Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.
Former members of the armed services.
Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
A conflict occurring from 1954 through 1975 within the Republic of Vietnam. It involved neighboring nations and the United States and other members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Multinational coalition military operation initiated in October 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to AFGHANISTAN in collaboration with Afghan forces.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A method for extinguishing anxiety by a saturation exposure to the feared stimulus situation or its substitute.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.
Terrorism on September 11, 2001 against targets in New York, the Pentagon in Virginia, and an aborted attack that ended in Pennsylvania.
A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).
The use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
Created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia.
Calamities producing great damage, loss of life, and distress. They include results of natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. Normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of impact exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community.
Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.
Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is a country located in the Middle East and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!
The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Any violation of established legal or moral codes in respect to sexual behavior.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Non-frontal low-pressure systems over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite pattern of surface wind circulation.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Sudden slips on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slips, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. Faults are fractures along which the blocks of EARTH crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.
Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
The human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Afghanistan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in South-Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help answer those!
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
The intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Persons who were child victims of violence and abuse including physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.
Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Personnel trained to provide the initial services, care, and support in EMERGENCIES or DISASTERS.
A technique that induces the processing of disturbing memories and experiences, by stimulating neural mechanisms that are similar to those activated during REM sleep. The technique consists of eye movements following side-to-side movements of the index and middle fingers, or the alternate tapping of the hands on the knees. This procedure triggers the processing of information, thus facilitating the connection of neural networks.
A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.
A peninsula in Southeast EUROPE between the Adriatic and Ionian seas on the West and Aegean and Black Seas on the East. (from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balkan%20peninsula)
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Disorders claimed as a result of military service.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of Armed Forces personnel.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to VETERANS. It was established March 15, 1989 as a Cabinet-level position.
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing law and order among the citizenry.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
Created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. Yugoslavia became the official name in 1929. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; CROATIA; and SLOVENIA formed independent countries 7 April 1992. Macedonia became independent 8 February 1994 as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MACEDONIA REPUBLIC).
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of VETERANS.
Normal, appropriate sorrowful response to an immediate cause. It is self-limiting and gradually subsides within a reasonable time.
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Aid for consistent recording of data such as tasks completed and observations noted.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
Women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period, usually by a husband or other dominant male figure. Characteristics of the battered woman syndrome are helplessness, constant fear, and a perceived inability to escape. (From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3d ed)
The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.
The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Deliberate severe and repeated injury to one domestic partner by the other.
Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurrence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)
Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
United Nations' action to intervene in conflict between the nation of Kuwait and occupying Iraqi forces, occurring from 1990 through 1991.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household.
A personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. The patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes.
Criminal acts committed during, or in connection with, war, e.g., maltreatment of prisoners, willful killing of civilians, etc.
Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness.
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Subjective feeling of having committed an error, offense or sin; unpleasant feeling of self-criticism. These result from acts, impulses, or thoughts contrary to one's personal conscience.
(Disclaimer: This is a playful and fictitious response, as there isn't a medical definition for 'New York City'.)
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
Activities devoted to freeing persons or animals from danger to life or well-being in accidents, fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, other disasters and life-threatening conditions. While usually performed by team efforts, rescue work is not restricted to organized services.

Psychologic distress after disclosure of genetic test results regarding hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma. (1/29)

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, there have been few studies of the psychologic distress after disclosure of genetic test results for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC). The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence rates and predictors of psychologic distress and to evaluate the feelings of guilt after disclosure of the test results in Japanese probands and unaffected relatives. METHODS: Probands and unaffected relatives were interviewed immediately after the first genetic counseling session for HNPCC and again 1 month after disclosure of the genetic test results. The prevalence of major and minor depression, acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition revised (DSM-III-R) or the DSM-IV; feelings of guilt were investigated using a numeric scale and a semistructured interview. RESULTS: Among 47 participants who completed the baseline interview, 42 participants (89%) completed the 1-month follow-up interview. Although none of the participants met the criteria for major depression, ASD, or PTSD at the follow-up interview, 3 of 42 participants (7%) met the criteria for minor depression and 2 participants (5%) had PTSS. The only predictor of psychologic distress found was the presence of a history of major or minor depression (odds ratio, 19.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-264.95; P < 0.05). Five of 42 participants (12%) had feelings of guilt. CONCLUSIONS: Disclosure of genetic test results for HNPCC may not cause significant psychologic distress in Japanese probands or relatives. However, healthcare providers should not neglect to assess these individuals for psychologic responses, such as minor depression and PTSS.  (+info)

General practitioners' knowledge of post-traumatic stress disorder: a controlled study. (2/29)

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common, is associated with substantial morbidity, and is often not recognised in primary care. AIM: To explore whether general practitioners (GPs) have significant gaps in their knowledge of PTSD. DESIGN OF STUDY: A controlled study. SETTING: Primary care in two Scottish regions. METHOD: A validated postal questionnaire consisting of clinical vignettes for PTSD, acute stress reaction, and depression was used to gather the data. The primary outcome measures were the proportion describing 'best practice' management of PTSD and the comparison of this with the control condition, the proportion describing 'best practice' management of depression. The secondary outcome measures were comparisons of PTSD and depression by recognition, drug treatment, and referral. RESULTS: Two-thirds (67.5%) of GPs included PTSD in their differential diagnosis for the PTSD vignette, and 86.8% made a referral to secondary care for the PTSD case. A minority of GPs (42.9%) and only 54.1% of a comparison group of psychiatrists specified the drug treatment of choice for PTSD, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Only 28.3% of GPs had the knowledge to recognise PTSD and prescribe appropriately, compared with 89.8% for depression (P <0.001). Only 10.2% of GPs described best practice for PTSD, compared with 47.7% for depression (P <0.001). CONCLUSION: Lack of knowledge is among the reasons for less than ideal recognition and management of PTSD in primary care. Further research should aim to explore the implementation of PTSD guidelines in primary care.  (+info)

The psychological effects of Intifada Al Aqsa: acute stress disorder and distress in Palestinian-Israeli students. (3/29)

The study assesses the effects of exposure to nationality-related and personal stressful events, threat appraisal and coping strategies on level of distress of Palestinian Israeli students. One hundred forty-eight Palestinian Israeli students filled out a battery of questionnaires that tapped their exposure to stressful life events, terrorism and political related violence, their primary and secondary appraisals, and coping strategies. Level of distress was evaluated by (1) acute stress disorder, and (2) psychiatric symptomatology. Results reveal relatively low exposure to terrorism-related traumatic events, yet considerable exposure (35.8%) to nationality-related stressful events during the last two years. Twenty-five percent of the students suffered from acute stress disorder, and their levels of psychiatric symptomatology exceeded norms for the general population. Primary appraisal processes and emotion-focused coping strategies made unique contribution to the respondents' level of (1) acute stress disorder and (2) psychiatric symptomatology. The implications of these findings are discussed.  (+info)

Acute stress in parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer. (4/29)

OBJECTIVE: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and subclinical symptoms of acute stress (SAS) may be a useful framework for understanding the psychological reactions of mothers and fathers of children newly diagnosed with a pediatric malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Mothers (N = 129) and fathers (N = 72) of 138 children newly diagnosed with cancer completed questionnaires assessing acute distress, anxiety, and family functioning. Demographic data were also gathered. Inclusion criteria were: a confirmed diagnosis of a pediatric malignancy in a child under the age of 18 years without prior chronic or life threatening illness and fluency in English or Spanish. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to examine predictors of SAS. Fifty-one percent (N = 66) of mothers and 40% (N = 29) of fathers met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ASD. The majority of the sample reported experiencing at least one SAS. General anxiety, but not family functioning, was a strong predictor of SAS in both mothers and fathers even after controlling for demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately following their child's diagnosis of cancer, most mothers and fathers experience SAS, with a subsample meeting criteria for ASD. More anxious parents are at heightened risk of more intense reactions. The findings support the need for evidence-based psychosocial support at diagnosis and throughout treatment for families who are at risk for acute distress reactions.  (+info)

Predictive validity of acute stress disorder in children and adolescents. (5/29)

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Preclinical assessment for selectively disrupting a traumatic memory via postretrieval inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors. (6/29)

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Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report study. (7/29)

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The impact of stress related disorders on quality of life. (8/29)

BACKGROUND: Some new studies have shown a significant connection between post-traumatic stress disorder and impairment of the quality of life (QoL), whereas, to our knowledge, research on the connection between other disorders of the stress related group and quality of life do not exist. The objective of our study was to assess the connection between stress related disorders and the quality of life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied the quality of life in 160 subjects who have experienced certain stressogenic life events. Within the first group (80 subjects) a certain stress related disorder was diagnosed after a stressogenic life event. In the second group (80 subjects) none of the stress related disorders was developed after a stressogenic life event. The diagnosis was made based on the ICD-10 criteria; the stress was assessed by the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and QoL by the Manchester Short Assessment Quality of Life Scale (MANSA). RESULTS: Persons in whom some stress related disorders were diagnosed had a lower quality of life compared to persons who experienced stress but did not develop a disorder (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Given the long-term stressogenic situation in our country, which is still ongoing, we think that comprehensive measures of prevention, early diagnostics and efficient treatment of stress related disorders are necessary in order to improve the quality of life for the persons with these disorders and their families, but also for society as a whole.  (+info)

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

A subdural hematoma is a type of brain injury in which blood accumulates between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges, the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord) and the brain. In the case of an acute subdural hematoma, the bleeding occurs suddenly and rapidly as a result of trauma, such as a severe head injury from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or assault. The accumulation of blood puts pressure on the brain, which can lead to serious complications, including brain damage or death, if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Acute subdural hematomas are considered medical emergencies and require immediate neurosurgical intervention.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Traumatic acute stress disorder is a short-term mental health condition that occurs in response to a traumatic or stressful event. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is characterized by the development of various symptoms, such as intrusive memories of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negative mood and cognitions, marked autonomic arousal, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms usually occur within one month after the traumatic event and last for no more than three months.

Acute stress disorder is different from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in that it has a shorter duration and does not involve some of the more severe symptoms associated with PTSD, such as avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and persistent symptoms of increased arousal. Additionally, acute stress disorder may be more likely to resolve on its own without treatment, while PTSD typically requires professional intervention.

It's important to note that experiencing a traumatic event can have long-lasting effects on mental health, and it is essential to seek help from a qualified mental health professional if symptoms persist or interfere with daily functioning.

Combat disorders are a category of mental health conditions that can occur in military personnel as a result of their experiences during combat. These disorders can include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders, among others. Combat disorders may be caused by exposure to traumatic events, such as experiencing or witnessing combat, the threat of death or serious injury, or the loss of fellow soldiers. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and feelings of detachment or numbness. Treatment for combat disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy.

A "Veteran" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used to describe individuals who have served in the military. Specifically, in the United States, a veteran is defined as a person who has served in the armed forces of the country and was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. This definition can include those who served in war time or peace time. The term "veteran" does not imply any specific medical condition or diagnosis. However, veterans may have unique health needs and challenges related to their military service, such as exposure to hazardous materials, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other physical and mental health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:

1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.

Life change events refer to significant changes or transitions in an individual's personal circumstances that may have an impact on their health and well-being. These events can include things like:

* Marriage or divorce
* Birth of a child or loss of a loved one
* Job loss or retirement
* Moving to a new home or city
* Changes in financial status
* Health diagnoses or serious illnesses
* Starting or ending of a significant relationship

Research has shown that life change events can have a profound effect on an individual's stress levels, mental health, and physical health. Some life change events may be positive and exciting, while others may be challenging and difficult to cope with. In either case, it is important for individuals to take care of themselves during times of transition and seek support as needed.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Traumatic stress disorders are a category of mental health conditions that occur after exposure to a traumatic event or series of events. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) recognizes several types of traumatic stress disorders, including:

1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This disorder occurs after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, such as combat, sexual assault, or a natural disaster. Symptoms include avoidance of reminders of the trauma, intrusive thoughts about the event, negative changes in mood and cognition, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and disturbances in sleep and concentration.
2. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD): This disorder is similar to PTSD but has a shorter duration. It occurs after exposure to a traumatic event and lasts for less than a month. Symptoms include dissociation, intrusive thoughts about the event, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma.
3. Adjustment Disorders: These disorders occur in response to a stressor or change in life circumstances, such as the loss of a job or the death of a loved one. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, and disturbances in conduct.
4. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED): These disorders occur in children who have experienced neglect or abuse and have difficulty forming attachments to caregivers.

It's important to note that traumatic stress disorders can have significant impacts on a person's daily functioning, relationships, and overall well-being. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a traumatic stress disorder, it's essential to seek professional help from a mental health provider.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. The "Vietnam Conflict" is not a medical term, but rather a historical event - it was a long, violent conflict that took place in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1959 to 1975.

However, I can provide you with some information on how the Vietnam War may relate to medical and health-related topics:

The Vietnam Conflict had significant impacts on the physical and mental health of both military personnel and civilians involved. Some common health issues related to this conflict include:

1. Agent Orange Exposure: Many US soldiers were exposed to Agent Orange, a powerful herbicide used by the US military during the war. This exposure has been linked to various health problems, including different types of cancer, neurological disorders, and birth defects in their offspring.
2. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The Vietnam War is known for its high prevalence of PTSD among veterans. The traumatic experiences during the war led to long-term psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders.
3. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Military personnel involved in the conflict were at risk of TBIs due to explosions and other combat-related injuries. These injuries can lead to cognitive impairments, motor function issues, and emotional disturbances.
4. Physical Disabilities: Amputations, sensory losses, and other physical disabilities were common among veterans due to landmines, gunshot wounds, and other war-related injuries.
5. Infectious Diseases: Tropical diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis, were prevalent among both military personnel and civilians during the Vietnam Conflict. Additionally, soldiers were at risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections due to high-risk behaviors.

These are just a few examples of how the Vietnam Conflict intersects with medical and health topics.

The Iraq War (2003-2011) is not a medical term or concept. It refers to a military intervention and subsequent occupation of Iraq by the United States and its allies, which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led forces. The stated reasons for the invasion included the presence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, which were never found, and the alleged links between the government of Saddam Hussein and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda, which were also not substantiated.

However, it is worth noting that the Iraq War had significant medical and public health consequences for both the Iraqi population and U.S. military personnel. The conflict resulted in widespread destruction of infrastructure, displacement of civilians, and a breakdown of healthcare services, leading to increased rates of infectious diseases, malnutrition, and mental health disorders among Iraqis. Additionally, U.S. soldiers were exposed to various health hazards during their deployment, including traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and exposure to toxic substances such as burn pits.

Therefore, while the term "Iraq War, 2003-2011" is not a medical definition, it does have important implications for medical research, practice, and policy related to military conflicts and their health impacts.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

The "Afghan Campaign" is a term commonly used to refer to the military intervention and ongoing efforts in Afghanistan, led by the United States and NATO forces, which began in October 2001. The campaign was launched in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, with the primary objective of defeating al-Qaeda and removing the Taliban regime that had provided them safe haven.

The military intervention, known as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), started with airstrikes against al-Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan. The ground invasion followed, led by the United States and supported by coalition forces from various countries, including NATO members. The initial success of the campaign resulted in the overthrow of the Taliban regime and the establishment of a new government in Afghanistan.

However, despite the initial victory, the situation in Afghanistan has remained volatile due to the ongoing insurgency led by the resurgent Taliban and other militant groups. The mission in Afghanistan has evolved over time, with the focus shifting from combat operations to training and advising Afghan security forces, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorism efforts.

The "Afghan Campaign" is also referred to as the "War in Afghanistan," and it represents one of the longest military conflicts in United States history. The campaign has involved various phases, including Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS), and NATO's Resolute Support Mission (RSM).

The medical aspects of the Afghan Campaign have been significant, with thousands of coalition forces injured or killed during the conflict. Additionally, the campaign has had a substantial impact on the healthcare system in Afghanistan, as well as the overall health and well-being of its population. The ongoing efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure, train medical personnel, and provide essential services to the Afghan people remain an important part of the broader mission in the region.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

I am not able to find a medical definition for "implosive therapy" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or psychotherapy. It may be a term specific to certain alternative or unconventional approaches, and I would recommend conducting further research to find more information from reliable sources.

However, in the context of psychotherapy, "implosive therapy" is a technique that was developed by psychiatrist Arnold A. Lazarus as a part of his multimodal therapy approach. It involves the use of imaginal exposure to feared stimuli or situations in order to reduce anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The therapist asks the client to vividly imagine a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking scenarios, starting with less distressing ones and gradually moving towards more anxiety-provoking ones. This process is repeated until the anxiety response to the imagined scenarios decreases or disappears.

It's important to note that implosive therapy should be administered by a qualified mental health professional who has received proper training in this technique, as it can potentially lead to increased distress if not conducted appropriately.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Rape is a legal term and its exact definition varies by jurisdiction. However, in general, rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual penetration without the consent of the victim. This can include vaginal, anal, or oral penetration with any body part or object. In many places, rape also includes situations where the victim is unable to give consent due to factors such as age, mental incapacity, or being under the influence of drugs or alcohol. It's important to note that force, threat of force, or coercion do not necessarily have to be present for the act to be considered rape, and lack of consent is the crucial factor.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "September 11 Terrorist Attacks" is a historical event rather than a medical condition or term. Therefore, it doesn't have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide some context:

The September 11 Terrorist Attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States on September 11, 2001. These attacks were carried out by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda. The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial airplanes. Two of these planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City, causing both towers to collapse within hours. Another plane hit the Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia, and the fourth crashed in a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to overcome the hijackers.

The attacks resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, making it one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in world history. The physical and psychological health effects were significant and far-reaching, affecting not only the survivors and first responders but also the nation as a whole. These effects included acute trauma reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and various physical health issues.

While "September 11 Terrorist Attacks" is not a medical term, it is associated with numerous mental and physical health issues that have been studied and documented in the medical and psychological literature.

Bosnia-Herzegovina is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Croatia to the north and west, Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the south. The country has a population of approximately 3.5 million people and is known for its rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty.

Bosnia-Herzegovina is made up of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, as well as the Brčko District, which is a self-governing administrative unit. The country has a complex political system with a three-member presidency, consisting of one member from each of the three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.

Bosnia-Herzegovina has faced significant challenges since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995, including political instability, economic underdevelopment, and high levels of corruption. Despite these challenges, the country is working towards greater integration with European institutions and has made progress in areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "terrorism" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is typically defined within the contexts of criminal law, international relations, and political science. Generally, terrorism refers to the use of violence or threat of violence, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Violence is not typically defined in medical terms, but it can be described as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. This definition is often used in public health and medical research to understand the impact of violence on health outcomes.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Croatia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about Croatian healthcare or medical practices, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be natural, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and wildfires, or they can be caused by human activities, such as technological accidents, intentional acts of violence, and complex emergencies.

The medical definition of a disaster focuses on the health impacts and consequences of the event, which can include injury, illness, disability, and death, as well as psychological distress and social disruption. The response to a disaster typically involves a coordinated effort by multiple agencies and organizations, including healthcare providers, emergency responders, public health officials, and government authorities, to address the immediate needs of affected individuals and communities and to restore basic services and infrastructure.

Disasters can have long-term effects on the health and well-being of individuals and populations, including increased vulnerability to future disasters, chronic illness and disability, and mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery efforts are critical components of disaster management, with the goal of reducing the risks and impacts of disasters and improving the resilience of communities and societies to withstand and recover from them.

Sexual child abuse is a form of abuse in which a child is engaged in sexual activities or exposed to sexual situations that are inappropriate and harmful for their age. This can include:

1. Sexual contact or intercourse with a child.
2. Exposing a child to pornography or using a child to produce pornographic materials.
3. Engaging in sexual acts in front of a child.
4. Inappropriately touching or fondling a child.
5. Using a child for sexual exploitation, including prostitution.

Sexual child abuse can have serious and long-lasting effects on a child's emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. It is important to report any suspected cases of sexual child abuse to the appropriate authorities immediately.

Medically, the term "refugees" does not have a specific definition. However, in a broader social and humanitarian context, refugees are defined by the United Nations as:

"People who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence; have a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution."

Refugees often face significant health challenges due to forced displacement, violence, trauma, limited access to healthcare services, and harsh living conditions. They may experience physical and mental health issues, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Providing medical care and support for refugees is an important aspect of global public health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Fear is a basic human emotion that is typically characterized by a strong feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or distress in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural and adaptive response that helps individuals identify and respond to potential dangers in their environment, and it can manifest as physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.

Physical symptoms of fear may include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, and muscle tension. Emotional symptoms may include feelings of anxiety, worry, or panic, while cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, and intrusive thoughts about the perceived threat.

Fear can be a normal and adaptive response to real dangers, but it can also become excessive or irrational in some cases, leading to phobias, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. In these cases, professional help may be necessary to manage and overcome the fear.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Sex offenses are criminal acts that involve sexual misconduct or non-consensual sexual contact with another person. These crimes can range from non-contact offenses such as exhibitionism and voyeurism, to forcible rape and sexual assault. Sex offenses also include the crime of sexual abuse, which involves engaging in sexual contact with a minor or vulnerable adult who is unable to give consent due to age, disability, or incapacitation.

The legal definition of sex offenses varies by jurisdiction, but generally includes any form of unwanted sexual touching, forced penetration, or exploitation of another person for sexual gratification without their consent. In addition, some sex offenses may involve the production, distribution, or possession of child pornography, as well as other forms of sexual exploitation.

Those convicted of sex offenses often face severe penalties, including lengthy prison sentences, fines, and mandatory registration as a sex offender. The stigma associated with being labeled a sex offender can also have long-lasting consequences on an individual's personal and professional life, making it difficult to find employment or housing.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

A Cyclonic Storm is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. In the context of meteorology, cyclonic storms are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a calm center known as the "eye." These storms can bring significant rainfall, high winds, and severe weather conditions. They are often referred to as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons depending on their location and strength.

In the Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, a cyclonic storm is defined as a tropical cyclone with sustained wind speeds of 34-61 knots (39-70 mph) near its center. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) and other regional meteorological organizations are responsible for tracking and issuing warnings for these storms to help minimize potential impacts on human life and property.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

An earthquake is not a medical condition. It is a natural disaster that results from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, causing the ground to shake and sometimes resulting in damage to structures and loss of life. The point where the earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter, and the epicenter is the point directly above it on the surface of the Earth.

Earthquakes can cause various medical conditions and injuries, such as:

* Cuts, bruises, and fractures from falling debris
* Head trauma and concussions
* Crush syndrome from being trapped under heavy objects
* Respiratory problems from dust inhalation
* Psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

If you experience an earthquake, it is important to seek medical attention if you are injured or experiencing any symptoms. Additionally, it is crucial to follow safety guidelines during and after an earthquake to minimize the risk of injury and ensure your well-being.

A crime victim is a person who has suffered direct or threatened physical, emotional, or financial harm as a result of the commission of a crime. According to the United States Department of Justice, victims of crime may experience a range of negative effects including physical injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and financial losses.

Crime victimization can take many forms, such as assault, robbery, homicide, sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, identity theft, and fraud. In addition to the immediate harm caused by criminal acts, victims may also face long-term challenges related to their recovery, including emotional trauma, difficulty trusting others, and economic instability.

Many countries have laws and policies in place to support crime victims and provide them with access to resources and services. These can include victim compensation programs, counseling and therapy services, and legal assistance. In the United States, for example, the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) provides funding for victim services through a federal grant program administered by the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC).

Overall, the medical definition of 'crime victims' refers to individuals who have been directly or indirectly harmed by criminal behavior and may require support and resources to help them recover from their experiences.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

Psychological resilience refers to the ability of an individual to adapt and cope effectively in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, or significant sources of stress. It is the capacity to "bounce back" from difficulties, maintain psychological well-being, and continue to function positively despite experiencing challenging life events. Psychological resilience involves various factors such as cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, positive self-esteem, adaptive coping strategies, and strong social support networks. It is not a fixed trait but can be developed and strengthened through personal growth, learning experiences, and supportive environments.

'Afghanistan' is a country and not a medical term or condition. It is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, and the Arabian Sea. The country has a complex history with ongoing political and security challenges. If you are looking for information related to medical tourism or healthcare in Afghanistan, I can provide some general insights. However, please note that the medical facilities and services in Afghanistan may not be comparable to those in developed countries due to various factors such as infrastructure, resources, and expertise.

Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. In a medical context, anxiety refers to a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or panic that interfere with daily activities. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or substance abuse disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It can also cause significant changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, and behavior. Depression can interfere with daily life and normal functioning, and it can increase the risk of suicide and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of depression is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

Torture is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is recognized as a severe violation of human rights by the World Medical Association (WMA), the United Nations (UN), and other international bodies. The UN defines torture as:

"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions."

The WMA's Declaration of Tokyo states that "physicians shall not countenance, condone or participate in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" and defines torture as "the deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons acting alone or on behalf of others."

Medical professionals play a critical role in identifying, documenting, and reporting torture, as well as providing care and support to survivors.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

'Adult survivors of child abuse' is a term used to describe individuals who have experienced any form of abuse during their childhood, including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect, and have reached adulthood. These individuals may face various ongoing challenges related to their past experiences, such as mental health issues, difficulties in forming relationships, trust issues, low self-esteem, and coping mechanisms that may impact their daily lives. They are often in need of support, therapy, and counseling to help them overcome the effects of their abuse and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A Personality Inventory is a standardized test used in psychology to assess an individual's personality traits and characteristics. It typically consists of a series of multiple-choice questions or statements that the respondent must rate according to their level of agreement or disagreement. The inventory measures various aspects of an individual's behavior, attitudes, and temperament, providing a quantifiable score that can be compared to normative data to help diagnose personality disorders, assess personal strengths and weaknesses, or provide insights into an individual's likely responses to different situations. Examples of well-known personality inventories include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI).

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment used primarily to treat mental health disorders and other emotional or behavioral issues. It involves a therapeutic relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a patient, where they work together to understand the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, identify patterns that may be causing distress, and develop strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and others. The specific approach used will depend on the individual patient's needs and preferences, as well as the training and expertise of the therapist.

Psychotherapy can be conducted in individual, group, or family sessions, and may be provided in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, or online platforms. The goal of psychotherapy is to help patients understand themselves better, develop coping skills, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall quality of life.

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to cope with stressful, threatening, or uncomfortable situations. These mechanisms help protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety, fear, or other negative emotions. They can also help individuals maintain a positive self-image and a sense of control in difficult circumstances.

There are many different types of defense mechanisms, including:

1. Repression: The unconscious forgetting or pushing aside of painful memories or thoughts.
2. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge the existence or reality of a threatening situation or feeling.
3. Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions to someone else.
4. Displacement: Channeling unacceptable feelings toward a safer or less threatening target.
5. Rationalization: Creating logical explanations or excuses for unacceptable behavior or feelings.
6. Reaction formation: Converting unconscious impulses or desires into their opposite, conscious attitudes or behaviors.
7. Sublimation: Transforming unacceptable impulses or instincts into socially acceptable behaviors or activities.
8. Regression: Returning to an earlier stage of development in order to cope with stress or anxiety.
9. Suppression: Consciously pushing aside unwanted thoughts or feelings.
10. Identification: Adopting the characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors of another person as a way of coping with anxiety or fear.

Defense mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the situation and how they are used. While they can help individuals cope with stress and maintain their emotional well-being in the short term, relying too heavily on defense mechanisms can lead to problems in relationships, work, and other areas of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of their defense mechanisms and work to develop healthier coping strategies over time.

In a medical context, "survivors" typically refers to individuals who have lived through or recovered from a serious illness, injury, or life-threatening event. This may include people who have survived cancer, heart disease, trauma, or other conditions that posed a significant risk to their health and well-being. The term is often used to describe the resilience and strength of these individuals, as well as to highlight the importance of ongoing support and care for those who have faced serious medical challenges. It's important to note that the definition may vary depending on the context in which it's used.

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and significant worry about the implications of these attacks or fear of their occurrence. A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and includes physical symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and feelings of impending doom or danger. In Panic Disorder, these attacks are not triggered by specific situations or stimuli, but can occur spontaneously and without warning. The individual may also develop avoidance behaviors to prevent future panic attacks, which can interfere with daily functioning and quality of life.

Psychological adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust and cope with stressors, challenges, or changes in their environment or circumstances. It involves modifying thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and copabilities to reduce the negative impact of these stressors and promote well-being. Psychological adaptation can occur at different levels, including intrapersonal (within the individual), interpersonal (between individuals), and cultural (within a group or society).

Examples of psychological adaptation include:

* Cognitive restructuring: changing negative thoughts and beliefs to more positive or adaptive ones
* Emotion regulation: managing and reducing intense or distressing emotions
* Problem-solving: finding solutions to practical challenges or obstacles
* Seeking social support: reaching out to others for help, advice, or comfort
* Developing coping strategies: using effective ways to deal with stressors or difficulties
* Cultivating resilience: bouncing back from adversity and learning from negative experiences.

Psychological adaptation is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as it helps individuals adapt to new situations, overcome challenges, and maintain a sense of control and optimism in the face of stressors or changes.

Emergency responders are individuals who are trained and authorized to provide immediate assistance in the event of an emergency. This can include medical emergencies, fires, natural disasters, or other situations that require urgent attention. Some common types of emergency responders include:

1. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel: These are healthcare professionals who provide pre-hospital care to patients in emergency situations. They may be trained as emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics, or nurses, and they often work for ambulance services, fire departments, or hospitals.
2. Firefighters: These are individuals who are trained to respond to fires, rescue people from dangerous situations, and provide other emergency services. They may also be trained in medical response and can provide basic life support care until EMS personnel arrive.
3. Police officers: Law enforcement officers who respond to emergencies such as crimes in progress, traffic accidents, or natural disasters. They are responsible for maintaining public safety and order, and may provide first aid or other emergency medical services if necessary.
4. Search and Rescue (SAR) teams: These are specialized teams that are trained to locate and rescue people who are lost, missing, or injured in remote or difficult-to-reach areas. They may work for government agencies, volunteer organizations, or private companies.
5. Public Health officials: These are individuals who work for local, state, or federal health departments and are responsible for responding to public health emergencies such as disease outbreaks or bioterrorism attacks. They may provide education, vaccination, or other services to protect the public's health.
6. Emergency Management professionals: These are individuals who are trained to coordinate emergency response efforts during large-scale disasters or emergencies. They may work for government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or private companies.

Overall, emergency responders play a critical role in protecting public safety and ensuring that people receive the medical care they need during emergencies.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment that was originally designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories. It is now also used for treating other mental health problems. The therapy involves focusing on hand movements or sounds while recalling distressing memories, with the goal of reducing the negative emotions and beliefs associated with those memories.

During EMDR treatment, the therapist will guide the client through three time periods: the past, present, and future. They will identify and process traumatic memories from the past, current situations that cause distress, and develop skills and strategies to help the client navigate future challenges. The goal of EMDR is to help the client process traumatic memories and reduce their negative impact on mental health.

It's important to note that while EMDR has been shown to be effective for some individuals, it may not be suitable for everyone. It should only be administered by a trained and certified professional, and its effectiveness can vary depending on the individual and the nature of their trauma or other mental health concerns.

A startle reaction is a natural, defensive response to an unexpected stimulus that is characterized by a sudden contraction of muscles, typically in the face, neck, and arms. It's a reflexive action that occurs involuntarily and is mediated by the brainstem. The startle reaction can be observed in many different species, including humans, and is thought to have evolved as a protective mechanism to help organisms respond quickly to potential threats. In addition to the muscle contraction, the startle response may also include other physiological changes such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

The Balkan Peninsula, also known as the Balkans, is a geographical region located in southeastern Europe. It is surrounded by the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the southwest, the Aegean Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east. The peninsula is made up of several countries including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and parts of Greece and Romania.

The Balkan Peninsula has a diverse landscape with mountain ranges, rivers, and coastlines. It is home to a variety of cultures, languages, and religions, making it a unique and complex region in Europe. The term "Balkanization" was coined based on the political fragmentation that occurred in this region during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.

In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Veterans disability claims refer to the requests for benefits filed by veterans who have disabilities as a result of their military service. These benefits are provided through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the United States.

A veteran must be able to provide evidence of a current physical or mental disability, and a link between that disability and an injury, illness, or event that occurred during their military service. The VA then rates the severity of the disability on a scale from 0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10, with a higher rating indicating a more severe disability.

The VA uses this disability rating to determine the amount of compensation the veteran is entitled to receive. Benefits may also include medical treatment and vocational rehabilitation services. Veterans can appeal the decision if they disagree with the disability rating or the denial of their claim.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.

Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.

There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.

In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. It involves the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of an individual's health. Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness, it also includes positive characteristics such as resilience, happiness, and having a sense of purpose in life.

It is important to note that mental health can change over time, and it is possible for an individual to experience periods of good mental health as well as periods of poor mental health. Factors such as genetics, trauma, stress, and physical illness can all contribute to the development of mental health problems. Additionally, cultural and societal factors, such as discrimination and poverty, can also impact an individual's mental health.

Mental Health professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and other mental health counselors use different tools and techniques to evaluate, diagnose and treat mental health conditions. These include therapy or counseling, medication, and self-help strategies.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Dreams are a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. They can be vivid or vague, positive or negative, and may involve memories, emotions, and fears. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. While the exact purpose and function of dreams remain a topic of debate among researchers, some theories suggest that dreaming may help with memory consolidation, problem-solving, emotional processing, and learning.

Dreams usually occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, although they can also happen in non-REM stages. They are typically associated with complex brain activities, involving areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and the neocortex. The content of dreams can be influenced by various factors, including a person's thoughts, experiences, emotions, physical state, and environmental conditions.

It is important to note that dreaming is a natural and universal human experience, and understanding dreams can provide insights into our cognitive processes, emotional well-being, and mental health.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Military psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and psychological issues in military personnel. It involves providing care to active-duty military members, veterans, and their families who are experiencing problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and other psychological challenges related to combat or military life. Military psychiatrists also play a crucial role in developing policies and programs that promote mental health and resilience within the military community. They may serve in various settings, including military treatment facilities, deployed units, and veteran affairs medical centers.

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is not a medical term per se, but it is a government agency that provides medical care and benefits to veterans of the US armed forces. Here's the official definition from the VA's website:

"The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is an independent federal establishment charged with providing federal benefits, services, and healthcare to eligible United States veterans, their dependents, and certain other specified individuals."

The VA operates a vast network of medical centers, clinics, and benefits offices throughout the country, providing a range of services including medical treatment, long-term care, disability compensation, vocational rehabilitation, education assistance, home loan guarantees, and life insurance.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), an Adjustment Disorder is a mental health condition that occurs as a reaction to a stressful life event or significant change. It is characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that cause distress and interfere with daily functioning, but do not meet the criteria for other more specific mental disorders.

The symptoms of an Adjustment Disorder typically develop within three months of the identified stressor and may include:

* Depressed mood
* Anxiety
* Irritability or anger
* Worrying
* Difficulty sleeping
* Loss of appetite
* Difficulty concentrating
* Physical symptoms, such as headaches or stomachaches

The symptoms must be out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor and may lead to significant impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning. The diagnosis is not given if the symptoms persist for more than six months after the stressor has ended.

There are several subtypes of Adjustment Disorders, including:

* Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
* Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety
* Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood
* Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct
* Adjustment Disorder with Emotional or Behavioral Symptoms Not Otherwise Specified

Treatment for Adjustment Disorders typically involves psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or solution-focused brief therapy, to help individuals develop coping skills and manage their symptoms. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to alleviate symptoms of anxiety or depression.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

"Military medicine" is a specific branch of medical practice that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries in military populations. It encompasses the provision of healthcare services to military personnel, both in peacetime and during times of conflict or emergency situations. This may include providing care in combat zones, managing mass casualties, delivering preventive medicine programs, conducting medical research, and providing medical support during peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance efforts. Military medicine also places a strong emphasis on the development and use of specialized equipment, techniques, and protocols to ensure the best possible medical care for military personnel in challenging environments.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Police" is not a medical term. It refers to a civil force that maintains order, prevents and detects crime, and enforces laws. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like me to explain, please let me know!

In a medical or physiological context, "arousal" refers to the state of being awake and responsive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. Arousal levels can vary from low (such as during sleep) to high (such as during states of excitement or stress). In clinical settings, changes in arousal may be assessed to help diagnose conditions such as coma, brain injury, or sleep disorders. It is also used in the context of sexual response, where it refers to the level of physical and mental awareness and readiness for sexual activity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yugoslavia" is not a medical term. It refers to a country in southeastern Europe that existed from 1929 to 2006. The country was originally named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but it was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, it became a socialist federal republic. The country dissolved in the 1990s amidst political turmoil and ethnic conflict, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. I hope this clarifies things! If you have any other questions, please let me know.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).

In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).

PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.

The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.

Veterans Health, also known as Veterans Medical Care, refers to the healthcare services and benefits provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the United States. The VA operates one of the largest healthcare systems in the country, providing comprehensive medical care to eligible veterans. This includes hospital care, outpatient care, and long-term care, as well as mental health services, home health care, and geriatric and extended care services. Eligibility for VA healthcare is based on a variety of factors, including military service history, discharge status, income, and other criteria. The mission of Veterans Health is to provide high-quality, compassionate care to veterans in recognition of their service to the nation.

Grief is not strictly defined in medical terms, but it is generally described as the normal and natural response to the loss of someone or something that holds significant meaning to an individual. This emotional suffering can include feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, disbelief, yearning, and even physical symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. The process of grieving is unique to each person and may vary in duration and intensity based on factors like the nature of the loss, the relationship with what/who was lost, and individual coping mechanisms.

While not a medical condition itself, complicated grief can develop when intense feelings of grief persist for an extended period, typically more than six months, and interfere with daily functioning. Complicated grief may require professional intervention to help the person navigate through their loss and find healthy ways to cope.

Suicidal ideation is a medical term used to describe thoughts about, or an unusual preoccupation with, suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting thoughts, to extensive thoughts, to detailed planning, role playing, and incomplete attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to not complete or to be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death.

It's important to take any mention of suicide seriously and seek immediate help from a healthcare professional if someone is experiencing suicidal ideation. Mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and substance abuse are commonly associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts.

If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, please reach out to a mental health professional or trusted person immediately. In the US, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or use the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

A checklist is a type of tool used in various fields, including medicine, to ensure that all necessary steps or items are accounted for and completed in a systematic and standardized manner. It typically consists of a list of tasks or items that need to be checked off as they are finished. In a medical context, checklists can be used in a variety of settings such as surgery, patient care, and research to improve safety, reduce errors, and enhance the quality of care. They help to standardize processes, promote communication, and ensure that important steps are not overlooked.

Psychological models are theoretical frameworks used in psychology to explain and predict mental processes and behaviors. They are simplified representations of complex phenomena, consisting of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses that describe how various factors interact to produce specific outcomes. These models can be quantitative (e.g., mathematical equations) or qualitative (e.g., conceptual diagrams) in nature and may draw upon empirical data, theoretical insights, or both.

Psychological models serve several purposes:

1. They provide a systematic and organized way to understand and describe psychological phenomena.
2. They generate hypotheses and predictions that can be tested through empirical research.
3. They integrate findings from different studies and help synthesize knowledge across various domains of psychology.
4. They inform the development of interventions and treatments for mental health disorders.

Examples of psychological models include:

1. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, which posits that individual differences in personality can be described along five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, which suggests that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be changed through targeted interventions.
3. The Dual Process Theory of Attitudes, which proposes that attitudes are formed and influenced by two distinct processes: a rapid, intuitive process (heuristic) and a slower, deliberative process (systematic).
4. The Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping behavior.
5. The Attachment Theory, which describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly the parent-child relationship.

It is important to note that psychological models are provisional and subject to revision or replacement as new evidence emerges. They should be considered as useful tools for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena rather than definitive truths.

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), also known as Electrodermal Activity (EDA), is a physiological response that reflects the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It measures changes in the electrical properties of the skin, which are influenced by the sweat gland activity. GSR is often used as an indicator of emotional arousal or psychological stress in various research and clinical settings.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.

Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.

Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.

Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alcohol-related disorders are a category of mental disorders defined by a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The disorders include:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can be mild, moderate, or severe, and recovery is possible regardless of severity. The symptoms include problems controlling intake of alcohol, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky situations, or withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
2. Alcohol Intoxication: A state of acute impairment in mental and motor function caused by the recent consumption of alcohol. The symptoms include slurred speech, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, stupor, or coma. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory depression, hypothermia, or even death.
3. Alcohol Withdrawal: A syndrome that occurs when alcohol use is heavily reduced or stopped after prolonged and heavy use. The symptoms include autonomic hyperactivity, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, and grand mal seizures.
4. Other Alcohol-Induced Disorders: These include alcohol-induced sleep disorder, alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction, and alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder.

It is important to note that alcohol use disorders are complex conditions that can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and personal behavior. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use, it is recommended to seek professional help.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

"Mental recall," also known as "memory recall," refers to the ability to retrieve or bring information from your memory storage into your conscious mind, so you can think about, use, or apply it. This process involves accessing and retrieving stored memories in response to certain cues or prompts. It is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to remember and recognize people, places, events, facts, and experiences.

In the context of medical terminology, mental recall may be used to assess an individual's cognitive abilities, particularly in relation to memory function. Impairments in memory recall can be indicative of various neurological or psychological conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or amnesia.

A personality assessment is a systematic process used by healthcare professionals to evaluate and understand an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It typically involves the use of standardized measures, such as self-report questionnaires, interviews, and observational techniques, to gather information about an individual's personality traits, attitudes, values, and behaviors.

The goal of a personality assessment is to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of an individual's unique personality style, including their strengths, weaknesses, and potential vulnerabilities. This information can be useful in a variety of contexts, including clinical treatment planning, vocational counseling, and forensic evaluation.

It is important to note that personality assessments should always be conducted by qualified professionals with appropriate training and expertise in the use of these measures. Additionally, while personality assessments can provide valuable insights into an individual's personality style, they are not infallible and should always be considered alongside other sources of information when making important decisions about treatment or management.

"Battered Women" is a term used to describe women who have experienced repeated physical, emotional, sexual, or psychological abuse at the hands of an intimate partner. This pattern of behavior is often characterized by a power imbalance in the relationship, with the abuser using various tactics to control and intimidate the victim.

The term "battered" implies that the woman has been subjected to ongoing and severe violence, which can include punching, kicking, choking, burning, or use of weapons. Emotional abuse may involve threats, humiliation, isolation, or manipulation.

Battered women often experience a range of physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms as a result of the abuse, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain. They may also face significant barriers to seeking help, such as fear of retaliation from their abuser, shame, or lack of resources.

It is important to note that anyone can be a victim of domestic violence, regardless of gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status. However, women are disproportionately affected by intimate partner violence, and the term "battered women" is often used to describe this specific population.

"Extinction, Psychological" refers to the process by which a conditioned response or behavior becomes weakened and eventually disappears when the behavior is no longer reinforced or rewarded. It is a fundamental concept in learning theory and conditioning.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR). For example, if a person learns to associate a tone (CS) with a puff of air to the eye (US), causing blinking (CR), but then the tone is presented several times without the puff of air, the blinking response will become weaker and eventually disappear.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a reinforcer is no longer provided following a behavior, leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of that behavior. For example, if a child receives candy every time they clean their room (reinforcement), but then the candy is withheld, the child may eventually stop cleaning their room (extinction).

It's important to note that extinction can be a slow process and may require multiple trials or repetitions. Additionally, behaviors that have been extinguished can sometimes reappear in certain circumstances, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Spouse abuse, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior involving violence or threatened violence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and/or psychological abuse directed by an individual toward their current or former spouse or intimate partner. This can include physical harm, sexual assault, harassment, threats, intimidation, stalking, and various forms of controlling behaviors. Spouse abuse can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships and can affect individuals of any socioeconomic background, race, age, or education level. It is a serious public health issue and a violation of human rights.

Crisis intervention is a immediate, short-term emergency response to help individuals who are experiencing an acute distress or destabilizing event and are at risk of harm to themselves or others. The goal of crisis intervention is to restore equilibrium and ensure the person's safety, while also addressing any immediate needs or concerns. This may involve various strategies such as:

1. Psychoeducation: Providing information about the crisis situation, common reactions, and coping skills.
2. Emotional support: Offering a safe and non-judgmental space for the person to express their feelings and concerns.
3. Problem-solving: Helping the person identify potential solutions to the crisis situation and make informed decisions.
4. Safety planning: Developing a plan to ensure the person's safety and prevent future crises.
5. Referral: Connecting the person with appropriate resources and services for ongoing support and care.

Crisis intervention is often provided by mental health professionals, such as counselors, social workers, or psychologists, in various settings including hospitals, emergency departments, crisis hotlines, and community mental health centers.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to an association between them. This concept was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in his studies on classical conditioning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In classical conditioning, there are typically two types of stimuli involved: the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS). The US is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, known as the unconditioned response (UR), in an organism. For example, food is an US that triggers salivation, which is the UR, in dogs.

The NS, on the other hand, is a stimulus that does not initially trigger any response in the organism. However, when the NS is repeatedly paired with the US, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CR is similar to the UR but is triggered by the CS instead of the US.

For example, if Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (NS) just before presenting food (US) to a dog, the dog would eventually start salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) even when food was not presented. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning has been widely studied and is believed to play a role in various physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and emotion regulation. It has also been used in various applications, including behavioral therapy and advertising.

Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.

Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

"Gulf War" is not a medical term per se, but it does refer to a specific historical conflict with significant medical and health implications. Officially known as the Persian Gulf War, it was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. The war lasted from August 1990 to February 1991.

Medically, the term "Gulf War veterans" or "Gulf War illness" is used to describe a range of chronic symptoms and health conditions reported by veterans of this conflict. These symptoms can include fatigue, headaches, memory and concentration problems, muscle and joint pain, neurological issues, and other unexplained medical disorders. The exact cause of these conditions is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, with possible factors including exposure to depleted uranium, pesticides, nerve agents, and other chemical compounds during the war.

Psychotropic drugs, also known as psychoactive drugs, are a class of medications that affect the function of the central nervous system, leading to changes in consciousness, perception, mood, cognition, or behavior. These drugs work by altering the chemical neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood, thought, and behavior.

Psychotropic drugs can be classified into several categories based on their primary therapeutic effects, including:

1. Antipsychotic drugs: These medications are used to treat psychosis, schizophrenia, and other related disorders. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.
2. Antidepressant drugs: These medications are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some chronic pain conditions. They work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain, which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.
3. Mood stabilizers: These medications are used to treat bipolar disorder and other mood disorders. They help regulate the ups and downs of mood swings and can also be used as adjunctive treatment for depression and anxiety.
4. Anxiolytic drugs: Also known as anti-anxiety medications, these drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and insomnia. They work by reducing the activity of neurotransmitters such as GABA, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
5. Stimulant drugs: These medications are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They work by increasing the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

It is important to note that psychotropic drugs can have significant side effects and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.

Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.

Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Domestic violence is defined by the World Health Organization as:

"...a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abusive behaviors can include physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone."

It's important to note that domestic violence can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships, and it can affect people of any race, ethnicity, age, economic status, or level of education. Domestic violence is a pervasive global health problem that affects millions of individuals and families worldwide.

The MMPI, or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, is a psychological assessment tool that is widely used in clinical and research settings to help evaluate an individual's personality, emotional state, and behavior. It consists of a series of true-false questions that are designed to measure various aspects of an individual's psychological functioning, including their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

The MMPI was first developed in the 1930s and has undergone several revisions over the years. The current version, the MMPI-2, consists of 567 items and takes approximately 60-90 minutes to complete. The test is typically administered by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or counselor, who uses the results to help diagnose mental health conditions, develop treatment plans, and make recommendations about an individual's care.

It is important to note that while the MMPI can be a useful tool in assessing psychological functioning, it should not be used as the sole basis for making diagnostic or treatment decisions. It is typically used in conjunction with other assessment methods, such as clinical interviews and other tests, to provide a comprehensive picture of an individual's psychological state.

I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "war crimes" is a legal concept and does not fall under the category of medical definitions. War crimes are serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in armed conflicts. They include acts such as deliberate attacks on civilians or civilian infrastructure, torture, hostage-taking, and the use of weapons that cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Antidepressive agents are a class of medications used to treat various forms of depression and anxiety disorders. They act on neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers in the brain, to restore the balance that has been disrupted by mental illness. The most commonly prescribed types of antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These medications can help alleviate symptoms such as low mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is important to note that antidepressants may take several weeks to reach their full effectiveness and may cause side effects, so it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Persian Gulf Syndrome" is not a widely recognized or officially defined medical condition. The term has been used informally to describe various nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive problems, and muscle pain reported by some military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf region. However, these symptoms are common and can be caused by many different factors, so it's not clear that they are related to service in the Persian Gulf.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recognizes "Persian Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses" as a category of unexplained illnesses that some veterans of the 1990-1991 Gulf War experience. This includes conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and functional gastrointestinal disorders, among others. But it's important to note that these are recognized diseases with specific diagnostic criteria, not a single syndrome.

If you or someone else is experiencing persistent health issues that may be related to military service, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider. They can provide a thorough evaluation and help determine if the symptoms are related to service or some other cause.

Psychological tests are standardized procedures or measures used to assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive functioning, personality traits, emotional status, and behavior. These tests are designed to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating specific psychological constructs such as intelligence, memory, attention, achievement, aptitude, interests, and values. They can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observational scales, or performance-based tasks. The results obtained from these tests help mental health professionals make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment planning, and educational or vocational guidance for their clients. It is important to note that psychological tests should only be administered, scored, and interpreted by trained and qualified professionals to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Blast injuries are traumas that result from the exposure to blast overpressure waves, typically generated by explosions. These injuries can be categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries.

1. Primary Blast Injuries: These occur due to the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, which can cause barotrauma to organs with air-filled spaces such as the lungs, middle ear, and gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to conditions like pulmonary contusion, traumatic rupture of the eardrums, or bowel perforation.

2. Secondary Blast Injuries: These result from flying debris or objects that become projectiles due to the blast, which can cause penetrating trauma or blunt force injuries.

3. Tertiary Blast Injuries: These occur when individuals are thrown by the blast wind against solid structures or the ground, resulting in blunt force trauma, fractures, and head injuries.

4. Quaternary Blast Injuries: This category includes all other injuries or illnesses that are not classified under primary, secondary, or tertiary blast injuries. These may include burns, crush injuries, inhalation of toxic fumes, or psychological trauma.

It is important to note that blast injuries can be complex and often involve a combination of these categories, requiring comprehensive medical evaluation and management.

Bereavement is the state of loss or grief experienced when a person experiences the death of a loved one, friend, or family member. It is a normal response to the death of someone close and can involve a range of emotions such as sadness, anger, guilt, and anxiety. The grieving process can be different for everyone and can take time to work through. Professional support may be sought to help cope with the loss.

The gyrus cinguli, also known as the cingulate gyrus, is a structure located in the brain. It forms part of the limbic system and plays a role in various functions such as emotion, memory, and perception of pain. The gyrus cinguli is situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, adjacent to the corpus callosum, and curves around the frontal portion of the corpus callosum, forming a C-shaped structure. It has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain syndromes.

Serotonin uptake inhibitors (also known as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs) are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions.

SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, allowing more serotonin to be available in the synapse (the space between two neurons) for binding to postsynaptic receptors. This results in increased serotonergic neurotransmission and improved mood regulation.

Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). These medications are generally well-tolerated, with side effects that may include nausea, headache, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased anxiety or agitation. However, they can have serious interactions with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an SSRI.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Psychophysiologic Disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders, refer to a category of mental health conditions where psychological stress and emotional factors play a significant role in causing physical symptoms. These disorders are characterized by the presence of bodily complaints for which no physiological explanation can be found, or where the severity of the symptoms is far greater than what would be expected from any underlying medical condition.

Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include:

* Conversion disorder: where physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing occur in the absence of a clear medical explanation.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): where abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are thought to be caused or worsened by stress and emotional factors.
* Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES): where episodes that resemble epileptic seizures occur without any electrical activity in the brain.
* Chronic pain syndromes: where pain persists for months or years beyond the expected healing time, often accompanied by depression and anxiety.

The diagnosis of psychophysiologic disorders typically involves a thorough medical evaluation to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment usually includes a combination of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, stress management, and sometimes medication for co-occurring mental health conditions.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

In medical and psychological terms, "affect" refers to a person's emotional or expressive state, mood, or dispositions that are outwardly manifested in their behavior, facial expressions, demeanor, or speech. Affect can be described as being congruent or incongruent with an individual's thoughts and experiences.

There are different types of affect, including:

1. Neutral affect: When a person shows no apparent emotion or displays minimal emotional expressiveness.
2. Positive affect: When a person exhibits positive emotions such as happiness, excitement, or enthusiasm.
3. Negative affect: When a person experiences and displays negative emotions like sadness, anger, or fear.
4. Blunted affect: When a person's emotional response is noticeably reduced or diminished, often observed in individuals with certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia.
5. Flat affect: When a person has an almost complete absence of emotional expressiveness, which can be indicative of severe depression or other mental health disorders.
6. Labile affect: When a person's emotional state fluctuates rapidly and frequently between positive and negative emotions, often observed in individuals with certain neurological conditions or mood disorders.

Clinicians may assess a patient's affect during an interview or examination to help diagnose mental health conditions, evaluate treatment progress, or monitor overall well-being.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

In a medical or psychological context, guilt is not typically defined as it is a legal or moral term. However, guilt can be discussed in terms of its role in mental health and psychopathology.

Guilt is a cognitive-emotional experience that occurs when an individual believes they have violated their personal standards, values, or moral rules, resulting in harm to others or themselves. Excessive, persistent, or disproportionate guilt can be a symptom of various mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and personality disorders like borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

In some cases, guilt might contribute to the development or maintenance of psychological distress and impairment. It is essential to differentiate between adaptive guilt, which can motivate positive changes in behavior, and maladaptive guilt, which can lead to excessive self-blame, shame, and reduced self-esteem.

In summary, while there is no medical definition of 'guilt,' it is a psychological construct that can be relevant to mental health and psychopathology when experienced in an excessive, persistent, or disproportionate manner.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New York City" is not a medical term or concept. It's a city located in the state of New York, United States. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

"Rescue work" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, it generally refers to the actions and procedures taken to preserve life, prevent further harm, or provide emergency care to individuals who are in a situation of distress or danger, which may include natural disasters, accidents, or medical emergencies.

Healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, and emergency responders, may be involved in rescue work during mass casualty events, search and rescue missions, or other disaster response situations. The goal of rescue work is to stabilize patients and ensure their safety until they can receive further medical attention.

"Acute and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Spontaneous Abortion". American Family Physician. 61 (6): 1689-1696. ISSN 0002- ... Other serious consequences can develop including depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and somatoform ... Daugirdaitė, Viltė; Akker, Olga van den; Purewal, Satvinder (2015). "Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ... The effects of stress can complicate miscarriage. Miscarriage is a stressful event and because stress is a risk factor for ...
Creedy DK, Shochet IM, Horsfall J (June 2000). "Childbirth and the development of acute trauma symptoms: incidence and ... Its symptoms are not distinct from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It may also be called post-traumatic stress disorder ... Post-traumatic stress disorder, Maternal disorders predominantly related to pregnancy, Mental disorders associated with ... Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently given ...
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"Glucocorticoids for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias: a novel therapeutic approach." Eur J Pharmacol ... de Quervain et al., Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans. Nature ... implications for posttraumatic stress disorder." Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071: 216-20. de Quervain, D. J. (2008). "Glucocorticoid- ... When given a dosage of cortisol, patients with social phobia showed reduced fear when given a social stress test. Patients with ...
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Patients with acute myeloid leukemia experience post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms including intrusion, avoidance and ... Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prevalent in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. April 21, 2021. Colleen Moretti ... Patients with acute myeloid leukemia can experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) one month after receiving intensive ... Patients with acute myeloid leukemia experience post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms including intrusion, avoidance and ...
Acute and post-traumatic stress disorders are two conditions caused specifically by violence. These are severe disorders, with ... SERAFIM, Paula Maria and MELLO, Marcelo Feijó de. Acute and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental ... Keywords : Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Violence; Mental Health; Diagnosis; Therapeutics. · abstract in Portuguese , ... The most common traumatic events were hold-ups and kidnapping (adults) and murder of a relative and sexual abuse (children). ...
... other trauma-related disorders (acute and post-traumatic stress disorders) require the presence of certain traumatic stressors ... Adolescents may be at risk for other disorders. Acute Stress Disorder. · Direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic stressor ... acute and post-traumatic stress disorders January 15, 2022. /in Uncategorized /by admin. Home,Psychology homework help, ... Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. · Direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic stressor involving actual or threatened death, ...
... musculoskeletal disorders; ergonomics; acute traumatic injuries; indoor cold environments; carbon dioxide; job stress; language ... Health hazard evaluation report: health hazard evaluation of ergonomic risk factors, acute traumatic injuries, and occupational ... Region-2; Musculoskeletal-system; Musculoskeletal-system-disorders; Injuries; Injury-prevention; Traumatic-injuries; Accidents ... stress; Job-stress; Author Keywords: Food Service Contractors; New York; airline catering; ...
... is an article with 6 therapies of this psychological disease. ... Top 6 Therapies Of Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment. Post-traumatic stress is a disorder occurring when you feel ... There are recommended 6 therapies of acute post-traumatic stress disorder treatment, which include professional and normal ... Top 6 Therapies Of Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment. 1. Psychotherapy Treatment. ...
Brain structures associated with the bodys reaction to fear and stress can be seen in the... ... Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined as a pathological anxiety that usually occurs after an individual experiences ... What Do You Know About Post-traumatic Stress Disorder? * Psychiatry Fast Five Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Acute Stress ... Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. ...
... acute respiratory infections; vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles; post-traumatic stress disorders; malaria, dengue ...
Categories: Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Both acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder occur after trauma. The difference lies in when they develop and ... Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are similar mental health conditions that can develop after a ... Acute stress disorder (ASD) may develop after a traumatic event and can last up to one month. Heres what you need to know ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Learn more about whos most at ...
The Impact of Caregiver Distress on the Longitudinal Development of Child Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in ... The Impact of Caregiver Distress on the Longitudinal Development of Child Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in ... "The Impact of Caregiver Distress on the Longitudinal Development of Child Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in ... ANALYSIS of variance; CHILD health services; CHILDRENS injuries; POST-traumatic stress disorder in children; PSYCHOLOGY; ...
... indexes acute stress disorder (ASD) and (b) predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The ASDS is a 19-item inventory that ... The Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) is a self-report inventory that (a) ... is based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV, American Psyc … ... Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / diagnosis* * Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / psychology * Survivors / psychology ...
"Acute and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Spontaneous Abortion". American Family Physician. 61 (6): 1689-1696. ISSN 0002- ... Other serious consequences can develop including depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and somatoform ... Daugirdaitė, Viltė; Akker, Olga van den; Purewal, Satvinder (2015). "Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ... The effects of stress can complicate miscarriage. Miscarriage is a stressful event and because stress is a risk factor for ...
J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(Suppl 2):S8-S15. *Sayer NA, Cifu DX, McNamee S, et al. Rehabilitation needs of combat-injured ... The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently reported among military personnel, particularly those with combat-related ... Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(2):110-117. ...
A longitudinal fMRI investigation in acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Acta Radiol. 2016;57:1387-95. ... Unexpected circuit-level tradeoffs in human stress resilience. *Jennifer S. Stevens. ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-03141 & ... Neural circuits supporting stress resilience change over the course of recovery, and certain features are adaptive in some ... Stevens, J.S., Roeckner, A.R. Unexpected circuit-level tradeoffs in human stress resilience. Neuropsychopharmacol. 48, 234-235 ...
The MOVE Organization held a news conference earlier this week to provide an update on the health of its Minister of Communications Ramona Africa. She is the sole survivor of the May 13, 1985, MOVE Massacre. Ramona was unjustly charged and convicted of riot and conspiracy, and served seven years in prison. Ramona has been gravely ill for the past few months. Ramonas despicable insurance company is throwing her out of the hospital in a few days. Please help so she can survive, heal and regain her strength at home. A Go Fund Me account has been established. Please help ...
Kessler, SG, Coveart S. Evaluation of Benzodiazepines Use in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Presented by S. ... Risk of Acute Kidney Injury after Addition of Empagliflozin to Background Congestive Heart Failure Therapy in a Veteran ... Benzodiazepine use in patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. *Appropriate Dose Transition of Ticagrelor After 1 Year ... Benzodiazepine Utilization in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. *Veterans Transitioned from Three Times Daily to ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are also possible following exposure to chlorine gas. Twenty two percent of ... After transport to a local hospital, Joe was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS. Read more about his ... While there are no widely accepted medical treatment guidelines for acute chlorine exposure, mostly due to the rare nature of ... A number of health outcomes can occur for workers who survive the acute effects of chlorine gas. Reactive airway dysfunction ...
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) * PANS and PANDAS: Acute-Onset OCD in Children ... Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms, treatment, and self-help for PTSD ... Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms, treatment, and self-help for PTSD ... or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).. Of course, because its such a new virus, much remains unclear about the lasting ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often includes scary imagery and anxiety but not limited to sleep-wake transitions ... Noctural panic attacks (NPAs) involves fear and acute distress but lacks paralysis and dream imagery ... Thorpy, M.J. (ed.). (1990). Sleep paralysis. l Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Rochester, ... A., Sharpless, Brian (2016-11-15). Unusual and rare psychological disorders: a handbook for clinical practice and research. ...
COVID-19 pandemic in the Italian population: validation of a post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire and prevalence of ... 6 Post-traumatic stress disorder may occur, especially in healthcare workers and others with caring responsibilities.151643 ... Defining post-acute covid-19. In the absence of agreed definitions, for the purposes of this article we define post-acute covid ... Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. . Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA2020; doi: ...
... a common sleep disorder. Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. ... Acute insomnia is common. Common causes include stress at work, family pressures, or a traumatic event. It usually lasts for ... Sleep Disorders: In Depth (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) * Taking Z-drugs for Insomnia? Know the ... Insomnia is a common sleep disorder. If you have it, you may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. As a result ...
"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung injury: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study." Psychol Med. 2013 ... "Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors: a two-year longitudinal prospective study." Crit Care Med. 2014 Apr;42(4 ... "Factors associated with timing of initiation of physical therapy in patients with acute lung injury." J Crit Care. 2013 Dec;28( ... "Corticosteroids and transition to delirium in patients with acute lung injury." Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;42(6):1480-6. doi: ...
... stress symptoms and disorders and the importance of distinguishing between acute and long-term responses to traumatic events. ... Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Acute and Long-Term Responses to Trauma and Disaster, edited by Drs. Carol Fullerton and Robert ... Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. Combat exposure and PTSD among homeless ... Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Acute and Long-Term Responses to Trauma and Disaster provides clinicians, researchers, and ...
Many patients might need posttraumatic stress disorder treatment; are you ready to take on these complex cases? Test yourself ... What Do You Know About Post-traumatic Stress Disorder? * Psychiatry Fast Five Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Acute Stress ... Fast Five Quiz: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder * Psychiatry Fast Five Quiz: ... Clear memories, sometimes called flashbulb memories, are often experienced by people who survive or witness traumatic events, ...
... and acute anxiety; he was also manic depressive, and had post traumatic stress disorder. He was on quite a few medication to ... The official diagnosis is that I suffer from multiple personality disorder, schizophrenia, acute anxiety and manic depression. ... Not only was he diagnosed with schizophrenia, multiple personality disorder, ...
Then were talking about extreme diagnoses like PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress, depression. I mean we ... And this leads to a type of post-traumatic stress or acute stress from having experienced a violent event.. [Lower thirds] ... what we always do is try and take a notch down of the most acute needs. Thats our mandate in all settings. ...
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Acute Stress Disorder: Rates Following Different Types of Traumatic Events ... systematic review and metaanalysis was to describe rates of acute stress disorder following five different types of traumatic ... Managing post-traumatic stress reactions in the first few days after exposure to a potentially traumatic event in the course of ... Adherence to Psychological First Aid after Exposure to a Traumatic Event at Work among EMS Workers: A Qualitative Study ...
  • Patients with acute myeloid leukemia can experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) one month after receiving intensive chemotherapy and may benefit from supportive approach-oriented coping interventions, according to data published in Cancer . (curetoday.com)
  • Previously, there have been limited data regarding PTSD symptoms among patients with acute myeloid leukemia, which is a life-threatening illness. (curetoday.com)
  • The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version was used to assess PTSD symptoms one month after receiving a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. (curetoday.com)
  • The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are different among other people. (vkool.com)
  • PTSD often develops following the traumatic events threatening one's safety thereby making him feel helpless. (vkool.com)
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome resulting from exposure to real or threatened serious injury or sexual assault. (medscape.com)
  • One cannot diagnose PTSD until one month has passed since the traumatic incident. (medscape.com)
  • Acute Stress Disorder vs. PTSD: What's the Difference? (healthline.com)
  • This new condition had similar diagnostic criteria to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - with a few key differences. (healthline.com)
  • PTSD is diagnosed 30 days after a traumatic event or later. (healthline.com)
  • The APA created the diagnosis, in fact, to help identify when people had a higher chance of developing PTSD after a traumatic event so they could access support and treatment sooner. (healthline.com)
  • Still, traumatic events aren't the only cause of ASD and PTSD. (healthline.com)
  • In fact, most people will live through at least one traumatic event in their life, but only 1% to 37% will experience PTSD. (healthline.com)
  • While certain traumatic events don't seem to cause one condition more than the other, 2017 research does suggest a stronger link between certain types of trauma, such as direct violence and sexual assault, and PTSD. (healthline.com)
  • The Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) is a self-report inventory that (a) indexes acute stress disorder (ASD) and (b) predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (nih.gov)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently reported among military personnel, particularly those with combat-related injury. (health.mil)
  • 5 hypothesized multiple etiologies for the relationship between combat-related injury and PTSD, including increased levels of perceived threat to life and peritraumatic dissociation (i.e., feeling emotionally numb or separated from a traumatic event) among injured relative to non-injured personnel. (health.mil)
  • A longitudinal fMRI investigation in acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (nature.com)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are also possible following exposure to chlorine gas. (cdc.gov)
  • As a "long hauler", you may also suffer changes in your mood, most commonly exhibiting symptoms of anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (helpguide.org)
  • Individual chapters go beyond PTSD to examine other posttraumatic disorders and responses, the mechanisms of transmission of posttraumatic stress, and its effects on behavior and health in natural and societal disasters and traumas, including war. (appi.org)
  • Acute to chronic: etiology and pathophysiology of PTSD-a biopsychological approach. (appi.org)
  • Clear memories, sometimes called flashbulb memories, are often experienced by people who survive or witness traumatic events, and are normal for many patients with PTSD and should be considered a symptom but not a risk factor per se. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists and clinicians recognized that a small number of people exposed to the stress of various natural disasters, such as fires, hurricanes, and floods, could develop psychological sequelae such as major depression, chronic anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (cdc.gov)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) all bear the core symptom of anxiety and are separately classified in the new DSM-5 system. (frontiersin.org)
  • The previous Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) system classified all the following as anxiety disorders, namely panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobic disorders (i.e., social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobias, and agoraphobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). (frontiersin.org)
  • according to the new DSM-5 system, PTSD and OCD are no longer included in the anxiety disorder category. (frontiersin.org)
  • Medication and psychotherapy have both shown a documented effect on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental disorder, which is triggered by an extremely traumatic or stressful event [1, 2]. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • First " PTSD " and post-traumatic stress disorder [MeSH Terms] were combined with OR. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • We included randomised clinical trials evaluating the outcome of a trauma-focused psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy (PE), cognitive processing therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), or narrative exposure therapy or stress management compared with treatment by sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine or venlafaxine, or combinations of these, to reduce PTSD symptoms in adults. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • We included participants exposed to a traumatic event as specified in the PTSD diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) versions DSM-3, DSM-4 and DSM-5 and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) versions ICD-10 or ICD-11. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • Financial stress looks too much like PTSD. (salon.com)
  • These symptoms are just a handful that might be attributed to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). (salon.com)
  • Remarkably, we have found that another type of trauma, Acute Financial Stress (AFS), results in the same cluster of symptoms as PTSD. (salon.com)
  • Many people experience severe stress reactions immediately after a crisis which may not always lead to mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety. (who.int)
  • Crisis Intervention in getting into focus by media as natural disasters, wars and catastrophies are unfortunately getting more and more common, different questions are raised regarding their efficacy particularly as a preventive measure against Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD. (ispub.com)
  • While there is no one single model of crisis intervention, there is common agreement on the general principles to be employed by EMH practitioners to alleviate the acute distress of victims, to restore independent functioning and to prevent or mitigate the aftermath of psychological trauma and PTSD. (ispub.com)
  • An inescapable reality is that not everyone exposed to a traumatic event develop PTSD. (ispub.com)
  • Review a normal stress response and the criteria for Acute Stress Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex PTSD. (aacc.net)
  • Acute stress disorder is often confused with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Although they have many similarities, sorting out the differences between acute stress disorder vs. PTSD comes down to specific symptoms and timelines. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • PTSD develops at least one month after a traumatic incident. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Stress modifies nociception, and humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit co-morbid chronic pain and amygdala dysregulation. (nature.com)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder , [1] commonly called PTSD, is a multifaceted mental illness encompassing various types and symptoms. (healthcanal.com)
  • Of all the mental health disorders, PTSD may very well be one the most prevalent. (healthcanal.com)
  • Acute stress disorder, or ASD, is a type of PTSD that occurs within one month of the traumatic event. (healthcanal.com)
  • One of the key differences in an individual being able to overcome acute stress disorder and PTSD is having social support. (lifeusa.org)
  • While there is some evidence that preexisting conditions related to social supports, history, childhood experiences, personality variables, and preexisting medical disorders can factor in the diagnosis of PTSD, exposure to trauma is the most important feature in the development of PTSD. (hhs.gov)
  • This type of stress may snowball and impact your everyday life - perhaps even leading to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . (psychcentral.com)
  • The primary distinction between ASR and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is time: Up to one month of symptoms related to a traumatic event is classified as ASR , while over one month of symptoms is classified as PTSD . (mayoclinic.org)
  • ASR is the acute period, while PTSD has similar, more-prolonged symptoms. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Participants review the many causes of critical incident stress (CIS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including major catastrophes, violent situations and hazardous exposures. (whsc.on.ca)
  • Only a minority of victims of traumatic events have sufficient symptoms to fulfill the diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder (ASD) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (medscape.com)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reactions after an overwhelming traumatic event. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Specific disorders include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This guideline covers recognising, assessing and treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children, young people and adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with acute myeloid leukemia experience post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms including intrusion, avoidance and hypervigilance one month after diagnosis. (curetoday.com)
  • Hopefully this work will encourage patients to speak up when they are having a traumatic reaction or symptoms as part of their cancer treatment….Also that they know that clinicians and researchers like myself are trying to really understand what these struggles are to hopefully develop interventions to help patients through them. (curetoday.com)
  • Adjustment disorders often involve mood or behavioral changes, including symptoms of anxiety or depression. (topnursingessay.com)
  • If you are suffering from the obsession of fear and sadness from traumatic events, let read the article to understand these symptoms more and how to deal with them. (vkool.com)
  • Acute stress disorder, which has similar symptoms, is diagnosed during the first month. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] requires a certain type and level of traumatic event, a combination of required symptoms, and the absence of exclusionary criteria. (medscape.com)
  • This group of symptoms involves avoiding reminders of the traumatic event. (healthline.com)
  • The Impact of Caregiver Distress on the Longitudinal Development of Child Acute Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Pediatric Injury Victims. (omeka.net)
  • Different studies have varied wildly in their results, but a recent study estimates that about 30 percent of patients who had acute COVID-19 may be affected by lingering symptoms such as depression, fatigue, and sleep problems. (helpguide.org)
  • In the absence of agreed definitions, for the purposes of this article we define post-acute covid-19 as extending beyond three weeks from the onset of first symptoms and chronic covid-19 as extending beyond 12 weeks. (bmj.com)
  • Duration of oral endotracheal intubation is associated with dysphagia symptoms in acute lung injury patients. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung injury: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Although most individuals experience only transitory posttraumatic symptoms, others experience the effects of the disaster long after the traumatic event when new experiences remind them of the past. (appi.org)
  • This timely book incorporates DSM-IV criteria and the new diagnostic category acute stress disorder, which emphasizes the breadth of posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorders and the importance of distinguishing between acute and long-term responses to traumatic events. (appi.org)
  • Psychological First Aid (PFA) is a promising early intervention for managing mental health symptoms and providing psychosocial support after exposure to a traumatic event (TE) among high-risk organizations such as Emergency Medical Service (EMS). (researchgate.net)
  • A significant negative correlation with anxiety symptoms is observed for GMV in left hypothalamus in three disorder groups. (frontiersin.org)
  • EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. (emdria.org)
  • Early intervention with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to reduce the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in recent rape victims: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (emdria.org)
  • Emergency room intervention to prevent post concussion-like symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. (emdria.org)
  • See Pediatric Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the signs and symptoms of TBI, determine the type and severity of injury, and initiate appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Learn more about acute stress disorder symptoms, causes and different treatment options and discover how to get the help you need. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • The acute stress disorder definition refers to the cluster of symptoms that may result in response to one's exposure to trauma. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • While these symptoms may cause significant impairment, they do not exceed longer than a month after the traumatic incident. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Acute stress disorder occurs within 30 days of a traumatic event, and symptoms last anywhere from three days to four weeks. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • There are several acute stress disorder symptoms. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Mental health professionals provide an acute stress disorder diagnosis when individuals experience exposure to trauma and have the presence of at least nine symptoms from any of the five categories (avoidance, arousal, dissociative, numbness, distress). (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • You may be diagnosed with ASD when these symptoms persist within one month of a traumatic experience. (healthcanal.com)
  • Conversely, the term indicates that the symptoms are primarily related to the traumatic event and its aftermath. (healthcanal.com)
  • An official diagnosis requires that symptoms be present for more than 1 month, before which a differential diagnosis of acute stress disorder may be made (APA, 2005). (hhs.gov)
  • Case studies are used to illustrate the development and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. (esg.de)
  • As mentioned in this true anecdote, exposure to traumatic events not only may cause physical injury but also may affect a patient psychologically, causing acute traumatic stress symptoms. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Victims of such disasters, along with those who love them, are vulnerable to considerable emotional turmoil and a variety of symptoms after a traumatic event and the loss of loved ones. (medscape.com)
  • The second criterion is the presence of at least 9 of 14 symptoms from any of 5 categories-intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal-beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors also check to see whether symptoms could result from use of a drug or another disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Insomnia can be acute (short-term) or chronic (ongoing). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neurobiological scientists (such as psychologists with expertise on the psychophysiology of chronic stress and resulting health effects), neurobehavioral toxicologists, neuropsychologists, and psychiatric or psychological epidemiologists. (cdc.gov)
  • To examine what is known about the potential effects of possible chronic stress on public health. (cdc.gov)
  • Some studies provided information on possible chronic stress occurring in communities near hazardous waste sites. (cdc.gov)
  • and whether neurobehavioral disorders caused by chronic low-dose exposure to neurotoxicants, which may manifest as psychological distress, are a public health phenomenon near hazardous waste sites. (cdc.gov)
  • or chronic exposure, as in residence near a leaking hazardous waste site can cause people to experience psychological uncertainty, worry, and chronic stress. (cdc.gov)
  • Some postulate that the chronic stress documented to occur in some communities near hazardous waste sites could possibly lead to an array of biopsychosocial effects, including physical health effects from chronic stress (possible health outcomes affected by stress include cardiovascular, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin), increases in the prevalence of certain psychological disorders, and social disruption. (cdc.gov)
  • The comparison revealed biological signs of chronic stress consisting of increased blood pressure (elevations were subclinical) and higher than normal levels of urinary cortisol and norepinephrine metabolites. (cdc.gov)
  • Baum and colleagues then looked for this same chronic stress response in a community located near a leaking hazardous waste site and found similar results. (cdc.gov)
  • How the body responds to stressful situations or events is explored in terms of acute and chronic health effects. (whsc.on.ca)
  • This guideline sets out an antimicrobial prescribing strategy for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (bvsalud.org)
  • Other serious consequences can develop including depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and somatoform disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. (appi.org)
  • Baum and colleagues (18) found indicators of psychophysiological effects from stress, including elevated levels of psychological distress, perceived threat, subclinical anxiety disorders, and depression in many of the community members they surveyed at TMI as compared with controls. (cdc.gov)
  • They can also help people manage related mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It appears that financial stress is killing us on par with the Great Depression, and there's data to prove it. (salon.com)
  • The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. (emdria.org)
  • According to the World Health Organization, it is part of the top eight mental health disorders , [2] alongside depression [3] and bipolar disorder. (healthcanal.com)
  • Though acute stress disorder is temporary and often disappears after 3 months, it can lead to larger more precarious conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder, long-term anxiety, and depression. (lifeusa.org)
  • Peach and his team discovered that many patients experience things like anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep disturbances after leaving the ICU. (ucf.edu)
  • As you will see in the next section, in contrast to an AD diagnosis that involves exposure to stressors that range in their level of severity, other trauma-related disorders (acute and post-traumatic stress disorders) require the presence of certain traumatic stressors (see Table 5.1 ). (topnursingessay.com)
  • Senior Whole Health has adopted the guideline for Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents from the Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (molinahealthcare.com)
  • By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate. (bvsalud.org)
  • Normal stress responses are a natural reaction to a traumatic event such as a severe accident, injury, or illness. (healthcanal.com)
  • Acute stress disorder, which can be diagnosed just days after a disturbing event, is a short-term reaction to trauma. (childmind.org)
  • Sudden emotional or physical reaction when reminded of the most hurtful or traumatic events (Zimmerman et al. (hhs.gov)
  • This module addresses everyday stress, the differentiation from an acute stress reaction and the symptomatology of post-traumatic stress disorder. (esg.de)
  • They experience their own stress reaction in an experiment. (esg.de)
  • Known as acute stress disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) and acute stress reaction (ASR) by the International Classification of Diseases Revision 10 (ICD-10), this trauma may affect patients' mental health. (mayoclinic.org)
  • When you think about it, if any of us goes through a traumatic event, we're going to have a reaction - could be trouble sleeping or completing simple daily activities, waking up with nightmares, or feeling on edge that someone's going to attack," says Jennifer M. Schofield, L.I.C.S.W., M.S.W., a social worker at Mayo Clinic's campus in Rochester, Minnesota. (mayoclinic.org)
  • There is no correlation between the severity of the injury and one's potential for acute stress reaction or even long-term post-traumatic stress disorder," says Denise B. Klinkner, M.D., M.Ed. , Mayo Clinic level 1 pediatric trauma medical director. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Acute stress disorder is an intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reaction beginning shortly after an overwhelming traumatic event and lasting less than a month. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After transport to a local hospital, Joe was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS. (cdc.gov)
  • Distorted thoughts, emotional distress, and the body under constant siege by toxic stress hormones. (salon.com)
  • The combination of any of these incidents can result in significant distress, which can lead to the development of acute stress disorder. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • The goal of the study is to to better understand the long-term complications of COVID-19 respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after leaving the ICU and develop interventions that will improve patients' recovery. (ucf.edu)
  • The degree of distress following a traumatic event in people with acute stress disorder tends to be greater than that experienced in people with an adjustment disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with acute stress disorder develop acute stress reactions that appear within a month of their exposure to a traumatic event. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These are severe disorders, with deep biological, psychological and social effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • This time, VKool.com wants to supply the information of post-traumatic stress disorder treatment, a psychological disease occurring after a traumatic event. (vkool.com)
  • Miscarriage has an emotional effect and can also lead to psychological disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation , psychological stress , or abnormal sleep cycles . (wikipedia.org)
  • She is a Fellow of the American Orthopsychiatric Association and a Member of the American Psychological Association and the International Society for Traumatic Stress studies. (appi.org)
  • Consistent with the formulations of Caplan , crisis intervention may be thought of as urgent and acute psychological intervention. (ispub.com)
  • NOTE: Concepts of psychological resilience vary across disciplines with investigations addressing various outcomes ranging from reported levels of stress, burnout, compassion fatigue, and general indicators of well-being. (cdc.gov)
  • With the CHARLY interactive e-learning training platform, soldiers train to successfully cope with psychological stress resulting from deployment. (esg.de)
  • Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors: a two-year longitudinal prospective study. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Now, we know from other epidemics, like the SARS epidemic back in 2000, that people who have trauma exposure in infectious disease epidemics do, for a portion of them, develop long-term complications and post-traumatic stress disorder, which we know is linked to both heart disease and increased mortality down the line. (wvtf.org)
  • Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to predator odor stress in a conditioned place avoidance paradigm and indexed for high (Avoiders) and low (Non-Avoiders) avoidance of predator odor-paired context, or were unstressed Controls. (nature.com)
  • Lesser cases include long-term drug and alcohol dependency to mitigate the internal suffering, anxiety attacks, avoidance of certain places or things to prevent triggering a traumatic memory. (lifeusa.org)
  • An adjustment disorder (AD) occurs when someone has difficulty coping with or adjusting to a specific life stressor-the reactions to the stressor are disproportionate to the severity or intensity of the event or situation. (topnursingessay.com)
  • Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are similar mental health conditions that can develop after a traumatic event. (healthline.com)
  • ASD occurs within 3-30 days of a traumatic event . (healthline.com)
  • This event is often considered to be identical to the death of a child and has been described as traumatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Not only does miscarriage tend to be a traumatic event, women describe their treatment afterwards to be worse than the miscarriage itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common causes include stress at work, family pressures, or a traumatic event. (medlineplus.gov)
  • and those who experienced dissociation at the time of the traumatic event. (medscape.com)
  • Managing post-traumatic stress reactions in the first few days after exposure to a potentially traumatic event in the course of one's work remains a challenge for first responder organizations such as Emergency Medical Services (EMS). (researchgate.net)
  • These can manifest as intrusive memories of the traumatic event, such as flashbacks or nightmares. (healthcanal.com)
  • Forget essential parts of the traumatic event. (healthcanal.com)
  • This can also occur simply by witnessing another person go through a traumatic event. (lifeusa.org)
  • Signs children might need help recovering from a traumatic event include problems with eating, sleeping, anger and attention. (childmind.org)
  • Many people will experience a traumatic event at some point in their life, but most don't learn how to cope with trauma. (psychcentral.com)
  • While these tips can't "treat" trauma, they can help you deal with stress after a traumatic event occurs. (psychcentral.com)
  • You may feel the need to be alone after you experience a traumatic event. (psychcentral.com)
  • Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event will develop ASR , as each person experiences trauma differently. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders result from exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is not always easy to distinguish between normal adaptive stress, adjustment disorders, and depressive and anxiety disorders. (topnursingessay.com)
  • However, until recently very few studies have attempted to determine the differences between these anxiety disorders from a neuroimaging perspective. (frontiersin.org)
  • The most common traumatic events were hold-ups and kidnapping (adults) and murder of a relative and sexual abuse (children). (bvsalud.org)
  • With these therapies, you can control the fear or obsession of your traumatic events. (vkool.com)
  • She received the Meritorious Service Medal (1990) for her consultation and research to the Sioux City, Iowa, United plane crash of 1989 and the Exceptional Service Medal (1993) from USUHS for research and consultation on disaster and traumatic events. (appi.org)
  • Effects of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events on acute stress disorder: A case series. (emdria.org)
  • Three case reports illustrating the use of the protocol for recent traumatic events following the World Trade Center terrorist attack. (emdria.org)
  • Acute insomnia can be caused by stress and traumatic events. (achievesolutions.net)
  • Stress or traumatic events can cause the acute kind. (achievesolutions.net)
  • Active problem solving is the emphasis on restoring self-reliance in victims as an additional means to restore independent functioning and to address the aftermath of traumatic events. (ispub.com)
  • This W ebinar will review the neurobiology of the human stress response and how critical events can lead to the development of trauma disorders in some individuals. (aacc.net)
  • Identify best practices for intervention and social and spiritual support for those who have experienced traumatic events. (aacc.net)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder can develop after you experience or witness one or multiple traumatic events. (healthcanal.com)
  • It can develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events. (lifeusa.org)
  • Post-traumatic stress from traumatic events may also be less likely to develop when individuals have and seek out positive sources of support. (psychcentral.com)
  • But for those who may not have the support to deal with traumatic events, they may develop something called acute stress or post-traumatic stress. (psychcentral.com)
  • It's an important step toward resolving the effects of traumatic events. (psychcentral.com)
  • All people experience traumatic events in their lives. (medscape.com)
  • The likelihood of developing acute stress disorder is greater when traumatic events are severe or recurrent. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We assessed whether social support was associated with knowledge of, independently associated with knowledge of, worry about, worry about, and attitudes towards AIDS and severe acute and attitudes toward AIDS and SARS in a representative respiratory syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the nature of (acute myeloid leukemia) patients have to make a lot of big decisions very quickly," Amonoo said. (curetoday.com)
  • 40% women) with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia who were enrolled in a supportive care trial. (curetoday.com)
  • Doctors may also refer to it as acute myeloid leukemia , acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, or acute granulocytic leukemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Based on the multi-dimensional model of emotionality in terms of affect, mood, feeling and sense, the writer tries to interpret and intervene with the emotionality of severe mental illnesses such as the blunt affect of schizophrenia, feelings of anger in major depressive disorder, a dissociative sense of fear in post-traumatic stress disorder and the lonely mood in borderline personality disorder. (novapublishers.com)
  • The American Psychiatric Association (APA) added acute stress disorder (ASD) to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) in 1994. (healthline.com)
  • The ASDS is a 19-item inventory that is based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. (nih.gov)
  • The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) , lists 5 specific diagnostic criteria for ASD. (medscape.com)
  • Post-traumatic stress is a disorder occurring when you feel stuck in the sense of painful memories or dangerous obsession after experiencing a traumatic though the feelings of sadness and anxiety are so normal. (vkool.com)
  • This therapy is the combination of exposure therapy and a range of eye movements in which the patients process their traumatic memories then change the ways to react to them in an optimistic trend. (vkool.com)
  • Overview of Dissociative Disorders Many people occasionally experience minor problems with a gap in their memories, perceptions, identity, and consciousness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In a prior investigation for the union, we examined work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), injuries, exposure to hot and cold temperatures, and job stress at a facility in Michigan. (cdc.gov)
  • In analyses by injury subtypes, musculoskeletal injuries were more strongly associated with abuse than were acute traumatic injuries. (cdc.gov)
  • Mental health professionals who specialize in other trauma-related disorders may also help. (healthcanal.com)
  • Corticosteroids and transition to delirium in patients with acute lung injury. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Factors associated with timing of initiation of physical therapy in patients with acute lung injury. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Acute and Long-Term Responses to Trauma and Disaster provides clinicians, researchers, and policy makers with an examination of current advances in research and treatment by recognized experts at the cutting edge of innovation. (appi.org)
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. (appi.org)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Medscape - Oct 25, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • EMDR after a critical incident: Treatment of a tsunami survivor with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. (emdria.org)
  • This response is normal as it helps you process and cope with the traumatic experience. (healthcanal.com)
  • His areas of clinical expertise include acute care surgery, trauma and critical care trauma. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Thus, despite these clinical similarities the potential neural mechanisms underlying these disorders might be different. (frontiersin.org)
  • Senior Whole Health has adopted the guideline for Anxiety/Panic Disorder from the American Psychiatric Association. (molinahealthcare.com)
  • Post-acute covid-19 ("long covid") seems to be a multisystem disease, sometimes occurring after a relatively mild acute illness. (bmj.com)
  • Hospitals are facing shortages across the care continuum, hindering the delivery of effective post-acute care and emergency treatment within the emergency department (ED). (healthleadersmedia.com)
  • Psychotherapy is a typical post-traumatic stress disorder treatment that is chosen by the professional. (vkool.com)
  • Jennifer is an approved instructor for the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation, teaching several CISM courses. (aacc.net)
  • Health hazard evaluation report: health hazard evaluation of ergonomic risk factors, acute traumatic injuries, and occupational exposures at an airline catering facility. (cdc.gov)
  • What is known about the long-term health effects of chronically increased stress among individuals living near hazardous waste sites? (cdc.gov)
  • It can be linked to long-term stress or emotional troubles. (achievesolutions.net)
  • Despite the mounting evidence highlights the need to address both acute and long-term mental health impact, challenge remained to elucidate the suitable timeframe for various MHPSS interventions [1]. (who.int)
  • Sexual abuse is a traumatic experience and causes long term mental illness. (antiessays.com)
  • Brain-based biotypes of psychiatric vulnerability in the acute aftermath of trauma. (nature.com)
  • AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults, and it happens when the bone marrow begins making myeloblasts, also called blasts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, of the forms of acute leukemia that affect adults, AML currently has the shortest length of survival. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If no workforce changes are made and other trends continue, there will only be about 14 psychiatrists per 100,000 American adults with mental illness and substance use disorders. (healthleadersmedia.com)
  • This guideline sets out an antimicrobial prescribing strategy for acute pyelonephritis (upper urinary tract infection) in children, young people and adults who do not have a catheter. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its cause is not well understood, but long-lasting stress, emotional upset, travel and shift work can be factors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, some may complain poor sleep quality, heightened suicidal risk and acute stress, and a minority may go on to develop mental health conditions [3]. (who.int)
  • It will also address treatment recommendations and building resilience for individuals who develop trauma and stress-related disorders. (aacc.net)
  • Acute stress disorder is a mental health condition that can develop in response to trauma experienced directly or indirectly. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • While it is impossible to determine who will or will not develop acute stress disorder, trauma is the defining, underlying factor that exists in all cases. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • A number of health outcomes can occur for workers who survive the acute effects of chlorine gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Protracted stress-related illnesses can occur as the result of mental stress during deployment. (esg.de)
  • Senior Whole Health has adopted the guideline for Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder from the The American Academy of Pediatrics. (molinahealthcare.com)
  • There are recommended 6 therapies of acute post-traumatic stress disorder treatment, which include professional and normal therapies. (vkool.com)
  • Causes include health conditions, medicines, sleep disorders and substance use. (achievesolutions.net)
  • Self-calming methods include active skills which help to reduce the vegetative over-excitement in an acute stress situation. (esg.de)
  • The participants practise communication - so that they can seek psychosocial support for themselves and also to be able to assist someone else in a mental stress situation by offering the opportunity to talk. (esg.de)