Syphilis, Congenital
Syphilis, Cutaneous
Syphilis, Latent
Neurosyphilis
Reagins
Syphilis, Cardiovascular
Yaws
Antitreponemal Agents
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Chancre
Gonorrhea
Treponema Immobilization Test
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test
HIV Infections
Hemagglutination Tests
Sex Workers
Periostitis
Ulcer
Flocculation Tests
Prevalence
Prenatal Care
Tabes Dorsalis
Mass Screening
Alabama
Pinta
Pregnancy
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
United States Public Health Service
Coinfection
Penicillins
Treponema
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Books
HIV-1
Contact Tracing
Safe Sex
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV
Syphilitic aortic regurgitation. An appraisal of surgical treatment. (1/23)
During the 10 years from 1964 to 1973, fifteen patients with severe syphilitic aortic regurgitation were treated surgically at the National Heart Hospital. In thirteen the valve was replaced and in two it was repaired. In addition four had replacement of an aneurysmal ascending aorta with a Dacron graft and seven some form of plastic repair to the coronary ostia. Three patients died within 1 month of surgery and a further six during the follow-up period which varied from 1 to 55 months (mean 25-5). The six survivors have been followed-up for an average of 33 months. Factors contributing to this high mortality were analysed and it was found that the mean duration of effort dyspnoea was 22 months in the survivors compared with 48 months in those who had died. Similarly the average duration of nocturnal dyspnoea was 4 months in the survivors compared with a mean of 8 months in those who had died. Only six out of the fifteen patients had angina; this was present in two of the survivors and in four of the fatalities. The pulse pressure, heart size, and haemodynamic findings were similar in the two groups. The prognostic value of an elevated erythocyte sedimentation rate was also examined. It was concluded that preoperative investigations should include aortography, coronary arteriography, an assessment of left ventricular function, and whenever possible myocardial biopsy. These data were interpreted as suggesting that patients should be referred for surgery at an earlier stage in the disease--certainly before the onset of cardiac failure and--and that if this more aggresive attitude was adopted, as it has been in non-syphilitic cases of aortic valve disease, the present high mortality in this group would be reduced. (+info)Venereal syphilis in tropical Africa. (2/23)
A steady decline in the incidence of positive results to the Kahn test is reported in Malawian patients during the period 1968-75. Other studies have shown that the incidence of early and late syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa has dropped considerably over the past few decades. The number of reported cases of early syphilis in certain urban areas, however, appears to be high. It is suggested that the downward trend in the incidence of syphilis in Africa is related to the increased and often indiscriminate use of penicillin. (+info)Current status of the treatment of syphilis. (3/23)
Penicillin remains the treatment of choice for syphilis, with sustained low blood levels curing virtually all patients having early syphilis and halting disease progression in most patients with symptomatic syphilis. Tetracycline, erythromycin or cephalothin yields similar cure rates for patients with early syphilis who are allergic to penicillin. The efficacy of non-penicillin regimens for the treatment of late syphilis is uncertain. Results of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) or other reagin tests should become negative or remain at very low titer following adequate therapy, although results of Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) tests often remain positive. (+info)Coronary bilateral ostial enlargement using the saphenous vein in a patient with syphilitic aortitis. (4/23)
A patient with tertiary syphilis presenting with bilateral coronary ostial lesions and aortic regurgitation underwent surgical reconstruction of the coronary ostia by the anterior approach with autogenous saphenous vein grafting and substitution of the aortic valve with a bovine bioprosthesis. The procedure was easily performed and had good outcomes both early and late. The rarity of the association of a lesion in both coronary ostia with aortic regurgitation in syphilis and the surgical technique employed are discussed. (+info)Clinical value of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test. (5/23)
In 1,129 patients attending the Department for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, the serum was examined by three screening tests (VDRL slide, RPCF, and TPHA) and twelve cases of syphilis (1 per cent. of patients attenting the clinic) were discovered. Six of these patients were considered to have latent syphilis (5 acquired, 1 congenital) and were detected only by the TPHA; all six cases were confirmed by the FTA-ABS, The TPHA failed to detect three of the remaining six cases (2 primary and 1 very early, the latter in a contact of a patient with primary syphilis). All six cases were, however, detected by the VDRL. In seven cases, the TPHA was positive in the absence of other evidence of present or previous syphilis. In these cases the FTA-ABS was also negative. The clinical application of the TPHA test in the detection of syphilis is discussed. (+info)Barking up the wrong tree? Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose syphilitic aortitis. (6/23)
The presentation of syphilitic aortitis is often atypical and available serological tests are non-specific. The diagnostic gold standard remains direct identification of microorganisms in tissue. We present a case of syphilitic aortitis that presented as a mediastinal mass and report the use of polymerase chain reaction for Treponema pallidum to diagnose syphilitic aortic disease. (+info)Effect of intermittent left anterior hemiblock on left ventricular function. (7/23)
Studies of left ventricular function were performed during intermittent left anterior hemiblock, Max dP/dt and Vmax fell during left anterior hemiblock, with a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure compared with a normally conducted beat. (+info)HEART DISEASE IN OLD AGE. (8/23)
In a post-mortem analysis of 1,500 patients, aged 70 years or more, heart disease and malignancy were the two major causes of death. Coronary disease was exceedingly prevalent, almost one in five being subject to this form of heart disease, and 13% dying from its effects. The levelling of the sex ratio in coronary disease in the aged was a striking feature. The clinical manifestations of coronary thrombosis were often atypical. The incidence of demonstrable coronary thrombosis was as high as in younger age groups. The pathological findings and the incidence of local complications in coronary disease were similar to those in other age groups. Other causes of heart failure were relatively infrequent. Certain features of these conditions in old age are discussed. Cardiac amyloidosis, in the form associated with senility, occurred in a very few cases but did not contribute to heart failure. (+info)Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses in several stages if left untreated, with symptoms varying in each stage. The primary stage involves the appearance of a single, painless sore or multiple sores at the site where the bacteria entered the body, often on the genitals or around the mouth. During the secondary stage, individuals may experience rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and other flu-like symptoms. In later stages, syphilis can lead to severe complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs, known as tertiary syphilis. Neurosyphilis is a form of tertiary syphilis that affects the nervous system, causing various neurological problems. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis transmits the infection to her unborn child, which can result in serious birth defects and health issues for the infant. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.
Congenital Syphilis is a medical condition that occurs when a mother with active syphilis infects her fetus through the placenta during pregnancy. If left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to serious health problems in the newborn and can even cause death. The symptoms of congenital syphilis can appear at any time during the first two years of life, and they may include:
* Skin rashes or sores on the body, including the hands and feet
* Deformities of the bones and teeth
* Vision problems or blindness
* Hearing loss
* Developmental delays
* Neurological issues, such as seizures or difficulty coordinating movements
* Anemia
* Jaundice
* Enlarged liver and spleen
If congenital syphilis is diagnosed early, it can be treated with antibiotics, which can help to prevent serious health problems and reduce the risk of transmission to others. However, if left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to long-term complications, such as developmental delays, neurological damage, and blindness. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for syphilis early in pregnancy and receive appropriate treatment to prevent the transmission of this serious infection to their unborn child.
Syphilis serodiagnosis is a laboratory testing method used to diagnose syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It involves detecting specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the infection, rather than directly detecting the bacteria itself.
There are two main types of serological tests used for syphilis serodiagnosis: treponemal and nontreponemal tests.
1. Treponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies that specifically target Treponema pallidum. Examples include the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, T. pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) or chemiluminescence immunoassays (CIAs) for Treponema pallidum antibodies. These tests are highly specific but may remain reactive even after successful treatment, indicating past exposure or infection rather than a current active infection.
2. Nontreponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies produced against cardiolipin, a lipid found in the membranes of Treponema pallidum and other bacteria. Examples include the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test. These tests are less specific than treponemal tests but can be used to monitor disease progression and treatment response, as their results often correlate with disease activity. Nontreponemal test titers usually decrease or become nonreactive after successful treatment.
Syphilis serodiagnosis typically involves a two-step process, starting with a nontreponemal test followed by a treponemal test for confirmation. This approach helps distinguish between current and past infections while minimizing false positives. It is essential to interpret serological test results in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, physical examination findings, and any additional diagnostic tests.
Cutaneous syphilis refers to the manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection syphilis on the skin. This can occur in various stages of the disease. In the primary stage, it may appear as a painless chancre (ulcer) at the site of infection, usually appearing 3 weeks after exposure. In the secondary stage, a widespread rash can develop, often affecting the palms and soles, along with other symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and hair loss. Later stages of syphilis can also cause skin issues, including condylomata lata (broad, flat warts) and gummatous lesions (large, destructive ulcers). It's important to note that if left untreated, syphilis can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs.
"Treponema pallidum" is a species of spiral-shaped bacteria (a spirochete) that is the causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection. The bacterium is very thin and difficult to culture in the laboratory, which has made it challenging for researchers to study its biology and develop new treatments for syphilis.
The bacterium can infect various tissues and organs in the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can affect multiple systems, including the skin, bones, joints, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared needles.
Syphilis is a serious disease that can have long-term health consequences if left untreated. However, it is also curable with appropriate antibiotic therapy, such as penicillin. It is important to diagnose and treat syphilis early to prevent the spread of the infection and avoid potential complications.
Latent syphilis is a stage of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In this stage, individuals who have been infected with syphilis do not show any symptoms of the disease. However, the bacteria remain in their body and can be passed on to others through sexual contact.
Latent syphilis is typically divided into two stages: early latent syphilis and late latent syphilis. Early latent syphilis is defined as occurring within the first year of infection, while late latent syphilis occurs more than a year after the initial infection. During the early latent stage, individuals may still have a positive blood test for syphilis and can still transmit the disease to others through sexual contact. In contrast, during the late latent stage, the risk of transmitting the disease is much lower, but it is still possible.
It's important to note that if left untreated, latent syphilis can progress to more serious stages of the disease, including tertiary syphilis, which can cause severe damage to the heart, brain, and other organs. Therefore, it's essential for individuals who have been diagnosed with latent syphilis to receive appropriate treatment and follow-up care from a healthcare provider.
Neurosyphilis is a term used to describe the invasion and infection of the nervous system by the spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is the causative agent of syphilis. This serious complication can occur at any stage of syphilis, although it's more common in secondary or tertiary stages if left untreated. Neurosyphilis can cause a variety of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as:
1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) leading to headaches, stiff neck, and fever.
2. Meningovascular syphilis: Affects the blood vessels in the brain causing strokes, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or small-vessel disease, which can lead to cognitive decline.
3. General paresis (also known as tertiary general paresis): Progressive dementia characterized by memory loss, personality changes, disorientation, and psychiatric symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.
4. Tabes dorsalis: A degenerative disorder affecting the spinal cord, leading to ataxia (loss of coordination), muscle weakness, pain, sensory loss, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
5. Argyll Robertson pupils: Small, irregularly shaped pupils that react poorly or not at all to light but constrict when focusing on near objects. This is a rare finding in neurosyphilis.
Diagnosis of neurosyphilis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and serological tests for syphilis. Treatment usually consists of intravenous penicillin G, which can halt the progression of the disease if initiated early enough. However, any neurological damage that has already occurred may be irreversible. Regular follow-up evaluations are essential to monitor treatment response and potential complications.
"Reagin" is an outdated term that was used to describe a type of antibody found in the blood serum of some individuals, particularly those who have had certain infectious diseases or who have allergies. These antibodies were known as "reaginic antibodies" and were characterized by their ability to cause a positive reaction in a test called the "Reagin test" or "Wassermann test."
The Reagin test was developed in the early 20th century and was used as a diagnostic tool for syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The test involved mixing a patient's serum with a suspension of cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol - components derived from heart tissue. If reaginic antibodies were present in the patient's serum, they would bind to the cardiolipin component and form a complex that could be detected through a series of chemical reactions.
However, it was later discovered that reaginic antibodies were not specific to syphilis and could be found in individuals with other infectious diseases or allergies. As a result, the term "reagin" fell out of favor, and the test is no longer used as a diagnostic tool for syphilis. Instead, more specific and accurate tests, such as the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, are now used to diagnose syphilis.
Cardiovascular syphilis is a tertiary stage of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In this stage, the infection can affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to various complications. Medical definitions describe cardiovascular syphilis as follows:
1. According to the Merck Manual, cardiovascular syphilis is characterized by the development of vasculitic lesions in the aorta and its major branches, causing damage to the heart valves and blood vessels. Common manifestations include aortic regurgitation (backflow of blood), aneurysms (bulging or ballooning of the aorta), and aortic dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the aorta).
2. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) defines cardiovascular syphilis as a late complication of syphilis, which can involve inflammation of the aorta and its branches, leading to aneurysms or aortic insufficiency. This stage usually develops 10-30 years after the initial infection.
3. The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that tertiary syphilis can affect the cardiovascular system, causing inflammation of the aorta and its branches. This may result in aortic aneurysms or aortic insufficiency, which can lead to heart failure if left untreated.
In summary, cardiovascular syphilis is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of tertiary syphilis, involving inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels. Early detection and treatment of syphilis are crucial to prevent these late manifestations.
Yaws is a chronic, infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It primarily affects the skin, bones, and cartilage. The initial symptom is a small, hard bump (called a papule or mother yaw) that develops into an ulcer with a raised, red border and a yellow-crusted center. This lesion can be painful and pruritic (itchy). Yaws is usually contracted through direct contact with an infected person's lesion, typically during childhood. The disease is common in rural areas of tropical regions with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare, particularly in West and Central Africa, the Pacific Islands, and parts of South America and Asia.
Yaws is treatable with antibiotics, such as penicillin, which can kill the bacteria and halt the progression of the disease. In most cases, a single injection of long-acting penicillin is sufficient to cure the infection. However, it's essential to identify and treat yaws early to prevent severe complications, including disfigurement and disability.
It's important to note that yaws should not be confused with other treponemal diseases, such as syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum) or pinta (caused by Treponema carateum). While these conditions share some similarities in their clinical presentation and transmission, they are distinct diseases with different geographic distributions and treatment approaches.
Antitreponemal agents are a type of antibiotic specifically used to treat infections caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for diseases such as syphilis and yaws. The most common antitreponemal agent is penicillin, which is highly effective against Treponema pallidum. Other antitreponemal agents include ceftriaxone, doxycycline, and tetracycline. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the bacteria, ultimately leading to their elimination from the body. It's important to note that resistance to these antibiotics is rare, but treatment failures can occur due to factors such as poor drug penetration into infected tissues or inadequate dosing.
Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:
1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.
A chancre is a medical term that refers to a hard, painless skin ulcer that is typically the first stage of certain bacterial infections, most commonly syphilis. It is usually round or oval in shape and can appear as a sore or lesion on the skin or mucous membranes, such as the genitals, anus, or mouth. The chancre is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and is typically accompanied by swollen lymph nodes in the nearby area.
The chancre usually develops about 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria and can last for several weeks. While it may heal on its own, it's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a chancre, as syphilis is a serious infection that can cause long-term health problems if left untreated. Treatment with antibiotics, such as penicillin, can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.
STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.
If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.
Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.
Medical definitions are often provided by authoritative medical bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It's important to note that these organizations have evolved their understanding and classification of homosexuality over time.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), produced by the APA, sexual orientation is not considered a mental disorder. The manual does not provide a definition or classification for 'homosexuality, male' as a medical condition.
The current understanding in the medical community is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexual orientation. It is not considered a disorder or an illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1990.
Penicillin G Procaine is a formulation of penicillin G, an antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus, combined with procaine, a local anesthetic. This combination is often used for its extended-release properties and is administered intramuscularly. It is primarily used to treat moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of streptococci and staphylococci.
The procaine component helps to reduce the pain at the injection site, while penicillin G provides the antibacterial action. The extended-release formulation allows for less frequent dosing compared to immediate-release penicillin G. However, its use has become less common due to the development of other antibiotics and routes of administration.
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as "gono" bacteria. It can infect various parts of the body including the genitals, rectum, and throat. The bacteria are typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.
Symptoms may vary but often include abnormal discharge from the genitals or rectum, painful or burning sensations during urination, and in women, vaginal bleeding between periods. However, many people with gonorrhea do not develop symptoms, making it essential to get tested regularly if you are sexually active with multiple partners or have unprotected sex.
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men, which may result in infertility. In rare cases, it can spread to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening conditions like sepsis.
Gonorrhea is curable with appropriate antibiotic treatment; however, drug-resistant strains of the bacteria have emerged, making accurate diagnosis and effective treatment increasingly challenging. Prevention methods include using condoms during sexual activity and practicing safe sex habits.
The Treponema pallidum Immunity (TPI) test, also known as the Treponema immobilization test, is not a commonly used diagnostic tool in modern medicine. It was previously used as a serological test to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum, the spirochete bacterium that causes syphilis.
In this test, a sample of the patient's serum is incubated with a suspension of live Treponema pallidum organisms. If the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, these antibodies will bind to the organisms and immobilize them. The degree of immobilization is then observed and measured under a microscope.
However, this test has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific serological tests such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay. These tests are able to detect both IgG and IgM antibodies, providing information on both past and current infections. The TPI test, on the other hand, is less specific and may produce false-positive results in individuals who have been vaccinated against other treponemal diseases such as yaws or pinta.
Therefore, the Treponema Immobilization Test is not a widely used or recommended diagnostic tool for syphilis in current medical practice.
The Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test is a type of blood test used to diagnose syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The FTA-ABS test is a treponemal test, which means it looks for antibodies that the body produces in response to an infection with T. pallidum.
The FTA-ABS test works by using a fluorescent dye to label treponemal antigens, which are substances that can trigger an immune response in people who have been infected with T. pallidum. The labeled antigens are then mixed with a sample of the patient's blood. If the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, they will bind to the labeled antigens and form a complex.
To ensure that the test is specific for syphilis and not another type of treponemal infection, such as yaws or pinta, the sample is then absorbed with antigens from these other treponemal organisms. This step removes any antibodies that may cross-react with the non-syphilitic treponemes, leaving only those specific to T. pallidum.
The mixture is then washed and examined under a fluorescent microscope. If there are fluorescing particles present, it indicates that the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, which suggests a current or past infection with syphilis.
It's important to note that the FTA-ABS test can remain positive for life, even after successful treatment of syphilis, so it cannot be used to determine if a patient has an active infection. Other tests, such as a venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) or rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, are used to detect non-treponemal antibodies that may indicate an active infection.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.
HIV infection has three stages:
1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.
It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.
In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.
Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.
Prostitution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a social and legal issue. However, in the context of public health, prostitution might be defined as the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for payment, which can carry significant risks to physical and mental health, including exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), violence, and psychological trauma.
Prostitution is often associated with marginalization, poverty, and social inequality, and it can be a complex issue that involves questions of personal autonomy, consent, and human rights. It's important to note that the legal and cultural approaches to prostitution vary widely around the world, ranging from criminalization to decriminalization and legalization.
Sex workers are individuals who receive payment for performing sexual services or engaging in sexual activities with others. This can include various forms of sex work such as prostitution, pornography, stripping, and escort services. It is important to note that the ethical and legal considerations surrounding sex work are complex and vary greatly across different cultures, societies, and jurisdictions.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that sex workers are a marginalized population who often face stigma, discrimination, and violence. In order to protect the health and human rights of sex workers, WHO recommends that sex work be recognized as a legitimate form of work and that sex workers have access to the same protections and rights as other workers. This includes access to healthcare services, education, and legal protection against abuse and discrimination.
Periostitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the periosteum, which is the highly vascularized tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. The periosteum contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the bone and assist in bone repair and remodeling. Periostitis can occur as a result of various factors such as repetitive trauma, infection, or inflammatory diseases, leading to pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, periostitis may also lead to the formation of new bone tissue, resulting in bony outgrowths known as exostoses.
Treponemal infections are a group of diseases caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This includes syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta. These infections can affect various organ systems in the body and can have serious consequences if left untreated.
1. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection that can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. It is characterized by sores (chancres) on the genitals, anus, or mouth, followed by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and nervous system.
2. Yaws: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects children in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. The initial symptom is a painless bump on the skin that eventually ulcerates and heals, leaving a scar. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of bone and cartilage.
3. Bejel: Also known as endemic syphilis, this infection is spread through direct contact with infected saliva or mucous membranes. It primarily affects children in dry and arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The initial symptom is a painless sore on the mouth or skin, followed by a rash and other symptoms similar to syphilis.
4. Pinta: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects people in rural areas of Central and South America. The initial symptom is a red or brown spot on the skin, which eventually turns into a scaly rash. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of pigmentation in the skin.
Treponemal infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin, which can cure the infection if caught early enough. However, untreated treponemal infections can lead to serious health complications and even death.
A medical definition of an ulcer is:
A lesion on the skin or mucous membrane characterized by disintegration of surface epithelium, inflammation, and is associated with the loss of substance below the normal lining. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are types of peptic ulcers that occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
Another type of ulcer is a venous ulcer, which occurs when there is reduced blood flow from vein insufficiency, usually in the lower leg. This can cause skin damage and lead to an open sore or ulcer.
There are other types of ulcers as well, including decubitus ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores), which are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.
Flocculation tests are diagnostic procedures used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the presence of certain substances, such as proteins or bacteria, in a sample. These tests work by adding a reagent to the sample that causes any targeted substances to clump together (flocculate) and become visible or easily measurable.
For example, in a coagulation or flocculation test for proteinuria (protein in urine), a reagent such as sulfosalicylic acid is added to a urine sample. If proteins are present in the sample, they will react with the reagent and form a white precipitate that can be seen with the naked eye or measured with a spectrophotometer.
Flocculation tests are commonly used in clinical chemistry and microbiology to diagnose various medical conditions, monitor treatment progress, and assess overall health status.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Prenatal care is a type of preventive healthcare that focuses on providing regular check-ups and medical care to pregnant women, with the aim of ensuring the best possible health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. It involves routine prenatal screenings and tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, urine analysis, weight checks, and ultrasounds, to assess the progress of the pregnancy and identify any potential health issues or complications early on.
Prenatal care also includes education and counseling on topics such as nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle choices that can affect pregnancy outcomes. It may involve referrals to specialists, such as obstetricians, perinatologists, or maternal-fetal medicine specialists, for high-risk pregnancies.
Overall, prenatal care is an essential component of ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications during childbirth and beyond.
Tabes dorsalis is a late-stage complication of untreated neurosyphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is characterized by degeneration of the posterior columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, leading to various neurological symptoms.
The medical definition of Tabes Dorsalis is:
A chronic progressive degenerative disease of the spinal cord, specifically affecting the dorsal root ganglia and posterior columns, caused by the tertiary stage of syphilis. The condition is characterized by a combination of motor, sensory, and autonomic disturbances, including ataxia, Romberg's sign, lightning pains, hypo- or areflexia, impaired proprioception, dissociated sensations, and Argyll Robertson pupils. If left untreated, Tabes Dorsalis can lead to significant disability and even death.
I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "medical definition" refers to the explanation of a medical term or concept. On the other hand, "15th century" is a historical time period and does not have a medical definition per se. However, I can provide you with some context regarding the medical advancements and practices during the 15th century.
The 15th century was marked by significant developments in medicine, particularly in Europe, as it transitioned from medieval to early modern medicine. Some key aspects of 15th-century medicine include:
1. Universities and medical education: Universities became more prominent centers for medical education, with institutions like the University of Bologna, Padua, Montpellier, and Salamanca playing crucial roles in shaping medical thought. Medical faculties taught subjects such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, and pharmacology based on ancient Greek and Roman texts, mainly Galen and Hippocrates.
2. Anatomical studies: The 15th century saw the beginning of a more accurate understanding of human anatomy. Italian anatomist and physician Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1270–1326) is known for his influential anatomy textbook, "Anathomia," which was widely used during this period. Later in the century, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), often regarded as the founder of modern human anatomy, began his groundbreaking work on detailed dissections and accurate representations of the human body.
3. Renaissance of medical illustrations: The 15th century marked a revival in medical illustrations, with artists like Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) creating highly accurate anatomical drawings based on dissections. These detailed images helped physicians better understand the human body and its functions.
4. Development of hospitals: Hospitals during this time became more organized and specialized, focusing on specific medical conditions or patient populations. For example, mental health institutions, known as "madhouses" or "asylums," were established to treat individuals with mental illnesses.
5. Plague and public health: The ongoing threat of the bubonic plague (Black Death) led to increased efforts in public health, including improved sanitation practices and the establishment of quarantine measures for infected individuals.
6. Humoral theory: Although challenged by some during this period, the ancient Greek humoral theory—which posited that the balance of four bodily fluids or "humors" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) determined a person's health—remained influential in medical practice.
7. Surgery: Barber-surgeons continued to perform various surgical procedures, including bloodletting, tooth extraction, and amputations. However, anesthesia was still not widely used, and pain management relied on opium or alcohol-based preparations.
8. Pharmacology: The use of herbal remedies and other natural substances to treat illnesses remained popular during the 15th century. Physicians like Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) compiled extensive lists of medicinal plants and their uses, contributing to the development of modern pharmacology.
9. Astrology and medicine: Despite growing skepticism among some scholars, astrological beliefs continued to influence medical practice in the 15th century. Physicians often consulted astrological charts when diagnosing and treating patients.
10. Medical education: Universities across Europe offered formal medical education, with students studying anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. However, many practitioners still learned their trade through apprenticeships or self-study.
Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.
A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.
It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.
Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.
In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.
Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.
It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.
I apologize, but "Alabama" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of one of the states in the United States of America, located in the southeastern region. The term "Alabaman" is used to describe someone from this state. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help answer those for you.
Pinta is a mild form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical infection caused by the Leishmania parasite. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly.
The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can vary in size and appearance. In the case of pinta, these lesions are typically characterized by their red, blue or brown discoloration.
Pinta is endemic in certain parts of Central and South America, but it's relatively rare compared to other forms of leishmaniasis. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and the development of severe, disfiguring lesions.
Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.
Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.
It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Medical definitions are often avoided in favor of more objective language when discussing personal characteristics or identities, such as sexual orientation. This is because sexual orientation is not considered a medical condition or disorder, but rather a natural part of human diversity. The American Psychological Association defines sexual orientation as "an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction to another person." It can be distinguished into different categories, including heterosexuality (attraction to individuals of the other gender), bisexuality (attraction to individuals of either gender), and homosexuality (attraction to individuals of the same gender).
It's important to note that a person's sexual orientation is not considered a choice or something that can be changed through willpower or therapy. It is a deeply ingrained aspect of a person's identity, and it is protected under laws and regulations in many countries as a fundamental human right.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. When referring to bacterial STDs, these are infections caused by bacteria. Examples of bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). These infections can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can cause serious health problems, such as infertility, organ damage, and even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular STD screenings to prevent and promptly treat bacterial STDs.
The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) is not a medical term per se, but I can certainly provide a definition and overview of it in the context of public health and healthcare.
The USPHS is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is responsible for promoting and protecting the health of the nation, particularly focusing on preventing and controlling infectious diseases and other health threats. The USPHS is composed of eight uniformed service components: the Surgeon General's Office, the Commissioned Corps, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
The Commissioned Corps of the USPHS is a group of uniformed healthcare professionals who are appointed by the President and commissioned as officers. They serve in various capacities within the federal government, including research, clinical care, health policy, and emergency response. The Surgeon General serves as the head of the USPHS and is responsible for providing advice to the President and HHS Secretary on matters related to public health.
The USPHS plays a critical role in responding to public health emergencies, such as natural disasters, infectious disease outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks. They also work to address health disparities and promote health equity by providing healthcare services to underserved populations, including American Indians and Alaska Natives through the IHS. Additionally, the USPHS supports research and surveillance efforts aimed at understanding and addressing various public health issues, such as tobacco use, substance abuse, and mental health.
Coinfection is a term used in medicine to describe a situation where a person is infected with more than one pathogen (infectious agent) at the same time. This can occur when a person is infected with two or more viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Coinfections can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as the symptoms of each infection can overlap and interact with each other.
Coinfections are common in certain populations, such as people who are immunocompromised, have chronic illnesses, or live in areas with high levels of infectious agents. For example, a person with HIV/AIDS may be more susceptible to coinfections with tuberculosis, hepatitis, or pneumocystis pneumonia. Similarly, a person who has recently undergone an organ transplant may be at risk for coinfections with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or other opportunistic pathogens.
Coinfections can also occur in people who are otherwise healthy but are exposed to multiple infectious agents at once, such as through travel to areas with high levels of infectious diseases or through close contact with animals that carry infectious agents. For example, a person who travels to a tropical area may be at risk for coinfections with malaria and dengue fever, while a person who works on a farm may be at risk for coinfections with influenza and Q fever.
Effective treatment of coinfections requires accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for each pathogen involved. In some cases, treating one infection may help to resolve the other, but in other cases, both infections may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve a cure. Preventing coinfections is an important part of infectious disease control, and can be achieved through measures such as vaccination, use of personal protective equipment, and avoidance of high-risk behaviors.
I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:
1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.
If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.
Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:
1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.
Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes. These bacteria are gram-negative and have unique motility provided by endoflagella, which are located in the periplasmic space, running lengthwise between the cell's outer membrane and inner membrane.
Treponema species are responsible for several important diseases in humans, including syphilis (Treponema pallidum), yaws (Treponema pertenue), pinta (Treponema carateum), and endemic syphilis or bejel (Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum). These diseases are collectively known as treponematoses.
It is important to note that while these bacteria share some common characteristics, they differ in their clinical manifestations and geographical distributions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of treponemal infections require medical expertise and laboratory confirmation.
Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.
These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.
I apologize for any confusion, but "books" is a general term that refers to bound sets of pages that are printed or written with text, illustrations, or signs, and are meant to be read, studied, or consulted. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you're looking for information about a specific medical term or concept, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!
HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) is a species of the retrovirus genus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood products, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV-1 infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, leading to a decline in their numbers and weakening of the immune response over time. This results in the individual becoming susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers that ultimately cause death if left untreated. HIV-1 is the most prevalent form of HIV worldwide and has been identified as the causative agent of the global AIDS pandemic.
Contact tracing is a key public health strategy used to control the spread of infectious diseases. It involves identifying and monitoring individuals (contacts) who have come into close contact with an infected person (case), to prevent further transmission of the disease. The process typically includes:
1. Case identification: Identifying and confirming cases of infection through diagnostic testing.
2. Contact identification: Finding people who may have been in close contact with the infected case during their infectious period, which is the time when they can transmit the infection to others. Close contacts are usually defined as individuals who have had face-to-face contact with a confirmed case within a certain distance (often 6 feet or closer) and/or shared confined spaces for prolonged periods (usually more than 15 minutes).
3. Contact listing: Recording the identified contacts' information, including their names, addresses, phone numbers, and potentially other demographic data.
4. Risk assessment: Evaluating the level of risk associated with each contact based on factors such as the type of exposure, duration of contact, and the infectiousness of the case.
5. Notification: Informing contacts about their potential exposure to the infection and providing them with necessary health information, education, and guidance. This may include recommendations for self-quarantine, symptom monitoring, testing, and vaccination if available.
6. Follow-up: Monitoring and supporting contacts during their quarantine or isolation period, which typically lasts 14 days from the last exposure to the case. Public health professionals will check in with contacts regularly to assess their symptoms, provide additional guidance, and ensure they are adhering to the recommended infection prevention measures.
7. Data management: Documenting and reporting contact tracing activities for public health surveillance, evaluation, and future planning purposes.
Contact tracing is a critical component of infectious disease control and has been used effectively in managing various outbreaks, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and more recently, COVID-19.
"Safe sex" is a term used to describe sexual activities that reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. It typically involves the use of protective measures, such as condoms, dental dams, or other barriers, during sexual contact.
However, it's important to note that "safe" doesn't mean "risk-free." Even with protection, there is still a chance, though significantly reduced, of STI transmission or pregnancy. The term "safer sex" is sometimes used to more accurately reflect this concept.
Furthermore, regular testing for STIs and open communication with sexual partners about sexual health are also important components of safe sex practices.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.
The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:
1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.
Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:
* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer
It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a species of lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time, HIV infection can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). This virus attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, also known as T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the body's immune response. As HIV destroys these cells, the body becomes more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is primarily spread through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
It's important to note that while there is no cure for HIV, with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. Treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). If taken as prescribed, this medicine reduces the amount of HIV in the body to a very low level, which keeps the immune system working and prevents illness. This treatment also greatly reduces the risk of transmission.
Fredrick Arthur Willius
Syphilitic aortitis
Syphilis
Lobelia
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
List of vaccine topics
Paul Gauguin
List of MeSH codes (C01)
List of ICD-9 codes 001-139: infectious and parasitic diseases
Fanny White
Cardiolipin
List of infectious diseases
Johannes Fabry
Outline of clinical research
Intrauterine growth restriction
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Vascular dementia
Blake F. Donaldson
List of ICD-9 codes 630-679: complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations
Psychiatric assessment
Krikor Pambuccian
Health Disparities Center
Health of Abraham Lincoln
Human variability
Organic brain syndrome
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
Cholestasis
Adolf Jarisch
Women's reproductive health in the United States
CARDIOVASCULAR SYPHILIS. I | Sexually Transmitted Infections
Syphilis, Late With Clinical Manifestations (Including Late Benign Syphilis and Cardiovascular Syphilis)| CDC
Healthy People - HP2000 - Health Status Indicators
Cardiovascular Syphilis
Endemic Syphilis: Environmental Distribution, Transmission, Morbidity in Endemic Syphilis
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Neurosyphilis: Overview of Syphilis of the CNS, Pathophysiology of Syphilis, Epidemiology of Syphilis
Fredrick Arthur Willius - Wikipedia
Syphilis Elimination Media Release - Telebrief 11-28-2001
Complications Associated with Syphilis
Cardiovascular Examination - Cardiovascular Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition
Syphilis Information - Herpes & Coldsores Support Network
L36 C
2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 091 : Early syphilis symptomatic
SSA - POMS: DI 34001.036 - Immune System Disorders - 10/06/2023
Syphilis | GLOWM
Sexual Health/Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Syphilis Cure: Symptoms, Sores & Treatment for Men & Women
A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Symptoms of Syphilis and Why Seeking Early Treatment is Crucial - The Riddle Review
Prenatal origins of disease in later life and a fair amount of cardiovascular public health | Journal of Epidemiology &...
Public Health Bulletin | South Dakota Department of Health
Signs of secondary syphilis | Ada
Elie Metchnikoff | Encyclopedia.com
Cardiovascular screening to assess risk of coronary heart disease.
Aggrenox 200 mg, 25/200 mg - Effective online Aggrenox no RX
Neurosyphilis4
- If left untreated, late latent syphilis can progress to tertiary (rare) or neurosyphilis. (tbdhu.com)
- Tertiary syphilis may manifest as mucotanous/osseous lesions where cardiovascular involvement and neurosyphilis is present and typically is not infectious. (tbdhu.com)
- Neurosyphilis , ocular syphilis , and otosyphilis are serious manifestations that can occur at any stage of infection. (amboss.com)
- See "Subtypes and variants" for details on neurosyphilis , ocular syphilis , and otosyphilis , which can occur at any stage of infection. (amboss.com)
Secondary30
- However, according to a CDC report (CDC.gov release, 2006) the male-female incidence for Syphilis - Primary & Secondary, stands at 6:1. (dovemed.com)
- The secondary stage of secondary syphilis appears 2-4 months after infection. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Although there has been a marked decrease in the number of primary and secondary syphilis cases in the United States, there has been very little decrease in the number of reported cases of late latent and tertiary syphilis over the past 20 years. (cdc.gov)
- Although the primary and secondary stages of syphilis are infectious and associated with fetal wastage and the congenital syphilis syndrome, the tertiary stage is associated with a vasculitis that may cause neurologic and cardiovascular manifestations and other chronic problems. (cdc.gov)
- Similarly, primary and secondary syphilis increase the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, while latent disease may be associated with the progression of HIV disease to AIDS and more prominent neurologic disease in HIV-infected persons. (cdc.gov)
- Because these are often asymptomatic stages of infection and may lead to severe neurologic or cardiovascular complications, it is important to document a decrease in the late stages of syphilis that have resulted from our extraordinary efforts to reduce primary and secondary syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- Although the rate of primary and secondary (P&S) or infectious syphilis in the United States declined 89.7% between 1990 and 2000, the rate of infectious syphilis increased between 2001 and 2006. (glowm.com)
- Reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis, United States, 1941-2006. (glowm.com)
- Surveillance data show that 85-90% of women reported to have primary and secondary syphilis in the United States are in the reproductive age group of 15-44 years. (glowm.com)
- Secondary syphilis frequently presents with a diffuse rash and swollen lymph nodes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- There are four stages of syphilis, each with its own set of symptoms: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. (pc-mobile.net)
- The secondary stage of syphilis typically appears several weeks after the primary stage. (pc-mobile.net)
- As mentioned earlier, the primary and secondary stages of syphilis are when most of the early symptoms occur. (pc-mobile.net)
- Secondary syphilis follows two to ten weeks after primary syphilis. (ada.com)
- Secondary syphilis appears only after the symptoms of primary syphilis have passed, usually around two to ten weeks after the primary chancre has appeared. (ada.com)
- About one in four people who have untreated primary syphilis will develop secondary syphilis. (ada.com)
- In secondary syphilis, the affected person experiences a generalized infection. (ada.com)
- Secondary syphilis is a generalized infection affecting the entire body, so it has a number of possible symptoms. (ada.com)
- An acute and chronic treponemal disease characterized clinically by a primary lesion, a secondary eruption involving skin and mucous membranes, long periods of latency, and late lesions of skin, bone, viscera, the central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system. (tbdhu.com)
- Four stages in syphilis infection include: primary, secondary, latent and tertiary. (tbdhu.com)
- Secondary syphilis develops 2 -12 weeks following resolution of primary lesion and is characterized by macular, maculopapular or papular lesions or a rash, typically involving palms, soles and fl exor areas of extremities and regional lymphadenopathy. (tbdhu.com)
- Primary, secondary and early latent syphilis are considered infectious. (tbdhu.com)
- Communicability exists when moist mucocutaneous lesions of primary and secondary syphilis are present. (tbdhu.com)
- Secondary syphilis manifests in various ways. (medscape.com)
- These photographs show the disseminated rash observed in secondary syphilis. (medscape.com)
- Affected patients may recall symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis. (medscape.com)
- The early latent period is the first year after the resolution of primary or secondary syphilis. (medscape.com)
- Secondary syphilis is characterized by a polymorphic, maculopapular rash that appears on the palms and soles. (amboss.com)
- The physical examination findings of syphilis are described according to the stage of syphilis which includes non-tender chancre in primary syphilis followed by rash and generalized lymphadenopathy in secondary syphilis. (wikidoc.org)
- Presumptively treat all sexual contacts of patients with primary or secondary syphilis regardless of serology. (ashm.org.au)
Congenital syphilis9
- Congenital syphilis is rarely encountered, because the disease can be treated during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
- Congenital syphilis occurs after a fetus is infected in the womb. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Congenital syphilis returns to the Russian Federation. (bmj.com)
- This is known as congenital syphilis. (ada.com)
- Congenital syphilis can result in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis or preterm birth, as well as other systemic complications within the first 4-8 weeks of life. (tbdhu.com)
- Congenital syphilis is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that affects newborn babies, and its caused by the treponema pallidum bacterium. (osmosis.org)
- Congenital syphilis can present with notched (Hutchinson) teeth, persistent snuffles (nasal discharge), saddle nose, and hepatosplenomegaly. (osmosis.org)
- Congenital syphilis can cause a baby to die or develop permanent physical and mental disabilities , if it is not treated. (osmosis.org)
- This will decrease the risk of a missed diagnosis, reinfection and/or congenital syphilis. (ashm.org.au)
Treponema13
- Syphilis is a very common infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. (dovemed.com)
- Sexually mature men and women who are infected by Treponema bacteria contract Syphilis. (dovemed.com)
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum, with human beings as the only host. (medscape.com)
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) caused by a bacterium ( Treponema pallidum ). (herpes-coldsores.com)
- The Serodia TP-PA test is a treponemal test for the serologic detection of antibodies to the various species and subspecies of pathogenic Treponema , the causative agents of syphilis, yaws, pinta, bejel, and endemic syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- Syphilis is an infectious disease, usually sexually transmitted, disease caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum . (emedicinehealth.com)
- Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. (pc-mobile.net)
- Venereal syphilis, commonly known as simply "syphilis", is an infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum (subspecies pallidum). (ada.com)
- Other treponemal diseases caused by Treponema pallidum are related to syphilis but are not spread by sexual contact. (ada.com)
- Syphilis is a highly contagious disease caused by the Treponema pallidum, a delicate organism that is microscopic in size and resembles a corkscrew in shape. (simonandschuster.com)
- In acquired syphilis, the spirochete (as the Treponema pallidum is also called) enters the body through the skin or mucous membrane, usually during sexual intercourse, though infection may also occur from other forms of bodily contact such as kissing. (simonandschuster.com)
- Syphilis is a predominantly sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum . (amboss.com)
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. (scientificorigin.com)
Asymptomatic3
- Late latent syphilis is an asymptomatic stage when the infection occurred more than 12 months earlier, and these patients are generally not infectious. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In early latent syphilis, the infected person is asymptomatic (has no symptoms) but is still infectious. (ada.com)
- The first two stages are followed by an asymptomatic phase ( latent syphilis ), which may last indefinitely or progress to tertiary syphilis . (amboss.com)
Infection28
- A pregnant woman affected by Syphilis can transmit the infection to her child through the placenta, while the baby is still in the womb. (dovemed.com)
- Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. (medscape.com)
- Screening for syphilis infection: recommendation statement. (medscape.com)
- Nearly 40% of babies born with syphilis (contracted from their mother) die as a result of miscarriage, stillbirth or infection in the first few days after birth. (kwikmed.com)
- Moist areas such as the anus, genitals, and mouth are more susceptible to infection but syphilis contracted in any region of the body. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Latent stage syphilis A stage of infection in which the bacteria persist in the infected person's body without causing visible signs or symptoms. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Tertiary (Late) syphilis A minority (up to 30%) of individuals with untreated syphilis may develop tertiary syphilis with lesions developing many years after the initial infection. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Despite the importance of syphilis as a risk factor for both chronic disease and the progression of HIV infection, there has not been a population-based measure of syphilis prevalence for the United States since 1980. (cdc.gov)
- NHANES offers a unique opportunity to estimate the prevalence of reactive serologic tests as an estimate of the prevalence of syphilis infections in the general population, to identify and confirm risk factors for syphilis, to confirm the risk for HIV infection and HIV-related neurologic disease among Americans with syphilis, and to monitor trends in prevalence as syphilis detection and treatment programs are established and expanded. (cdc.gov)
- Without some other evidence for the diagnosis of syphilis, a reactive nontreponemal test does not confirm T. pallidum infection. (cdc.gov)
- Although syphilis rates have seen an overall decline since syphilis was first reported in the 1940s, only a few decades ago this disease was as widespread as chlamydial infection is today. (glowm.com)
- In both cases, the explosive spread of syphilis probably contributed to emerging HIV epidemics and may in turn have been accelerated by unrecognized HIV infection. (glowm.com)
- 12 , 13 Several prospective studies have documented increased incidence of HIV infection among patients with syphilis and, conversely, increased incidence of syphilis among HIV-infected persons. (glowm.com)
- Equally important, risk assessment and screening for syphilis should be offered routinely to all patients who are HIV infected or at increased risk for HIV infection. (glowm.com)
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection. (emedicinehealth.com)
- This form of syphilis causes teeth abnormalities, bone problems, liver /spleen/kidney enlargement, brain infection , failure to thrive/poor growth, swollen lymph nodes , yellow skin ( jaundice ), low blood counts, and skin rashes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that affects millions of people each year. (pc-mobile.net)
- Understanding the symptoms of syphilis is crucial in order to receive timely treatment and prevent the spread of infection. (pc-mobile.net)
- The primary stage of syphilis is the first stage of the infection and typically occurs within 3-4 weeks after exposure. (pc-mobile.net)
- The latent stage of syphilis occurs when a person has no visible symptoms but still has the infection. (pc-mobile.net)
- This stage can last for years and can be broken down into early and late latent syphilis depending on the length of time since the initial infection. (pc-mobile.net)
- The tertiary stage of syphilis occurs in some people who have gone untreated for several years, during which time the infection has spread throughout the body. (pc-mobile.net)
- Primary syphilis is the initial stage of infection, in which a flat, painless ulcer develops at the site of infection. (ada.com)
- Tertiary syphilis can occur from 3 to 15 years after the initial infection, and is when the affected individual develops complications from long term infection. (ada.com)
- Latent Syphilis is serological evidence of infection in the absence of symptoms and is further defined as: Early latent syphilis, acquired within the preceding year, and late latent syphilis, all other cases of latent syphilis. (tbdhu.com)
- Infected infants may have moist mucocutaneous lesions that are more widespread than in adult syphilis and are a potential source of infection. (tbdhu.com)
- Although syphilis is relatively easy to cure, the treatment might not undo any damage that the infection has already done. (upmc.com)
- The only way to avoid syphilis, or any sexually transmitted infection (STI) , is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. (upmc.com)
Incidence5
- The incidence of endemic syphilis has increased among HIV-infected men in same-sex relationships. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Recently, there has been a drastic increase worldwide in the incidence of syphilis, especially in urban areas. (medscape.com)
- However, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the incidence (how many people are newly reported as having syphilis) is rising in the West, mostly due to unsafe sexual practices. (ada.com)
- The incidence of syphilis is rising most sharply among men who have sex with men (MSM): between 2015 and 2016, the reported number of cases of syphilis rose 18% in the UK, and more than half of these cases were among men who have sex with men. (ada.com)
- Prevention aims to reduce the incidence of syphilis by preventing the transmission of the bacteria. (scientificorigin.com)
Late latent syphilis2
- In late latent syphilis, the person is less infectious. (ada.com)
- If any doubt as to whether the patient has early latent or late latent syphilis, contact trace as for early latent syphilis. (ashm.org.au)
Chancre4
- Syphilis is highly contagious when there is an active outbreak of ulcers, sores (chancre) or a rash. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- These photographs depict the characteristic chancre observed in primary syphilis. (medscape.com)
- Primary syphilis manifests with a painless chancre ( primary lesion ), typically on the genitals. (amboss.com)
- Primary stage syphilis sore (chancre) on the surface of a tongue. (wikidoc.org)
Oral sex4
- Syphilis can be spread by oral sex, anal sex and vaginal sex, as well as any other genital contact and sharing of sex toys. (ada.com)
- MYTH #3: Syphilis can't be spread through oral sex. (upmc.com)
- You can get syphilis by direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. (upmc.com)
- Oral sex: STDs like herpes, syphilis, and gonorrhea can be transmitted through oral sex. (coloringfolder.com)
Left untreated3
- Left untreated, it can leave to cardiovascular and neurologic diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Although it is sometimes without symptom, if left untreated, syphilis can spread to the brain and nervous system or to the eye, causing permanent nerve damage or blindness. (upmc.com)
- If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious health problems, affecting the heart and brain. (scientificorigin.com)
Stages5
- Syphilis may progress through 3 distinct stages. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In this article, we'll take a comprehensive look at the symptoms of syphilis, from its early stages to more advanced symptoms, and why it's so important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. (pc-mobile.net)
- Syphilis symptoms can manifest differently in different stages of the disease, and can also be different in men and women. (pc-mobile.net)
- Early detection is crucial for treating syphilis, as it is highly treatable with antibiotics in its early stages. (pc-mobile.net)
- Syphilis has 3 stages as well as a latency period. (scientificorigin.com)
Lesions5
- Wearing gloves at all times is imperative for the physician who is examining lesions caused by endemic syphilis. (medscape.com)
- Skin lesions in the primary stage resemble the chancres of venereal syphilis. (medscape.com)
- This photograph depicts primary syphilis "kissing" lesions. (medscape.com)
- Latency may last from a few years to as many as 25 years before the destructive lesions of tertiary syphilis manifest. (medscape.com)
- Gummatous lesions in tertiary syphilis - Adapted from Dermatology Atlas. (wikidoc.org)
Rise in syphilis rates1
- However, unless we sustain action to eliminate syphilis, we could once again experience a rise in syphilis rates. (cdc.gov)
Bacterium2
- The genome of the bacterium has now been sequenced which will be invaluable in diagnosing, treating and vaccinating against syphilis. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Pictured is the syphilis bacterium, a spirochete-type organism. (emedicinehealth.com)
Primary2
- Primary syphilis is characterized by one or more painless superficial chancres at the site of exposure and regional lymphadenopathy. (tbdhu.com)
- Primary syphilis occurs 10-90 days after contact with an infected individual. (medscape.com)
Hepatitis2
- Pregnant persons should be tested for syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B early in pregnancy. (nyc.gov)
- Ensure additional serology such as (HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis A, B and C) is collected as appropriate, plus a screen for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. (ashm.org.au)
Symptoms12
- Because the disease rarely manifests clinically significant cardiovascular and neurologic symptoms, mortality is uncommon unless the disease state is highly exaggerated, through either a large inoculum or a devastating immune reaction. (medscape.com)
- Early symptoms of syphilis are often mild, so treatment may not not sought. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- The symptoms of syphilis can mimic many diseases. (emedicinehealth.com)
- What Are the Symptoms or Signs of Syphilis? (emedicinehealth.com)
- This phase has many symptoms, which is why syphilis is called 'the great pretender. (emedicinehealth.com)
- You should also call your doctor if you develop a new rash, sore throat , joint swelling, fever, or any new symptoms during or after the time you are being treated for syphilis. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Each stage can last for varying amounts of time, and it is possible to have syphilis without experiencing any symptoms. (pc-mobile.net)
- These symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for other conditions, like the flu, which can make syphilis difficult to diagnose. (pc-mobile.net)
- Symptoms of tertiary syphilis can include damage to the heart and blood vessels, damage to the brain and nervous system, and damage to other organs. (pc-mobile.net)
- Late symptoms of syphilis can be more severe and indicative of a more advanced stage of the disease. (pc-mobile.net)
- Anyone 12 years and older who wants testing for HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea or syphilis can receive these services at our clinics, even if they have no symptoms. (nyc.gov)
- After about 2 years, syphilis goes into a latent state, when no symptoms appear. (scientificorigin.com)
Prevention5
- 4 Due to the historically low rates of syphilitic disease in 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis in 1999. (glowm.com)
- 20 Therefore, all patients with syphilis represent a critical HIV prevention opportunity and should be counseled and encouraged to undergo HIV testing. (glowm.com)
- Two Glossaries clarify the use of terms relating to the developmental origins of adult health and disease and cardiovascular epidemiology and prevention. (bmj.com)
- Prevention of syphilis includes providing counseling on safe sex practices to all individuals and offering syphilis screening to individuals with indications. (amboss.com)
- A program for the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular disease. (jivaka.care)
Prevalence1
- Those who have had sexual contact with a known case of syphilis and in the following individuals: MSM, sex workers, those with street involvement/homeless, injection drug users, those with multiple sexual partners, those with a history of syphilis, HIV and other STIs, those originating from or having sex with an individual from a country with a high prevalence of syphilis. (tbdhu.com)
Tertiary stage1
- During the tertiary stage, characteristic granulomas ( gumma ) may appear, which can cause irreversible organ damage, particularly in the cardiovascular system (e.g., syphilitic aortic aneurysm ). (amboss.com)
Disease17
- In unborn and newborn children chlamydial infections, gonorrhoea and syphilis can produce serious and often life-threatening conditions including congenital disease, pneumonia and low birth weight. (who.int)
- Endemic syphilis is a disease that is common to dry, hot climates and to rural areas of poor economic status, education, and personal hygiene. (medscape.com)
- As you know, syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. (cdc.gov)
- Information and pictures on Syphilis, a common sexually transmitted disease. (herpes-coldsores.com)
- Syphilis (pronounced SIF-uh-lus ) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. (emedicinehealth.com)
- This phase of syphilis can go away without treatment, but the disease then enters the third phase. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Syphilis can masquerade as any disease. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In the USA, according to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately half of men who have sex with men who have syphilis are also HIV-positive, and men who are HIV-negative but do have syphilis are more likely to contract HIV in the future. (ada.com)
- Cardiovascular screening to assess risk of coronary heart disease. (cdc.gov)
- Its purpose was to trace the spontaneous evolution of the disease in order to learn how syphilis affected black subjects. (simonandschuster.com)
- The Tuskegee Study, as the experiment had come to be called, involved a substantial number of men: 399 who had syphilis and an additional 201 who were free of the disease chosen to serve as controls. (simonandschuster.com)
- The fact that only men who had late, so-called tertiary, syphilis were selected for the study indicated that the investigators were eager to learn more about the serious complications that result during the final phase of the disease. (simonandschuster.com)
- We measured high sensitivity troponin-I (hsTn-I) levels as an estimate of myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease, with the hypothesis that (1) patients with CTO have higher levels of hsTn-I than patients without CTO, (2) hsTn-I levels will predict adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CTO, and (3) patients with elevated hsTn-I levels will have a survival benefit from CTO revascularization. (bvsalud.org)
- It is especially recommended for people in risk of cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. (jivaka.care)
- Homocysteine - An elevated concentration of homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. (ammoliteprodukties.nl)
- Since 2001, according to the Centers for Disease Control , the reported cases of syphilis increased from 2.1 cases per 100,000 population to 9.5 cases per 100,000 population in 2017. (upmc.com)
- MYTH #2: Syphilis is a heterosexual disease. (upmc.com)
Manifestations2
- During the first years of its infestation in an immunologically naive population, syphilis appears to have assumed particularly horrific clinical manifestations. (medscape.com)
- Physicians must keep a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of syphilis, as the manifestations of syphilis (particularly advanced syphilis) are nonspecific and may masquerade as many other diseases. (medscape.com)
Diseases2
- and screen for noncommunicable diseases such as cervical and liver cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. (who.int)
- The anti-lipoidal antibodies are antibodies that are produced not only as a consequence of syphilis and other treponemal diseases, but also in response to nontreponemal diseases of an acute and chronic nature in which tissue damage occurs. (cdc.gov)
Spread of syphilis1
- In the fight against the spread of syphilis, research is being carried out to find a vaccine. (herpes-coldsores.com)
Overview of Syphilis1
- Now to set the stage a bit for our teleconference this morning, first I'm going to provide an overview of syphilis in the United States, where we are today, and briefly discuss CDC's National Syphilis Elimination Plan, which first began in 1998. (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis of syphilis2
- Currently, CDC recommends that the test be used in the clinical laboratory as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- Diagnosis of syphilis requires combination of history including epidemiologic risk factors or exposure, physical examination and laboratory tests as there is no single optimum diagnostic criterion. (tbdhu.com)
Gonorrhoea and syphilis1
- New figures from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) state that England is seeing a significant increase in sexually transmitted infections in the community, specifically gonorrhoea and syphilis which have exceeded pre-Covid figures. (fleetstreetclinic.com)
Anal3
- In Ontario, syphilis has been more prevalent among men having sex with men (MSM), with transmission occurring through oral and anal contact. (tbdhu.com)
- Syphilis can be transmitted through oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner. (scientificorigin.com)
- Using condoms correctly helps prevent the transmission of syphilis during anal or vaginal sex. (scientificorigin.com)
Sore1
- 4 It is possible for syphilis to be spread by kissing, if the infected individual has a syphilis sore in the mouth, however this is rare. (ada.com)
Endemic syphilis9
- Features of endemic syphilis have been noted in Africa as far back as the start of recorded history. (medscape.com)
- Rare cases of endemic syphilis have been reported in the United States. (medscape.com)
- Owing to its mode of transmission, endemic syphilis is easily transmitted to new areas. (medscape.com)
- Endemic syphilis is caused by T pallidum subsp endemicum . (medscape.com)
- Endemic syphilis is transmitted through direct or indirect skin-to-skin or mouth-to-mouth contact with the infected lesion. (medscape.com)
- Endemic syphilis can affect anyone. (medscape.com)
- Children aged 2-15 years are the most commonly affected by endemic syphilis, with 25% of cases occurring before age 6 years and 55% of cases occurring before age 16 years. (medscape.com)
- Endemic syphilis has a pathology and histology similar to those of venereal syphilis. (medscape.com)
- The incubation period for endemic syphilis is 10-90 days. (medscape.com)
Eliminate syphilis3
- Based largely on the success of state and local public health programs and innovative community partnerships, this dramatic reduction suggests a unique opportunity to eliminate syphilis in this country. (cdc.gov)
- By now we hope that all of you have received the press release and a fact sheet on CDC's community partnership activities to eliminate syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- The good news is that we have the tools and the resources at hand to effectively eliminate syphilis in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Infectious syphilis2
- 9 After persistent declines since 1990, infectious syphilis rates among women increased from 0.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2004 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2005 to 1.0 case per 100,000 population in 2006. (glowm.com)
- Individuals of Indigenous ethnicity are disproportionately affected by syphilis in some geographic areas of Canada, particularly in some areas experiencing outbreaks of infectious syphilis. (tbdhu.com)
Aortic aneurysm1
- Pulsatile chest swelling ➡️ HUGE aortic aneurysm from tertiary syphilis. (imperial.ac.uk)
STIs1
- Many STIs can be cured, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. (nyc.gov)
Complications4
- The complications can include severe neurological and cardiovascular effects. (ada.com)
- At the end of this 40 year deathwatch, more than 100 men had died from syphilis or related complications. (simonandschuster.com)
- In fact, the press reported that as of 1969 at least 28 and perhaps as many as 100 men had died as a direct result of complications caused by syphilis. (simonandschuster.com)
- Untreated syphilis can be very destructive and lead to many complications such as internal or external damage, serious cardiovascular and mental health problems. (scientificorigin.com)
Stillbirth2
- Finally, it will reduce adverse outcomes of pregnancy, such as stillbirth and perinatal death due to syphilis, and blindness caused by gonococcal and chlamydial infections. (who.int)
- In pregnant women, syphilis can cause miscarriage , stillbirth, or premature birth . (osmosis.org)
Aneurysm1
- Cardiovascular syphilis (inflammation of the aorta, aneurysm or aortic stenosis, etc. (scientificorigin.com)
Infections2
- A third of all infections, then gradually progresses to Tertiary Syphilis. (dovemed.com)
- Some infections can cause damage to your vision, hearing, brain and cardiovascular system. (nyc.gov)
Pregnancy4
- Untreated syphilis during pregnancy can result in infant death in up to 40% of cases. (cdc.gov)
- Syphilis remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy, despite the continued sensitivity of T. pallidum to penicillin, the widespread availability of inexpensive, accurate tests, and substantial efforts to encourage routine screening through early prenatal care. (glowm.com)
- Perinatal Transmission: STDs, such as syphilis, can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. (coloringfolder.com)
- Seek specialist advice if there is a concern for older children of a person newly diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy. (ashm.org.au)
Benign1
- 3. "benign "tertiary syphilis. (imperial.ac.uk)
Pregnant3
- Untreated pregnant women with syphilis, have a very high risk (90% chance) of passing on the infectious bacteria to the baby in the womb. (dovemed.com)
- The increase in syphilis among women is of particular concern because it has been associated with an increase in syphilis passed from pregnant women to their unborn babies. (upmc.com)
- Given the resurgence of syphilis in the United States and Europe, systematic screening is essential for all pregnant women. (scientificorigin.com)
Chlamydia1
- Sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men should be tested annually for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea. (nyc.gov)
STDs1
- 5 , 6 However, recent resurgence of syphilis and other STDs in several parts of the country present a serious challenge to the national elimination effort that is underway. (glowm.com)
Progresses1
- When untreated, syphilis progresses. (scientificorigin.com)
Screening1
- Treponemal or nontreponemal serological studies are used for screening, and the diagnosis is typically made based on clinical assessment and the interpretation of syphilis serologies . (amboss.com)
Pallidum1
- T pallidum causes venereal syphilis. (medscape.com)
Transmission2
- Syphilis elimination is defined as the absence of sustained transmission in the U.S. This means that while there may be occasional outbreaks, these outbreaks would be quickly identified and contained, eliminating the risk of a new epidemic. (cdc.gov)
- Transmission of syphilis from mother to fetus is most probable during early maternal syphilis, but can occur throughout the latent period. (tbdhu.com)
Occurs1
- Invasion of the CNS occurs early in the course of untreated syphilis. (medscape.com)