A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA 90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.
A characteristic symptom complex.
A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.
An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.
The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Protein precursors, also known as proproteins or prohormones, are inactive forms of proteins that undergo post-translational modification, such as cleavage, to produce the active functional protein or peptide hormone.
Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.
A 24-kDa HMGB protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of DNA.
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.
A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.
Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome without systemic inflammation in acutely ill patients admitted to hospital in a medical emergency. (1/554)

Criteria of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are known to include patients without systemic inflammation. Our aim was to explore additional markers of inflammation that would distinguish SIRS patients with systemic inflammation from patients without inflammation. The study included 100 acutely ill patients with SIRS. Peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte CD11b expression, serum interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein were determined, and severity of inflammation was evaluated by systemic inflammation composite score based on CD11b expression, C-reactive protein and cytokine levels. Levels of CD11b expression, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were higher in sepsis patients than in SIRS patients who met two criteria (SIRS2 group) or three criteria of SIRS (SIRS3 group). The systemic inflammation composite score of SIRS2 patients (median 1.5; range 0-8, n=56) was lower than that of SIRS3 patients (3.5; range 0-9, n=14, P=0.013) and that of sepsis patients (5.0; range 3-10, n=19, P<0.001). The systemic inflammation composite score was 0 in 13/94 patients. In 81 patients in whom systemic inflammation composite scores exceeded 1, interleukin-6 was increased in 64 (79.0%), C-reactive protein in 59 (72.8%) and CD11b in 50 (61.7%). None of these markers, when used alone, identified all patients but at least one marker was positive in each patient. Quantifying phagocyte CD11b expression and serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein concurrently provides a means to discriminate SIRS patients with systemic inflammation from patients without systemic inflammation.  (+info)

Western blot analysis of bile or intestinal fluid from patients with septic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, using antibodies to TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. (2/554)

Septic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) often develops in patients following burns, traumatic injury, surgery or biliary obstruction. Although the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 have been strongly implicated in the development of these syndromes, treatment of patients by the systemic administration of inhibitors of TNF-alpha or IL-1 has shown limited effectiveness. Recent reports suggest that septic shock may be perpetuated by inflammatory cytokines secreted by the liver in response to bacterial translocation resulting from cytokine-induced gastrointestinal damage. The present study sought to demonstrate the presence of high levels of inflammatory cytokines in the bile or small intestine of patients suffering from septic shock or SIRS, with a view to the development of strategies for the reduction of gastrointestinal damage through intraduodenal administration of cytokine inhibitors. Western blot analysis of human bile or intestinal fluid using anti-TNF-alpha antibodies resulted in the detection of a number of bands in samples from patients with septic shock or SIRS. However, these proteins differed antigenically from human recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) and showed no activity in a biological assay for TNF-alpha. Antibodies to IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta detected several strong bands, some of which appeared to be identical to recombinant IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. It is concluded that proteins resembling several known inflammatory cytokines are present in the bile and intestine of septic shock patients, but it is suggested that further work is required to determine the nature and function of these molecules.  (+info)

Cytokine and fibrinogen response in patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. (3/554)

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery influences cytokines and fibrinogen. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients operated on for AAA were compared to 11 operated controls and 20 age-matched controls. Cubital blood was sampled pre-, intra- and postoperatively and femoral blood also sampled intraoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperatively, interleukin (Il)-6 was elevated in AAA patients. During aortic clamping, Il-6, Il-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) increased significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively) while soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIl-2R) and fibrinogen decreased significantly (p < 0.001 for both). After aortic declamping, Il-6, Il-10 and MCP-1 had further significant increases compared with levels during aortic clamping while sIl-2R had a further non-significant and fibrinogen a significant decrease (p < 0.05 in cubital and p < 0.001 in femoral blood). One week postoperatively Il-6, Il-10 and MCP-1 had all decreased but were still significantly elevated compared with baseline values while sIl-2R and fibrinogen showed an increase in comparison with baseline (p < 0.001 for both). Intraoperative levels of Il-6 and Il-10 showed a significant co-variation with the magnitude of operative trauma. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that open AAA surgery induces a profound inflammatory and coagulative response which persists at one week postoperatively.  (+info)

The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the evaluation of SIRS criteria as a predictor of severity in patients hospitalized through emergency services. (4/554)

Based on the concept of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), a one-year retrospective study was carried out among a total of 2389 patients transported to the emergency room by ambulance. With respect to 351 patients who had all data necessary for evaluating SIRS criteria in 369 hospitalized patients, 200 met SIRS criteria within 24 hours of admission (24h-SIRS). The mortality rate for 24h-SIRS patients was significantly higher than that of non-SIRS patients. The mortality rate for 24h-SIRS patients increased sequentially as more SIRS criteria were met. In 235 patients who met SIRS criteria during hospitalization (overall-SIRS), 108 had sepsis. Of these, 60 developed severe sepsis, and 50 developed septic shock. The mortality rate for patients who had 3 or more consecutive days of SIRS was significantly higher than that for those with less than 3 consecutive SIRS days. Among 153 patients who had all data necessary for APACHEIII scoring within 24 hours of admission, the mortality rate for SIRS patients whose APACHEIII score was 50 or higher was 40.7%, significantly higher than that of other patients. In conclusion, SIRS criteria were demonstrated to be useful as indicators of severity and for predicting outcome in patients hospitalized through emergency services. Patients who met the following criteria were found to be a high-risk population among hospitalized emergency patients with SIRS: (1) Those who had three or more consecutive days of SIRS. (2) Those whose APACHEIII score was 50 or higher.  (+info)

Circulating interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 in community acquired pneumonia. (5/554)

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokine concentrations correlate with severity of sepsis. We hypothesised that patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) would have greater interleukin 6 (IL-6) production due to activation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade, matched by a significant anti-inflammatory cytokine response. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) was evaluated as a potential surrogate marker of severity of sepsis in CAP and age related impairment of the cytokine response was studied in elderly patients with CAP. METHODS: Circulating immunoreactive IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured in 38 patients with CAP subdivided into a group fulfilling the criteria for SIRS (n = 28) and a non-SIRS group (n = 10) in a variety of age groups and correlated with APACHE II scores. RESULTS: 80% had circulating IL-6 levels (median 46.7 pg/ml, range 4.6-27,000) and 60% had circulating IL-10 levels (median 15.5 pg/ml, range 2.5-765). Concentrations of both were significantly increased in patients with SIRS compared with non-SIRS patients. Those with activation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade (IL-6 positive) produced more IL-10 than IL-6 negative patients. Older patients had a similar cytokine response. Both cytokines correlated positively with APACHE II scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration of circulating IL-10 in CAP. A greater counter-inflammatory response in patients with SIRS and in IL-6 positive patients suggests a potential immunomodulatory role for IL-10 in controlling the inflammatory cytokine response in CAP. IL-10 concentrations correlate with severity of illness in CAP and may be of prognostic importance. There is no age related impairment in the cytokine response.  (+info)

Gene expression pattern in human monocytes as a surrogate marker for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (6/554)

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a mild inflammatory episode which, in a minority of patients, may deteriorate into septic shock. In the mouse, injection of bacteria or bacterial endotoxin induces systemic inflammation through the activation of blood monocytes, which leads to lethal shock. A number of intervention strategies have been shown to prevent progression to shock in mouse model systems. However, recent clinical trials of a number of these therapeutic strategies in patients have been uniformly disappointing. In contrast to the situation in the mouse models, there may be many different ways to initiate systemic inflammation in patients and not all of them need necessarily involve activation of blood monocytes. If there is no unifying mechanism behind the induction of systemic inflammation in patients and no common rules governing its development, then it is unlikely that generally applicable therapeutic strategies will be found that can prevent progression into shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used differential display to compare gene expression patterns in monocytes of recent-admission multi-trauma patients with clinically diagnosed SIRS to the patterns in monocytes of healthy controls. RESULTS: Of seven differentially displayed bands that were recovered and sequenced, five were associated with SIRS and two were preferentially expressed in the monocytes of healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The data show that monocytes of SIRS patients are in an activation state that is different from that of monocytes from the healthy controls, that monocytes from many individual patients share similar patterns of differentially expressed sequences, and that by this criterion, the multi-trauma SIRS patients are a remarkably coherent group.  (+info)

Suppression of cytokine-mediated beta2-integrin activation on circulating neutrophils in critically ill patients. (7/554)

The beta2 integrin CD11b plays a central role in inflammation and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The CD11b molecule activates in two ways: the density of membrane-bound CD11b up-regulates and the molecule undergoes a conformational change that confers adhesiveness to counter-receptors. We studied the kinetics of CD11b activation in patients with SIRS. We found a significantly diminished CD11b activation in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). This affected all circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and was an intrinsic property of the cells and not due to antagonism by soluble TNF-alpha receptors or loss of cellular receptors for TNF-alpha. Diminished responsiveness correlated with the severity of organ failure and lasted for months in some patients but had no impact on mortality. We speculate that reduced CD11b responsiveness in SIRS contributes to the high risk of recurrent infection, but that it may also be protective against excessive PMN activation within the vascular space.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium in rats with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: treatment with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. (8/554)

BACKGROUND: Insufficient detoxification caused by nitric oxide-related inhibition of cytochrome P450 may be important for metabolism of numerous drugs, including vecuronium. The present study investigated the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of vecuronium in rats with inflammatory liver dysfunction. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 56) were randomly allocated into two groups: In the sepsis group, liver inflammation was established by injection of 56 mg/kg heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum; control rats received the solvent. At day 4, groups were subdivided according to treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (250 mg/kg) or placebo. The aminopyrine breath test was performed to assess cytochrome P450 activity. Rats were anesthetized with propofol and mechanically ventilated. Duration of action of vecuronium (1.2 mg/kg) was measured by evoked mechanomyography (stimulation of the sciatic nerve, contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle). In seven rats of each subgroup a 50% neuromuscular blockade was established by a continuous vecuronium infusion. Vecuronium plasma levels were measured and plasma clearance of vecuronium was calculated. Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed by measuring nitrite/nitrate serum levels. RESULTS: In sepsis/placebo rats, vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was prolonged (144% of contro/placebo), vecuronium plasma levels at 50% neuromuscular blockade were increased (122% of control/placebo), and plasma clearance was decreased (68% of control/placebo). N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine therapy in rats with sepsis improved cytochrome P450 activity and plasma clearance of vecuronium, shortened duration of action of vecuronium, but did not alter the elevated vecuronium plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS: A systemic inflammatory response syndrome with liver dysfunction results in decreased sensitivity to and a decreased elimination of vecuronium. Modulation of nitric oxide synthesis may be a strategy that can be used in the future to improve xenobiotic metabolism in sepsis.  (+info)

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is not a specific disease, but rather a systemic response to various insults or injuries within the body. It is defined as a combination of clinical signs that indicate a widespread inflammatory response in the body. According to the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) consensus criteria, SIRS is characterized by the presence of at least two of the following conditions:

1. Body temperature >38°C (100.4°F) or 90 beats per minute
3. Respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute or arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) 12,000 cells/mm3, 10% bands (immature white blood cells)

SIRS can be caused by various factors, including infections (sepsis), trauma, burns, pancreatitis, and immune-mediated reactions. Prolonged SIRS may lead to organ dysfunction and failure, which can progress to severe sepsis or septic shock if not treated promptly and effectively.

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced and released by the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis in the body. Specifically, it helps to lower elevated levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are bone cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. Calcitonin also promotes the uptake of calcium in the bones and increases the excretion of calcium in the urine.

Calcitonin is typically released in response to high levels of calcium in the blood, and its effects help to bring calcium levels back into balance. In addition to its role in calcium regulation, calcitonin may also have other functions in the body, such as modulating immune function and reducing inflammation.

Clinically, synthetic forms of calcitonin are sometimes used as a medication to treat conditions related to abnormal calcium levels, such as hypercalcemia (high blood calcium) or osteoporosis. Calcitonin can be administered as an injection, nasal spray, or oral tablet, depending on the specific formulation and intended use.

Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.

In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.

Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, a type of protein that plays a crucial role in communication between cells, especially in the immune system. It is produced by various cells including T-cells, B-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in response to infection, injury, or inflammation.

IL-6 has diverse effects on different cell types. In the immune system, it stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells that produce antibodies. It also promotes the activation and survival of T-cells. Moreover, IL-6 plays a role in fever induction by acting on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature during an immune response.

In addition to its functions in the immune system, IL-6 has been implicated in various physiological processes such as hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), bone metabolism, and neural development. However, abnormal levels of IL-6 have also been associated with several diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer.

"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.

There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.

The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.

A critical illness is a serious condition that has the potential to cause long-term or permanent disability, or even death. It often requires intensive care and life support from medical professionals. Critical illnesses can include conditions such as:

1. Heart attack
2. Stroke
3. Organ failure (such as kidney, liver, or lung)
4. Severe infections (such as sepsis)
5. Coma or brain injury
6. Major trauma
7. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body

These conditions can cause significant physical and emotional stress on patients and their families, and often require extensive medical treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term care. Critical illness insurance is a type of insurance policy that provides financial benefits to help cover the costs associated with treating these serious medical conditions.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex medical condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This process can result in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which can then lead to bleeding complications. DIC can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric emergencies.

The term "disseminated" refers to the widespread nature of the clotting activation, while "intravascular" indicates that the clotting is occurring within the blood vessels. The condition can manifest as both bleeding and clotting complications, which can make it challenging to diagnose and manage.

The diagnosis of DIC typically involves laboratory tests that evaluate coagulation factors, platelet count, fibrin degradation products, and other markers of coagulation activation. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition while also managing any bleeding or clotting complications that may arise.

An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialized hospital department that provides continuous monitoring and advanced life support for critically ill patients. The ICU is equipped with sophisticated technology and staffed by highly trained healthcare professionals, including intensivists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other specialists.

Patients in the ICU may require mechanical ventilation, invasive monitoring, vasoactive medications, and other advanced interventions due to conditions such as severe infections, trauma, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or post-surgical complications. The goal of the ICU is to stabilize patients' condition, prevent further complications, and support organ function while the underlying illness is treated.

ICUs may be organized into different units based on the type of care provided, such as medical, surgical, cardiac, neurological, or pediatric ICUs. The length of stay in the ICU can vary widely depending on the patient's condition and response to treatment.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a medical procedure that temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during major heart surgery. It allows the surgeon to operate on a still, bloodless heart.

During CPB, the patient's blood is circulated outside the body with the help of a heart-lung machine. The machine pumps the blood through a oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and then returned to the body. This bypasses the heart and lungs, hence the name "cardiopulmonary bypass."

CPB involves several components, including a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and tubing. The patient's blood is drained from the heart through cannulas (tubes) and passed through the oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is removed. The oxygenated blood is then warmed to body temperature in a heat exchanger before being pumped back into the body.

While on CPB, the patient's heart is stopped with the help of cardioplegia solution, which is infused directly into the coronary arteries. This helps to protect the heart muscle during surgery. The surgeon can then operate on a still and bloodless heart, allowing for more precise surgical repair.

After the surgery is complete, the patient is gradually weaned off CPB, and the heart is restarted with the help of electrical stimulation or medication. The patient's condition is closely monitored during this time to ensure that their heart and lungs are functioning properly.

While CPB has revolutionized heart surgery and allowed for more complex procedures to be performed, it is not without risks. These include bleeding, infection, stroke, kidney damage, and inflammation. However, with advances in technology and technique, the risks associated with CPB have been significantly reduced over time.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

A leukocyte count, also known as a white blood cell (WBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood. Leukocytes are a vital part of the body's immune system and help fight infection and inflammation. A high or low leukocyte count may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder. The normal range for a leukocyte count in adults is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood. However, the normal range can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection in the body. It is named after its ability to bind to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococcus, a type of bacteria. CRP levels can be measured with a simple blood test and are often used as a marker of inflammation or infection. Elevated CRP levels may indicate a variety of conditions, including infections, tissue damage, and chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. However, it is important to note that CRP is not specific to any particular condition, so additional tests are usually needed to make a definitive diagnosis.

Inflammation mediators are substances that are released by the body in response to injury or infection, which contribute to the inflammatory response. These mediators include various chemical factors such as cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine, among others. They play a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory process by attracting immune cells to the site of injury or infection, increasing blood flow to the area, and promoting the repair and healing of damaged tissues. However, an overactive or chronic inflammatory response can also contribute to the development of various diseases and conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They consist of a hydrophilic polysaccharide called the O-antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and a lipid portion known as Lipid A. The Lipid A component is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS, which can trigger a powerful immune response in animals, including humans. This response can lead to symptoms such as fever, inflammation, and septic shock, especially when large amounts of LPS are introduced into the bloodstream.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Endotoxins are toxic substances that are associated with the cell walls of certain types of bacteria. They are released when the bacterial cells die or divide, and can cause a variety of harmful effects in humans and animals. Endotoxins are made up of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are complex molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide component.

Endotoxins are particularly associated with gram-negative bacteria, which have a distinctive cell wall structure that includes an outer membrane containing LPS. These toxins can cause fever, inflammation, and other symptoms when they enter the bloodstream or other tissues of the body. They are also known to play a role in the development of sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a severe immune response to infection.

Endotoxins are resistant to heat, acid, and many disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated environments. They can also be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, industrial facilities, and agricultural operations, where they can pose a risk to human health.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Protein precursors, also known as proproteins or prohormones, are inactive forms of proteins that undergo post-translational modification to become active. These modifications typically include cleavage of the precursor protein by specific enzymes, resulting in the release of the active protein. This process allows for the regulation and control of protein activity within the body. Protein precursors can be found in various biological processes, including the endocrine system where they serve as inactive hormones that can be converted into their active forms when needed.

Intensive care is a specialized level of medical care that is provided to critically ill patients. It's usually given in a dedicated unit of a hospital called the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU). The goal of intensive care is to closely monitor and manage life-threatening conditions, stabilize vital functions, and support organs until they recover or the patient can be moved to a less acute level of care.

Intensive care involves advanced medical equipment and technologies, such as ventilators to assist with breathing, dialysis machines for kidney support, intravenous lines for medication administration, and continuous monitoring devices for heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other vital signs.

The ICU team typically includes intensive care specialists (intensivists), critical care nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive, round-the-clock care for critically ill patients.

High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a non-histone chromosomal protein that is widely expressed in various cell types, including immune cells and nucleated cells. It plays a crucial role in the maintenance of nucleosome structure and stability, regulation of gene transcription, and DNA replication and repair. HMGB1 can be actively secreted by activated immune cells or passively released from necrotic or damaged cells. Once outside the cell, it functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that binds to various receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), on immune cells, leading to the activation of inflammatory responses and the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. HMGB1 has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and neurological disorders.

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. They are classified based on their severity:

1. First-degree burns (superficial burns) affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and swelling.
2. Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns) damage both the epidermis and the underlying layer of skin (dermis). They result in redness, pain, swelling, and blistering.
3. Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) destroy the entire depth of the skin and can also damage underlying muscles, tendons, and bones. These burns appear white or blackened and charred, and they may be painless due to destroyed nerve endings.

Immediate medical attention is required for second-degree and third-degree burns, as well as for large area first-degree burns, to prevent infection, manage pain, and ensure proper healing. Treatment options include wound care, antibiotics, pain management, and possibly skin grafting or surgery in severe cases.

Chorioamnionitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the fetal membranes, specifically the chorion and amnion, which make up the membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus in the uterus. This condition is typically caused by a bacterial infection that ascends from the lower genital tract of the mother and infects the amniotic cavity, leading to an inflammatory response.

The symptoms of chorioamnionitis can vary but often include fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and an elevated white blood cell count in the mother's blood. In some cases, it may also be associated with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes.

Chorioamnionitis can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. It can increase the risk of complications such as sepsis, pneumonia, and endometritis in the mother, and may lead to premature birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and brain injury in the newborn. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics to the mother to help clear the infection and prevent further complications.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a type of cytokine, which is a small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. IL-8 is also known as neutrophil chemotactic factor or NCF because it attracts neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, to the site of infection or injury.

IL-8 is produced by various cells including macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells in response to bacterial or inflammatory stimuli. It acts by binding to specific receptors called CXCR1 and CXCR2 on the surface of neutrophils, which triggers a series of intracellular signaling events leading to neutrophil activation, migration, and degranulation.

IL-8 plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection or tissue damage, where they can phagocytose and destroy invading microorganisms. However, excessive or prolonged production of IL-8 has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.

Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a group of plasma proteins whose concentrations change in response to various inflammatory conditions, such as infection, trauma, or tissue damage. They play crucial roles in the body's defense mechanisms and help mediate the innate immune response during the acute phase of an injury or illness.

There are several types of APPs, including:

1. C-reactive protein (CRP): Produced by the liver, CRP is one of the most sensitive markers of inflammation and increases rapidly in response to various stimuli, such as bacterial infections or tissue damage.
2. Serum amyloid A (SAA): Another liver-derived protein, SAA is involved in lipid metabolism and immune regulation. Its concentration rises quickly during the acute phase of inflammation.
3. Fibrinogen: A coagulation factor produced by the liver, fibrinogen plays a vital role in blood clotting and wound healing. Its levels increase during inflammation.
4. Haptoglobin: This protein binds free hemoglobin released from red blood cells, preventing oxidative damage to tissues. Its concentration rises during the acute phase of inflammation.
5. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT): A protease inhibitor produced by the liver, AAT helps regulate the activity of enzymes involved in tissue breakdown and repair. Its levels increase during inflammation to protect tissues from excessive proteolysis.
6. Ceruloplasmin: This copper-containing protein is involved in iron metabolism and antioxidant defense. Its concentration rises during the acute phase of inflammation.
7. Ferritin: A protein responsible for storing iron, ferritin levels increase during inflammation as part of the body's response to infection or tissue damage.

These proteins have diagnostic and prognostic value in various clinical settings, such as monitoring disease activity, assessing treatment responses, and predicting outcomes in patients with infectious, autoimmune, or inflammatory conditions.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream where they circulate and are able to move quickly to sites of infection or inflammation in the body. Neutrophils are capable of engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances through a process called phagocytosis. They are also involved in the release of inflammatory mediators, which can contribute to tissue damage in some cases. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and other proteins that help them carry out their immune functions.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.

It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the modulation of immune responses. It is produced by various cell types, including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, and downregulates the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. This results in the suppression of T cell activation and effector functions, which ultimately helps to limit tissue damage during inflammation and promote tissue repair. Dysregulation of IL-10 has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a type of protein found on the surface of some cells in the human body, including immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. It belongs to a class of proteins called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a crucial role in the innate immune system's response to infection.

TLR4 recognizes and responds to specific molecules found on gram-negative bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin. When TLR4 binds to LPS, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of immune cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and initiation of the adaptive immune response.

TLR4 is an essential component of the body's defense against gram-negative bacterial infections, but its overactivation can also contribute to the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancer.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Infection is defined medically as the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, which can lead to tissue damage, illness, and disease. This process often triggers an immune response from the host's body in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agents and restore homeostasis. Infections can be transmitted through various routes, including airborne particles, direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids, sexual contact, or vector-borne transmission. The severity of an infection may range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on factors such as the type and quantity of pathogen, the host's immune status, and any underlying health conditions.

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of time to event data. It is used to estimate the time it takes for a certain event of interest to occur, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure. The event of interest is called the "failure" event, and survival analysis estimates the probability of not experiencing the failure event until a certain point in time, also known as the "survival" probability.

Survival analysis can provide important information about the effectiveness of treatments, the prognosis of patients, and the identification of risk factors associated with the event of interest. It can handle censored data, which is common in medical research where some participants may drop out or be lost to follow-up before the event of interest occurs.

Survival analysis typically involves estimating the survival function, which describes the probability of surviving beyond a certain time point, as well as hazard functions, which describe the instantaneous rate of failure at a given time point. Other important concepts in survival analysis include median survival times, restricted mean survival times, and various statistical tests to compare survival curves between groups.

... systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state affecting the whole body. It is the body's response to ... Comstedt P, Storgaard M, Lassen AT (December 2009). "The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in acutely hospitalised ... Boka K (2019-06-26). "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Treatment & Management". Medscape. Berger MM, Chioléro RL ( ... "Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review". HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2 (3): 161-75. ...
Kaplan, MD, Lewis (2016-08-16). "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". Medscape. ... Severe immune responses to bacteremia may result in septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which are potentially ... which is a condition where the blood stream infection is associated with an inflammatory response from the body, often causing ... The immune response to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a high mortality rate. Bacteria can also ...
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammation affecting the whole body in response to an infectious or noninfectious ... Jaffer, U; Wade, R G; Gourlay, T (2010). "Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review". HSR Proceedings ... Multisystem inflammatory syndrome may refer to: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (also known as 'paediatric ... Inflammation Multisystem disease Syndrome "Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19: ...
"Insulin dysregulation in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 32 (4 ... Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is an endocrinopathy affecting horses and ponies. It is of primary concern due to its link to ... Horses with EMS will have an increased insulin response after they are given oral sugars, which will cause a subsequent rise in ... Cottrell E, Watts K, Ralston S (May 2005). Soluble sugar content and glucose/insulin responses can be reduced by soaking ...
In the absence of infection, a sepsis-like disorder is termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Both SIRS and ... ISBN 978-0-7817-3548-3.[page needed] Matsuda, Naoyuki; Hattori, Yuichi (2006). "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS ... Local and systemic responses are initiated by tissue damage. Respiratory failure is common in the first 72 hours. Subsequently ... These two genes are pro-inflammatory. They are essential components of a normal healthy immune response, however, so there is ...
Hirai, S (2003). "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass". Annals of ... systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or damage to the nervous system (brain and nerves) may cause vasodilatory shock. ... "The systemic inflammatory response syndrome following cardiac surgery: different expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ... post cardiopulmonary bypass vasoplegia and other triggers for a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Low serum calcium ...
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis and their cascades Pittet, D; Rangel-Frausto, S; Li, N; ... "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Incidence, morbidities and outcomes in ... "The Natural History of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) A Prospective Study". JAMA: The Journal of the ... infections Ventilator-associated pneumonia Infections in the critically ill Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), ...
... resulting in shock and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a case report. PubMed Cases J. 2008; 1:4. doi ... testicular trauma was reported as the cause of a patient developing Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) despite ...
Prolonged inflammation may cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Immediately ... This response attempts to protect vital organs such as the liver, to allow further cell duplication and to heal the damage. The ... Injury Response: Acute Injury Care". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-09-09. Sundstrøm, Terje; ...
This can lead to a syndrome known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). SIRS leads to a range of complications ... such as hypercoagulability of the blood, endotoxaemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Bacterial myocarditis has ...
Loss-of-function mutations of IL-1Ra can develop fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Another example is the ... That, again, can lead to systemic inflammation and severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This provides that even single- ... September 2016). "Germline NLRP1 Mutations Cause Skin Inflammatory and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes via Inflammasome ... These inflammatory cytokines cannot be cleared and inflammatory mediators cause fever, cytopenias, coagulopathy and central ...
In severe cases, pancreatitis may lead to rapid blood loss and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. When the pancreas is ... Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can cause dark spots on the oral mucosa or on the lips or the skin around the mouth. Several GI diseases ... Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of unknown aetiology, classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, ... Gardner's syndrome can be associated with failure of tooth eruption, supernumerary teeth, and dentigerous cysts. ...
features of systemic inflammatory response syndrome tachycardia >90beats/min tachypnea >24/min temperature >38 or ...
September 2003). "Fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a ornithine transcarbamylase deficient patient following ... Problems with viral vectors - Viral vectors carry the risks of toxicity, inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting ... Immune response - Any time a foreign object is introduced into human tissues, the immune system is stimulated to attack the ... The first was that of Jesse Gelsinger, who died in 1999, because of immune rejection response. One X-SCID patient died of ...
1 September 2003). "Fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a ornithine transcarbamylase deficient patient following ... The technology relies heavily on viral vectors which raises concerns about insertional mutagenesis and systemic immune response ... These tumors have a higher dependency on tyrosine than normal cells for growth, and research has shown that lowering systemic ... The technology is limited by the risk of systemic infections, adverse metabolic activities and the risk of gene transfer. ...
... his research focuses on the protein C activation pathway and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In 2016, Smith was ...
In immunology, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can be ... and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ... CRS is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and is an adverse effect of some drugs. The Common Terminology ... This systemic hyperinflammation results in inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart, ...
... analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome". ...
... analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome". ... The polyvagal theory highlights three main ordinal processes, inactive response to an environmental threat, the active response ... Loss of HRV is also associated with higher plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and impaired neurocognitive function in this ... Billman GE (2013). "The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions". Frontiers in ...
... the aggravation of local inflammation causes a cytokine storm eventually leading to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. ... Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during ... Systemic inflammation results in vasodilation, allowing inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was ...
... systemic inflammatory response syndrome, age over 60 years, pleural effusion) has been validated as similar to other prognostic ... systemic inflammatory response syndrome, low blood calcium, high blood glucose, and dehydration. Blood loss, dehydration, and ... Severe inflammation can lead to intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome, further impairing renal and ...
Gando, S (1999). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome predict organ ... HELLP syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and malignant hypertension may mimic DIC but ... It is not the same as conditions where the blood vessels leak, such as capillary leak syndrome.[citation needed] Under ... 469-471 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1 Rak J, Yu JL, Luyendyk J, Mackman N (2006). "Oncogenes, trousseau syndrome, and cancer-related ...
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): symptoms include fast breathing, fast heartbeat, low blood pressure, and fluid ... Under accelerated approval regulations requiring further clinical studies.) Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Clofarabine quickly ...
... and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure". Crit. Care Med. 34 (2 ... of all ALF patients fulfil the criteria for systemic inflammatory syndrome irrespective of presence or absence of infection. ... Inflammatory mediators also play important role. Unfortunately, signs of elevated intracranial pressure, such as papilledema ... O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993). "Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes". Lancet. 342 (8866): 273-5. doi: ...
The three main risk factors for CIP and CIM are sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and multi-organ ... though they are thought to be a possible neurological manifestation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Nerve biopsy ... though they are thought to be a possible neurological manifestation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Corticosteroids ... Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are overlapping syndromes of diffuse, symmetric, ...
At the time of hospital presentation, the individual is often hypoxic and meets systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) ... and inflammatory markers. Infectious disease testing, including blood and sputum cultures and tests for influenza, Mycoplasma, ... serum inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), liver transaminases, and urine ... or causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome) as suggested by clinical presentation and medical history, while also ...
... lectin are underrepresented among individuals suffering from noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome". Clin. ...
In 2016 a new consensus was reached to replace screening by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with the sequential ... On the other hand, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurs in people without the presence of infection, for ... Previously, a sepsis diagnosis required the presence of at least two systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in ... Inflammatory responses cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome through various mechanisms as described below. Increased ...
... and C-reactive protein may be possible screening tools for early diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome ... Ong DS, Wang L, Zhu Y, Ho B, Ding JL (2005). "The response of ferritin to LPS and acute phase of Pseudomonas infection". ... The concentration of ferritin has been shown to increase in response to stresses such as anoxia, which implies that it is an ... Orino K, Lehman L, Tsuji Y, Ayaki H, Torti SV, Torti FM (July 2001). "Ferritin and the response to oxidative stress". The ...
Ferritin and C-reactive protein may be possible screening tools for early diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome ... and a systemic inflammatory response. Parexel, a company conducting trials for pharmaceutical companies claimed that ... systemic or non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated macrophage activation syndrome, NLRC4 macrophage activation ... Cytokine storm syndrome is a diverse set of conditions that can result in a cytokine storm. Cytokine storm syndromes include ...
... introduced definitions for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and multiple ... organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The idea behind defining SIRS was to define a clinical response to a nonspecif... ... encoded search term (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)) and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) What to ... Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Updated: Nov 12, 2020 * Author: Kamran Boka, MD, MS; Chief Editor: Michael R ...
... systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state affecting the whole body. It is the bodys response to ... Comstedt P, Storgaard M, Lassen AT (December 2009). "The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in acutely hospitalised ... Boka K (2019-06-26). "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Treatment & Management". Medscape. Berger MM, Chioléro RL ( ... "Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review". HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2 (3): 161-75. ...
The qSOFA, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), and the National Early Warning ... Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Early Warning Scores for Detecting ... Keywords: early warning scores; organ dysfunction scores; qSOFA; sepsis; systemic inflammatory response syndrome. ... Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / complications* * Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / diagnosis* Grants and ...
Get free answers on any health question about the condition Systemic inflammatory response syndrome from top U.S. doctors. Or, ... What is the difference between systemic inflammation and systemic inflammatory response syndrome? ... Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a condition of inflammation throughout the body that can lead to failure of ... Can systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a 5 year old with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis cause macrophage activation ...
The relative likelihood of sepsis versus noninfectious systemic inflammation was found to increase with increasing test score ( ... SeptiCyte LAB had an estimated area under the curve of 0.82-0.89 for discriminating sepsis from noninfectious systemic ... designed to distinguish between sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammation in critically ill adults.MethodsThe study ... could potentially have clinical utility.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the diagnostic performance of a molecular host response ...
... ... the impact of genetic variability in complement activation on early development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome ... vigorous complement activation to an infectious or inflammatory insult may offer protection from development of systemic ...
Functional activity of neutrophils and systemic inflammatory response of Downs syndrome patients with periodontal disease. ... Patients with Downs syndrome (DS) are prone to develop PD. Neutrophils (NE) are the first line of defense against infection ... The levels of the inflammatory mediator 5-LO expression increased in DS patients with PD. CONCLUSIONS: According with these ... Periodontal disease (PD) is characterized as an inflammatory process that compromises the support and protection of the ...
Stage one: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Sepsis is a hard to identify condition, but is typically denoted by high ... These aforesigns are used to identify systemic inflammatory response syndrome that only becomes sepsis when presence of sepsis ... Some herbs are enriched with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties thus it helps in resolving inflammation ...
... and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), relief of epigastric abdominal pain, and length of hospital stay (LoH). ... and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), relief of epigastric abdominal pain, and length of hospital stay (LoH). ... while the secondary outcomes were the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) ... while the secondary outcomes were the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) ...
A few months ago I was diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Something the Dr said, if I didnt get ... So many things can set off an inflammatory response. Our bodies are supposed to react this way to aid in healing. But it can ... Ive been doing a lot of research and learning about systemic inflammation since then. What Ive learned is this. ...
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Diabetes mellitus. Died. B309*. Blood. B310. 1740. Antioquia. 81/F. Tracheal aspirate ...
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and long-term outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Manuel Hagen, Jochen A. Sembill, ... Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and long-term outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Manuel Hagen, Jochen A. Sembill, ... The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cirrhotic patients: relationship with their in-hospital outcome. J Hepatol 2009; ... Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2016;25:133-140. ...
Patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or respiratory dysfunction showed significantly low blood selenium ... Keywords: blood selenium concentration;critically ill children;respiratory dysfunction;systemic inflammatory response syndrome ... Original Article Low Blood Selenium Concentrations in Critically Ill Children with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and ... We studied the relationship between blood selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organ ...
Obtunded Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. A cytokine storm or systemic inflammatory response syndrome is an ... A cytokine storm or systemic inflammatory response syndrome that results in inflammation and fluid buildup leading to ... A cytokine storm or systemic inflammatory response syndrome that results in inflammation and fluid buildup leading to ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in neonates and children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90 (06) F461-F465 ...
FROM SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS) TO BACTERIAL SEPSIS WITH SHOCK. General Goal: To know the major causes of ... Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Patient presents with two or more of the following criteria. * temperature > 38 ... marker for differentiating systemic bacterial inflammatory responses from nonbacterial systemic inflammatory responses. One ... The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). JAMA 273:117-123, 1995). Complications: Adult ...
BackgroundA systemic proinflammatory response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction. The effects of ... THE SYSTEMIC inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a clinical response to an inflammatory or traumatic stimulus of ... PS Interrelationships between systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in ... PS Interrelationships between systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in ...
Associated With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in a Maltese Dog: A Case Report ... Sterile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (Sweet's Syndrome) Associated With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in a Maltese ... We report a rare case of sterile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) accompanied by systemic inflammatory response ... Sweet's syndrome, a rare skin disorder, associated with systemic inflammation was diagnosed, and the cutaneous lesions and ...
... post severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination (MIS-V). Both children presented with MIS-V ... This report presents 2 pediatric cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adults (MIS-C/A) ... Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome * Vaccination / adverse effects Substances * COVID-19 Vaccines Supplementary concepts * ... Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Two Children Pediatrics. 2022 Aug 1;150(2):e2021055956. ...
... evaluate the diagnostic value of biomarkers from studies that included non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome ... Liu, Y., Hou, Jh., Li, Q. et al. Biomarkers for diagnosis of sepsis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a ... Miller PR, Munn DD, Meredith JW, Chang MC (1999) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the trauma intensive care unit: who ... Biomarkers for diagnosis of sepsis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a systematic review and meta- ...
Dive into the research topics of Does Use of Electronic Alerts for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to Identify ... T1 - Does Use of Electronic Alerts for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to Identify Patients With Sepsis Improve ... Does Use of Electronic Alerts for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to Identify Patients With Sepsis Improve ... Does Use of Electronic Alerts for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to Identify Patients With Sepsis Improve ...
... systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) who was noted to have a transient ... a woman who presented with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome ( ... From: Case report: severe reversible cardiomyopathy associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the setting of ...
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of rhs-TM for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)-associated ... Comparison of the effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin for systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated ... Comparison of the effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin for systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated ... Comparison of the effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin for systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated ...
Discrimination of Septical Complications and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome after Pediatric Surgery. de_DE. ... Discrimination of Septical Complications and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome after Pediatric Surgery. DSpace Repository ...
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria occur. Unfortunately, septicemia has had multiple definitions over time; it ... and very few are due to other causes of infection or agents that may cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The ... Kaplan, Lewis J. "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome." Medscape.com. Nov. 12, 2020. ,http://emedicine.medscape.com/article ... However, these streaks are due to local inflammatory changes in either local blood vessels or lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis ...
... systemic inflammatory response syndrome; † Length of hospital stay results are represented as weighted mean differences with 95 ... systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and the length of hospitalization (LOH). We narrowed the focus to longitudinal ... systemic inflammatory response syndrome; US: abdominal ultrasound; USA: United States of America. ... DNA Methylation in Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Syndrome. Next Article in Special Issue. Comparative Assessment and External ...
RIP kinase-dependent necrosis drives lethal systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Immunity 35, 908-918 (2011). ... c) Dose response curves for compound 22 and compound 25 in the in vitro whole blood necroptosis assay. The IC50 values of ... We validated our assay by investigating the dose response curves of a total of 14 compounds: Nec-1, GSK-compound 27, and twelve ... All data were normalised to the response observed at DMSO-treated conditions at room temperature. The Tagg shift was analysed ...
  • Although still in use clinically, it is important to note that systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) as a definition has been abandoned since 2016. (medscape.com)
  • In 1992, CHEST and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) introduced definitions for SIRS, sepsis , severe sepsis, septic shock , and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] The idea behind defining SIRS was to define a clinical response to a nonspecific insult of either infectious or noninfectious origin. (medscape.com)
  • A Venn diagram of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (medscape.com)
  • Sepsis is the systemic response to infection and is defined as the presence of SIRS in addition to a documented or presumed infection. (medscape.com)
  • In immunology, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state affecting the whole body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the definition of SIRS refers to it as an "inflammatory" response, it actually has pro- and anti-inflammatory components. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complications of SIRS include Acute kidney injury Shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome The causes of SIRS are broadly classified as infectious or noninfectious. (wikipedia.org)
  • Causes of SIRS include:[citation needed] bacterial infections severe malaria trauma burns pancreatitis ischemia hemorrhage Other causes include: Complications of surgery Adrenal insufficiency Pulmonary embolism Complicated aortic aneurysm Cardiac tamponade Anaphylaxis Drug overdose SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The qSOFA, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), and the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) were compared for predicting death and ICU transfer. (nih.gov)
  • Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a condition of inflammation throughout the body that can lead to failure of multiple organs. (healthtap.com)
  • Objective: To determine the impact of genetic variability in complement activation on early development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in general pediatric critical care. (figshare.com)
  • The primary outcome was clinical improvement, while the secondary outcomes were the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), relief of epigastric abdominal pain, and length of hospital stay (LoH). (frontiersin.org)
  • A few months ago I was diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (angelacarroll.com)
  • Objective To investigate whether the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) without infection as surrogate of a systemic immune response is associated with poor long-term functional outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). (neurology.org)
  • We studied the relationship between blood selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organ dysfunctions in critically ill children. (accjournal.org)
  • There is a continuum of clinical manifestations from SIRS to sepsis to severe sepsis to septic shock to Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS). (atsu.edu)
  • Daily systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores are depicted as a function of the ultimate length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). (jamanetwork.com)
  • Mean daily systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores are depicted for survivors and nonsurvivors for the first 7 days of the intensive care unit (ICU) stay. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The mortality rate is depicted as a function of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score for each of the first 7 days of the intensive care unit (ICU) stay. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The highest mortality rates (38% and 45%, respectively) were noted for patients with a SIRS score of 4 on day 2 or 3, suggesting the importance of failure of early resuscitation to ameliorate the proinflammatory response in critically ill patients. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Subset analysis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores in emergent vs nonemergent admissions and operative vs nonoperative admissions. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Because microbial cultures have the features of being time-consuming and having a low positive rate as well as being non-specific for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), many patients may lose the opportunity of timely and effective treatment. (springeropen.com)
  • Does Use of Electronic Alerts for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to Identify Patients With Sepsis Improve Mortality? (haifa.ac.il)
  • Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess whether earlier antibiotic administration in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and evidence of organ dysfunction identified through electronic alerts improves patient mortality. (haifa.ac.il)
  • The aim of this study was to compare the effects of rhs-TM for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)-associated coagulopathy (SAC) with and without continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, you can brush your teeth and get bacteremia for a short time and have no SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria occur. (medicinenet.com)
  • No results were found for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Hypercytokinemia plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (hindawi.com)
  • The early postoperative period in CABG patients is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is complicated with multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality in 5%-16% of cases (EACTA 2007 data) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Some patients might also develop coagulation disorders or shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (news-medical.net)
  • Specifically, that many resuscitated patients have a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) -like syndrome and most often respond to IV fluids and not VA ECMO. (medscape.com)
  • This was a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort in Thailand with culture-positive infection due to Staphylococcus aureus or S. argenteus within 24 h of admission and positive (≥2/4) systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This can eventually lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and even death. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • At the ER, you will be evaluated for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). (orlandohealth.com)
  • The signs that indicate SIRS are a warning to care providers that your body is having a severe response to pancreatitis. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The performance of SeptiCyte LAB was compared with retrospective physician diagnosis by a panel of three experts.Measurements and main resultsIn receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, SeptiCyte LAB had an estimated area under the curve of 0.82-0.89 for discriminating sepsis from noninfectious systemic inflammation. (tropmedres.ac)
  • The relative likelihood of sepsis versus noninfectious systemic inflammation was found to increase with increasing test score (range, 0-10). (tropmedres.ac)
  • The performance of the assay was not significantly affected by demographic variables, including age, sex, or race/ethnicity.ConclusionsSeptiCyte LAB appears to be a promising diagnostic tool to complement physician assessment of infection likelihood in critically ill adult patients with systemic inflammation. (tropmedres.ac)
  • A genotype that permits vigorous complement activation to an infectious or inflammatory insult may offer protection from development of systemic inflammation. (figshare.com)
  • Although the majority of patients with AP were in mild stage ( 6 , 7 ), if local inflammation is not effectively treated, patients could develop local complications or even progress to systemic inflammation ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • More importantly, uncontrolled systemic inflammation is a major role in the emergence of organ failure, a condition that was previously associated with a higher risk of mortality ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • I've been doing a lot of research and learning about systemic inflammation since then. (angelacarroll.com)
  • Sweet's syndrome, a rare skin disorder, associated with systemic inflammation was diagnosed, and the cutaneous lesions and systemic inflammation disappeared after prolonged steroid administration. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • Unlike microbial culture, biomarkers, primarily from the blood, increase in the early stage of the inflammatory response and show different expression between non-infectious inflammation and sepsis. (springeropen.com)
  • Hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and protease storm are essential pathogenetic components of the hyperergic phase of systemic inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in response to systemic factors, such as hematologic disease, infection, inflammation, vaccination, or drug exposure. (medscape.com)
  • B cells of the marginal zone (MZ), which separates circulating blood from spleen lymphoid tissue, contribute to this early immune response, but their role in inflammation has remained unclear. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Patients with Down's syndrome (DS) are prone to develop PD. (bvsalud.org)
  • The levels of the inflammatory mediator 5-LO expression increased in DS patients with PD. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, DS patients with PD presented high levels of 5-LO expression, suggesting the presence of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in PD, thus demonstrating that the changes in NE function due to the elevation of inflammatory mediators contribute to PD. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or respiratory dysfunction showed significantly low blood selenium concentrations. (accjournal.org)
  • 001) in the elective patients, note that the response to 24 hours of ICU care was identical (a mean decrease of 0.8 points). (jamanetwork.com)
  • Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock: incidence, morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Therefore, we conducted a large systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic value of biomarkers from studies that included non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients as a control group. (springeropen.com)
  • L. C. Casey, R. A. Balk and R. C. Bone, "Plasma Cytokine and Endotoxin Levels Correlate with Survival in Patients with the Sepsis Syndrome," Annals Internal Medicine, Vol. 119, No. 8, 1993, pp. 771-778. (scirp.org)
  • J. Bion, I. Badger and H. Crosby, "Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract Reduces Gram-Negative Pulmonary Colonization but Not Systemic Endotoxemia in Patients Undergoing Elective Liver Transplantation," Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1994, pp. 40-49. (scirp.org)
  • G-CSF levels are increased in peripheral blood of patients with active Sweet syndrome, suggesting that high levels of G-CSF may correlate with the activity of disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] The functional properties of neutrophils, rather than the absolute number, is thought to be significant because patients with Sweet syndrome due to G-CSF develop lesions as the neutrophil count rapidly increases, despite a decreased absolute neutrophil count. (medscape.com)
  • Stage 4 represents post-COVID-19 conditions when patients experience hyperinflammatory illnesses, e.g., multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC), following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. (news-medical.net)
  • KEYTRUDA was also granted accelerated approval in September 2019, and received full approval in July 2021, in combination with LENVIMA ® (lenvatinib) for the treatment of patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma that is not MSI-H or dMMR, who have disease progression following prior systemic therapy in any setting and are not candidates for curative surgery or radiation. (businesswire.com)
  • Although most frequently encountered in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it can occur in any patient receiving mechanical ventilation. (medscape.com)
  • Sepsis-3 was born, defined as "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. (medscape.com)
  • In 2016, the Third International Consensus Definitions Task Force (Sepsis-3) defined sepsis as 'life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • The spectrum of sepsis ranges from microbial invasion of the bloodstream or intoxication with early signs of circulatory compromise-including tachycardia, tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, and fever (or hypothermia)-to full-blown circulatory collapse with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Pathogenesis of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). (medscape.com)
  • This international task-force of experts defined sepsis as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection [1-3]. (esicm.org)
  • There was no evidence of bacterial or fungal infections, and autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and erythema multiforme, were excluded. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • Experience of using an extracorporeal cytokine hemoadsorber (CytoSorb®) in systemic inflammatory response syndrome after heart transplantation. (aferetica.com)
  • Simultaneous stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) activating receptor on monocytes results in the amplification of the inflammatory signal and multiple increase in proinflammatory cytokine production. (hindawi.com)
  • MZ B cells were found to produce large quantities of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, as well as some chemokines, in response to LPS stimulation. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Blood samples from 3 dogs were used to create a concentration-response curve to evaluate whether the observed cytokine modulation was concentration dependent. (avma.org)
  • Infection is defined as "a microbial phenomenon characterized by an inflammatory response to the microorganisms or the invasion of normally sterile tissue by those organisms. (medscape.com)
  • 2,3 Sepsis is the body's extreme response to an infection. (cdc.gov)
  • So many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. (angelacarroll.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data indicated that calcitriol induced an anti-inflammatory shift in canine leukocytes exposed to LPS, LTA, and MDP in vitro, without altering phagocytosis or TLR4 expression. (avma.org)
  • The researchers showed that mice injected with LPS from E. coli were more resistant to endotoxic shock and lived longer if they lacked MZ B cells, suggesting these cells' crucial role in inflammatory response against LPS. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • MZ B cells therefore emerge as a regulator of immune responses with a strong pro-inflammatory role in IL-6 production in endotoxic shock. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • One hundred years after the 1918 influenza pandemic, we now face another pandemic with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-novel coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). (thieme-connect.com)
  • More severe lower respiratory infections (LRIs) were associated with the recent zoonotic crossovers of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) identified in 2012. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Furthermore, a histopathological examination showed moderate to severe inflammatory infiltrates consisting predominantly of neutrophils from the superficial to the deep dermis. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • This report presents 2 pediatric cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adults (MIS-C/A) post severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination (MIS-V). Both children presented with MIS-V within 6 weeks of receiving their first and only dose of Pfizer-BioNTech's SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • COVID-19 is the third coronavirus disease in the past 20 years after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). (news-medical.net)
  • In a small percentage of people, severe acute pancreatitis causes a systemic reaction that affects the whole body. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The most serious is stage 3 characterized by a hyperinflammatory state or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). (news-medical.net)
  • Also see Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • It is the body's response to an infectious or noninfectious insult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The classical method of diagnosis is based on signs of an inflammatory response and microbial cultures. (springeropen.com)
  • Both responded well to intravenous immunoglobulins and/or systemic corticosteroids. (nih.gov)
  • Monocytes are the main source of cytokines in the early inflammatory phase. (hindawi.com)
  • The association of exogenous G-CSF with the development of Sweet syndrome also supports the impact of neutrophils and related endogenous cytokines in the underlying process. (medscape.com)
  • A research team centered at the University of Tsukuba has now revealed that MZ B cells also produce the signaling proteins cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammatory responses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • White blood cells known as B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies in response to infections such as bloodborne pathogens. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • In contrast, complicated infections can be mono- or polymicrobial and may present with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. (aafp.org)
  • In addition to G-CSF, the use of ATRA in the context of acute promyelocytic leukemia has shown the propagation of aberrant neutrophils as seen in drug-induced Sweet syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of Sweet syndrome is based on fulfillment of both clinical and histopathologic criteria. (medscape.com)
  • In some reports, the lesions of Sweet syndrome are the first clue of underlying malignancy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] It is important to note that cutaneous lesions can also occur in the context of an established neoplastic process, as well as a paraneoplastic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, an iatrogenic form of Sweet syndrome is recognized based on reports of a variety of therapies bringing about lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Characteristics that distinguish the lesions of Sweet syndrome from other neutrophilic dermatoses are healing of the lesions without scarring and an absence of vasculitis on histopathological examination. (medscape.com)
  • It is worthy to note that the congenital immune system employs an almost similar complex of defensive responses in response to any damage [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Unfortunately, it's impossible to know ahead of time who will have a systemic reaction. (orlandohealth.com)
  • [ 2 ] The condition is neutrophil mediated, as evidenced by its histopathologic appearance, associated neutrophilia, and response to medications that affect neutrophil activity. (medscape.com)
  • Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in maxillofacial surgery clinic]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Receptor interacting protein 1 kinase (RIPK1) is a key mediator of not only a process of regulated necrosis, termed necroptosis, but also promotion of caspase-8-dependent apoptosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression 13 . (nature.com)
  • The primary endpoint was overall response rate as evaluated by independent central review using RECIST v1.1. (businesswire.com)
  • We observed that a physical association with Fcα/µR was required for forming the TLR4 complex and IL-6 production in response to LPS,' corresponding author Akira Shibuya explains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The application is based on overall response data from Cohorts D and K of the KEYNOTE-158 trial, which will be presented for the first time at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress 2021 (Abstract #795P). (businesswire.com)
  • and those with underlying unstable comorbid illnesses or signs of systemic sepsis. (aafp.org)