A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
A form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized ARTERIES, often with microaneurysms. It is characterized by muscle, joint, and abdominal pain resulting from arterial infarction and scarring in affected organs. Polyarteritis nodosa with lung involvement is called CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME.
Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and kidneys. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against neutrophil proteinase-3 (WEGENER AUTOANTIGEN).
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.
A polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived serine protease that degrades proteins such as ELASTIN; FIBRONECTIN; LAMININ; VITRONECTIN; and COLLAGEN. It is named for its ability to control myeloid cell growth and differentiation.
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.
INFLAMMATION of any ARTERIES.
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.
Disorder characterized by a vasculitic syndrome associated with exposure to an antigen such as a drug, infectious agent, or other foreign or endogenous substance. Its pathophysiology includes immune complex deposition and a wide range of skin lesions. Hypersensitivity or allergy is present in some but not all cases.
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.
A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.
A condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial KERATITIS, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis.
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.
Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.
Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.
Necrotizing VASCULITIS of small and medium size vessels, developing as a complication in RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients. It is characterized by peripheral vascular lesions, cutaneous ULCERS, peripheral GANGRENE, and MONONEURITIS MULTIPLEX.
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Abnormal immunoglobulins, especially IGG or IGM, that precipitate spontaneously when SERUM is cooled below 37 degrees Celsius. It is characteristic of CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is >2-3 cm it is generally called Ecchymoses (ECCHYMOSIS).
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Incidence and survival rates in Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa. (1/26)

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Value of anti-infective chemoprophylaxis in primary systemic vasculitis: what is the evidence? (2/26)

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Rituximab may form a complex with IgMkappa mixed cryoglobulin and induce severe systemic reactions in patients with hepatitis C virus-induced vasculitis. (3/26)

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Genetic factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic vasculitis: Evaluation of a panel of polymorphisms. (4/26)

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An approach to the diagnosis and management of systemic vasculitis. (5/26)

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Endothelial injury and repair in systemic vasculitis of the young. (6/26)

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Systemic vasculopathy with altered vasoreactivity in a transgenic mouse model of scleroderma. (7/26)

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Treatment of primary systemic vasculitis with the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor mycophenolic acid. (8/26)

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Systemic vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) that can affect various organs and systems throughout the body. This condition can cause damage to the walls of the blood vessels, leading to narrowing, blockage, or weakening of the vessel walls, which can further result in reduced blood flow, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.

The symptoms of systemic vasculitis depend on the severity and location of the affected blood vessels. They may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes or lesions, muscle weakness, nerve damage, and organ dysfunction such as kidney failure, lung disease, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Systemic vasculitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, and underlying medical conditions. The diagnosis of systemic vasculitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and other medications to control inflammation and prevent organ damage.

Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause changes in the vessel walls including thickening, narrowing, or weakening. These changes can restrict blood flow, leading to organ and tissue damage. The specific symptoms and severity of vasculitis depend on the size and location of the affected blood vessels and the extent of inflammation. Vasculitis can affect any organ system in the body, and its causes can vary, including infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or chemicals.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium-sized and small muscular arteries. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of microaneurysms (small bulges in the artery wall) and subsequent narrowing or complete occlusion of the affected vessels. This can result in tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow) and infarction (tissue death), causing a wide range of clinical manifestations that vary depending on the organs involved.

The exact cause of PAN remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response triggered by various factors such as infections or exposure to certain drugs. The diagnosis of PAN typically requires a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, often supported by histopathological examination of affected tissues. Treatment usually involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the arteries and organs.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a type of autoantibody that specifically target certain proteins in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell. These antibodies are associated with several types of vasculitis, which is inflammation of the blood vessels.

There are two main types of ANCAs: perinuclear ANCAs (p-ANCAs) and cytoplasmic ANCAs (c-ANCAs). p-ANCAs are directed against myeloperoxidase, a protein found in neutrophil granules, while c-ANCAs target proteinase 3, another protein found in neutrophil granules.

The presence of ANCAs in the blood can indicate an increased risk for developing certain types of vasculitis, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). ANCA testing is often used in conjunction with other clinical findings to help diagnose and manage these conditions.

It's important to note that while the presence of ANCAs can indicate an increased risk for vasculitis, not everyone with ANCAs will develop the condition. Additionally, ANCAs can also be found in some individuals without any associated disease, so their presence should be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings.

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of small- to medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) and the presence of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. The syndrome typically affects multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, peripheral nerves, skin, heart, and kidneys.

The classic triad of symptoms includes asthma, allergies, and peripheral blood eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood). Other common features include sinusitis, rhinitis, cough, shortness of breath, skin rashes, neuropathy (nerve damage), and cardiac involvement.

The exact cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome is not well understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response in genetically susceptible individuals. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent organ damage. Corticosteroids are often used as a first-line therapy, while other agents such as cyclophosphamide or rituximab may be added for more severe cases.

Wegener Granulomatosis is a rare, chronic granulomatous vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized blood vessels. It is also known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). The disease primarily involves the respiratory tract (nose, sinuses, trachea, and lungs) and kidneys but can affect other organs as well.

The characteristic features of Wegener Granulomatosis include necrotizing granulomas, vasculitis, and inflammation of the blood vessel walls. These abnormalities can lead to various symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, sinus congestion, skin lesions, joint pain, and kidney problems.

The exact cause of Wegener Granulomatosis is unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs. The diagnosis of Wegener Granulomatosis typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsy findings. Treatment usually includes immunosuppressive therapy to control the inflammation and prevent further damage to the affected organs.

Retinal vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can cause damage to the retina and may lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The inflammation can affect both the small and large blood vessels in the retina and can occur as a result of various systemic diseases or infections, including autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. In some cases, retinal vasculitis may also be associated with uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina.

Myeloblastin is not typically used as a medical term in current literature. However, in the field of hematology, "myeloblast" refers to an immature cell that develops into a white blood cell called a granulocyte. These myeloblasts are normally found in the bone marrow and are part of the body's immune system.

If you meant 'Myeloperoxidase,' I can provide a definition for it:

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme that is abundant in neutrophil granulocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. MPO plays an essential role in the microbicidal activity of these cells by generating hypochlorous acid and other reactive oxygen species to kill invading pathogens.

Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV) is a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to small blood vessels, particularly capillaries, venules, and arterioles. The condition is named after the presence of ANCAs in the patient's serum, which are autoantibodies that target specific proteins in the neutrophil cytoplasm.

AAV includes several subtypes, including:

1. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) - a form of AAV that typically affects the respiratory tract and kidneys, characterized by the presence of granulomas (clusters of inflammatory cells).
2. Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) - a form of AAV that primarily affects small vessels in various organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, and skin.
3. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) - a form of AAV that involves asthma, allergies, and eosinophilia (an increased number of eosinophils in the blood), along with vasculitis affecting various organs.

The exact cause of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an interplay between genetic factors, environmental triggers, and dysregulation of the immune system. The condition can lead to a wide range of symptoms depending on which organs are affected, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes, cough, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, and kidney problems. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the affected organs.

Arteritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the arteries. It is also known as vasculitis of the arteries. The inflammation can cause the walls of the arteries to thicken and narrow, reducing blood flow to affected organs or tissues. There are several types of arteritis, including:

1. Giant cell arteritis (GCA): Also known as temporal arteritis, it is a condition that mainly affects the large and medium-sized arteries in the head and neck. The inflammation can cause headaches, jaw pain, scalp tenderness, and vision problems.
2. Takayasu's arteritis: This type of arteritis affects the aorta and its major branches, mainly affecting young women. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and decreased pulse in the arms or legs.
3. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN): PAN is a rare systemic vasculitis that can affect medium-sized arteries throughout the body. It can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, rash, abdominal pain, and muscle weakness.
4. Kawasaki disease: This is a type of arteritis that mainly affects children under the age of 5. It causes inflammation in the blood vessels throughout the body, leading to fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes, and red eyes.

The exact cause of arteritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Treatment for arteritis typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome is also known as Kawasaki Disease. It is a type of vasculitis that primarily affects young children, usually those under the age of 5. The disease is named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, who first described it in Japan in 1967.

The condition is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes (mucosa), skin (cutaneous), and lymph nodes. The symptoms typically include fever, rash, red eyes, swollen lips and tongue, strawberry tongue, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. In addition, children with Kawasaki disease may also experience joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

In severe cases, Kawasaki disease can lead to complications such as coronary artery aneurysms, which can increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems. The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by an infection or other environmental factor in genetically susceptible children. Treatment typically involves administering high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous is a type of vasculitis that is limited to the skin. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause damage to the vessel walls and impair blood flow to various tissues in the body. In leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the small blood vessels (capillaries and venules) in the skin become inflamed, leading to damage and destruction of the vessel walls.

The term "leukocytoclastic" refers to the presence of nuclear debris from white blood cells (leukocytes) that have been destroyed within the affected blood vessels. This type of vasculitis is often associated with the deposition of immune complexes (formed by the interaction between antibodies and antigens) in the walls of the blood vessels, which triggers an inflammatory response.

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis typically presents as palpable purpura (small to large, raised, purple or red spots on the skin), usually located on the lower extremities, but can also affect other areas of the body. Other symptoms may include burning or itching sensations in the affected area, and in some cases, ulcers or necrosis (tissue death) may occur.

The diagnosis of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis is typically made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen. Treatment usually involves addressing any underlying causes or triggers, as well as managing symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a type of small vessel vasculitis, which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels. HSP primarily affects children, but it can occur in adults as well. It is named after two German physicians, Eduard Heinrich Henoch and Johann Schönlein, who first described the condition in the mid-19th century.

The main feature of HSP is a purpuric rash, which is a type of rash that appears as small, red or purple spots on the skin. The rash is caused by leakage of blood from the small blood vessels (capillaries) beneath the skin. In HSP, this rash typically occurs on the legs and buttocks, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the arms, face, and trunk.

In addition to the purpuric rash, HSP is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can also affect the kidneys, leading to hematuria (blood in the urine) and proteinuria (protein in the urine).

The exact cause of HSP is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response to certain triggers, such as infections or medications. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as pain relief and fluid replacement, as well as medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. In most cases, HSP resolves on its own within a few weeks or months, but it can lead to serious complications in some individuals.

Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare type of vasculitis, which is a group of disorders that cause inflammation in the blood vessels. In MPA, the small blood vessels in various organs become inflamed and damaged, leading to symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

The term "microscopic" refers to the fact that the diagnosis of this condition typically requires examination of tissue samples under a microscope to see the characteristic patterns of inflammation and damage in the small blood vessels.

MPA is an autoimmune disorder, which means that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs. In MPA, the immune system produces abnormal antibodies called ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) that target certain proteins in the white blood cells, leading to their activation and subsequent damage to the blood vessels.

The symptoms of MPA can vary widely depending on which organs are affected, but they may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes, cough, shortness of breath, and kidney problems such as proteinuria and hematuria. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to suppress the overactive immune system and reduce inflammation in the blood vessels.

Cogan syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder that affects the eyes and inner ear. It is characterized by the combination of non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) and vestibuloauditory dysfunction (damage to the inner ear causing balance problems and hearing loss).

The symptoms of Cogan syndrome can develop suddenly or gradually, and they may include:

* Redness, pain, and blurry vision in one or both eyes
* Sensitivity to light
* Hearing loss, often sudden and progressive, affecting one or both ears
* Vertigo (a spinning sensation) and balance problems
* Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ears)
* Nausea and vomiting

The exact cause of Cogan syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. In severe cases, aggressive treatment with biologic agents may be necessary.

It is important to note that Cogan syndrome is a rare condition, affecting only about 1 in 500,000 people worldwide. If you are experiencing symptoms of this disorder, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional who has experience diagnosing and treating rare inflammatory disorders.

Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins in the blood. These proteins become insoluble at lower temperatures and can form immune complexes that can cause inflammation and damage to small blood vessels when they precipitate in cooler parts of the body.

Cryoglobulinemia is often associated with underlying conditions such as autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), chronic infections (such as hepatitis C), and certain types of cancer (such as lymphoma). Symptoms can vary widely, but may include purpura (purple spots on the skin), joint pain, peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage causing numbness or weakness), fatigue, and kidney problems.

The diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia is typically made by detecting cryoglobulins in the blood through a special test that requires the blood sample to be kept at cold temperatures. Treatment for cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or chemotherapy drugs.

Vasculitis, Central Nervous System (CNS), refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels within the brain and/or spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the blood vessel walls, leading to narrowing, blocking or weakening of the vessels, and in some cases, formation of aneurysms or rupture of the vessels.

The causes of CNS vasculitis are varied and can include infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, and unknown factors. The symptoms of CNS vasculitis depend on the severity and location of the inflammation, and may include headache, seizures, stroke-like symptoms (such as weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs), cognitive changes, and in severe cases, coma.

Diagnosis of CNS vasculitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or angiography), and laboratory tests (including blood tests and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid). Treatment may involve corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and/or other therapies aimed at reducing inflammation and preventing further damage to the blood vessels.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Behçet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease that can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. It's characterized by recurrent mouth sores (aphthous ulcers), genital sores, and inflammation of the eyes (uveitis). The condition may also cause skin lesions, joint pain and swelling, and inflammation of the digestive tract, brain, or spinal cord.

The exact cause of Behçet syndrome is not known, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues. The condition tends to affect men more often than women and typically develops during a person's 20s or 30s.

There is no cure for Behçet syndrome, but treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics to reduce inflammation, as well as pain relievers and other supportive therapies.

Serine endopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds within proteins (endopeptidases) and utilize serine as the nucleophilic amino acid in their active site for catalysis. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including digestion, blood coagulation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Examples of serine endopeptidases include trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, and elastase.

Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) are a preparation of antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins, that are derived from the plasma of healthy donors. They are administered intravenously to provide passive immunity and help boost the immune system's response in individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems. IVIG can be used for various medical conditions such as primary immunodeficiency disorders, secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. The administration of IVIG can help prevent infections, reduce the severity and frequency of infections, and manage the symptoms of certain autoimmune disorders. It is important to note that while IVIG provides temporary immunity, it does not replace a person's own immune system.

Otorhinolaryngologic diseases, also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the ears, nose, and/or throat. These specialized areas are closely related both anatomically and functionally, and disorders in one area can often have impacts on the others.

Here are some examples of otorhinolaryngologic diseases categorized by the affected area:

1. Otologic diseases - affecting the ear:
* Otitis media (ear infection)
* Otitis externa (swimmer's ear)
* Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Hearing loss
* Meniere's disease (inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss)
* Acoustic neuroma (noncancerous tumor on the vestibular nerve)
2. Rhinologic diseases - affecting the nose:
* Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
* Non-allergic rhinitis
* Sinusitis (sinus infection)
* Deviated septum
* Nasal polyps
* Epistaxis (nosebleed)
3. Laryngologic diseases - affecting the throat and voice box:
* Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness or voice loss)
* Vocal cord nodules or polyps
* Reflux laryngitis (acid reflux irritating the throat)
* Subglottic stenosis (narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords)
* Laryngeal cancer
4. Common otorhinolaryngologic diseases:
* Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils, often causing sore throat and difficulty swallowing)
* Adenoiditis (inflammation of the adenoids, commonly seen in children)
* Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA, a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep)
* Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx or throat)

Otorhinolaryngologists, also known as ENT specialists, diagnose and treat these conditions. They may use various methods such as physical examination, imaging studies, endoscopy, and laboratory tests to determine the best course of treatment for each individual patient.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can impair the kidney's ability to filter blood properly, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), and eventually kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic, and it may occur as a primary kidney disease or secondary to other medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or vasculitis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies, with confirmation often requiring a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease but may include medications to suppress inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage symptoms.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), also known as Temporal Arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries, most commonly the temporal artery. It primarily occurs in people over 50 years old. The condition is characterized by the infiltration of the artery walls with immune cells, leading to inflammation, swelling, and damage. This can restrict blood flow, causing various symptoms.

The key feature of GCA is the presence of multinucleated giant cells, which are large collections of fused immune cells, in the affected artery walls. These cells are a hallmark of this condition when viewed under a microscope.

Common symptoms include new onset of severe headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain while chewing (called jaw claudication), vision problems, and systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss. If left untreated, GCA can lead to serious complications like blindness or stroke. Treatment typically involves high-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream where they circulate and are able to move quickly to sites of infection or inflammation in the body. Neutrophils are capable of engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances through a process called phagocytosis. They are also involved in the release of inflammatory mediators, which can contribute to tissue damage in some cases. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and other proteins that help them carry out their immune functions.

Collagen diseases, also known as collagen disorders or connective tissue diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the body's connective tissues. These tissues provide support and structure for various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, and blood vessels.

Collagen is a major component of connective tissues, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining their strength and elasticity. In collagen diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy collagen, leading to inflammation, pain, and damage to the affected tissues.

There are several types of collagen diseases, including:

1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and lungs.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): This is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness.
3. Scleroderma: This is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissues, leading to restricted movement and organ damage.
4. Dermatomyositis: This is an inflammatory muscle disease that can also affect the skin, causing rashes and weakness.
5. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that combines symptoms of several collagen diseases, including SLE, RA, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis.

The exact cause of collagen diseases is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Vascular skin diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels in the skin. These disorders can be caused by problems with the structure or function of the blood vessels, which can lead to various symptoms such as redness, discoloration, pain, itching, and ulcerations. Some examples of vascular skin diseases include:

1. Rosacea: a chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels in the face.
2. Eczema: a group of inflammatory skin conditions that can cause redness, itching, and dryness. Some types of eczema, such as varicose eczema, are associated with problems with the veins.
3. Psoriasis: an autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin. Some people with psoriasis may also develop psoriatic arthritis, which can affect the blood vessels in the skin and joints.
4. Vasculitis: a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the blood vessels. This can lead to symptoms such as redness, pain, and ulcerations.
5. Livedo reticularis: a condition that causes a net-like pattern of discoloration on the skin, usually on the legs. It is caused by abnormalities in the small blood vessels.
6. Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a rare condition that causes inflammation of the small blood vessels, leading to purple spots on the skin and joint pain.
7. Raynaud's phenomenon: a condition that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes, causing them to become narrow and restrict blood flow in response to cold temperatures or stress.

Treatment for vascular skin diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Rheumatoid vasculitis is not a term that is typically used as a formal medical diagnosis. However, it refers to a condition where there is inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation and pain. In some people with severe RA, the immune system can also attack the blood vessels, leading to rheumatoid vasculitis. This condition is relatively rare, affecting less than 1% of people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid vasculitis can affect small and medium-sized blood vessels throughout the body, but it most commonly affects the skin, nerves, and organs such as the heart and lungs. Symptoms may include skin ulcers, nodules, or discoloration; nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, or weakness; and organ damage leading to symptoms related to the affected organ.

The diagnosis of rheumatoid vasculitis is typically made based on a combination of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive medications to control the overactive immune system and reduce inflammation.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. It is characterized by an overproduction of white blood cells, specifically monocytes and myeloid cells. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with normal blood cell production, leading to a shortage of red blood cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells.

CMML is considered a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN), which means it has features of both myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). MDS are conditions in which the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells, while MPNs are conditions in which the bone marrow produces too many abnormal blood cells.

In CMML, the myelomonocytic cells may accumulate in various organs and tissues, leading to enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly), as well as an increased risk of infections, bleeding, and anemia. The symptoms of CMML can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease and the specific organs affected.

CMML is typically a disease of older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 70 years. It is slightly more common in men than in women. The exact cause of CMML is not known, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that occur over time and are associated with aging. Treatment options for CMML depend on the stage and severity of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.

Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.

Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can affect almost any organ or system in the body. In SLE, the immune system produces an exaggerated response, leading to the production of autoantibodies that attack the body's own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. The symptoms and severity of SLE can vary widely from person to person, but common features include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes (particularly a "butterfly" rash across the nose and cheeks), fever, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Systemic lupus erythematosus can also affect the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood vessels, and other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as kidney dysfunction, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, and anemia. The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and manage symptoms, and may require long-term management by a team of healthcare professionals.

Respiratory burst is a term used in the field of biology, particularly in the context of immunology and cellular processes. It does not have a direct application to clinical medicine, but it is important for understanding certain physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Here's a definition of respiratory burst:

Respiratory burst is a rapid increase in oxygen consumption by phagocytic cells (like neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) following their activation in response to various stimuli, such as pathogens or inflammatory molecules. This process is part of the innate immune response and serves to eliminate invading microorganisms.

The respiratory burst involves the activation of NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex present in the membrane of phagosomes (the compartment where pathogens are engulfed). Upon activation, NADPH oxidase catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to superoxide radicals, which then dismutate to form hydrogen peroxide. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) can directly kill or damage microorganisms and also serve as signaling molecules for other immune cells.

While respiratory burst is a crucial part of the immune response, excessive or dysregulated ROS production can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation, which have implications in various pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by persistent inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and subsequent damage to the articular cartilage and bone. The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically targeting the synovial membrane lining the joint capsule. This results in swelling, pain, warmth, and stiffness in affected joints, often most severely in the hands and feet.

RA can also have extra-articular manifestations, affecting other organs such as the lungs, heart, skin, eyes, and blood vessels. The exact cause of RA remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing rheumatoid arthritis to prevent joint damage, disability, and systemic complications.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Antibody specificity refers to the ability of an antibody to bind to a specific epitope or antigenic determinant on an antigen. Each antibody has a unique structure that allows it to recognize and bind to a specific region of an antigen, typically a small portion of the antigen's surface made up of amino acids or sugar residues. This highly specific binding is mediated by the variable regions of the antibody's heavy and light chains, which form a pocket that recognizes and binds to the epitope.

The specificity of an antibody is determined by its unique complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), which are loops of amino acids located in the variable domains of both the heavy and light chains. The CDRs form a binding site that recognizes and interacts with the epitope on the antigen. The precise fit between the antibody's binding site and the epitope is critical for specificity, as even small changes in the structure of either can prevent binding.

Antibody specificity is important in immune responses because it allows the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. This helps to prevent autoimmune reactions where the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Antibody specificity also plays a crucial role in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA assays, where antibodies are used to detect the presence of specific antigens in biological samples.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Cytoplasm is the material within a eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) that lies between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane. It is composed of an aqueous solution called cytosol, in which various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are suspended. Cytoplasm also contains a variety of dissolved nutrients, metabolites, ions, and enzymes that are involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, signaling, and transport. It is where most of the cell's metabolic activities take place, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the cell.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins (a type of antibody) that precipitate or become insoluble at reduced temperatures, typically below 37°C (98.6°F), and re-dissolve when rewarmed. They can be found in various clinical conditions such as infections, inflammatory diseases, and lymphoproliferative disorders.

The presence of cryoglobulins in the blood can lead to a variety of symptoms, including purpura (a type of skin rash), arthralgias (joint pain), neuropathy (nerve damage), and glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation). The diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia is made by detecting the presence of cryoglobulins in the serum, which requires special handling and processing of the blood sample. Treatment of cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, or targeted therapies.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of multiple forms (called alleles) of a particular gene within a population. These variations in the DNA sequence do not generally affect the function or survival of the organism, but they can contribute to differences in traits among individuals. Genetic polymorphisms can be caused by single nucleotide changes (SNPs), insertions or deletions of DNA segments, or other types of genetic rearrangements. They are important for understanding genetic diversity and evolution, as well as for identifying genetic factors that may contribute to disease susceptibility in humans.

Purpura is a medical term that refers to the appearance of purple-colored spots on the skin or mucous membranes, caused by bleeding underneath the skin due to various factors such as blood clotting disorders, vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), or use of certain medications. These spots can vary in size and shape, ranging from small pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) to larger, irregularly shaped patches (ecchymoses). The bleeding is usually not caused by trauma or injury to the area. It's important to consult a healthcare professional if you notice any unexplained purpuric spots on your skin or mucous membranes, as they can indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitus, is a category of vasculitis, comprising vasculitides that ... "systemic vasculitis" or "primary systemic vasculitides" are commonly used. Although the word necrotizing is omitted, the ... There are several vasculitides that affect small vessels. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Systemic vasculitis of medium and ... December 1999). "Temporal artery biopsy: a diagnostic tool for systemic necrotizing vasculitis. French Vasculitis Study Group ...
"Stable incidence of primary systemic vasculitides over five years: Results from the German vasculitis register". Arthritis & ... Systemic vasculitides are a group of heterogeneous diseases that share the etiology in terms of inflammation of the blood ... Watts, Richard A.; Lane, Suzanne E.; Bentham, Graham; Scott, David G. I. (February 2000). "Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis ... Watts, Richard A.; Carruthers, David M.; Scott, David G.I. (August 1995). "Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis: Changing ...
"Systemic Vasculitis." Pg. 65-67. 2009, ACP. "American College of Physicians , Internal Medicine , ACP". Archived from the ... There is irregular fibrosis of the blood vessels due to chronic vasculitis, leading to sometimes massive intimal fibrosis ( ... The age at onset helps to differentiate Takayasu's arteritis from other types of large vessel vasculitis. For example, ... Some people develop an initial "inflammatory phase" characterized by systemic illness with signs and symptoms of malaise, fever ...
... that would indicate a systemic cause). It is important to distinguish between IgA and non-IgA vasculitis. IgA vasculitis is ... Small vessel cutaneous vasculitis is a diagnosis of exclusion and requires ruling out systemic causes of the skin findings. ... Subtypes of small-vessel vasculitis include:: 833-6 IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura) Acute hemorrhagic edema of ... Urticarial vasculitis Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis Erythema elevatum diutinum Granuloma faciale ANCA-associated vasculitis ...
1994). "Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference". Arthritis Rheum. 37 (2): 187 ... "Vasculitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary "The Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center - Symptoms of Vasculitis". Archived from the ... Vasculitis is primarily caused by leukocyte migration and resultant damage. Although both occur in vasculitis, inflammation of ... Conditions with leucocytoclasis mainly include hypersensitivity vasculitis (also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis) and ...
"Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Vasculitis". Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. 14 (1): 335-382. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12- ...
Bruce IN, Bell AL (April 1997). "A comparison of two nomenclature systems for primary systemic vasculitis". British Journal of ... Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes called systemic vasculitides or necrotizing ... Papaliodis, GN (November 2017). "Ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology ( ... "Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 37 (2): ...
Genta MS, Genta RM, Gabay C (October 2006). "Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: a review". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. ... Several forms of vasculitis occur in RA, but are mostly seen with long-standing and untreated disease. The most common ... RA is a systemic (whole body) autoimmune disease. Some genetic and environmental factors affect the risk for RA. Worldwide, RA ... Rheumatoid vasculitis can thus commonly present with skin ulceration and vasculitic nerve infarction known as mononeuritis ...
... is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus in which the autoimmune response causes the deposition of ... Pyrpasopoulou, Athina; Chatzimichailidou, Sofia; Aslanidis, Spyros (2012). "Vascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". ...
... which are a major cause for the most common forms of aggressive glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis in adults. ANCA are ... "Nomenclature of Systemic Vasculitides". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 37 (2): 187-192. doi:10.1002/art.1780370206. ISSN 1529-0131. ... "Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies with Specificity for Myeloperoxidase in Patients with Systemic Vasculitis and ... "Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies with Specificity for Myeloperoxidase in Patients with Systemic Vasculitis and ...
Under this classification scheme for systemic vasculitis, Kawasaki disease is considered to be a necrotizing vasculitis (also ... Systemic vasculitides may be classified according to the type of cells involved in the proliferation, as well as the specific ... Guillevin L, Pagnoux C (March 2008). "[Classification of systemic vasculitides]". La Revue du Praticien (in French). 58 (5): ... Kawasaki disease is also considered to be a primary childhood vasculitis, a disorder associated with vasculitis that mainly ...
Jennette JC; Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference; Arthritis Rheum 2013 ... a pair of international conferences which addressed the need of standardized classification system for systemic vasculitides. ... Jennette, JC; Overview of the 2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides; ...
Local and systemic symptoms become more widespread and are compounded by new symptoms from the vasculitis. Severe complications ... It is a type of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Effective treatment of EGPA requires suppression of the immune system with ... The third stage consists of vasculitis, which can eventually lead to cell death and can be life-threatening. This condition is ... The ANCA+ subtype is characterized by predominantly vasculitis-like manifestations, while the ANCA- subtype is more commonly ...
HSP is a systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) and is characterized by deposition of immune complexes containing ... 1994). "Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 37 ... such as vasculitis due to cryoglobulinemia; on microscopy, the appearances are of a hypersensitivity vasculitis, and ... Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis J. C. Jennette; R. J. Falk; P. A. Bacon; et al. (January 2013). "2012 Revised International ...
... systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis and many others. There are a number of strategies in the ... Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new ... Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy (i.e., treatments whose ... As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this ...
Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. ...
Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and autoimmune diseases (e.g. lupus ... Nephrology also studies systemic conditions that affect the kidneys, such as diabetes and autoimmune disease; and systemic ... systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA vasculitis), paraproteinemias (amyloidosis, multiple myeloma) and metabolic diseases ( ... Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. ...
Further causes of non-arteritic CRAO may include vasculitis and chronic systemic autoimmune diseases. Arteritic CRAO is most ...
"Intravascular immunity as a key to systemic vasculitis: a work in progress, gaining momentum". Clinical & Experimental ...
... but are particularly associated with systemic vasculitis, so called ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV).[citation needed] ... Atypical ANCA is associated with drug-induced systemic vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The ... eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and drug induced vasculitides. ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) have new ... Levamisole, which is a common adulterant of cocaine, can cause an ANCA positive vasculitis. The presence or absence of ANCA ...
Mastocytosis, including mast cell activation syndrome and eosinophilic esophagitis Chronic fatigue syndrome Systemic vasculitis ... Almost any part of the eye can give important clues to the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Signs of a systemic disease may be ... List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations Localized disease Marfan syndrome Systemic autoimmune diseases Systemic ... Nails in systemic disease. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:465-83. Eds. ROBERT S. FAWCETT, M.D., M.S., SEAN LINFORD, M.D., and DANIEL L. ...
Treatments include systemic corticosteroids, dapsone, colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, and various immunosuppressant medications ... Urticarial vasculitis is featured prominently in the 2010 documentary film Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead. The main character and ... Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis List of cutaneous conditions Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007 ... Urticarial vasculitis (also known as "chronic urticaria as a manifestation of venulitis", "hypocomplementemic urticarial ...
Some examples of systemic vasculitic disease are: IgA vasculitis, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, polyarteritis ... Some patients with systemic vasculitis will have their multi-organ disease spread to the peripheral nervous system; this is ... When no systemic illness can be found, yet evidence of a vasculitic neuropathy exists, a diagnosis of non-systemic vasculitic ... Neuralgic amyotrophy Non-systemic skin/nerve vasculitis (for example, cutaneous PAN) There is an ongoing debate over this ...
Systemic vasculitis is the most common association with RP, followed by rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. ... The involvement of the kidney can be caused by primary renal parenchymal lesions, or an underlying vasculitis, or another ... About one-third of people with RP might be associated with other autoimmune diseases, vasculitides and hematologic disorders. ... Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain shows multifocal areas of enhancement consistent with cerebral vasculitis in some cases ...
... visual prognosis and occurrence while systemic disease in remission". Vasculitis. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League ... to association with other systemic conditions. PUK is associated with different ocular and systemic diseases. Mooren's ulcer is ... Systemic corticosteroids in the form of an oral dose are the acute management of more severe cases. However, there are side ... It causes vasculitis of the lower and upper respiratory tracts, and it also affects multiple organs, including eyes. Without ...
Systemic autoantibody tests are used to: Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders. Help determine the degree of organ or ... Associated conditions include vasculitis which are inflammation of blood vessels and anemia. Even if they are due to a ... Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the ... Some disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while ...
... and is often associated with systemic vasculitides (plural of vasculitis) including: microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic ... Systemic vasculitis#Pauci-immune Goodpasture Syndrome and Poststrep Glomerulonephritis Microscopic polyangiitis, Eosinophilic ... Pauci-immune (pauci- Latin: few, little) vasculitis is a form of vasculitis that is associated with minimal evidence of ... In the setting of systemic vasculitis as described above, proliferative nephritis is associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic ...
In systemic lupus there are autoantibodies to DNA, which cannot evoke a T cell response, and limited evidence for T cell ... cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, and dermatomyositis. These conditions tend to be associated with autoantibodies to antigens which ... Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or localised autoimmune disorders, depending on the ... Agmon-Levin, Nancy; Theodor, Emanuel; Segal, Ramit Maoz; Shoenfeld, Yehuda (2013-10-01). "Vitamin D in Systemic and Organ- ...
Systemic venous angiitis or vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessels walls, secondary to autoimmune diseases ... This is presumed as Behçet's disease is caused by a similar form of vasculitis, and there is heavy vascular involvement in the ... However, in recent years, Hughes-Stovin Syndrome has been found to be potentially caused by systemic venous angiitis or ... Hughes-Stovin can be discerned from similar conditions by its resemblance to vasculitis without a presenting infection. The ...
... such as systemic vasculitis. Complement deficiencies is a challenge to understand due to insufficient clinical trails. Using a ... Complement and systemic lupus erythematosus. 7th ed. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, editors. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus. (Chap. 13 ... Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and tissue damage, affecting many ... Auto-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison of historical and current assessment of seropositivity. Lupus (2011 ...
Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitus, is a category of vasculitis, comprising vasculitides that ... "systemic vasculitis" or "primary systemic vasculitides" are commonly used. Although the word necrotizing is omitted, the ... There are several vasculitides that affect small vessels. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Systemic vasculitis of medium and ... December 1999). "Temporal artery biopsy: a diagnostic tool for systemic necrotizing vasculitis. French Vasculitis Study Group ...
Home / Shop / Imprints / Nova Medicine and Health / The Vasculitides. Volume 1: General Considerations and Systemic Vasculitis ... Systemic Vasculitis and the Kidney: ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis. (Koyal Jain, Manish Saha and Ronald J. ... The Vasculitides. Volume 1: General Considerations and Systemic Vasculitis (Second Edition). $310.00. ... The Vasculitides. Volume 1: General Considerations and Systemic Vasculitis (Second Edition) quantity. ...
2.1 What are the types of vasculitis? How is vasculitis classified? Vasculitis classification in children is based on the size ... 1.4 What happens to the blood vessel in vasculitis? 2. DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY* 2.1 What are the types of vasculitis? How is ... Widespread (systemic) vasculitis is usually accompanied by extensive release of inflammatory molecules, causing general ... GPA (previously called Wegeners granulomatosis) is a chronic systemic vasculitis affecting mainly the small blood vessels and ...
Information about the SNOMED CT code 234019004 representing Secondary systemic vasculitis. ... Vasculitis 31996006. Vasculitis of systemic vasculature 1268294009. Secondary systemic vasculitis 234019004. SNOMED CT Concept ... Secondary systemic vasculitis 234019004. ancestors. sorted most to least specific. *Vasculitis of systemic vasculature ... secondary-systemic-vasculitis.html. Copyright © 2000-2023 InnoviHealth Systems Inc - CPT® copyright American Medical ...
An immunosuppressed patient with systemic vasculitis suffering from cerebral abscesses due to Nocardia farcinica identified by ... An immunosuppressed patient with systemic vasculitis suffering from cerebral abscesses due to Nocardia farcinica identified by ...
It is useful as a "blind" biopsy site in the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, especially that complicating RA. It can also be ... Vasculitis has been seen in rectal biopsies from 22 patients over a six year period. The most common finding was a necrotising ... An adequate biopsy is positive in 40% of patients with clinical vasculitis and RA but was only positive in one of a control ... Sixteen patients had vasculitis complicating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 3 PAN and 3 overlap syndromes. Patients with RA and ...
Tag Archives: immune mediated systemic vasculitis Behçets disease Behçets disease (Sometimes called Behçets syndrome, ... immune mediated systemic vasculitis, Morbus Behçet, mouth ulcers, painful, positive pathergy test, Silk Road disease, uveitis ... As a systemic disease, it can also involve visceral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, ...
... and immune complex vasculitis, including IgA vasculitis (IgAV). In addition, other vasculitides such as Behçets disease (BD) ... New features of disease after diagnosis in 6 forms of systemic vasculitis. J Rheumatol 2013;40:1905-12. doi:10.3899/jrheum. ... Current concept and epidemiology of systemic vasculitides. Allergol Int 2014;63:505-13. doi:10.2332/allergolint.14-RAI-0778 ... Systemic vasculitides comprise a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated disorders characterised by blood vessel inflammation. ...
PTU-associated vasculitis in a girl with Turner Syndrome and Graves disease. Pediatric emergency care 2006 Jan;22;52-4 2006 ... Propylthiouracil-induced cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2013;52;2011-2 2013 Propylthiouracil- ... Combined ANCA-associated vasculitis and lupus syndrome following prolonged use of hydralazine: a timely reminder of an old foe ... Propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis in carbimazole-refractory Graves disease. The Medical journal of Australia 2019 Jun;210;491 ...
Clinical Transcriptomics in Systemic Vasculitis (CUTIS) The ANCA Vasculitis Questionnaire (AAV-PRO©) Vasculitis Pregnancy ... Steroids and Methotrexate to Treat Systemic Vasculitis Efficacy Study of Two Treatments in the Remission of Vasculitis ... Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Primary Systemic Vasculitis Low-dose Glucocorticoid Vasculitis Induction Study Pilot ... Infliximab Versus Rituximab in Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitides Rituximab for ANCA-associated Vasculitis (RAVE) Long-Term ...
Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. / Lane, SE; Watts, RA; Scott, DGI.. In: Current Rheumatology Reports, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2005 ... Lane, SE, Watts, RA & Scott, DGI 2005, Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis, Current Rheumatology Reports, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. ... Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. In: Current Rheumatology Reports. 2005 ; Vol. 7, No. 4. pp. 270-275. ... 2005). Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Current Rheumatology Reports, 7(4), 270-275. ...
This case illustrates difficulties with diagnosing of an uncommon systemic vasculitis.. Related articles Case history: a 36- ... Primary systemic vasculitis - Wegener`s granulomatosis: a case report and short overview. Authors: ... Wegener`s granulomatosis is a vasculitis that usually begins as a localized granulomatous inflammation of the upper and/or ... The disease can progress to generalized vasculitis. The etiology of the disease is unknown. The brain is rarely affected. ...
Daily life with vasculitis *Living day-to-day with systemic vasculitis. *Living with the emotional impact of systemic ... Vasculitis information and support *Systemic vasculitis information needs over time. *Support groups and meeting others with ... The damage that systemic vasculitis does to the body. *Making decisions about increasing, reducing or changing systemic ... Vasculitis healthcare experiences *Systemic vasculitis and relationships with healthcare staff. *Coordination and organisation ...
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Vascular lesions in the hand may be secondary to local pathology, a proximal source of emboli, or systemic diseases with ... Systemic vasculitides affecting the hand are mostly represented by polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). PAN is a systemic necrotising ... Systemic diseases and vasculitis. SSc is a rare multisystemic disease that preferentially affects middle-aged women. Hand ... Systemic symptoms can be the only complaints but almost every organ can be involved. Characteristic lesions of the hand include ...
The primary systemic vasculitides are a group of autoimmune conditions characterised by occlusion, stenosis or aneurysmal ... This article reviews the available data for effect of primary systemic vasculitis on cardiovascular end points like coronary ... Cardiovascular involvement in primary systemic vasculitis. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, 23 (3). pp. 419-428 ... mechanisms and treatment factors to produce a direct insult or increased atherogenic potential of primary systemic vasculitis. ...
Due to the heterogeneous and non specific manner that vasculitis can present ther ... There are currently no diagnostic criteria for the systemic vasculitides. ... Keywords: Vasculitis, ANCA, diagnosis, systemic vasculitides, polyarteritis nodosa, Microscopic polyangiitis, Myeloperoxidase, ... Keywords: Vasculitis, ANCA, diagnosis, systemic vasculitides, polyarteritis nodosa, Microscopic polyangiitis, Myeloperoxidase, ...
Pathological demonstration of cervical spinal cord inflammatory vasculitis in a patient with spontaneous spinal epidural ... haematoma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. ...
RE-APPRAISAL OF THE 1990 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS: ANALYSIS OF DATA ... RE-APPRAISAL OF THE 1990 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS: ANALYSIS OF DATA ... FROM THE DIAGNOSTIC AND CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA IN VASCULITIS STUDY Seeliger B., Judge A., Sznajd J., Merkel PA., Watts RA., ...
Development of new biomarkers is required in vasculitis, and this is likely to advance our understanding as well as the ... Advances in magnetic resonance imaging in large vessel vasculitis have improved our ability to characterise disease and may ... accurate staging and regular evaluation of disease status are important in the management of the vasculitides. Clinical ... The systemic vasculitides are an uncommon group of autoimmune diseases capable of causing multi organ failure and death. ...
Sorafenib is the standard first-line systemic therapy for HCC. It is indicated for patients with well-preserved liver function ... A number of investigators have employed systemic vasoconstrictors in an attempt to reverse the effects of nitric oxide on ... The diversion of portal blood into the systemic circulation appears to be a prerequisite for the syndrome. Indeed, hepatic ... Increased levels of ammonia may enter the systemic circulation because of portosystemic shunting. ...
Sorafenib is the standard first-line systemic therapy for HCC. It is indicated for patients with well-preserved liver function ... A number of investigators have employed systemic vasoconstrictors in an attempt to reverse the effects of nitric oxide on ... The diversion of portal blood into the systemic circulation appears to be a prerequisite for the syndrome. Indeed, hepatic ... Increased levels of ammonia may enter the systemic circulation because of portosystemic shunting. ...
Fatigue Fever Arthritis Photosensitive rash Serositis Raynaud phenomenon Glomerulonephritis Vasculitis Hematologic abnormaliti ... Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders that affect women during their childbearing ... encoded search term (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Pregnancy) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Pregnancy ... Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus * Optimal Treatment for Active Systemic Lupus ...
Keywords : Multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA-associated vasculitis Read: 396 Downloads: 220 Published: 09 ... A tangled autoimmune trio: multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ANCA vasculitis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2023;10(4): ... Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Vasculitis. ... Coronavirus Disease-2019: Implication for the care and management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Sawalha, Amr H ...
To develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of imaging modalities in primary large vessel vasculitis (LVV) including ... Keywords: giant cell arteritis; magnetic resonance imaging; systemic vasculitis; ultrasonography. © Article author(s) (or their ... EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 May;77(5):636- ... To develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of imaging modalities in primary large vessel vasculitis (LVV) including ...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus * Vasculitis * Rheumatoid Arthritis * Pediatric Rheumatology * Transition from Pediatric to Adult ...
Secondary systemic amyloidosis is a disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs. Clumps of the abnormal ... Secondary systemic amyloidosis is a disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs. Clumps of the abnormal ... Systemic lupus erythematosus -- an autoimmune disorder. *Tuberculosis. *Vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) ... The exact cause of secondary systemic amyloidosis is unknown. You are more likely to develop secondary systemic amyloidosis if ...
  • Propylthiouracil-induced lupus-like or vasculitis syndrome. (pneumotox.com)
  • Combined ANCA-associated vasculitis and lupus syndrome following prolonged use of hydralazine: a timely reminder of an old foe. (pneumotox.com)
  • Pathological demonstration of cervical spinal cord inflammatory vasculitis in a patient with spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. (unil.ch)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders that affect women during their childbearing years. (medscape.com)
  • We present a young female patient with multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and biopsy-proven renal proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyassociated vasculitis who responded well to intravenous rituximab clinically and serologically. (eurjrheumatol.org)
  • Objective To compare clinical and laboratory characteristics between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with and without cutaneous vasculitis ,and to investigate the correlation of cutaneous vasculitis with severe visceral involvement and laboratory biomarkers . (bvsalud.org)
  • This has prognostic implications with the former being associated with a 2% incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) versus 50% with the latter [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We have reviewed the literature to provide an overview of the respiratory complications of the commonest rheumatological diseases to occur in children (juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, juvenile dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, granulomatosis with polyangitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis). (bmj.com)
  • Furthermore, levels of antibodies to matrilin 1, an extracellular matrix protein predominantly expressed in tracheal cartilage, were significantly higher in patients with relapsing polychondritis, especially in those with respiratory symptoms, than in patients with Wegener granulomatosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , or RA and in healthy controls. (medscape.com)
  • Misguided or excessive complement activation is involved in many common diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis and age-related macula degeneration. (lu.se)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relatively common autoimmune disease involving skin, joints and kidneys and is characterized by autoantibodies against self-antigens including DNA and histones. (lu.se)
  • Sixteen patients had vasculitis complicating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 3 PAN and 3 overlap syndromes. (bmj.com)
  • Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic rheumatic disease characterized by symmetrical, often erosive and deforming poly-arthritis with extra-articular manifestations in 10-20% of patients, especially those with high titers of rheumatoid factor. (bvsalud.org)
  • At least three out of five criteria yields sensitivity and specificity of 95 and 91%: Age at onset ≥ 50 years New onset headache with localized tenderness Temporal artery tenderness or decreased pulsation Elevated ESR ≥ 50 mm/hour Westergren Temporal artery biopsy showing vasculitis with mononuclear cell infiltrate or granulomatous inflammation, usually with multinucleated giant cells These conditions are sometimes considered together with the small vessel vasculitides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessel walls. (printo.it)
  • 1.4 What happens to the blood vessel in vasculitis? (printo.it)
  • Vasculitis classification in children is based on the size of the blood vessel involved. (printo.it)
  • Large vessel vasculitis, like Takayasu arteritis, affects the aorta and its major branches. (printo.it)
  • Medium vessel vasculitis typically affects arteries supplying the kidneys, bowels, brain or heart (e.g. polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease). (printo.it)
  • Clinical study of renal impairment in patients with propylthiouracil-induced small-vessel vasculitis and patients with primary ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis. (pneumotox.com)
  • Advances in magnetic resonance imaging in large vessel vasculitis have improved our ability to characterise disease and may lead to earlier diagnosis and better control in future. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of imaging modalities in primary large vessel vasculitis (LVV) including giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK). (nih.gov)
  • Henoch-Schonlein Vasculitis (HSV) is definitely systemic small vessel vasculitis involving the pores and skin, kidney, bones, and gastrointestinal tract. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • History Henoch-Sch?nlein Vasculitis (HSV) is systemic little vessel vasculitis relating to the epidermis, kidney, joint parts, and gastrointestinal system. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • Among systemic vasculitis, small-vessel vasculitis has been the most frequently studied. (nature.com)
  • However, information regarding the risk of malignancies in patients with large-vessel vasculitis remains scarce. (nature.com)
  • Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have become important diagnostic markers of small vessel vasculitides characterized by focal necrotizing lesions of vessel walls and accumulation of lymphocytes an. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CSVV sometimes refers to small-vessel vasculitis of unknown cause (also called idiopathic cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many disorders, such as cutaneous creased and the patient was discharged small vessel vasculitis, inflammatory eye in good condition. (who.int)
  • Widespread (systemic) vasculitis is usually accompanied by extensive release of inflammatory molecules, causing general symptoms like fever, malaise, as well as abnormal laboratory tests detecting inflammation: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C- reactive protein (CRP). (printo.it)
  • The first edition of The Vasculitides, published in 2014, met the urgent need for a clear, concise, and reliable textbook regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation and management of these disorders, assembling participants of the 16th International Vasculitis and ANCA Workshop in Paris, France. (novapublishers.com)
  • Participants of the 19th International Vasculitis & ANCA Workshop will gather in April 2019 at the University of Pennsylvania for an exceptional venue to share translational scientific discoveries, data from clinical trials, and advances in the clinical assessment, pathophysiology, genetic biomarkers, standard-of-care, and novel therapies of vasculitis. (novapublishers.com)
  • PR3-ANCA: a potential biomarker of disease activity for propylthiouracil-induced ANCA-associated vasculitis. (pneumotox.com)
  • A fatal case of propylthiouracil-induced ANCA-associated vasculitis resulting in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, acute hepatic failure, and cerebral angiitis. (pneumotox.com)
  • Trojan horses: drug culprits associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis. (pneumotox.com)
  • Recurrent drug-induced ANCA vasculitis in a patient with Crohn's colitis treated with infliximab: a potential contraindication to immunosuppressive therapy. (pneumotox.com)
  • Decreased Neutrophil Apoptosis in Quiescent ANCA-Associated Systemic Vasculitis. (lu.se)
  • Genetics of ANCA-associated vasculitis in Japan: a role for HLA-DRB1*09:01 haplotype. (cdc.gov)
  • PTPN22 R620W polymorphism in the ANCA-associated vasculitides. (cdc.gov)
  • Association of IRF5 polymorphism with MPO-ANCA-positive vasculitis in a Japanese population. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetics of toll like receptor 9 in ANCA associated vasculitides. (cdc.gov)
  • Protective Role of HLA-DRB1*13:02 against Microscopic Polyangiitis and MPO-ANCA-Positive Vasculitides in a Japanese Population: A Case-Control Study. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary systemic vasculitides are a group of autoimmune conditions characterised by occlusion, stenosis or aneurysmal dilatation of blood vessels secondary to intra-mural inflammation. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The systemic vasculitides are an uncommon group of autoimmune diseases capable of causing multi organ failure and death. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Methamphetamine and other sympathomimetics can cause a cerebral vasculitis alongside polyarteritis nodosa like systemic features. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common finding was a necrotising vasculitis of small arteries, indistinguishable from that seen in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). (bmj.com)
  • Brenda has a type of systemic vasculitis called polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), which is under control on medication. (healthtalk.org)
  • A neurologist referred her to a rheumatologist who suggested Brenda may have a type of vasculitis called polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). (healthtalk.org)
  • In spite of numerous investigations, doctors still didn't know that Brenda had polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), a type of vasculitis. (healthtalk.org)
  • It has been reported that one vasculitides such as for example HSV and polyarteritis nodosa (Skillet) are even more common among familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) sufferers [9-14]. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • As a systemic disease, it can also involve visceral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis in carbimazole-refractory Graves disease. (pneumotox.com)
  • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis in a patient with graves disease: cross-reaction between propylthiouracil and methimazole. (pneumotox.com)
  • PTU-associated vasculitis in a girl with Turner Syndrome and Graves' disease. (pneumotox.com)
  • The disease can progress to generalized vasculitis. (eestiarst.ee)
  • Brenda has found that vasculitis is a lonely disease and the internet is "doom and gloom. (healthtalk.org)
  • This article reviews the available data for effect of primary systemic vasculitis on cardiovascular end points like coronary artery disease, congestive cardiac failure, hypertension and aortic aneurysm in all age groups. (uea.ac.uk)
  • We provide a brief summary of how a diagnosis of vasculitis is currently made, describe how increased understanding of disease mechanisms has identified biomarkers which aid diagnosis, and describe how clinically applicable diagnostic criteria could be developed. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Early diagnosis, accurate staging and regular evaluation of disease status are important in the management of the vasculitides. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Systemic means that the disease affects the entire body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)
  • Differential of the lower limb, blurred vision and Behçet disease (BD) is a chronic inflam- diagnosis of Behçet-induced vasculitis polyarthralgia. (who.int)
  • The age moptysisofvaryingdegrees(upto500 formed and a mild retinal vasculitis was of disease onset is usually in the second mL) is the most common and predomi- found via ophthalmoscopy. (who.int)
  • Propylthiouracil-Induced Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis after COVID-19 Vaccination. (pneumotox.com)
  • Epitope analysis of anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies in propylthiouracil-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. (pneumotox.com)
  • Propylthiouracil and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis: the detective finds a clue. (pneumotox.com)
  • Drug-associated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis: prevalence among patients with high titers of antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. (pneumotox.com)
  • Alternating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody specificity: drug-induced vasculitis in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. (pneumotox.com)
  • The association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis in Chinese patients. (cdc.gov)
  • This medical program may be seen in any form of GN including poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, renal vasculitis, HSV. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • Patients have CNS symptoms as well as cerebral vasculitis by angiography and leptomeningeal biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brenda "knew immediately" that her vasculitis was relapsing, as the symptoms were the same as before. (healthtalk.org)
  • Symptoms of secondary systemic amyloidosis depend on which body tissue is affected by the protein deposits. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The patient is now free of symptoms 24 months post revision surgery without any signs of recurrence of either vasculitis or infection. (londonspine.com)
  • In HSP, dermatologic findings may precede or follow systemic symptoms. (hindawi.com)
  • If skin involvement is secondary to a systemic vasculitis, symptoms may also include fever, arthralgias, other organ involvement, or a combination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The classification of vasculitides depends mainly on the size and type of blood vessels involved. (printo.it)
  • Overview of Vasculitis Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, often with ischemia, necrosis, and organ inflammation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Henoch-Schönlein purpura, granulomatosis with polyangiitis or GPA, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis or EGPA, previously referred to as Churg-Strauss syndrome), cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, microscopic polyangiitis). (printo.it)
  • When using the influential classification known as the "Chapel Hill Consensus Conference", the terms "systemic vasculitis" or "primary systemic vasculitides" are commonly used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the acute primary vasculitides are quite common paediatric diseases (e.g. (printo.it)
  • Primary vasculitides do not usually run in the family. (printo.it)
  • We examine the interplay between the activated endothelium, autoimmune mechanisms and treatment factors to produce a direct insult or increased atherogenic potential of primary systemic vasculitis. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Cutaneous vasculitis may be limited to the skin, or may be a component of a systemic primary or secondary vasculitic disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Any primary or secondary vasculitis can affect the skin, including that due to serum sickness, infections (eg, hepatitis C), cancers, rheumatologic or other autoimmune disorders, and hypersensitivity to drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vasculitides include a wide group of diseases. (printo.it)
  • Vascular lesions in the hand may be secondary to local pathology, a proximal source of emboli, or systemic diseases with vascular compromise. (springer.com)
  • Vascular lesions in the hand may be secondary to local pathology (e.g. tumour, malformation, trauma, iatrogenic cause, or drug injection), a proximal source of emboli (e.g. dissections or aneurysms), or systemic diseases with vascular compromise (e.g. rheumatic and vaso-occlusive diseases). (springer.com)
  • Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, p.374-418. (scielo.br)
  • Hyphema may also result from systemic diseases, including widespread inflammation ( Powell 2002 Powell C.C. 2002. (scielo.br)
  • RESULTS: Patients (n = 414) receiving b/ts DMARDs (283 had arthritis, 75 systemic vasculitis and 56 other autoimmune diseases) and controls (n = 61) from five Swedish regions participated. (lu.se)
  • I have chosen to study a group of severe autoimmune diseases with acute inflammation in the vessels, called anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated systemic vasculitis (AAV). (lu.se)
  • Secondary systemic amyloidosis is a disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The exact cause of secondary systemic amyloidosis is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You are more likely to develop secondary systemic amyloidosis if you have a long-term infection or inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Secondary systemic vasculitis after posterior spinal fusion surgery is rare. (londonspine.com)
  • Various causes of bleeding disorders were found related to secondary hyphema: in decreasing order of frequency, they included vasculitis (8/15), systemic hypertension (5/15), and acquired coagulopathies (2/15). (scielo.br)
  • IgAN secondary to another condition (e.g., liver cirrhosis), or other causes of mesangial IgA deposition including IgA vasculitis (i.e. (who.int)
  • Cutaneous vasculitis refers to vasculitis affecting small- or medium-sized vessels in the skin and subcutaneous tissue but not the internal organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic vasculitis of both large and medium vessels, primarily affecting cranial branches of the arteries arising from the aortic arch. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systemic necrotizing vasculitis and aneurysm formation affecting both medium and small arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systemic vasculitis of medium and small arteries, including venules and arterioles. (wikipedia.org)
  • A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Wegener`s granulomatosis is a vasculitis that usually begins as a localized granulomatous inflammation of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract mucosa. (eestiarst.ee)
  • Vasculitis has been seen in rectal biopsies from 22 patients over a six year period. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with RA and rectal vasculitis had a higher mortality, and a greater incidence of neuropathy than those with negative biopsies. (bmj.com)
  • An adequate biopsy is positive in 40% of patients with clinical vasculitis and RA but was only positive in one of a control series of 46 RA patients with no clinical vasculitis. (bmj.com)
  • Serum from patients with systemic vasculitis induces alternatively activated macrophage M2c polarization. (lu.se)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis (allergic vasculitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, hypersensitivity vasculitis is sometimes used to refer to CSVV caused by a known drug or infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1. Faculty of Medicine and diffuse vasculitis-like cell damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Uveitis affects all ages, threatens vision, and can herald a devastating systemic condition or masquerade cancer. (aao.org)
  • This term describes vasculitis that affects the skin but not the internal organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis. (bmj.com)
  • It is useful as a "blind" biopsy site in the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, especially that complicating RA. (bmj.com)
  • Serial sections of the entire biopsy may be required to reveal the vasculitis which is often focal in nature. (bmj.com)
  • A epidermis biopsy demonstrated a leucytoclastic deposition and vasculitis of IgA. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • Vasculitis affecting the small vessels of the skin (eg, arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules) tends to cause lesions such as purpura, petechiae, and possibly shallow ulcers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The principal histopathologic alteration in the 200 mg group was acute, fibrinosuppurative dermatitis with suppurative vasculitis of dermal venules. (cdc.gov)
  • Systemic and nervous system vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of related disorders, each characterized by vascular inflammation such that they have the potential to cause serious morbidity and mortality if unrecognized and therefore untreated. (novapublishers.com)
  • Due to the heterogeneous and non specific manner that vasculitis can present there is often a delay in diagnosis which translates to increase morbidity and mortality. (eurekaselect.com)
  • There are several vasculitides that affect small vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • One exception is a very recently described form of vasculitis, called "DADA2", but this is very rare. (printo.it)
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a form of vasculitis and associated with palpable purpura. (hindawi.com)
  • A diagnosis of vasculitis limited to the skin requires a complete history and physical examination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mainstay of treatment is systemic corticosteroid therapy. (medscape.com)
  • This case illustrates difficulties with diagnosing of an uncommon systemic vasculitis. (eestiarst.ee)
  • However, the incidence of malignancies in systemic vasculitis is relatively unknown. (nature.com)
  • Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a potentially more serious, rare variant with a peak incidence in the fourth decade of life [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • No elevation in IgE or systemic toxicity was observed with brand (B). IgE was not measured for mice implanted with brand (C) due to systemic toxicity within 14 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • LITERATURE REVIEW: Systemic vasculitis after spinal surgery is exceptionally rare. (londonspine.com)
  • In spinal surgery, titanium implants are considered to be inert and only few reports have presented cases with systemic vasculitides. (londonspine.com)
  • Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitus, is a category of vasculitis, comprising vasculitides that present with necrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock mean an acute, severe, and potentially lethal systemic allergic reaction. (cdc.gov)
  • Development of new biomarkers is required in vasculitis, and this is likely to advance our understanding as well as the management of these complex conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis is complex and is likely to involve many mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)