expendable installments. ... STATUS EPILEPTICUS. , 2018 Website Commissioned by the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago ...
The Established Status Epilepticus Treatment (ESETT) Clinical Trial The Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial (ESETT) ... and valproic acid in subjects with benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. Patients will be recruited by two national ... Each network has successfully undertaken a Status Epilepticus treatment trial under exception from informed consent (EFIC) ...
... how can you tell if it is nonconvulsive status epilepticus? Prompt treatment can prevent neurologic sequelae. ... When a patient presents to the ED with new-onset altered mental status or unusual behavior without visible convulsive activity ... simple partial status epilepticus, complex partial status epilepti-cus, and absence status epilepticus. ... A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative ...
Randomized Therapy In Status Epilepticus (RAISE). The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the ...
Get free answers on any health question about the condition Status epilepticus from top U.S. doctors. Or, video or text chat ... Can Status epilepticus be pseudo from PTSD? x19hr total loss aware No+EEG during prob to med given for seize Rpd slwng brain ... I recently had an episode of status epilepticus, I have a history of epilepsy first diagnosed in March. After I was discharged ... If this is the first time I am having seizures but it lasted more than 30 minutes, is it considered status epilepticus? ...
Study Points to Mechanism of Death in Status Epilepticus; Provides Clues to SUDEP Objective: To investigate how prolonged ... These results directly inform mechanisms of death in status epilepticus, and indirectly provide clues to mechanisms of sudden ... Kainic acid injection into the ventral hippocampus induced status epilepticus.. Results: Seizures caused hypertension, ... Study Points to Mechanism of Death in Status Epilepticus; Provides Clues to SUDEP ...
NIH grant bolsters childhood status epilepticus and epilepsy research in Nigeria. Mar. 2, 2021-The Vanderbilt Institute for ... Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Fogarty International Center of the NIH to establish a large childhood status epilepticus ...
Status epilepticus in mitochondrial diseases and the role of POLG1 variants in the valproic-acid induced hepatotoxicity ... Status epilepticus in mitochondrial diseases and the role of POLG1 variants in the valproic-acid induced hepatotoxicity ... Status epilepticus in mitochondrial diseases and the role of POLG1 variants in the valproic-acid induced hepatotoxicity ... The study investigated the genetic causes of status epilepticus using patient data collected from four university hospitals, ...
Status epilepticus (SE) leads to changes in dentate inhibitory neuronal networks and alters synaptic and tonic inhibition in ... 1 . Yu J, Proddutur A, Elgammal FS, Ito T, Santhakumar V (2013) Status epilepticus enhances tonic GABA currents and depolarizes ... Status epilepticus alters dentate basket cell tonic inhibition (Yu J et al 2013). ... Recently, we identified that one week after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, dentate fast-spiking basket cells (FS-BCs ...
Status epilepticus (SE) leads to changes in dentate inhibitory neuronal networks and alters synaptic and tonic inhibition in ... 1 . Yu J, Proddutur A, Elgammal FS, Ito T, Santhakumar V (2013) Status epilepticus enhances tonic GABA currents and depolarizes ... Status epilepticus alters dentate basket cell tonic inhibition (Yu J et al 2013). ... Recently, we identified that one week after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, dentate fast-spiking basket cells (FS-BCs ...
Status epilepticus and epilepsy monitoring:. Status epilepticus was induced by unilateral intraamygdala microinjection of ... Status epilepticus in mice lacking miR-22-/- Wildtype, miR-22+/- and miR-22-/- mice were next equipped for acute EEG recordings ... Status epilepticus after intraamygdala microinjection of kainic acid was similar between wildtype, miR-22+/- and miR-22-/- mice ... This is the first report showing deletion of a single miRNA in a model of status epilepticus results in an altered epilepsy ...
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an under-recognised form of status epilepticus characterised by absence of motor ... or for monitoring after or during status epilepticus. At NNI Apart from CEEG for NCSE and status epilepticus, NNI currently has ... In 1956, Gastaut first described a case of psychomotor status - a type of status epilepticus associated with altered mental ... status epilepticus and non-convulsive status epilepticus. ... d) patients with refractory status epilepticus on weaning doses ...
Refractory Status Epilepticus in adults admitted to ITU in Glasgow 1995-2013: a retrospective case review for provoked and ... Abbasi, Hina Naz (2022) Refractory Status Epilepticus in adults admitted to ITU in Glasgow 1995-2013: a retrospective case ... review for provoked and unprovoked Status Epilepticus. MSc(R) thesis, University of Glasgow. ...
Rates of Status Epilepticus and Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy in People With Genetic Developmental and Epileptic ...
Status epilepticus (SE) remains life thereatening condition with limited therepautic options. Benzodiazepine-refractory, or ... New randomised control trial evidence for treatment of status epilepticus. Created by Prof. Konrad Rejdak; Department of ... Status epilepticus (SE) remains life thereatening condition with limited therepautic options. Benzodiazepine-refractory, or ... Status epilepticus (SE) remains life thereatening condition with limited therepautic options. Benzodiazepine-refractory, or ...
... we introduced a brain hypothermia therapy protocol for treating childhood status epilepticus and ... Brain hypothermia therapy for status epilepticus in childhood Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci Year: 2014. Vol. 18 - N. 13 Pages: 1883 ... Brain hypothermia therapy for status epilepticus in childhood. G. Imataka, K. Wake, H. Yamanouchi, K. Ono, O. Arisaka. ... Applicable diseases include acute encephalitis/encephalopathy occurring from status epilepticus or seizures lasting for 30 ...
A large randomized trial covering the treatment of established status (ESETT) has just been funded recently by the NIH and will ... not start before 2015, with expected results in 2018; a trial on the treatment of refractory status with general anesthetics ... Evidence regarding the different treatment options of status epilepticus (SE) in adults is scarce. Large randomized trials ...
... cognitive outcomes in children with febrile status epilepticus are mixed. Across studies, children with febrile status ... cognitive outcomes in children with febrile status epilepticus are mixed. Across studies, children with febrile status ... cognitive outcomes in children with febrile status epilepticus are mixed. Across studies, children with febrile status ... cognitive outcomes in children with febrile status epilepticus are mixed. Across studies, children with febrile status ...
Status epilepticus is 1 seizure lasting , 30 minutes, or a series of seizures in proximity in which the child does not return ... Status Epilepticus. PME-Admin article, medical pediatric epilepsy, seizures, status epilepticus Status Epilepticus in Children ... Status epilepticus is one seizure lasting 30 minutes or more, or a series of seizures in proximity in which the child does not ... Status epilepticus should be identified and treated as quickly as possible to avoid brain injury from prolonged seizures. ...
  • Status epilepticus (SE), or status seizure, is a medical condition consisting of a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, or 2 or more seizures within a 5-minute period without the person returning to normal between them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures may present similarly to status epilepticus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Convulsive status epilepticus presents an urgent neurological condition, which is characterized by an elongated and uncontrollable onsets of seizures in which a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs will be observed from the patient. (wikipedia.org)
  • LOS ANGELES , March 25, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- NeuroSigma, Inc., a California -based medical device company, today announced that it will exhibit its CE Mark approved, non-invasive Monarch™ eTNS™ System for the adjunctive treatment of epilepsy and depression, at the 4th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures to be held in Salzburg, Austria from April 4-6 , 2013. (prnewswire.com)
  • Status epilepticus is a life-threatening neurological emergency characterized by multiple or continuous seizures lasting longer than 5-10 minutes. (prnewswire.com)
  • Approximately 30-40% of patients with status epilepticus may develop refractory status epilepticus, where seizures continue longer than 1-hour after failing to respond to two or more antiepileptic drugs. (prnewswire.com)
  • This would be the status epilepticus syndromes that are associated with acute seizures or an acute encephalopathy. (medscape.org)
  • Status epilepticus (SE) and epileptic seizures have been reported conditions associated with the COVID-19 infection. (dovepress.com)
  • Objective To examine the use of benzodiazepines and the association between low benzodiazepine dose, breakthrough seizures, and respiratory support in patients with status epilepticus. (neurology.org)
  • The doctoral study found that mitochondrial diseases, together with ion channel diseases, chromosomal disorders and neurocutaneous syndromes, are a relatively common genetic cause of prolonged epileptic seizures, i.e. status epilepticus. (oulu.fi)
  • Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an under-recognised form of status epilepticus characterised by absence of motor manifestations of seizures in the presence of an ictal EEG rhythm (Figure 1). (healthxchange.sg)
  • Continuous EEG monitoring after status epilepticus revealed an accelerated and exacerbated epilepsy phenotype whereby spontaneous seizures began sooner, occurred more frequently and were of longer duration in miR-22-deficient mice. (researchsquare.com)
  • Applicable diseases include acute encephalitis/encephalopathy occurring from status epilepticus or seizures lasting for 30 minutes or longer, in cases such as near drowning, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, post-resuscitation encephalopathy, cardio-respiratory arrest, severe head injury, or other diagnoses in which the pediatric neurologist recognizes the possibility of neurological complications. (europeanreview.org)
  • This chapter examines the current literature on cognitive findings in children with febrile status epilepticus, or prolonged febrile seizures. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Whereas simple febrile seizures have been shown to be benign, cognitive outcomes in children with febrile status epilepticus are mixed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Status epilepticus is one seizure lasting 30 minutes or more, or a series of seizures in proximity in which the child does not return to baseline in between. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • Status epilepticus should be identified and treated as quickly as possible to avoid brain injury from prolonged seizures. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • These rapidly correctable causes of status epilepticus should be identified and treated as quickly as possible, including hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypomagnesemia to avoid brain injury from prolonged seizures. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • The Neurocritical Care Society's guideline stipulates that EEG monitoring should be initiated 15-60 min after seizure onset to evaluate for non-convulsive status epilepticus for patients who are not returning to baseline within 10 min of convulsive seizure cessation or within 60 min for patients in whom ongoing seizures are suspected. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • Although there are almost as many types of status as there are of seizures (Table 1), we will concentrate on tonic-clonic status but will also make some mention of non-convulsive status epilepticus and epilepsia partialis continua. (bmj.com)
  • Status Epilepticus (SE) is often a neurological emergency characterized by abnormally sustained, longer than habitual seizures. (lu.se)
  • Seizures may sometimes occur, and may be continuous (status epilepticus). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In fatal poisonings, severe seizures occur after the initial symptoms, and death results usually from status epilepticus. (cdc.gov)
  • Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is a relatively long duration change in a person's level of consciousness without large-scale bending and extension of the limbs due to seizure activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus are characterized by a long-lasting stupor, staring, and unresponsiveness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recognize circumstances that foster the development of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, diagnose it from the EEG, and treat it appropriately. (medscape.org)
  • We've heard some talk tonight about status epilepticus and convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. (medscape.org)
  • Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) presents with persistent alteration in behavior or consciousness without convulsions, though subtle motor signs such as twitching or blinking may be present. (ebmedicine.net)
  • Status epilepticus may occur in those with a history of epilepsy as well as those with an underlying problem of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results directly inform mechanisms of death in status epilepticus, and indirectly provide clues to mechanisms of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). (cureepilepsy.org)
  • The study investigated the genetic causes of status epilepticus using patient data collected from four university hospitals, focusing on the genetic alterations in mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial disease and epilepsy. (oulu.fi)
  • Expression of various miRNAs is dysregulated in experimental models of status epilepticus and in resected brain tissue from patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy [ 11-13 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Furthermore, a subset of children with febrile status epilepticus evidence deficits in aspects of memory, attention, and executive functioning, all prior to the onset of epilepsy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 150 people in the UK (Sander 2003), and status epilepticus is sometimes described as the maximal expression of epilepsy, being associated with both short- and long-term significant mortality and morbidity. (bmj.com)
  • This study explores the effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS) on Status Epilepticus (SE) in children with medically intractable epilepsy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues despite treatment with benzodiazepines and one antiepileptic drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • Super-refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset of anaesthetic therapy, including those cases where status epilepticus recurs on the reduction or withdrawal of anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Refractory status epilepticus is very lethal, with a mortality of 30-40%, and serious risk of neurological impairment. (prnewswire.com)
  • Brian Moseley , M.D., a Fellow in the UCLA Department of Neurology, will present a case study in which external Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (eTNS) was used successfully at UCLA as an adjunctive treatment of refractory status epilepticus on a patient who had failed multiple drug therapies prior to eTNS and was in a medication-induced coma. (prnewswire.com)
  • This will be the first report of the potential clinical utility of eTNS as adjunctive treatment in refractory status epilepticus. (prnewswire.com)
  • Given the portability of the Monarch eTNS System and its non-invasive nature, the case study suggests applicability of the Monarch as adjunctive treatment of refractory status epilepticus in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or emergency setting. (prnewswire.com)
  • New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) has been reported in the scientific literature as a phenomenon associated with the COVID-19 infection. (dovepress.com)
  • The Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial (ESETT) is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative effectiveness study of fos-phenytoin, levetiracetam, and valproic acid in subjects with benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. (cureepilepsy.org)
  • The primary objective is to determine the most effective and/or the least effective treatment of benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus (SE) among patients older than 2 years. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
  • A Multicenter, Randomized, Blinded, Comparative Effectiveness Study of Fosphenytoin, Valproic Acid, or Levetiracetam in the Emergency Department Treatment of Patients With Benzodiazepine-refractory Status Epilepticus. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
  • Brexanolone as adjunctive therapy in super-refractory status epilepticus. (neurodiem.com)
  • Cite this: A Surprising Case of Super-Refractory Pediatric Status Epilepticus - Medscape - Oct 29, 2015. (medscape.com)
  • Under both control conditions and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), ERK/MAPK activation was repressed in STEP-immunoreactive hilar neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recently, we identified that one week after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, dentate fast-spiking basket cells (FS-BCs), which underlie fast perisomatic inhibition, show two distinct changes in inhibition: (1) enhanced tonic currents (IGABA) and (2)depolarizing shift in GABA reversal (EGABA) following SE. (yale.edu)
  • In the case of complex partial status epilepticus, the seizure is confined to a small area of the brain, normally the temporal lobe. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1956, Gastaut first described a case of psychomotor status - a type of status epilepticus associated with altered mental state which could be similar to NCSE. (healthxchange.sg)
  • miR-22-3p (hereafter miR-22), a conserved miRNA that is expressed throughout the body, including the brain [ 14 , 15 ], was previously identified among upregulated miRNAs within the mouse hippocampus contralateral to the epileptogenic zone in the intraamygdala kainic acid model of status epilepticus [ 16 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Since its original description over 10 years ago, the pilocarpine model of status epilepticus (SE) has gained considerable attention. (unifesp.br)
  • Status epilepticus can be divided into two categories: convulsive and nonconvulsive (NCSE). (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 3 categories of NCSE: simple partial status epilepticus, complex partial status epilepti-cus, and absence status epilepticus. (ebmedicine.net)
  • The only symptom seen consistently in NCSE is altered mental status, which can range from mild confusion to obtundation. (ebmedicine.net)
  • The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods In this cross-sectional analysis of adult patients with status epilepticus treated by an emergency medical services agency from 2013 to 2018, the primary outcome was treatment with a second benzodiazepine dose, an indicator for breakthrough seizure. (neurology.org)
  • The status epilepticus severity score (STESS) was calculated by the study authors for individual patients. (dovepress.com)
  • The linear regression model revealed that STESS scores were significantly influenced by patients' age ( p = 0.004) and intra-hospital occurrence (IHO) of status epilepticus ( p = 0.026). (dovepress.com)
  • In children infectious reasons are the biggest culprit for status epilepticus accounting for up to 12% of patients. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • Insufficient level of an antiepileptic drug (AED) is a common finding in patients admitted to a tertiary care center for status epilepticus (SE), according to new study findings. (neurodiem.pl)
  • In 265 patients (68.6%) only a single seizure was reported, while 3.6% (14 cases) reported status epilepticus. (cdc.gov)
  • Across studies, children with febrile status epilepticus demonstrate normatively average intellectual functioning and average cognitive abilities across domains, but there is some evidence of relative weaknesses compared to controls. (elsevierpure.com)
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  • At the Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, we introduced a brain hypothermia therapy protocol for treating childhood status epilepticus and acute encephalitis/encephalopathy in 2004. (europeanreview.org)
  • Kainic acid injection into the ventral hippocampus induced status epilepticus. (cureepilepsy.org)
  • Mice lacking miR-22 displayed normal behaviour and brain structure and developed similar status epilepticus after intraamygdala kainic acid compared to wildtype animals. (researchsquare.com)
  • We generated GABAergic interneuron precursors from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and grafted them in the hippocampi of rats developing chronic SRSs after kainic acid‐induced status epilepticus. (lu.se)
  • Here we reveal that TrkB-mediated activation of Akt protects against hippocampal neuronal death in vivo following status epilepticus. (jneurosci.org)
  • Status epilepticus (SE) is a period of prolonged seizure activity, either continuous or recurrent, that is a potentially life-threatening emergency requiring coordination between multiple medical professionals to stabilize the patient while terminating the seizure. (medscape.com)
  • Both clinical and preclinical evidence implicate an episode of prolonged seizure activity [status epilepticus (SE)] as one cause of TLE in humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2020). The results of double-blind, response-adaptive, randomised controlled clinical trial (ESETT) comparing levetiracetam, phosphenytoin and valproate in children and adults with convulsive status epilepticus that was unresponsive to treatment with benzodiazepines were recently published (Kapur et al. (ean.org)
  • Randomized Trial of Three Anticonvulsant Medications for Status Epilepticus. (ean.org)
  • Dr Husain discusses designing and performing various clinical trials for medications used to treat status epilepticus. (neurodiem.com)
  • Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. (ean.org)
  • Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. (bvsalud.org)
  • Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each network has successfully undertaken a Status Epilepticus treatment trial under exception from informed consent (EFIC) rules. (cureepilepsy.org)
  • Inflammatory signalling may serve anti-epileptogenic functions and cautions the timing of anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment of status epilepticus. (researchsquare.com)
  • Making SENSE--Sustained Effort Network for treatment of Status Epilepticus as a multicenter prospective registry. (unil.ch)
  • In this review we will discuss the epidemiology, treatment and outcome of status epilepticus, in the context of best available evidence and nationally and internationally agreed guidelines. (bmj.com)
  • The prescribed treatment was ineffective, and the child was considered to be in a migraine aura status by his pediatrician. (blogspot.com)
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  • A clinical diagnosis of autonomic status epilepticus was made, and a rectal dose of 0.5 mg/kg of diazepam was administered, stopping the episode. (blogspot.com)
  • In the United States approximately 152,000 cases of status epilepticus occur annually, resulting in about 42,000 deaths and an inpatient cost of $3.8 to $7 billion per year. (prnewswire.com)
  • Background Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurologic emergency with high morbidity and mortality. (uky.edu)
  • Status epilepticus (SE) leads to changes in dentate inhibitory neuronal networks and alters synaptic and tonic inhibition in granule cells. (yale.edu)
  • Initially, images were normal but several days after onset of status epilepticus focal hyperintensive signal changes on T2-weighted images consistent with focal oedema were seen. (nih.gov)
  • Clinicians should suspect an autoimmune encephalitis in the presence of an otherwise unexplained cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis or elevated protein, evidence of inflammation of limbic structures on MRI, recent-onset systemic symptoms concerning for malignancy, or when status epilepticus occurs as part of a subacute neurologic degenerative disorder and further investigation is warranted. (pediatricexperts.com)
  • Absence status epilepticus is marked by a generalized seizure affecting the whole brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate MRI changes during tonic-clonic and focal motor status epilepticus. (nih.gov)
  • These findings strengthen the evidence that desirable and undesirable consequences of status epilepticus-induced TrkB activation are mediated by distinct signaling pathways downstream of this receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Taken together, these findings indicate a role for miR-22 in establishing early inflammatory responses to status epilepticus. (researchsquare.com)