Swine Erysipelas
Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix
Acriflavine
Swine
Cellulitis
Erysipeloid
Lymphangitis
Pristinamycin
Humane endpoints in the efficacy testing of swine erysipelas vaccines. (1/14)
For licensing the efficacy of vaccines for veterinary use has to be demonstrated by well-controlled laboratory experiments in which vaccinated and untreated animals of the target species are challenged. Erysipelas challenge tests cause extreme suffering of the unprotected animals with high fever, apathy, large skin lesions, and even death. This paper describes a standardised procedure for the vaccination challenge test and gives due consideration to the welfare of the animals. By monitoring and using clinical signs observed during the test it is possible to minimise animal pain and distress, thus preventing unnecessary animal suffering. (+info)Detection of cytokine activated chondrocytes in arthritic joints from pigs infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. (2/14)
Chronic polyarthritis was induced in pigs by injection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and the in vivo activation of chondrocytes by cytokines was then investigated in the affected joints by immunocytochemistry. A polyclonal antiserum which recognises surface markers on in vitro interleukin 1 activated porcine chondrocytes was used to detect activated chondrocytes in all zones of the cartilage from diseased joints. In contrast, cartilage removed from an unaffected joint in the same animal showed no chondrocyte activation. Inflammatory synovial tissue removed from diseased joints and cocultured with cartilage from the unaffected joint induced activation of adjacent chondrocytes. The presence of interleukin 1 in the inflammatory cells of the synovium was confirmed and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens were detected as a marker of synovial activation. Chondrocytes were found not to express class II antigens in cartilage from either the diseased or the unaffected joint. These observations show that the porcine erysipelas model of arthritis will be useful in facilitating a novel approach to monitoring the behaviour of individual chondrocytes under pathophysiological conditions. (+info)Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing a recombinant antigen for detection of protective antibody against swine erysipelas. (3/14)
The specificities and sensitivities of five recombinant proteins of the surface protective antigen (SpaA) of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were examined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the aim of developing a reliable serological test for the detection of protective antibody against E. rhusiopathiae. Fully mature protein and the N-terminal 416 amino acids (SpaA416) showed sufficient antigenicities, and further examination was done with SpaA416 because of its higher yield. The antibody titers of pigs experimentally immunized with commercial live vaccine and two types of inactivated vaccines clearly increased after immunization, and all pigs were completely protected against challenge with virulent strains. On the other hand, the antibody titers of nonimmunized control pigs remained very low until they were challenged, and all showed severe symptoms or subsequently died. Interference with the production of antibody against live vaccine by maternal antibody or porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus infection 1 week after vaccination was also clearly detected. Because the ELISA titer correlated well with the protection results, the specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were further evaluated with sera collected from pigs reared on 1 farm on which animals had acute septicemia, 2 farms on which the animals were infected or free from infection, and 10 farms on which the animals were vaccinated with live vaccine, among others. The ELISA titers clearly revealed the conditions of the herds. These results indicate that the SpaA416 ELISA is an effective method not only for evaluating pigs for the presence of protective antibody levels resulting from vaccination or maternal antibody but also for detecting antibody produced by natural infection. This test has important potential for the effective control of swine erysipelas. (+info)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: genetic characterization of midwest US isolates and live commercial vaccines using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. (4/14)
This is the first report of molecular characterization of US erysipelas field isolates and vaccine strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Erysipelas in pigs is mainly caused by E. rhusiopathiae serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2. In 2001, erysipelas reemerged as a clinical problem in pigs in the midwestern United States. In this work 90 erysipelas isolates (58 recent and 28 archived field isolates as well as 4 live-vaccine strains) were genetically characterized. Because of the limited availability of antiserum, 74/90 isolates (44/58 recent isolates) were serotyped. The serotype of the majority (79.6%) of the 44 recent isolates tested was determined to be 1a, 13.6% were serotype 1b, and 6.8% of recent isolates were serologically untypeable. Among all 90 isolates, 23 different PFGE patterns were identified. There were 43 isolates identified as serotype 1a with 4 genetic patterns: 38/43, 1A(I); 3/43, 1A(III); 1/43, 1B(V); and 1/43, 3B. Sixteen serotype 1b isolates had 11 unique genetic patterns: 4/16 were genotype 1B(III), 2/16 were genotype 3A(I), and 1/16 was in genotype groups 1A(V), 1A(VI), 1A(VII), 1B(I), 1B(IV), 1B(VII), 2, 4, and 5. Six genetic patterns were distinguished among the 10 serotype 2 isolates: 1A(IV) (1/10), 1A(V) (1/10), 1B(VI) (1/10), 2 (4/10), 7 (1/10), and 8 (2/8). Erysipelas vaccine strains (modified live) were similar to each other but different from current field strains, sharing 78.6% identity with the most prevalent genotype 1A(I) based on the PFGE-SmaI pattern. Compared with serotyping, PFGE genotyping is a more distinguishing technique, easy to perform and not dependent on the limited availability of antiserum. (+info)Serotyping of 800 strains of Erysipelothrix isolated from pigs affected with erysipelas and discrimination of attenuated live vaccine strain by genotyping. (5/14)
Eight hundred Erysipelothrix strains isolated between 1992 and 2002 from swine with erysipelas in Japan were serotyped. Thirty-seven, 47, 73, and 643 strains were isolated from animals with acute septicemia, urticaria, chronic endocarditis, and chronic arthritis, respectively, of which 381, 146, 254, and 19 isolates belonged to serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2b and other serotypes, respectively. All serotype 1a isolates were further examined for acriflavine resistance and their genotypes to discriminate them from the attenuated live vaccine strain, defined as serotype 1a, which is resistant to 0.02% acriflavine and which shows low levels of pathogenicity in mice. Of the serotype 1a isolates, 64.6% were acriflavine resistant, with 98.4% of these acriflavine-resistant strains having been isolated from animals with chronic arthritis. By randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, almost all the acriflavine-resistant serotype 1a strains showed the 253-bp band characteristic of vaccine strains and were easily discriminated from all 113 strains of acriflavine-sensitive serotype 1a strains from animals with acute and subacute swine erysipelas. The incidence of acriflavine-resistant strains of the distinctive RAPD type 1-2 was markedly higher than that of the other RAPD types and serotypes. RAPD type 1-2 strains also included a specific group identifiable by restriction fragment length polymorphism DNA analysis. Furthermore, the pathogenicities of 29 isolates of RAPD type 1-2 for mice were lower than those of the 21 isolates of other RAPD types. Our results indicate that RAPD type 1-2 strains are live vaccine strains and that 37% of the cases of chronic swine erysipelas detected in the past 11 years in Japan have occurred as a side effect of live vaccine use. (+info)Development and validation of an immunohistochemical method for rapid diagnosis of swine erysipelas in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. (6/14)
The objective of the study was to develop an immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for rapid detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2 are most frequently associated with clinical disease in pigs. Antiserum against serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2 was produced in rabbits, pooled, and applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of pigs (lungs, heart, spleen, and skin). The results obtained with the IHC assay were compared with direct culture on tissue samples from experimentally inoculated pigs either treated (n = 6) with antibiotics or untreated (n = 8) as well as on samples from field cases (n = 170) submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Iowa State University. The agreement between direct culture and IHC staining was found to be substantial. The results of the present study indicate that the IHC assay is highly sensitive and specific in detecting E. rhusiopathiae antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Results indicated that the IHC is particularly useful in cases in which pigs had been treated with antibiotics prior to submission and in which direct cultures of organs were negative. In addition, the IHC was found to be useful for detection of E. rhusiopathiae antigen in skin lesions, which are often culture negative. (+info)Characterization of Erysipelothrix species isolates from clinically affected pigs, environmental samples, and vaccine strains from six recent swine erysipelas outbreaks in the United States. (7/14)
(+info)Erysipelothrix spp. genotypes, serotypes, and surface protective antigen types associated with abattoir condemnations. (8/14)
The objective of the current study was to investigate characteristics of Erysipelothrix spp. from slaughter condemnations. Specimens from 70 carcasses with lesions suspect for swine erysipelas were collected at an abattoir in Iowa from October 2007 to February 2009. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from 59 of 70 carcasses (84.3%). Abattoir inspectors classified lesions as acute, subacute, or chronic; 8 of 8 (100%) were acute cases, 31 of 32 (96.9%) were subacute cases, and 20 of 30 (66.6%) were chronic cases that were isolation positive. The following serotypes were identified: 1a (40.7%; 24/59), 2 (49.2%; 29/59), 7 (1/59), 10 (1/59), 11 (1/59), and untypeable (5.1%; 3/59). Serotypes 1a and 2 were identified in pigs with acute, subacute, or chronic clinical manifestations, whereas serotypes 7, 10, and 11 were only present in chronic cases. Fifty-seven of the 59 isolates were determined to belong to E. rhusiopathiae, and 2 of 59 of the isolates were determined to be E. tonsillarum by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Surface protective antigen (spa) A was detected in all E. rhusiopathiae isolates but not in E. tonsillarum serotypes 7 and 10. The results of the present study indicate that E. rhusiopathiae serotypes 1a and 2 continue to be commonly isolated from condemned pig carcasses and that spaA is the exclusive spa type in U.S. abattoir isolates. Interestingly, E. tonsillarum, thought to be avirulent for swine, was isolated from systemic sites from 3.4% of the carcasses that were negative for E. rhusiopathiae, indicating the potential importance of this genotype in erysipelas pathogenesis. (+info)Swine Erysipelas is a bacterial disease in pigs, caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The disease is characterized by sudden onset, high fever, lethargy, skin lesions (typically raised, red, and firm), and lameness. It can also cause endocarditis, which can lead to heart failure. The bacteria can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their meat, but human cases are rare and usually result in only mild symptoms. In pigs, the disease can be prevented through vaccination.
Erysipelas is a skin infection characterized by the rapid onset of sharply demarcated, raised, and indurated (hardened) red plaques or patches with surrounding edema (swelling). It is typically caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (\*Streptococcus pyogenes*). The infection involves the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, resulting in painful, tender, warm, and erythematous (red) lesions. Erysipelas can also present with fever, chills, malaise, and generalized fatigue. Common sites for this infection include the face and lower extremities. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection and supportive care to manage symptoms. If left untreated, erysipelas can lead to severe complications such as sepsis or necrotizing fasciitis.
Erysipelothrix is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on the skin and mucous membranes of animals such as fish, birds, and swine. The bacteria are named after the disease they cause, erysipelas, which is a type of skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and fever.
Erysipelothrix species are small, non-sporeforming rods that can be difficult to visualize using standard Gram staining techniques. They are catalase-negative and oxidase-negative, and they can grow on a variety of media at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 45°C.
There are two species of Erysipelothrix that are clinically significant: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix insidiosa. E. rhusiopathiae is the more common cause of human infections, which typically occur after exposure to contaminated animals or animal products. The bacteria can enter the body through cuts, abrasions, or other breaks in the skin, and can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, including cellulitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and arthritis.
Erysipelothrix infections are treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin. Prevention measures include wearing protective clothing and gloves when handling animals or animal products, practicing good hygiene, and seeking prompt medical attention if a wound becomes infected.
Erysipelothrix infections are caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which can infect both humans and animals. This type of infection is most commonly seen in people who handle animals or animal products, such as farmers, veterinarians, and fish processing workers.
The two main types of Erysipelothrix infections are erysipeloid and septicemia. Erysipeloid is a localized skin infection that typically affects the hands and fingers, causing symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, and warmth. Septicemia, on the other hand, is a more serious systemic infection that can affect multiple organs and cause symptoms such as fever, chills, muscle pain, and weakness.
Erysipelothrix infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin. In severe cases of septicemia, hospitalization may be necessary to receive intravenous antibiotics and other supportive care. Prevention measures include wearing gloves and protective clothing when handling animals or animal products, practicing good hygiene, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms develop.
Acriflavine is an antiseptic and disinfectant substance that has been used in dermatology and veterinary medicine. Its chemical name is trypaflavine, and it is a mixture of basic dyes with the ability to interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Acriflavine has shown antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, although its use in human medicine has been limited due to its potential toxicity and staining effects on tissues. It is still used in some topical preparations for the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Cellulitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) and surrounding soft tissues. It's typically caused by bacteria, most commonly group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.
The affected area often becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful, and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. Cellulitis can spread rapidly and potentially become life-threatening if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have this condition. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, rest, elevation of the affected limb (if applicable), and pain management.
Erysipeloid is a superficial bacterial infection of the skin, characterized by sharply demarcated, raised, and indurated (hardened) lesions that are red or purple in color. It is caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which is commonly found in animals such as pigs, sheep, goats, and poultry.
The infection typically occurs through direct contact with contaminated animal products, such as meat, hides, or bones, or through wounds on the skin that come into contact with the bacteria. Erysipeloid is not typically transmitted from person to person.
Symptoms of erysipeloid include fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes in addition to the characteristic skin lesions. The infection can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, and typically resolves within a few days to a week. Prevention measures include wearing protective gloves when handling contaminated animal products and practicing good hygiene.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
Lymphangitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the lymphatic vessels, which are the tubular structures that transport lymph fluid from various tissues to the bloodstream. This condition typically occurs as a complication of a bacterial or fungal skin infection that spreads to the nearby lymphatic vessels.
The inflammation in lymphangitis can cause symptoms such as red streaks along the affected lymphatic vessels, swelling, warmth, and pain. Fever, chills, and fatigue may also accompany these localized symptoms. In severe cases, lymphangitis can lead to more widespread infection, sepsis, or abscess formation if left untreated.
The diagnosis of lymphangitis typically involves a physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood cultures or skin lesion cultures to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eradicate the infection, along with supportive care such as warm compresses, elevation, and pain management. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain any abscesses that have formed.
Pristinamycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the streptogramin class. It is composed of two components, pristinamycin I and pristinamycin IIA, which work synergistically to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Pristinamycin is primarily used in the treatment of severe skin and soft tissue infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). It is important to note that pristinamycin's use is more common in European countries than in the United States.
Penicillin V, also known as Penicillin V Potassium, is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to the class of medications called penicillins, which work by interfering with the bacteria's ability to form a protective covering (cell wall), causing the bacteria to become more susceptible to destruction by the body's immune system.
Penicillin V is specifically used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and ear. It is also used to prevent recurrent rheumatic fever and chorea (Sydenham's chorea), a neurological disorder associated with rheumatic fever.
The medication is available as oral tablets or liquid solutions and is typically taken by mouth every 6 to 12 hours, depending on the severity and type of infection being treated. As with any antibiotic, it is important to take Penicillin V exactly as directed by a healthcare professional and for the full duration of treatment, even if symptoms improve before all doses have been taken.
Penicillin V is generally well-tolerated, but like other penicillins, it can cause allergic reactions in some people. It may also interact with certain medications, so it is important to inform a healthcare provider of any other medications being taken before starting Penicillin V therapy.