A membrane, attached to the bony SPIRAL LAMINA, overlying and coupling with the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI in the inner ear. It is a glycoprotein-rich keratin-like layer containing fibrils embedded in a dense amorphous substance.
A basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, consisting keratin-like fibrils. It stretches from the SPIRAL LAMINA to the basilar crest. The movement of fluid in the cochlea, induced by sound, causes displacement of the basilar membrane and subsequent stimulation of the attached hair cells which transform the mechanical signal into neural activity.
The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Sensory cells of organ of Corti. In mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the INNER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and other supporting structures. Their cell bodies and STEREOCILIA increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.
A subclass of lipid-linked proteins that contain a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE which holds them to the CELL MEMBRANE.
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).
The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.
Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Selective and transient expression of a native chondroitin sulfate epitope in Deiters' cells, pillar cells, and the developing tectorial membrane. (1/58)

The tectorial membrane (TM) is an acellular connective tissue overlying the sensory hair cells of the organ of Corti. Association of the tectorial membrane with the stereocilia of the sensory hair cells is necessary for proper auditory function. During development, the mature tectorial membrane is thought to arise by fusion of a "major" and "minor" tectorial membrane (Lim, Hear Res 1986;22:117-146). Several proteins and glycoconjugates have been detected in the developing TM; however, the specific molecules which mediate fusion of the two components of the TM have not been identified. In the present study, a novel monoclonal antibody (TC2) that recognizes a native epitope on glycosaminoglycans enriched in chondroitin-4-sulfate revealed a transient and restricted expression in the developing gerbil TM. The localization patterns suggest that Deiters' and pillar cells secrete a TC2-positive matrix prior to birth that later becomes incorporated into the marginal band and superior layer (cover net) of the TM. The developmental timecourse and patterns of TC2 reactivity suggest that this molecule may play a critical role in the fusion of the minor TM with the major TM.  (+info)

Three-dimensional motion of the organ of Corti. (2/58)

The vibration of the organ of Corti, a three-dimensional micromechanical structure that incorporates the sensory cells of the hearing organ, was measured in three mutually orthogonal directions. This was achieved by coupling the light of a laser Doppler vibrometer into the side arm of an epifluorescence microscope to measure velocity along the optical axis of the microscope, called the transversal direction. Displacements were measured in the plane orthogonal to the transverse direction with a differential photodiode mounted on the microscope in the focal plane. Vibration responses were measured in the fourth turn of a temporal-bone preparation of the guinea-pig cochlea. Responses were corrected for a "fast" wave component caused by the presence of the hole in the cochlear wall, made to view the structures. The frequency responses of the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina were similar, with little phase differences between the vibration components. Their motion was rectilinear and vertical to the surface of their membranes. The organ of Corti rotated about a point near the edge of the inner limbus. A second vibration mode was detected in the motion of the tectorial membrane. This vibration mode was directed parallel to the reticular lamina and became apparent for frequencies above approximately 0.5 oct below the characteristic frequency. This radial vibration mode presumably controls the shearing action of the hair bundles of the outer hair cells.  (+info)

A targeted deletion in alpha-tectorin reveals that the tectorial membrane is required for the gain and timing of cochlear feedback. (3/58)

alpha-tectorin is an extracellular matrix molecule of the inner ear. Mice homozygous for a targeted deletion in a-tectorin have tectorial membranes that are detached from the cochlear epithelium and lack all noncollagenous matrix, but the architecture of the organ of Corti is otherwise normal. The basilar membranes of wild-type and alpha-tectorin mutant mice are tuned, but the alpha-tectorin mutants are 35 dB less sensitive. Basilar membrane responses of wild-type mice exhibit a second resonance, indicating that the tectorial membrane provides an inertial mass against which outer hair cells can exert forces. Cochlear microphonics recorded in alpha-tectorin mutants differ in both phase and symmetry relative to those of wild-type mice. Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback is delivered with the appropriate gain and timing required for amplification.  (+info)

Development of the gerbil inner ear observed in the hemicochlea. (4/58)

A frequency-dependent change in hearing sensitivity occurs during maturation in the basal gerbil cochlea. This change takes place during the first week after the onset of hearing. It has been argued that the mass of a given cochlear segment decreases during development and thus increases the best frequency. Changes in mass during cochlear maturation have been estimated previously by measuring the changes in cochlear dimensions. Fixed, dehydrated, embedded, or sputter-coated tissues were used in such work. However, dehydration of the tissue, a part of most histological techniques, results in severe distortion of some aspects of cochlear morphology. The present experiments, using a novel preparation, the hemicochlea, show that hydrated structures, such as the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane hyaline matrix, are up to 100% larger than estimated previous studies. Therefore, the hemicochlea was used to study the development of cochlear morphology in the gerbil between the day of birth and postnatal day 19. We used no protocols that would have resulted in severe distortion of cochlear elements. Consequently, a detailed study of cochlear morphology yields several measures that differ from previously published data. Our experiments confirm growth patterns of the cochlea that include a period of remarkably rapid change between postnatal day 6 and 8. The accelerated growth starts in the middle of the cochlea and progresses toward the base and the apex. In particular, the increase in height of Deiters' cells dominated the change, "pushing" the tectorial membrane toward scala vestibuli. This resulted in a shape change of the tectorial membrane and the organ of Corti. The tectorial membrane was properly extended above the outer hair cells by postnatal day 12. This time coincides with the onset of hearing. The basilar membrane hyaline matrix increased in thickness, whereas the multilayered tympanic cover layer cells decreased to a single band of cells by postnatal day 19. Before and after the period of rapid growth, the observed gross morphological changes are rather small. It is unlikely that dimensional changes of cochlear structures between postnatal days 12 and 19 contribute significantly in the remapping of the frequency-place code in the base of the cochlea. Instead, structural changes affecting the stiffness of the cochlear partition might be responsible for the shift in best frequency.  (+info)

Spiral ligament pathology: a major aspect of age-related cochlear degeneration in C57BL/6 mice. (5/58)

Data from systematic, light microscopic examination of cochlear histopathology in an age-graded series of C57BL/6 mice (1.5-15 months) were compared with threshold elevations (measured by auditory brain stem response) to elucidate the functionally important structural changes underlying age-related hearing loss in this inbred strain. In addition to quantifying the degree and extent of hair cell and neuronal loss, all structures of the cochlear duct were qualitatively evaluated and any degenerative changes were quantified. Hair cell and neuronal loss patterns suggested two degenerative processes. In the basal half of the cochlea, inner and outer hair cell loss proceeded from base to apex with increasing age, and loss of cochlear neurons was consistent with degeneration occurring secondary to inner hair cell loss. In the apical half of the cochlea with advancing age, there was selective loss of outer hair cells which increased from the middle to the extreme apex. A similar gradient of ganglion cell loss was noted, characterized by widespread somatic aggregation and demyelination. In addition to these changes in hair cells and their innervation, there was widespread degeneration of fibrocytes in the spiral ligament, especially among the type IV cell class. The cell loss in the ligament preceded the loss of hair cells and/or neurons in both space and time suggesting that fibrocyte pathology may be a primary cause of the hearing loss and ultimate sensory cell degeneration in this mouse strain.  (+info)

Delayed inner ear maturation and neuronal loss in postnatal Igf-1-deficient mice. (6/58)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to play a key role during embryonic and postnatal development of the CNS, but its effect on a sensory organ has not been studied in vivo. Therefore, we examined cochlear growth, differentiation, and maturation in Igf-1 gene knock-out mice at postnatal days 5 (P5), P8, and P20 by using stereological methods and immunohistochemistry. Mutant mice showed reduction in size of the cochlea and cochlear ganglion. An immature tectorial membrane and a significant decrease in the number and size of auditory neurons were also evident at P20. IGF-1-deficient cochlear neurons showed increased caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, along with aberrant expression of the early neural markers nestin and Islet 1/2. Cochlear ganglion and fibers innervating the sensory cells of the organ of Corti presented decreased levels of neurofilament and myelin P(0) in P20 mouse mutants. In addition, an abnormal synaptophysin expression in the somata of cochlear ganglion neurons and sensory hair cells suggested the persistence of an immature pattern of synapses distribution in the organ of Corti of these animals. These results demonstrate that lack of IGF-1 in mice severely affects postnatal survival, differentiation, and maturation of the cochlear ganglion cells and causes abnormal innervation of the sensory cells in the organ of Corti.  (+info)

Retardation of cochlear maturation and impaired hair cell function caused by deletion of all known thyroid hormone receptors. (7/58)

The deafness caused by early onset hypothyroidism indicates that thyroid hormone is essential for the development of hearing. We investigated the underlying roles of the TRalpha1 and TRbeta thyroid hormone receptors in the auditory system using receptor-deficient mice. TRalpha1 and TRbeta, which act as hormone-activated transcription factors, are encoded by the Thra and Thrb genes, respectively, and both are expressed in the developing cochlea. TRbeta is required for hearing because TRbeta-deficient (Thrb(tm1/tm1)) mice have a defective auditory-evoked brainstem response and retarded expression of a potassium current (I(K,f)) in the cochlear inner hair cells. Here, we show that although TRalpha1 is individually dispensable, TRalpha1 and TRbeta synergistically control an extended array of functions in postnatal cochlear development. Compared with Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice, the deletion of all TRs in Thra(tm1/tm1)Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice produces exacerbated and novel phenotypes, including delayed differentiation of the sensory epithelium, malformation of the tectorial membrane, impairment of electromechanical transduction in outer hair cells, and a low endocochlear potential. The induction of I(K,f) in inner hair cells was not markedly more retarded than in Thrb(tm1/tm1) mice, suggesting that this feature of hair cell maturation is primarily TRbeta-dependent. These results indicate that distinct pathways mediated by TRbeta alone or by TRbeta and TRalpha1 together facilitate control over an extended range of functions during the maturation of the cochlea.  (+info)

Sequence similarity between stereocilin and otoancorin points to a unified mechanism for mechanotransduction in the mammalian inner ear. (8/58)

BACKGROUND: Interaction between hair cells and acellular gels of the mammalian inner ear, the tectorial and otoconial membranes, is crucial for mechanoreception. Recently, otoancorin was suggested to be a mediator of gel attachment to nonsensory cells, but the molecular components of the interface between gels and sensory cells remain to be identified. HYPOTHESIS: We report that the inner ear protein stereocilin is related in sequence to otoancorin and, based on its localisation and predicted GPI-anchoring, may mediate attachment of the tectorial and otoconial membranes to sensory hair bundles. TESTING: It is expected that antibodies directed against stereocilin would specifically label sites of contact between sensory hair cells and tectorial/otoconial membranes of the inner ear. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings support a unified molecular mechanism for mechanotransduction, with stereocilin and otoancorin defining a new protein family responsible for the attachment of acellular gels to both sensory and nonsensory cells of the inner ear.  (+info)

The tectorial membrane is a specialized structure in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is a gelatinous, hair-like structure that is located above and parallel to the organ of Corti, which contains the sensory hair cells responsible for hearing. The tectorial membrane is composed of collagen fibers and a glycoprotein matrix.

The main function of the tectorial membrane is to deflect the stereocilia (hair-like projections) of the inner and outer hair cells as sound waves pass through the cochlea, which in turn triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound. The tectorial membrane moves in response to sound-induced vibrations of the fluid within the cochlea, causing shearing forces on the stereocilia, leading to the initiation of the hearing process.

The basilar membrane is a key structure within the inner ear that plays a crucial role in hearing. It is a narrow, flexible strip of tissue located inside the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound waves into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

The basilar membrane runs along the length of the cochlea's duct and is attached to the rigid bony structures at both ends. It varies in width and stiffness along its length, with the widest and most flexible portion located near the entrance of the cochlea and the narrowest and stiffest portion located near the apex.

When sound waves enter the inner ear, they cause vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlear duct. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, causing it to flex up and down. The specific pattern of flexion along the length of the basilar membrane depends on the frequency of the sound wave. Higher frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the base of the cochlea, while lower frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the apex.

As the basilar membrane flexes, it causes the attached hair cells to bend. This bending stimulates the hair cells to release neurotransmitters, which then activate the auditory nerve fibers. The pattern of neural activity in the auditory nerve encodes the frequency and amplitude of the sound wave, allowing the brain to interpret the sound.

Overall, the basilar membrane is a critical component of the hearing process, enabling us to detect and discriminate different sounds based on their frequency and amplitude.

The Organ of Corti is the sensory organ of hearing within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is a structure in the inner spiral sulcus of the cochlear duct and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The Organ of Corti consists of hair cells, which are sensory receptors with hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surfaces. These stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are arranged in rows of different heights. When sound vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, the stereocilia bend, which opens ion channels and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Damage or loss of hair cells in the Organ of Corti can result in hearing loss, making it a critical structure for maintaining normal auditory function.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

Auditory outer hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the cochlea of the inner ear. They are part of the organ of Corti and play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

Unlike the more numerous and simpler auditory inner hair cells, outer hair cells are equipped with unique actin-based molecular motors called "motile" or "piezoelectric" properties. These motors enable the outer hair cells to change their shape and length in response to electrical signals, which in turn amplifies the mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane where they are located. This amplification increases the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of hearing, allowing us to detect and discriminate sounds over a wide range of intensities and frequencies.

Damage or loss of outer hair cells is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, which can result from exposure to loud noises, aging, genetics, ototoxic drugs, and other factors. Currently, there are no effective treatments to regenerate or replace damaged outer hair cells, making hearing loss an irreversible condition in most cases.

Cochlear microphonic potentials (CMs) are electrical responses that originate from the hair cells in the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These potentials can be recorded using an electrode placed near the cochlea in response to sound stimulation.

The CMs are considered to be a passive response of the hair cells to the mechanical deflection caused by sound waves. They represent the receptor potential of the outer hair cells and are directly proportional to the sound pressure level. Unlike other electrical responses in the cochlea, such as the action potentials generated by the auditory nerve fibers, CMs do not require the presence of neurotransmitters or synaptic transmission.

Cochlear microphonic potentials have been used in research to study the biophysical properties of hair cells and their response to different types of sound stimuli. However, they are not typically used in clinical audiology due to their small amplitude and susceptibility to interference from other electrical signals in the body.

GPI-linked proteins are a type of cell surface protein that are attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The GPI anchor is a complex glycolipid molecule that acts as a molecular tether, connecting the protein to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

The GPI anchor is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and added to proteins in the ER or Golgi apparatus during protein trafficking. The addition of the GPI anchor to a protein occurs in a post-translational modification process called GPI anchoring, which involves the transfer of the GPI moiety from a lipid carrier to the carboxyl terminus of the protein.

GPI-linked proteins are found on the surface of many different types of cells, including red blood cells, immune cells, and nerve cells. They play important roles in various cellular processes, such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and enzyme function. Some GPI-linked proteins also serve as receptors for bacterial toxins and viruses, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Auditory hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

These hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surface, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the stereocilia to bend. This bending motion opens ion channels at the tips of the stereocilia, allowing positively charged ions (such as potassium) to flow into the hair cells and trigger a receptor potential.

The receptor potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cells, which activate afferent nerve fibers that synapse with these cells. The electrical signals generated by this process are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

There are two types of auditory hair cells: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the primary sensory receptors responsible for transmitting information about sound to the brain. They make direct contact with afferent nerve fibers and are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than outer hair cells.

Outer hair cells, on the other hand, are involved in amplifying and fine-tuning the mechanical response of the inner ear to sound. They have a unique ability to contract and relax in response to electrical signals, which allows them to adjust the stiffness of their stereocilia and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea to different frequencies.

Damage or loss of auditory hair cells can lead to hearing impairment or deafness, as these cells cannot regenerate spontaneously in mammals. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of hair cells is essential for developing therapies aimed at treating hearing disorders.

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are low-level sounds that are produced by the inner ear (cochlea) without any external stimulation. They can be recorded in a quiet room using specialized microphones placed inside the ear canal. SOAEs are thought to arise from the motion of the hair cells within the cochlea, which generate tiny currents in response to sound. These currents then cause the surrounding fluid and tissue to vibrate, producing sound waves that can be detected with a microphone.

SOAEs are typically present in individuals with normal hearing, although their presence or absence is not a definitive indicator of hearing ability. They tend to occur at specific frequencies and can vary from person to person. In some cases, SOAEs may be absent or reduced in individuals with hearing loss or damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.

It's worth noting that SOAEs are different from evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which are sounds produced by the inner ear in response to external stimuli, such as clicks or tones. Both types of otoacoustic emissions are used in hearing tests and research to assess cochlear function and health.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

Cellular mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, resulting in changes in cell behavior and function. This complex process involves various molecular components, including transmembrane receptors, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules. Mechanical forces such as tension, compression, or fluid flow can activate these components, leading to alterations in gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell shape or movement. Cellular mechanotransduction plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as fibrosis and cancer progression.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

In the context of medical terminology, "motion" generally refers to the act or process of moving or changing position. It can also refer to the range of movement of a body part or joint. However, there is no single specific medical definition for the term "motion." The meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

In medical terms, membranes refer to thin layers of tissue that cover or line various structures in the body. They are composed of connective tissue and epithelial cells, and they can be found lining the outer surface of the body, internal organs, blood vessels, and nerves. There are several types of membranes in the human body, including:

1. Serous Membranes: These membranes line the inside of body cavities and cover the organs contained within them. They produce a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the organ and the cavity wall. Examples include the pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal cavity).
2. Mucous Membranes: These membranes line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal passages. They produce mucus to trap particles, bacteria, and other substances, which helps protect the body from infection.
3. Synovial Membranes: These membranes line the joint cavities and produce synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints and allows for smooth movement.
4. Meninges: These are three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. They include the dura mater (outermost layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (innermost layer).
5. Amniotic Membrane: This is a thin, transparent membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy. It produces amniotic fluid, which provides a cushion for the developing baby and helps regulate its temperature.

In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.

Membrane lipids are the main component of biological membranes, forming a lipid bilayer in which various cellular processes take place. These lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Phospholipids are the most abundant type, consisting of a hydrophilic head (containing a phosphate group) and two hydrophobic tails (composed of fatty acid chains). Glycolipids contain a sugar group attached to the lipid molecule. Cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity and permeability. Together, these lipids create a selectively permeable barrier that separates cells from their environment and organelles within cells.

A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.

Meaud, Julien; Grosh, Karl (2010). "The effect of tectorial membrane and basilar membrane longitudinal coupling in cochlear ... is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). "Tectorial" in ... When tectorial membrane calcium is restored, sensory cell function returns.[1] Floor of ductus cochlearis. Cross section of the ... The mechanical role of the tectorial membrane in hearing is yet to be fully understood, and traditionally was neglected or ...
The membrane is situated anterior/superficially to the spinal dura mater (which is firmly attached to the tectorial membrane). ... The tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint (occipitoaxial ligaments) is a tough membrane/broad, strong band representing the ... The membrane broadens superiorly. The membrane consists of two laminae - superficial and deep. The superficial lamina broadens ... The membrane situated is posterior/deep to the transverse ligament of the atlas; the two are separated by a thin intervening ...
Teudt IU, Richter CP (October 2014). "Basilar membrane and tectorial membrane stiffness in the CBA/CaJ mouse". Journal of the ... Meaud J, Grosh K (March 2010). "The effect of tectorial membrane and basilar membrane longitudinal coupling in cochlear ... Zwislocki JJ (1979). "Tectorial membrane: a possible sharpening effect on the frequency analysis in the cochlea". Acta Oto- ... Lightly resting atop the longest cilia of the inner hair cells is the tectorial membrane, which moves back and forth with each ...
Richardson GP, Russell IJ, Duance VC, Bailey AJ (1987). "Polypeptide composition of the mammalian tectorial membrane". Hear. ...
Richardson GP, Russell IJ, Duance VC, Bailey AJ (1987). "Polypeptide composition of the mammalian tectorial membrane". Hear. ...
The tectorial membrane is an apical extracellular matrix (aECM) of the inner ear that contacts the stereocilia bundles of ... Alpha-tectorin is one of the major noncollagenous components of the tectorial membrane. Mutations in the TECTA gene have been ... Sound induces movement of these hair cells relative to the tectorial membrane, deflects the stereocilia, and leads to ... fluctuations in hair-cell membrane potential, transducing sound into electrical signals. ...
Hensen's stripe is the section of the tectorial membrane above the inner hair cell. Nuel's spaces refer to the fluid-filled ... The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make ... which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani. As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane ... Hardesty's membrane is the layer of the tectoria closest to the reticular lamina and overlying the outer hair cell region. ...
... and Development of the Tectorial Membrane: An Extracellular Matrix Essential for Hearing". Current Topics in Developmental ... separated by the basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane) respectively. The cochlear duct houses the ... It is separated from the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) by the vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane). The stria ... This is attached to the basilar membrane. It also contains endolymph, which contains high concentrations of K+ for the function ...
"Noninvasive in vivo imaging reveals differences between tectorial membrane and basilar membrane traveling waves in the mouse ... and tension-dependent lipid mobility in the outer hair cell plasma membrane". Science. 287 (5453): 658-61. doi:10.1126/science. ...
In mice otoancorin is needed to attach the tectorial membrane to the inner hair cells in the cochlea. GRCh38: Ensembl release ...
The stereocilia found on OHCs are in contact with the tectorial membrane. Therefore, when the basilar membrane moves due to ... which is situated between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane within the cochlea (See Figure 3). The tunnel of ... The base and apex of the basilar membrane differ in stiffness and width, which cause the basilar membrane to respond to varying ... then the strength of response from the basilar membrane will progressively lessen. The fine tuning of the basilar membrane is ...
It is continuous with the tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint superiorly, and with the deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ...
... and the tectorial membrane. In teleosts (fish), otolin is found in the otolith and it is required to anchor the otolith in ...
... encode the major noncollagenous proteins of the tectorial membrane of the cochlea. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000119913 ...
"Loss of Mammal-specific Tectorial Membrane Component Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 16 (CEACAM16) Leads to ...
These waves exert a pressure on the basilar and tectorial membranes of the cochlea which vibrate in response to sound waves of ... When these membranes vibrate and are deflected upward (rarefaction phase of sound wave), the stereocilia of the OHCs are ... The somatic motor is the OHC cell body and its ability to elongate or contract longitudinally due to changes in membrane ... Prestin densely lines the lipid bilayer of the outer hair cell membranes. Therefore, a change in the shape of many prestin ...
... are not included in the reticular membrane. Thus, the RM up to the outer edge of the tectorial membrane and does not extend ... The reticular membrane (RM, also called reticular lamina or apical cuticular plate) is a thin, stiff lamina that extends from ... "Reticular membrane". IMAIOS. Diagram at une.edu Animation at bioanim.com v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
Stereocilia respond to movement of the tectorial membrane when a sound causes vibration through the cochlea. When this occurs, ... Outer hair cells have stereocilia projecting towards the tectorial membrane, which sits above the organ of Corti. ... The tuning of the basilar membrane is due to its mechanical structure. At the base of the basilar membrane it is narrow and ... It is thought that each ERB is the equivalent of around 0.9mm on the basilar membrane. The ERB can be converted into a scale ...
The cochlear duct of the owl contains the basilar papilla, the tectorial membrane, the tegmentum vasculum, and the macula of ... Sound waves enter the ear via the ear canal and travel until they reach the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane then sends ... The basilar membrane is relatively thin toward the distal end of the papilla, but has a thick fibrous mass toward the proximal ... This mass is not to be confused with the loose fibrous mass of the tympanic part of the basilar membrane that underlies the ...
When the basilar membrane is driven upward, shear between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane deflects hair bundles in ... This motion is accompanied by a shearing motion between the tectorial membrane and the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti, ... When the basilar membrane moves downward, the hair bundles are driven in the inhibitory direction. When a deformation is ... Air pressure changes in the ear canal cause the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles. At the end of the ...
... and the tectorial membrane and alar ligaments. The superior angle of the occipital bone articulates with the occipital angles ... 3] of the squamous part of the occipital bone is developed in membrane, and may remain separate throughout life when it ... Through the foramen passes the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the accessory nerves, the vertebral arteries, the anterior ...
The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the stereocilia to bend. They then depolarise ... composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. ... It is separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where ... to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the cochlear duct, ...
... the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the accessory nerve into the skull. The foramen magnum is a very ... Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, ...
Tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint tectospinal tract tectum tegmen tympani tegmentum tela choroidae telencephalon ... joint systole tabes dorsalis taenia coli tail of pancreas talus tapetum lucidum tarsus taste buds taste pore Tectorial membrane ... cistern basal forebrain basal ganglia basalis nucleus of Meynert basal lamina basement membrane basilar artery basilar membrane ... broad ligament of the uterus Broca's area bronchi bronchiole bronchus Broner Brunner's gland buccal fatpad buccal membrane ...
In the cochlea, a shearing movement between the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane deflects the stereocilia, affecting ... The actin filaments anchor to the terminal web and the top of the cell membrane and are arranged in grade of height. As sound ... When tension increases, the flow of ions across the membrane into the hair cell rises as well. Such influx of ions causes a ... open cation selective channels thus allowing ions to flow across the cell membrane into the hair cells. They also are involved ...
"Functional Role of the Tectorial Membrane in Cochlear Mechanics , MIT Thesis". DSpace. hdl:1721.1/43876. Retrieved 2008-01-15 ...
... and tectorial membrane). A weaker and somewhat inconsistent median band (crus inferius) extends inferiorly from the ligament to ...
The hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, and with the moving of the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane and ... In the membrane of the outer hair cells there are motor proteins associated with the membrane. Those proteins are activated by ... The motion of the basilar membrane is generally described as a traveling wave. The properties of the membrane at a given point ... Along with the vestibular membrane, several tissues held by the basilar membrane segregate the fluids of the endolymph and ...
... tectorial membrane MeSH A09.246.631.246.577 - organ of corti MeSH A09.246.631.246.577.325 - hair cells MeSH A09.246.631.246. ... bowman membrane MeSH A09.371.060.217.228 - corneal stroma MeSH A09.371.060.217.271 - descemet membrane MeSH A09.371.060.217.318 ... MeSH A09.246.272.396 - ear canal MeSH A09.246.272.405 - ear cartilages MeSH A09.246.272.702 - tympanic membrane MeSH A09.246. ... bruch membrane MeSH A09.371.894.280 - ciliary body MeSH A09.371.894.513 - iris MeSH A09.371.894.513.780 - pupil MeSH A09.531. ...
Apical ligament of the dens Tectorial membrane Spinal cord Dural veins (Dural venous sinuses) Contents of the foramen magnum: ... nerves Posterior spinal arteries Spinal part of the accessory nerve Alar and apical ligaments of the dens Tectorial membrane ...
Meaud, Julien; Grosh, Karl (2010). "The effect of tectorial membrane and basilar membrane longitudinal coupling in cochlear ... is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). "Tectorial" in ... When tectorial membrane calcium is restored, sensory cell function returns.[1] Floor of ductus cochlearis. Cross section of the ... The mechanical role of the tectorial membrane in hearing is yet to be fully understood, and traditionally was neglected or ...
Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback ... Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback ... Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback ... Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback ...
... tectorial membrane. With permission from Van Camp G, Smith RJH. Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage, 2003. http://webh01.ua.ac.be/ ... Govan J . Ocular manifestations of Alports syndrome: a hereditary disorder of basement membranes?. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: ... Cochlear expression patterns of GJB2 BM, basilar membrane; BSL, bony spiral lamina; CC, Claudius cell; DC, Deiters cell; ESC, ... Immittance audiometry evaluates the peripheral auditory system, including middle ear pressure, tympanic membrane mobility, ...
Stereocilia imprints on the lower surface of the tectorial membrane were also not observed in Strc(-/-) mice, thus indicating ... and the attachment links that attach the tallest stereocilia to the overlying tectorial membrane. Stereocilin was also detected ... Stereocilia imprints on the lower surface of the tectorial membrane were also not observed in Strc(-/-) mice, thus indicating ... Stereocilin connects outer hair cell stereocilia to one another and to the tectorial membrane.. ...
A deafness mutation isolates a second role for the tectorial membrane in hearing. In: Nature Neuroscience. 2005 ; Vol. 8, No. 8 ... A deafness mutation isolates a second role for the tectorial membrane in hearing. Nature Neuroscience. 2005 Aug 1;8(8):1035- ... α-tectorin (encoded by Tecta) is a component of the tectorial membrane, an extracellular matrix of the cochlea. In humans, the ... Thus, using TectaY1870C/+ mice, we have genetically isolated a second major role for the tectorial membrane in hearing: it ...
B, Higher-magnification images of tectorial membrane (TM; rectangle in A) show an ectopic cell layer surrounding the tectorial ... We observed an abnormal cell layer surrounding the tectorial membrane, which appears to disrupt the attachment of the tectorial ... The tectorial membrane that covers the apical surface of auditory hair cells (Fig. 4A) is malformed in the Hgf-cKO cochlea. ... In contrast to Hgf-cKO mutant mice, the morphology of the tectorial membrane in both Met-Nc-cKO and Met-Epi-cKO mutant mice ...
Stria vascularis and tectorial membrane were stripped off. This whole-mount preparation was placed into an experimental chamber ... At a more physiological membrane potential of −58 mV (see below), the difference in membrane time constant between BKα+/+ and ... The longer membrane time constant should further attenuate the AC component of the RP in BKα−/− at stimulus frequencies above a ... As shown in Figure 2C, the membrane time constant was nearly twofold larger in BKα−/− IHCs at their in vitro resting potential ...
along w/ joint capsules, tectorial membrane is torn; - dissociation may be complete (dislocation) or incomplete (subluxation); ... ligaments opposing occipital condyles to superior articulating facets of atlas (tectorial ligaments) are disrupted, resulting ...
Automatic extrude tectorial membrane former CN108823660A (en) 2018-11-16. A kind of woven bag production wire-drawing frame and ...
... the tectorial membrane, and the atlanto-occipital membranes ...
Focusing on a cochlear structure called the tectorial membrane, he managed to build a system that could measure what the ... Though the bodys own cells are protected from the immune system by their protein-studded outer membrane, its not possible to ... Solution: Why not cloak therapeutics in natural membranes? Thats the idea of Liangfang Zhang, a nanoengineering professor at ... Zhang derives red-blood-cell membranes from blood samples and uses them to coat polymer nanoparticles. Because these particles ...
The overlying tectorial membrane is not as flexible so the stereocilia are bent as the organ of Corti moves up and down against ... The tips of the outer hair cell stereocilia are imbedded in a gelatinous mass called the tectorial membrane which lies on top ... Since the basilar membrane is attached to bone and ligament at its two ends, the area of maximal vibration is near the third ( ... The organ of Corti is larger and the basilar membrane on which it sits is longer as it gets further away from the base of the ...
abnormal tectorial membrane morphology. PMID: 16495441 Fzd3tm1Nat,Fzd6tm1Nat. Fzd3tm1Nat/Fzd3tm1Nat,Fzd6tm1Nat/Fzd6tm1Nat ...
basilar membrane and the (rigid) tectorial membrane 12. Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea. Cochlea is a pressure-conducting, ... Waves move the basilar membrane but not the tectorial membrane resulting in conformational changes in the stereocilia of hair ... conducts sound to the eardrum Tympanic membrane (Eardrum): thin membrane ... , PowerPoint PPT presentation , free to view ... These membrane proteins open in response to mechanical stimuli which cause confirmational changes in the proteins to open pore ...
c. tectorial membrane * The ________ are motile and can change basilar membrane motion. ... 1. stretch - sensitive ion channels: cell membrane open and allow cations into the cell =, depolarization*2. hair cells in ear ... The basilar membrane vibrates and stimulates ______ by a shearing motion between _______ and _________. ... it will move the membrane potential further away from threshold for AP. ...
Mammalian alpha-tectorin, which is one of the major non-collagenous components of the tectorial membrane. ... VWF mediates the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular damage by binding to specific platelet membrane glycoproteins and ... Species diversity in the structure of zonadhesin, a sperm-specific membrane protein containing multiple cell adhesion molecule- ... where binding to the extracellular matrix of the egg is but one of the functions of this sperm-specific membrane protein. ...
Mammalian alpha-tectorin, which is one of the major non-collagenous components of the tectorial membrane. ... VWF mediates the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular damage by binding to specific platelet membrane glycoproteins and ... Species diversity in the structure of zonadhesin, a sperm-specific membrane protein containing multiple cell adhesion molecule- ... where binding to the extracellular matrix of the egg is but one of the functions of this sperm-specific membrane protein. ...
... type II fracture is classified as stable because of the preserved alar ligament and tectorial membrane. ...
The tectorial membrane is the superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament and attaches to the anterolateral ... The anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend from the upper aspect of C1 to the anterior and posterior aspects ... lies between the superior longitudinal fasciculus of the cruciform ligament and the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. ...
... rupture of the tectorial membrane, incomplete ossification of the dorsal neural arch of the atlas, acquired trauma-related ...
... which do not contact the tectorial membrane, are fluid-coupled and sensitive to stimulus velocity, while the OHC stereocilia ...
"The CymaScope imaging technique substitutes a circular water membrane for the dolphins tectorial, gel-like membrane and a ... Microscopic cilia connect with the tectorial membrane and read the shape of the imprint, creating a composite electrical ... travels as a surface acoustic wave along the basilar and tectorial membranes and imprints in an area that relates to the ... present hypothesis is that each click-pulse causes the image to momentarily manifest on the basilar and tectorial membranes, ...
... stereocilia from the tectorial membrane (TM) & raise the threshold for stimulation of the hair cells by 20-40 dB (Nordmann et ... toward the basilar membrane (BM) (Harding et al., 1992). These structural changes result in the uncoupling of outer hair cell ( ...
tectorial membrane of cochlea + tectorial restraint system tela choroidea of fourth ventricle ...
tectorial membrane of cochlea + tectorial restraint system tela choroidea of fourth ventricle ...
The Tectorial Membrane is Discovered. However, it was in 2007 that scientists identified the tectorial membrane within the ... When vibration enters the ear, the tiny tectorial membrane manages how water moves in reaction using small pores as it rests on ... Another MIT scientist has long thought tectorial membrane exploration could result in new hearing aid designs that offer better ... You wont find this microscopic membrane made of a gel-like substance in any other parts of the body. What really intrigued ...
... the cells of Corti.The tectorial membranes role is to anchor the hairs of the cells of Corti in order to facilitate the ... E)Flock was not the first to observe that the basilar membrane vibrates.However, he was the first to announce the disruptive ... All sounds cannot affect this process of charging.I pointed out that on the basilar membrane the ciliform cells of Corti are ... of the tympanic membrane suggests that arciform fibers collect wave impulses and disperse them to the periphery of the membrane ...
Some of the stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane, extending laterally over the organ of Corti. This membrane is ... Tectorial membrane Hair cells are the auditory receptors in the organ of Corti. These cells possess stereocilia, the tallest of ... These cells possess stereocilia, the tallest of which are embedded in the gelatinous tectorial membrane. Peripheral processes ... Main SlideScala vestibuliVestibular membraneScala tympaniBasilar membraneCochlear duct - Organ of Corti , - Hair cells , - ...
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE] 52. ԾՆԵԼԻՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ [BIRTH RATE] 3. ԾԱՂԻԿ [SMALLPOX] 53. ԾՆԵԼԻՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ԸՆՏԱՆԻՔՈՒՄ , ՀԵՐԹԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ [BIRTH ...
Allen, Jont B. and Sen, Deep (1999), "Is tectorial membrane filtering required to explain two tone suppression and the upward ... Tympanic membrane model. *Parent, Pierre and Allen, Jont (2010) Wave model of the human tympanic membrane; Hearing Research 263 ... Parent, P. and Allen, Jont B, (2007) "Wave model of cat tympanic membrane," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 122(2), p. 918-931. ((pdf)) ... Allen, Jont B. and Fahey, Paul (2002) "The outer hair cell motility must be based on a tonic change in the membrane voltage: ...
  • Stereocilin connects outer hair cell stereocilia to one another and to the tectorial membrane. (hal.science)
  • Using immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy, stereocilin was detected in association with two cell surface specializations specific to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the mature cochlea: the horizontal top connectors that join the apical regions of adjacent stereocilia within the hair bundle, and the attachment links that attach the tallest stereocilia to the overlying tectorial membrane. (hal.science)
  • Stereocilia imprints on the lower surface of the tectorial membrane were also not observed in Strc(-/-) mice, thus indicating that the tips of the tallest stereocilia failed to be embedded in this gel. (hal.science)
  • The tips of the outer hair cell stereocilia are imbedded in a gelatinous mass called the tectorial membrane which lies on top of the organ of Corti and is secreted from cells (not shown) on the left. (bcm.edu)
  • The overlying tectorial membrane is not as flexible so the stereocilia are bent as the organ of Corti moves up and down against it. (bcm.edu)
  • Waves move the basilar membrane but not the tectorial membrane resulting in conformational changes in the stereocilia of hair cells. (powershow.com)
  • Movement of basilar membrane changes conformation of stereocilia resulting in increased K conductance. (powershow.com)
  • The IHC stereocilia, which do not contact the tectorial membrane, are fluid-coupled and sensitive to stimulus velocity, while the OHC stereocilia are sensitive to displacement. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • 1992). These structural changes result in the uncoupling of outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia from the tectorial membrane (TM) & raise the threshold for stimulation of the hair cells by 20-40 dB (Nordmann et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane, extending laterally over the organ of Corti. (digitalhistology.org)
  • These cells possess stereocilia, the tallest of which are embedded in the gelatinous tectorial membrane. (digitalhistology.org)
  • The anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend from the upper aspect of C1 to the anterior and posterior aspects of the foramen magnum. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Air pressure on the Tympanic membrane causes movement of the middle ear with the Stapes causing vibration of the Oval window resulting in fluid waves within the Cochlea. (powershow.com)
  • The relations between tympanic membrane higher order modes and standing waves. (auditorymodels.org)
  • if pressure is not quickly equilibrated, middle ear hemorrhage or tympanic membrane rupture may occur. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The tectoria membrane (TM) is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanical role of the tectorial membrane in hearing is yet to be fully understood, and traditionally was neglected or downplayed in many models of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
  • α-tectorin (encoded by Tecta) is a component of the tectorial membrane, an extracellular matrix of the cochlea. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • These abnormalities do not seriously influence the tectorial membrane's known role in ensuring that cochlear feedback is optimal, because the sensitivity and frequency tuning of the mechanical responses of the cochlea are little changed. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • The organ of Corti is larger and the basilar membrane on which it sits is longer as it gets further away from the base of the cochlea. (bcm.edu)
  • The precise mechanism concerning how the sonic image is 'read' by the cochleae is still unknown but the team's present hypothesis is that each click-pulse causes the image to momentarily manifest on the basilar and tectorial membranes, thin sheets of tissue situated in the heart of each cochlea. (speakdolphin.com)
  • However, it was in 2007 that scientists identified the tectorial membrane within the inner ear's cochlea. (artisanhearing.com)
  • When vibration enters the ear, the tiny tectorial membrane manages how water moves in reaction using small pores as it rests on little hairs in the cochlea. (artisanhearing.com)
  • Explanation: Sensory receptors of hearing are hair cells, present on basilar membrane of cochlea . (psichologyanswers.com)
  • Mammalian alpha-tectorin, which is one of the major non-collagenous components of the tectorial membrane. (embl.de)
  • Tectorial membrane of the vestibular canal d. (respaper.com)
  • The cochlear duct is separated from the scala tympani by the basilar membrane and the vestibular ramp Reissner's membrane. (neuromatiq.com)
  • Microscopic cilia connect with the tectorial membrane and 'read' the shape of the imprint, creating a composite electrical signal representing the object's shape. (speakdolphin.com)
  • These cells contain cilia that are moored to a membrane (the tectorial membrane). (neuromatiq.com)
  • The tectorial membrane, which is delicately lying at the top of the longest cilia of the inner hair cells, swings around with every wave of sound, moving the cilia and causing the hair cells' electrical reactions. (thelineofhealth.org)
  • Inner ear barotrauma (IEBT) occurs due to rupture of the labyrinthine window (round or oval window) or tears of the Reissner, basilar, or tectorial membranes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The organ of Corti is made up of hair cells and supporting cells (purple and blue, respectively) that sit on a flexible basilar membrane which is anchored to the bony shelf on the left and a ligament (not shown) on the right. (bcm.edu)
  • Since the basilar membrane is attached to bone and ligament at its two ends, the area of maximal vibration is near the third (furthest right) row of outer hair cells. (bcm.edu)
  • The tectorial membrane is the superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament and attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the foramen magnum. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The apical ligament lies between the superior longitudinal fasciculus of the cruciform ligament and the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The apical ligament of dens and the tectorial membrane attach to the internal basiocciput. (sdcindia.ac.in)
  • This ligament is an inferior continuation of the tectorial membrane, which connects the axis to the base of the skull . (anatomy.app)
  • Basilar membrane responses of wild-type mice exhibit a second resonance, indicating that the tectorial membrane provides an inertial mass against which outer hair cells can exert forces. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • Thus, the tectorial membrane ensures that outer hair cells can effectively respond to basilar membrane motion and that feedback is delivered with the appropriate gain and timing required for amplification. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • When tectorial membrane calcium is restored, sensory cell function returns. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sensory organ present on basilar membrane for hearing is formed by hair cells and the tissue is called Organ of Corti. (psichologyanswers.com)
  • At the region of preferential vibration, hair cells in the outer slide of the tectorial membrane [ 5 ], they depolarize and send nerve signals via afferent nerve fibers to the brain stem. (neuromatiq.com)
  • The main function of the CCE is to contract for amplifying the vibration of the basilar membrane at the stimulation [ 96 ], thereby depolarizing the inner hair cells at low amplitudes. (neuromatiq.com)
  • Thus, using Tecta Y1870C/+ mice, we have genetically isolated a second major role for the tectorial membrane in hearing: it enables the motion of the basilar membrane to optimally drive the inner hair cells at their best frequency. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • When the hair cells from the slide tectorial membrane, they depolarize and release neurotransmitters [ 41 ] which will stimulate the basilar membrane which follow until the columella, where they form the cell body spiral ganglion nerve fibers. (neuromatiq.com)
  • The basilar membranes of wild-type and alpha-tectorin mutant mice are tuned, but the alpha-tectorin mutants are 35 dB less sensitive. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • You won't find this microscopic membrane made of a gel-like substance in any other parts of the body. (artisanhearing.com)
  • Mice homozygous for a targeted deletion in a-tectorin have tectorial membranes that are detached from the cochlear epithelium and lack all noncollagenous matrix, but the architecture of the organ of Corti is otherwise normal. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • The organ of Corti is composed of a lower basilar membrane against the scala tympani and an upper tectorial membrane within the cochlear duct (Fig. 8.41). (psichologyanswers.com)
  • Species diversity in the structure of zonadhesin, a sperm-specific membrane protein containing multiple cell adhesion molecule-like domains. (embl.de)
  • Waves resonate at specific point on the (flexible) Basilar membrane (i.e. specific anatomical site is associated with maximal displacement of membrane). (powershow.com)
  • Higher waves spread out more along basilar membrane. (powershow.com)
  • The latter (about three centimeters long) directs sound waves to the eardrum [ 5 ], a thin membrane that is constantly under the impact of sound vibrations. (neuromatiq.com)
  • In transgenic mice with the Y1870C mutation in Tecta, the tectorial membrane's matrix structure is disrupted, and its adhesion zone is reduced in thickness. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • Due to the increased structural complexity of the TM relative to other acellular gels (such as the otolithic membranes), its mechanical properties are consequently significantly more complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • What really intrigued scientists was how the membrane provides mechanical filtering that can decipher and delineate between sounds. (artisanhearing.com)
  • VWF mediates the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular damage by binding to specific platelet membrane glycoproteins and to constituents of exposed connective tissue. (embl.de)
  • This membrane is frequently displaced during tissue preparation and, therefore, is not always seen in its proper location. (digitalhistology.org)
  • They are made up of connective tissue that binds it to the posteriorly located dura mater - the outermost membrane covering and enclosing the spinal cord . (anatomy.app)
  • it will move the membrane potential further away from threshold for AP. (freezingblue.com)
  • Researchers observed that different frequencies of sound reacted differently to the amplification produced by the membrane. (artisanhearing.com)
  • Another MIT scientist has long thought tectorial membrane exploration could result in new hearing aid designs that offer better speech recognition for wearers. (artisanhearing.com)
  • Reid said, "The CymaScope imaging technique substitutes a circular water membrane for the dolphin's tectorial, gel-like membrane and a camera for the dolphin's brain. (speakdolphin.com)
  • Glycoprotein GP2, the major component of pancreatic secretory granule membranes. (expasy.org)
  • Chicken β-tectorin, a major glycoprotein of avian tectorial membrane. (expasy.org)