A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.
A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Clinical application of 13C-Hiolein breath test in assessing pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. (1/19)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and significance of 13C-Hiolein breath test in evaluating chronic pancreatitis-related exocrine insufficiency and efficacy of enzyme treatment. METHODS: The 13C-Hiolein breath test was used in 8 healthy volunteers (group 1), 8 chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients without steatorrhea (group 2), and 8 CP patients with steatorrhea (group 3). To evaluate the function of pancreatic exocrine, 13CO2 was determined following 13C-Hiolein diet. The 13C-Hiolein test was repeated in group 3 after enzyme supplement therapy. RESULTS: Administration of 13C-Hiolein diet resulted in significantly higher cumulative percent dose of 13C recovery per 6 h (cPDR/6 h) and maximal PDR (PDR(peak)) in the healthy controls (group 1) than the CP patients with steatorrhea (group 3) (11.22%+/-1.22% and 6.11%+/-0.59% vs 2.87%+/-0.73% and 1.53%+/-0.36%, respectively, both P<0.01). In the CP patients with steatorrhea (group 3), a repeated test after enzyme supplementation therapy showed a significant elevation of both cPDR/6 h and PDR(peak) (9.03%+/-0.84% and 2.33%+/-0.47%, both P<0.01 compared with those before enzyme treatment), but cPDR/6 h remained significantly lower than that in the healthy volunteers (group 1, P<0.05). Both cPDR and PDR(peak) in the CP patients without steatorrhea (group 2) were similar to those in the healthy controls (group 1, both P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of 13C-Hiolein breath test well reflect fat metabolism status in CP patients, and the test can be used to monitor the efficacy of pancreatic enzymes therapy.  (+info)

Metformin in the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (2/19)

BACKGROUND: Increased insulin resistance is the major pathogenic mechanism in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of metformin, a well-known insulin-sensitizing agent, in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis were randomized into two groups. The first group was given lipid and calorie-restricted dietary treatment alone, and the second group was given metformin 850 mg b.d. plus dietary treatment, for 6 months. The changes in biochemical, sonographic and histological parameters were compared. RESULTS: The mean serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, insulin and C-peptide levels decreased and the index of insulin resistance improved significantly from baseline in the group given metformin. The mean changes in these parameters in the metformin group were significantly greater than those in the group given dietary treatment alone. Although more patients in the metformin group showed improvement in the necro-inflammatory activity, compared with the group given dietary treatment alone, no significant differences in necro-inflammatory activity or fibrosis were seen between the groups. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that improvement of the insulin sensitivity with metformin may improve the liver disease in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.  (+info)

Faecal elastase-I: helpful in analysing steatorrhoea? (3/19)

BACKGROUND: The faecal elastase-1 test (FE-1) is considered easy to perform and sensitive to detect severe and moderate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. However, little information is available on the specificity of this test in the analysis of steatorrhoea. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical value of FE-1 in the analysis of patients sent in for faecal fat determination. METHODS: Stool samples were collected over 24 hours in 40 healthy controls and 119 patients: 58 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 61 nonpancreatic disease patients with chronic diarrhoea. Faecal fat excretion was determined and FE-1 was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit, which employs two monoclonal antibodies to bind to two distinct epitopes of human pancreatic elastase-1. RESULTS: Faecal elastase-1 test shows good reproducibility. The test lacks sensitivity in detecting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and chronic pancreatitis (68 and 59%, respectively). However, it is specific with respect to differentiating pancreatic from nonpancreatic causes in patients with steatorrhoea. CONCLUSION: FE-1 lacks sensitivity to detect chronic pancreatitis. It can serve as a simple, noninvasive method to determine the aetiology of steatorrhoea.  (+info)

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of patients with features of "nonclassic" forms of cystic fibrosis. (4/19)

OBJECTIVE: To determine which features of incomplete or "nonclassic" forms of cystic fibrosis (CF) are associated with deleterious CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene ( CFTR ) mutations, and to explore other etiologies for features not associated with deleterious CFTR mutations. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical features were compared between 57 patients with deleterious mutations in each CFTR and 63 with no deleterious mutations. The Shwachman Bodian Diamond syndrome gene ( SBDS ) was sequenced to search for mutations in patients with no deleterious CFTR mutations and steatorrhea to determine if any had unrecognized Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). RESULTS: The presence of a common CF-causing mutation, absence of the vas deferens, and Pseudomona aeruginosa in the sputum correlated with the presence of two deleterious CFTR mutations, whereas sweat chloride concentration, diagnostic criteria for CF, and steatorrhea did not. However, sweat chloride concentration correlated with CFTR mutation status in patients infected with P aeruginosa. One patient had disease-causing mutations in each SBDS . CONCLUSIONS: Presence of a common CF-causing mutation, absence of the vas deferens and/or P aeruginosa infection in a patient with features of nonclassic CF are predictive of deleterious mutations in each CFTR , whereas steatorrhea in the same context is likely to have etiologies other than CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction.  (+info)

Does the pancreas really produce much more lipase than required for fat digestion? (5/19)

Thirty years ago, it was reported that a linear relationship does not exist between the amounts of human pancreatic lipase secreted in chronic pancreatitis and the degree of steatorrhea, which was considered to appear only after more than 90% of the pancreatic secretory capacity had been lost. From these observations, it was generally thought that the lipolytic potential of the pancreas is much higher than required. In recent years, however, it has been noted that: 1) the level of inhibition of digestive lipases and gastrointestinal lipolysis by the lipase inhibitor orlistat were almost linearly correlated with the amount of excreted fat; 2) in minipigs with experimentally-induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, the amounts of enteric-coated pancreatic extracts needed for restoring fat digestion to normal levels were estimated to be much higher than those usually administered; 3) human pancreatic lipase specific activity on meal triglycerides is 3 orders of magnitude lower than the very high specific activity usually measured under experimental in vitro conditions which are far from physiological conditions; 4) in patients with reduced human pancreatic lipase secretion, gastric lipase plays a significant role in fat digestion. This last observation might explain the absence of a linear relationship between human pancreatic lipase secretion in chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhea. From the low specific activity displayed by human pancreatic lipase on meal triglycerides, one can better understand why more lipase than expected is needed, why fat digestion lasts for more than a few minutes and, finally, why there is not such an excess secretory capacity for lipase as had been previously thought.  (+info)

Unresponsive or non-compliant steatorrhea in cystic fibrosis? (6/19)

In 105 pancreatic insufficient CF patients (steatorrhea and low fecal elastase-1 concentrations), the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme therapy (PET) has been assessed (fecal fat losses and coefficient of fat reabsorption). Eight unresponsive subjects were checked for PET compliance with fecal chymotrypsin assay. Three patients were documented to be non-compliant. Unresponsive patients should undergo evaluation for PET compliance.  (+info)

Increased postprandial responses of GLP-1 and GIP in patients with chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhea following pancreatic enzyme substitution. (7/19)

We aimed to investigate how assimilation of nutrients affects the postprandial responses of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and to evaluate the effect of pancreatic enzyme substitution (PES) on insulin secretion in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). Eight male patients with CP and PEI were studied. Blood was sampled frequently on two separate days after ingestion of a liquid meal with and without PES, respectively. Eight healthy male subjects served as a control group. beta-Cell responsiveness was estimated as changes in insulin secretion rates in response to changes in postprandial plasma glucose (PG). There was no difference in the PG incremental area under curve (AUC) for patients with and without PES [406 +/- 100 vs. 425 +/- 80 mM.4 h (mean +/- SE), P = 0.8]. The response of total GLP-1 was higher after PES (AUC: 7.8 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.6 nM.4 h, P = 0.01), as was the response of total GIP (AUC: 32.7 +/- 7.5 vs. 21.1 +/- 8.3 nM.4 h, P = 0.01). Concurrently, both plasma insulin, plasma C-peptide, and total insulin secretion increased after PES (AUC: 17.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 13.6 +/- 2.9 nM.4 h, P = 0.02; 237 +/- 31.4 vs. 200 +/- 27.4 nM.4 h, P = 0.005; and 595 +/- 82 vs. 497 +/- 80 pmol.kg(-1).4 h, P = 0.01, respectively). beta-Cell responsiveness to glucose was not significantly different on the two study days for patients with CP. These results suggest that the secretion of GLP-1 and GIP is under influence of the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine and that PES increases insulin secretion.  (+info)

Chronic high-fat diet affects intestinal fat absorption and postprandial triglyceride levels in the mouse. (8/19)

The effects of chronic fat overconsumption on intestinal physiology and lipid metabolism remain elusive. It is unknown whether a fat-mediated adaptation to lipid absorption takes place. To address this issue, mice fed a high-fat diet (40%, w/w) were refed or not a control diet (3%, w/w) for 3 additive weeks. Despite daily lipid intake 7.7-fold higher than in controls, fecal lipid output remained unchanged in mice fed the triglyceride (TG)-rich diet. In situ isolated jejunal loops revealed greater [1-(14)C]linoleic acid uptake without TG accumulation in mucosa, suggesting an increase in lipid absorption capacity. Induction both in intestinal mitotic index and in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, trafficking, and lipoprotein synthesis was found in high-fat diet mice. These changes were lipid-mediated, in that they were fully abolished in mice refed the control diet. A lipid load test performed in the presence or absence of the LPL inhibitor tyloxapol showed a sustained blood TG clearance in fat-fed mice likely attributable to intestinal modulation of LPL regulators (apolipoproteins C-II and C-III). These data demonstrate that a chronic high-fat diet greatly affects intestinal physiology and body lipid use in the mouse.  (+info)

Steatorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the excessive amount of fat in stools, which can make them appear greasy, frothy, and foul-smelling. This occurs due to poor absorption of dietary fats in the intestines, a process called malabsorption. The most common causes of steatorrhea include conditions that affect the pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis, celiac disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders. Symptoms associated with steatorrhea may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies due to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The diagnosis typically involves testing stool samples for fat content and further investigations to determine the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying condition and providing dietary modifications to manage symptoms.

Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of disorders in which the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, leading to various gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. This can result from a variety of underlying conditions, including:

1. Mucosal damage: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or bacterial overgrowth that cause damage to the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
2. Pancreatic insufficiency: A lack of digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas can lead to poor breakdown and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Examples include chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis.
3. Bile acid deficiency: Insufficient bile acids, which are necessary for fat emulsification and absorption, can result in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and malabsorption. This may occur due to liver dysfunction, gallbladder removal, or ileal resection.
4. Motility disorders: Abnormalities in small intestine motility can affect nutrient absorption, as seen in conditions like gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, or scleroderma.
5. Structural abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural defects of the small intestine, such as short bowel syndrome, may lead to malabsorption.
6. Infections: Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause transient malabsorption by damaging the intestinal mucosa or altering gut flora.

Symptoms of malabsorption syndromes may include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, radiologic imaging, and sometimes endoscopic procedures to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the specific etiology and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder in which the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to damage in the small intestine. In people with celiac disease, their immune system reacts to gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and destruction of the villi - finger-like projections that help absorb nutrients from food.

This damage can result in various symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, and malnutrition. Over time, if left untreated, celiac disease can lead to serious health complications, including osteoporosis, infertility, neurological disorders, and even certain types of cancer.

The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves avoiding all foods, beverages, and products that contain gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy lives and prevent further intestinal damage and related health complications.

Pancrelipase is a prescription medication that contains a combination of three enzymes (lipases, proteases, and amylases) that are normally produced by the pancreas. These enzymes help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in food so that they can be absorbed into the intestines.

Pancrelipase is used to replace these enzymes when a person's pancreas is not able to produce enough of them due to conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatectomy. By taking pancrelipase with meals and snacks, people with these conditions can improve their digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.

It is important to note that pancrelipase should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or dosage can lead to serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Pancreatic function tests are a group of medical tests that are used to assess the functionality and health of the pancreas. The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, which has two main functions: an exocrine function, where it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help break down food; and an endocrine function, where it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic function tests typically involve measuring the levels of digestive enzymes in the blood or stool, or assessing the body's ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients. Some common pancreatic function tests include:

1. Serum amylase and lipase tests: These tests measure the levels of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate pancreatitis or other conditions affecting the pancreas.
2. Fecal elastase test: This test measures the level of elastase, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, in a stool sample. Low levels of elastase may indicate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough digestive enzymes.
3. Secretin stimulation test: This test involves administering a medication called secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. The levels of these enzymes are then measured in the blood or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
4. Fat absorption tests: These tests involve measuring the amount of fat that is absorbed from a meal. High levels of fat in the stool may indicate EPI.
5. Glucose tolerance test: This test involves measuring blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. Low levels of insulin or high levels of glucose may indicate diabetes or other endocrine disorders affecting the pancreas.

Overall, pancreatic function tests are important tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, EPI, and diabetes.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption that occurs in the small intestine, particularly carbohydrates, proteins, and some fats. The jejunum is characterized by its smooth muscle structure, which allows it to contract and mix food with digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients through its extensive network of finger-like projections called villi.

The jejunum is also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area available for absorption. Additionally, the jejunum contains numerous lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which help to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. Overall, the jejunum plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.

Intestinal absorption refers to the process by which the small intestine absorbs water, nutrients, and electrolytes from food into the bloodstream. This is a critical part of the digestive process, allowing the body to utilize the nutrients it needs and eliminate waste products. The inner wall of the small intestine contains tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the capillaries in these villi, and then transported to other parts of the body for use or storage.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

Lipid metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and utilizes lipids (fats) for various functions, such as energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone synthesis. This complex process involves several enzymes and pathways that regulate the digestion, absorption, transport, storage, and consumption of fats in the body.

The main types of lipids involved in metabolism include triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The breakdown of these lipids begins in the digestive system, where enzymes called lipases break down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, which is the main site of lipid metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acids may be further broken down for energy production or used to synthesize new lipids. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in specialized cells called adipocytes (fat cells) for later use. Cholesterol is also metabolized in the liver, where it may be used to synthesize bile acids, steroid hormones, and other important molecules.

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both. Proper diagnosis and management of lipid metabolism disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, exercise, and medication.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a type of chromatography used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture. In TLC, the sample is applied as a small spot onto a thin layer of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or alumina, which is coated on a flat, rigid support like a glass plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a mobile phase, typically a mixture of solvents.

As the mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action, it interacts with the stationary phase and the components of the sample. Different components of the mixture travel at different rates due to their varying interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, resulting in distinct spots on the plate. The distance each component travels can be measured and compared to known standards to identify and quantify the components of the mixture.

TLC is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective technique that is widely used in various fields, including forensics, pharmaceuticals, and research laboratories. It allows for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures with high resolution and sensitivity, making it an essential tool in many analytical applications.

... (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may be bulky and difficult to flush, have a pale ... Steatorrhea should be suspected when the stools are bulky, floating and foul-smelling. Specific tests are needed to confirm ... Other causes: Drugs that can produce steatorrhea include orlistat, a slimming pill, or as adverse effect of octreotide or ... The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized.[citation needed] Impaired digestion or ...
Crabbé P, Heremans J (1967). "Selective IgA deficiency with steatorrhea. A new syndrome". Am J Med. 42 (2): 319-26. doi:10.1016 ...
This condition may also be referred to as steatorrhea. Two known ways to reduce the likelihood of escolar-induced keriorrhea ... "Steatorrhea: Causes, symptoms, and treatment". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2021-08-28. Kathryn Hill (2008- ...
Diarrhea and steatorrhea may indicate malabsorption. Another sign or symptom that may occur in patients is blotchiness of the ...
Infants often present with gastrointestinal problems caused by the poor fat absorption, which also contributes to steatorrhea. ... The inability to absorb fat in the ileum will result in steatorrhea, or fat in the stool. As a result, this can be clinically ... Steatorrhea (i.e. fatty, pale stools) Frothy stools Foul smelling stools Protruding abdomen[citation needed] Intellectual ... steatorrhea). The stool may contain large chunks of fat and/or blood. ...
Most reported side effects are gastrointestinal; including liquid stools, steatorrhea and abdominal pain. More severe and ...
Steatorrhea may be seen in more severe cases. Bacterial overgrowth can cause a variety of symptoms, many of which are also ... Steatorrhea, a sticky type of diarrhea where fats are not properly absorbed and spill into the stool, may also occur. Patients ...
Medical test Steatorrhea Stool tests Gastroenterology Chronic pancreatitis Malabsorption syndrome Phuapradit P, Narang A, ... Steatocrit or acid steatocrit is a simple, rapid gravimetric method to determine steatorrhea. The test is simple, rapid, ... An elevated steatocrit is indicative of fat malabsorption resulting in steatorrhea. This generally results from pancreatic ... October 1994). "Steatocrit: a reliable semiquantitative method for detection of steatorrhea". Journal of Clinical ...
On the other hand, stool mass is invariably increased in patients with steatorrhea and generalized malabsorption above the ... Osteopenia is common, especially in the presence of steatorrhea. Impaired calcium and vitamin D absorption and chelation of ...
Leinbach was investigating a new way of diagnosing steatorrhea.: 138 Kenneth Gordon Scott, in 1949, inhaled aerosols of ...
Nausea and vomiting Steatorrhea: Frequent, oily, foul-smelling bowel movements. Damage to the pancreas reduces the production ... Fats and nutrients are not absorbed properly, leading to loose, greasy stool known as steatorrhea. Weight loss even when eating ... Pancreatic enzyme replacement is often effective in treating the malabsorption and steatorrhea associated with chronic ...
Impaired digestion or absorption of lipids can result in steatorrhea. Over time, this can lead to scarring and nodularity ( ...
This may give side effects of FI, diarrhea, and steatorrhea. This may occur when there is a large mass of feces in the rectum ( ... Diseases, drugs, and indigestible dietary fats that interfere with the intestineal absorption may cause steatorrhea (oily ...
Steatorrhea Rectal discharge Ho Ling K, Nichols PD, But PP (2009). "Chapter 1 fish-induced keriorrhea". Adv. Food Nutr. Res. ... Steatorrhea-related diseases, All stub articles, Symptom stubs). ...
The role of steatorrhea and dietary calcium in regulating intestinal oxalate absorption". The American Journal of Digestive ...
Other common signs include dark urine (bilirubinuria) and pale (acholia) fatty stool (steatorrhea). Because bilirubin is a skin ...
Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, past the small intestine ( ... In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Feces lack ... Azer, Samy A.; Sankararaman, Senthilkumar (2019), "Steatorrhea", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31082099, retrieved ...
Frequent oily bowel movements steatorrhea is a possible side effect of using Orlistat. But if fat in the diet is reduced, ... steatorrhea), oily stools, stomach pain, and flatulence. A similar medication designed for patients with Type 2 diabetes is ...
Intestinal involvement can cause mild malabsorption with greasy stools (steatorrhea), but usually requires no treatment. ...
Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of fecal fat in diagnosing steatorrhea. The Wirtz-Conklin stain is a ...
These include: rectal bleeding diarrhea and steatorrhea other defecation disorders including fecal urgency and incontinence. ...
Since patients with megaduodenum often have atypical symptoms such as hematemesis, steatorrhea, and acute pancreatitis. ...
Fecal fat measurement is occasionally ordered when symptoms of malabsorption (e.g., gross steatorrhea) are prominent.[citation ... and steatorrhea (fatty stool), due to an inadequate amount of bile reaching the small intestine, leading to decreased levels of ...
Steatorrhea can be diagnosed using a fecal fat test, which checks for the malabsorption of fat. Faecal elastase levels are ...
... leading to diarrhea and steatorrhea. Increased gastrin secretion also leads to peptic ulcers in > 50% of MEN 1 patients. ...
... test is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. A small sample is dissolved in ...
... and steatorrhea. Mutations of GLY865TER, SER590ILE, ASN780TYR, ARG540HIS, IVS9AS, and ARG215TER of the MT-TP gene have been ...
... steatorrhea). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1-1% of patients) include myalgia and/or raised liver function test (ALT/AST) ...
A few other causes can stem from inadequate dietary intake of calcium, a vitamin D deficiency, or steatorrhea. The PTH is ...
Other symptoms include pruritus and skin lesions, and in prolonged cholestasis, malabsorption and steatorrhea leading to fat- ...
Steatorrhea (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may be bulky and difficult to flush, have a pale ... Steatorrhea should be suspected when the stools are bulky, floating and foul-smelling. Specific tests are needed to confirm ... Other causes: Drugs that can produce steatorrhea include orlistat, a slimming pill, or as adverse effect of octreotide or ... The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized.[citation needed] Impaired digestion or ...
Excessive excretion of fecal fat is called steatorrhea, a condition that is suspected when the patient has large, greasy, and ... Steatorrhea / Fat Malabsorption. Excessive excretion of fecal fat is called steatorrhea, a condition that is suspected when the ... Both digestive and absorptive disorders can cause steatorrhea. Digestive disorders affect the production and release of the ... resulting in steatorrhea due to fat malabsorption. ... Steatorrhea / Fat Malabsorption suggests the following may be ...
... - Medscape - Apr 26, 2023. ...
Conclusion: Steatorrhea associated with a decrease in COFA can occur in a reversible manner in 46% of patients with Graves ... Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of steatorrhea in patients with Graves disease and to assess ... However, steatorrhea in these patients is not linked with weight loss or with pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. ... Results: In the thyrotoxic state, 13 of 28 patients had steatorrhea, whereas 15 had normal (, 6 g/day) fat excretion (11.4 ± ...
The reasons behind oily poop or steatorrhea may range from fatty foods to issues with your small intestine, according to our ... Oily stool, a.k.a. steatorrhea. Steatorrhea refers to bulky, foul-smelling, oily stool that tends to be pale in color and float ... No one really wants to talk about it, but oily poop-called steatorrhea-can be a simple case of what you ate, or something far ... Oily Stool: What Doctors Need You to Know About Steatorrhea Lauren CahnUpdated: Mar. 17, 2022 ...
Rampton et al developed a simplified oxalate loading test to screen a patient for steatorrhea. This can avoid the messy and ... Rampton et al developed a simplified oxalate loading test to screen a patient for steatorrhea. This can avoid the messy and ...
If the stool looks very fatty and is unusually large or foul-smelling, the issue could be steatorrhea. Steatorrhea means that ... Numerous conditions can cause steatorrhea. They include:. *Liver health issues: A baby with liver health problems may have ... Azer, S. A., & Sankararaman, S. (2019). Steatorrhea.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541055/. ...
Pancreatic steatorrhea K90.41 Non-celiac gluten sensitivity K90.49 Malabsorption due to intolerance, not elsewhere classified ...
2023). Steatorrhea.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541055/. *. Chronic pancreatitis causes and symptoms. (n.d.).. https ...
Steatorrhea. Type 2 PGAD (Schmidt syndrome; OMIM 269200) consists of type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroid disease, and ...
Steatorrhea -Nausea -Vomiting - Fever - Excessive Flatulence And Distension - Polyuria, Dysuria And Pyuria Chapter 3: ...
Steatorrhea (foul-smelling stool that floats). *Gallstones. *Yellowing of the skin. *Unintentional weight loss ...
THAYSEN TEH, NORGAARD A. THE REGULATION OF BLOOD SUGAR IN IDIOPATHIC STEATORRHEA (SPRUE AND GEE-HERTERS DISEASE): I. THE LOW ... THE REGULATION OF BLOOD SUGAR IN IDIOPATHIC STEATORRHEA (SPRUE AND GEE-HERTERS DISEASE): I. THE LOW BLOOD SUGAR CURVE. ... We have found the low blood sugar curve most frequently present in one definite group of lesions, the idiopathic steatorrheas. ...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disease in white persons. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, and most carriers of the gene are asymptomatic.
Poop thats pale, smells especially bad, or floats (steatorrhea). *Weight loss. Celiac disease can also cause a loss of bone ...
Steatorrhea. *Rectal prolapse. *Chronic cough. *Chronic wheezing. *Persistent or recurrent respiratory tract infections ...
Steatorrhea. *Postprandial abdominal pain. *Bloating. *Malabsorption with nutrient deficiencies (iron, B12, calcium) ...
Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea). When Pancreatitis Is Severe. In a small percentage of people, severe acute pancreatitis ...
Between 20-30% will present some degree of steatorrhea and less than 10% will have symptoms similar to CD such as diarrhea, ...
Steatorrhea. *Urinary tract infection. *Vaginitis. *Xeroderma. References. Xenical [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: ...
... steatorrhea, • constipation • Endocrine insufficiency - diabetes mellitus • Jaundice or cholangitis • Weight loss & muscle ...
d) steatorrhea. 7. Which liver enzyme can become elevated with exogenous steroids are given to an animal? * ...
These conditions include tropical sprue, and nontropical sprue (idiopathic steatorrhea, gluten-induced enteropathy). Folate ...
Medscape - Indication-specific dosing for Azasan, Imuran (azathioprine), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, and cost information.
Steatorrhea. Steatorrhea is the passing of fat in your bowel movements. The presence of fat in the stool makes the stool smell ... Steatorrhea is usually accompanied by an increased amount of stool and intestinal gas. ...
Steatorrhea is sometimes called yellow diarrhea. It refers to defective digestion in the digestive tract of our body. In other ... Steatorrhea or yellow diarrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. Topical sprue and celiac diseases leads to primary ... Steatorrhea develops when digestive system does not receive bile acids, pancreatic enzymes or does not have normal lining of ... steatorrhe, while the examples of primary steatorrhea include regional enteritis, Whipples disease, lymphomata, entero-enteric ...
The dosage of Zenpep should be individualized based on clinical symptoms, the degree of steatorrhea (fat in stool) present, and ... The dosage of ZENPEP should be individualized based on clinical symptoms, the degree of steatorrhea present, and the fat ... If symptoms and signs of steatorrhea persist, the dosage may be increased by a healthcare professional. Patients should be ... The most commonly reported adverse events were gastrointestinal, including abdominal pain and steatorrhea, and were similar in ...
  • Steatorrhea should be suspected when the stools are bulky, floating and foul-smelling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Excessive excretion of fecal fat is called steatorrhea, a condition that is suspected when the patient has large, greasy, and foul-smelling stools. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • and fatty, foul-smelling stools (steatorrhea). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fats that aren't absorbed in your small intestine pass to your colon, causing fatty stools (steatorrhea). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Some patients have mild to moderate steatorrhea (foul-smelling, pale, bulky, and greasy stools). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These conditions include tropical sprue, and nontropical sprue (idiopathic steatorrhea, gluten-induced enteropathy). (drugs.com)
  • Patients with chronic pancreatitis present with dull abdominal pain, steatorrhea , pancreatic diabetes , nausea , weight loss , pseudocyst and pancreatic cancer . (wikidoc.org)
  • The classical presentation of CD encompasses diarrhea, steatorrhea, growth failure, weight loss, malnutrition, abdominal bloating and pain, and edema due to hypoalbuminemia-all manifestations of malabsorption attributable to small bowel mucosal inflammation and villous atrophy triggered by dietary gluten. (aacc.org)
  • The absence or significant decrease of the pancreatic enzymes , amylase, lipase , trypsin, and chymotrypsin limits fat protein and carbohydrate digestion, resulting in steatorrhea due to fat malabsorption. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Classical CD is the term used to describe individuals with signs and symptoms of malabsorption, including diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, or growth failure (2). (aacc.org)
  • People with cystic fibrosis do not absorb fat well because of pancreatic malfunctioning, and the result is chronic fatty diarrhea called steatorrhea. (bodybuildingforyou.com)
  • Have a history of a diagnosis of celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, steatorrhea, unstable thyroid disease, major affective disorder, psychiatric disorder that required hospitalization in the prior year, immune disorder (i.e. (who.int)
  • In one study 22 children with cystic fibrosis and documented steatorrhea received taurine capsules (30 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day). (bodybuildingforyou.com)
  • If the stool looks very fatty and is unusually large or foul-smelling, the issue could be steatorrhea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exocrine pancreas failure or pancreatic insufficiency results in steatorrhoea or steatorrhea, where increased fat excretion is seen in fecal samples. (biogenex.com)
  • Steatorrhea refers to bulky, foul-smelling, oily stool that tends to be pale in color and float in the toilet bowl, resisting flushing. (thehealthy.com)
  • Steatorrhea (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. (wikipedia.org)
  • No one really wants to talk about it, but oily poop-called steatorrhea-can be a simple case of what you ate, or something far more serious. (thehealthy.com)
  • This is actually known as steatorrhea, or the more commonly used term "oily stool. (thehealthy.com)
  • The dosage of Zenpep should be individualized based on clinical symptoms, the degree of steatorrhea (fat in stool ) present, and the fat content of the diet. (rxlist.com)
  • Medium chain triglycerides are also used to treat steatorrhea resulting from malabsorptive conditions, such as prior gastrectomy, pancreatic insufficiency, small bowel resection, etc. (openpr.com)
  • Steatorrhea improved in the 19 participants who completed the study, and in the 10 children with the more severe steatorrhea, the decrease in fat loss approached 20 percent. (bodybuildingforyou.com)
  • Both digestive and absorptive disorders can cause steatorrhea. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • and as adjunctive treatment of peroxisomal disorders including Zellweger spectrum disorders in patients who exhibit manifestations of liver disease, steatorrhea or complications from decreased fat soluble vitamin absorption. (rcsb.org)
  • Dosage should be adjusted according to the severity of the disease, control of steatorrhea and maintenance of good nutritional status. (globalrph.com)
  • Other causes: Drugs that can produce steatorrhea include orlistat, a slimming pill, or as adverse effect of octreotide or lanreotide, used to treat acromegaly or other neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have found the low blood sugar curve most frequently present in one definite group of lesions, the idiopathic steatorrheas. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The fact that olestra passes through the intestine without being absorbed results in a higher than normal fat content in the stool and this, claims researchers at the Baylor University Medical Center, can cause serious problems when testing patients for suspected steatorrhea (malabsorption of fats). (yourhealthbase.com)
  • Thus people who have eaten olestra-containing snacks prior to being tested for malabsorption would be highly likely be diagnosed as suffering from steatorrhea. (yourhealthbase.com)
  • People with this variety will often present with signs and symptoms of malabsorption, including diarrhea, steatorrhea (fatty stool), iron-deficiency anemia , weight loss, or growth failure. (diabetesselfmanagement.com)
  • Diarrhoea, steatorrhea and/or weight loss occur because of nutrient malabsorption and secretion of fluid and electrolytes, exacerbated by the osmotic effects of malabsorbed nutrients. (vin.com)
  • Some patients have significant diarrhea or steatorrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diarrhea in people with EPI is referred to as steatorrhea. (lluh.org)
  • Steatorrhea is different from standard diarrhea. (lluh.org)
  • Olestra may remain in the stool for up to seven days so it is important that physicians ensure that their patients have not consumed olestra in the week prior to being tested for steatorrhea. (yourhealthbase.com)
  • The mucosal monooxygenase activity of patients with normal jejunal histology and steatorrhea was significantly higher than in mucosa with villous atrophy but was only half of that observed in normal controls. (nih.gov)
  • The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Excess fat accumulates in the feces, which is light in color, mushy, thick, greasy, and extremely foul-smelling when there is insufficient fat absorption in the digestive system (such stool is called steatorrhea). (dekooktips.com)
  • Because a patient may not experience steatorrhea until after the pancreas loses 90 percent of enzyme production, it can be difficult to diagnose EPI. (lluh.org)
  • Dosage should be adjusted according to the severity of the disease, control of steatorrhea and maintenance of good nutritional status. (globalrph.com)
  • Positive results on tests for steatorrhea in persons consuming olestra potato chips. (yourhealthbase.com)
  • Other causes: Drugs that can produce steatorrhea include orlistat, a slimming pill, or as adverse effect of octreotide or lanreotide, used to treat acromegaly or other neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is a popular and extremely effective procedure for sustained weight loss in the morbidly obese. (nih.gov)
  • However, hyperoxaluria and oxalate kidney stones frequently develop after RYGB and steatorrhea has been speculated to play a role. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, oxalate solubility and permeability in the RYGB model are promoted by steatorrhea and result in enhanced passive oxalate absorption and hyperoxaluria. (nih.gov)