Thymus Hyperplasia
The value of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: a computer-assisted matched study. (1/36)
In the absence of a prospective randomized study of patients treated conservatively or with thymectomy, a computer-assisted retrospective matches study was devised. Of 563 patients treated for myasthenia gravis without thymoma up to 1965, 104 had thymectomy. With computer assistance, each surgical patient was matched with a medical patient on the basis of age, sex, and severity and duration of disease. On this basis 80 of the 104 surgical patients could be matched satisfactorily. There were 16 males and 64 females in each of the matched surgically treated and medical control groups. A complete remission was experienced by 27 of the 78 patients in the surgical group as compared to 6 of the medical group. Improvement was noted by 26 of 78 surgically treated patients and 13 of 78 receiving medical treatment. Survival for patients having thymectomy. Thirty-four patients in the medical group had died as compared to 11 in the surgical group. Comparison of survival in relation to sex, duration of symptoms, or age (less than 30 or less than 30 years) did not show a significant difference. Until more effective treatment is available for myasthenia gravis, thymectomy deserves consideration for both sexes, and with increased age or long duration of symptoms. (+info)Cyclin D2 overexpression in transgenic mice induces thymic and epidermal hyperplasia whereas cyclin D3 expression results only in epidermal hyperplasia. (2/36)
In a previous report, we described the effects of cyclin D1 expression in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice. To study the involvement of D-type cyclins (D1, D2, and D3) in epithelial growth and differentiation and their putative role as oncogenes in skin, transgenic mice were developed which carry cyclin D2 or D3 genes driven by a keratin 5 promoter. As expected, both transgenic lines showed expression of these proteins in most of the squamous tissues analyzed. Epidermal proliferation increased in transgenic animals and basal cell hyperplasia was observed. All of the animals also had a minor thickening of the epidermis. The pattern of expression of keratin 1 and keratin 5 indicated that epidermal differentiation was not affected. Transgenic K5D2 mice developed mild thymic hyperplasia that reversed at 4 months of age. On the other hand, high expression of cyclin D3 in the thymus did not produce hyperplasia. This model provides in vivo evidence of the action of cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 as mediators of proliferation in squamous epithelial cells. A direct comparison among the three D-type cyclin transgenic mice suggests that cyclin D1 and cyclin D2 have similar roles in epithelial thymus cells. However, overexpression of each D-type cyclin produces a distinct phenotype in thymic epithelial cells. (+info)Thymic hyperplasia as a source of ectopic ACTH production. (3/36)
A 26 year-old man with suspected Cushing's disease underwent transsphenoidal exploration of the pituitary without any evidence of microadenoma or hyperplasia. Progressive hypercortisolism necessitated bilateral adrenalectomy. Postoperatively, skin pigmentation gradually developed with a marked elevation of plasma ACTH levels, and CT scanning uncovered a thymic mass. Following removal of the thymic mass, skin pigmentation disappeared and plasma ACTH levels fell to normal. The excised mass was found to be a benign thymic hyperplasia without epithelial or carcinoid tumor cells. However, gel chromatography showed that the thymic tissue extract contained high ACTH content comparable to that of ectopic ACTH-producing tumors with a major component corresponding to ACTH(1-39). Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization revealed the expression of proopiomelanocortin transcripts in lymphocytes of thymic hyperplasia. This report suggests that lymphocytes in thymic hyperplasia are the most likely site of deregulated ACTH expression causing ectopic ACTH syndrome. (+info)Increased metabolic activity in the thymus gland studied with 18F-FDG PET: age dependency and frequency after chemotherapy. (4/36)
This study was designed to evaluate the age dependency of 18F-FDG uptake in the thymus and the frequency of PET confirmation of thymus hyperplasia after chemotherapy in cancer patients. METHODS: Whole-body FDG PET recordings of 168 patients were retrospectively examined for a retrosternal lesion in the anterior mediastinum that was attributable to the thymus. The patients were assigned to the following four groups: children with malignant lesions before the first therapy (group Ia; n = 15; mean age +/- SD, 11.9 +/- 3.7 y), children with malignant disease after chemotherapy (group Ib; n = 12; mean age, 10.3 +/- 5.0 y), adults with histologically confirmed malignant lymphoma before the first therapy (group IIa; n = 37; mean age, 43.9 +/- 16.7 y), and adult lymphoma patients 3 wk to 4 mo after chemotherapy (group IIb; n = 104; mean age, 40.9 +/- 14.6 y). RESULTS: Increased FDG accumulation in the thymus was seen in 11 patients (73%) of group Ia and 9 patients (75%) of group Ib. Thymus hyperplasia was found in 5 patients (5%) of group IIb. The eldest of these 5 patients was 25 y old. No increased FDG accumulation in the thymus was observed in any of the group IIa patients. In cases of visible FDG uptake in the thymus, standardized uptake values did not exceed 4. CONCLUSION: FDG accumulation in the thymus is a common finding in children and can occasionally be observed in young adults after chemotherapy. Knowledge of the characteristics of a typical retrosternal lesion in conjunction with the clinical history allows avoidance of diagnostic uncertainty and unnecessary procedures. (+info)Thymic hyperplasia and lung carcinomas in a line of mice transgenic for keratin 5-driven HPV16 E6/E7 oncogenes. (5/36)
Human Papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the cause of both benign lesions and ano-genital cancers. In HPV-associated cancers the transforming properties of the expressed viral E6 and E7 proteins have been revealed by a number of different assays. We have generated transgenic mice expressing HPV-16 E6/E7 genes under the control of the murine keratin 5 gene promoter, which should confer cell-type specific expression in the basal cells of squamous stratified epithelia. Transgenic mice developed thymic hyperplasia and lung neoplasia with 100% frequency, the thymus showing a size increase at 2 months and reaching the maximum dimension at 6 months, when lung carcinomas appeared. After this time the size of hyperplastic thymi decreased, while malignant formations invaded the mediastinal area. Hepatic metastasis could be also observed in some of the animals at the autopsy and death invariably occurred around 10-11 months of age. (+info)Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the thymus hyperplasia vs lymphoma. (6/36)
In the thymus, the relationship between lymphofollicular hyperplasia and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma is uncertain. We analyzed 14 cases with a diagnosis of thymic follicular hyperplasia in patients with connective tissue disease (n = 2), myasthenia gravis (n = 11), or both (n = 1). In 11 cases, well-defined reactive lymphoid follicles were surrounded by a continuous layer of medullary epithelial cells. A polyclonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) was observed. In 3 cases, ill-defined lymphoid follicles with sheets of centrocytic-like B cells disrupting the medullary cytokeratin epithelial network were observed on certain sections. These cells expressed the phenotypic features of memory B cells with CD20, CD79a, and bcl-2 positivity and CD5, CD10, CD23, and bcl-6 negativity, and a monoclonal rearrangement of the IgH gene was detected. Appropriate sampling, cytokeratin staining, and molecular analyses may help to identify early MALT-type lymphoma developing in the setting of thymic lymphofollicular hyperplasia. (+info)CDS1 and promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene in human myasthenia gravis. (7/36)
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) gene (Ctla-4) is a candidate gene for autoimmune disease. We here report results of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Ctla-4, a +49 A/G SNP in CDS1 and a C/T promoter SNP at position -318. There were no differences in these two SNPs between patients and healthy individuals. The frequency of allele G and genotype G/G at position +49 in CDS1 was increased in patients with thymoma when compared with patients with normal and hyperplastic thymic histopathology. Patients with the G/G genotype had signs of immune activation manifested as higher levels of serum IL-1beta and higher percentage of CD28(+) T lymphocytes. There was a strong linkage between the 86bp allele in the 3'-UTR and the A(+49) allele in CDS1. Our results suggest that the SNP at position +49 in CDS1 might be associated with the manifestations of MG. (+info)The influence of preoperative drug treatment on the extent of hyperplasia of the thymus in primary thyrotoxicosis. (8/36)
Thymic biopsies taken from women at the beginning of the operation of subtotal thyroidectomy were studied by the point-counting histometric technique. In all patients with primary thyrotoxicosis, the thymus is hyperplastic. After pretreatment with antithyroid drugs, the pattern of thymic involution with age is similar to, but at higher levels, than that in control groups of patients with non-toxic goitre in whom there is no evidence of immunological abnormality. By contrast, after propranolol pretreatment very little age involution is seen. The differences in the appearance of the thymus in female primary thyrotoxixosis patients prepared for operation with different drug treatment regimes are probably related to the pharmacological actions of the drugs and may indicate an interaction between primary immunological and secondary endocrinological factors in the disease process. (+info)Thymus hyperplasia is a condition where the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest beneath the breastbone, becomes enlarged due to an increase in the number of cells. This is different from a tumor, where there is an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or cancerous.
Thymus hyperplasia can be classified into two types: true hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. True hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of thymic epithelial cells, while lymphoid hyperplasia is an increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) within the thymus gland.
Thymus hyperplasia can occur as a result of various factors, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications. In some cases, it may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during imaging studies or other medical tests. However, in other cases, it may cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and swallowing.
Treatment for thymus hyperplasia depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medications or surgery may be required.
Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.
Thymus hyperplasia
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
Thymus
Myasthenia gravis
Margatoxin
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases
S1PR1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
Hypoplasia
Cellular adaptation
Benjamin Castleman
CYP17A1
Nikolaus Friedreich
Tonsil
Thyroid neoplasm
CD 205
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Glucagon receptor
Interleukin 17
Tuft cell
Tumor M2-PK
H. Hugh Fudenberg
Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma
Diverticulum
Cytotoxic T cell
Bone marrow
O-Toluidine
Endocrine system
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung
Wonderland Gang
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Hyperplasia. Medical search
Gland20
- The origin of the name of the thymus gland is unclear. (medscape.com)
- The first description of the thymus gland was by the Italian anatomist Giacomo da Capri (1470-1550). (medscape.com)
- The Swiss physician Felix Platter reported the first case of suffocation due to hypertrophy of the thymus gland in 1614. (medscape.com)
- The first indication of an association between myasthenia and the thymus gland was in 1901, when the German neurologist Hermann Oppenheim reported a tumor found growing from the thymic remnant at necropsy in a patient with myasthenia. (medscape.com)
- In mammals, the thymus gland develops from the ventral portion of the third branchial pouch as tubular primordia elongate caudally and fuse at the midline, losing their connection with the pharynx and leaving the definitive thymus in the mediastinum. (medscape.com)
- Thymus gland and surrounding structures. (medscape.com)
- What is the connection between thymus gland problems and MG? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Many people with MG have thymus gland conditions that may bring on MG. The thymus is a small organ in the upper chest that is part of the lymphatic system . (clevelandclinic.org)
- The incidences of hepatocyte hypertrophy and lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen in the 10 and 25 mg/kg/day groups, chronic inflammation of the lung in the 3, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day groups, and mammary gland hyperplasia, suppurative inflammation of the skin, and ulcer of the skin in the 25 mg/kg/day group were significantly increased compared to the vehicle control group. (nih.gov)
- Under the conditions of this 3-month gavage study, oral administration of HCB in female Sprague Dawley rats resulted in dose-related lesions in the liver, lung, spleen, mammary gland, skin, thymus, and teeth. (nih.gov)
- Lymph tissue is found throughout the body in lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus gland, adenoids and tonsils, the digestive tract, and bone marrow. (snmjournals.org)
- In contrast in MuSK MG, thymus gland histology is usually normal and thymoma is rare. (kieran101.com)
- Parathyroid glands vary in number and location, and ectopic parathyroid glands have been found within the thyroid gland, high in the neck or carotid sheath, the retroesophageal space, and the thymus or mediastinum. (mhmedical.com)
- The thymus gland serves a vital role in T-cell production and regulation in the body and in mature immunity. (mghope.org)
- The thymus gland plays it's greatest role in childhood, enlarging until puberty where it subsequently begins to shrink at the onset of puberty and into full adulthood. (mghope.org)
- Experts do not all agree that thymectomy is an appropriate course of action for patients who present without thymoma (a tumor on the thymus gland that is typically benign but can be malignant in some cases and is seen in an estimated 20% of Myasthenics), however, a new study affirms the belief that thymectomy for non-thymoma patients is beneficial (some criteria excludes certain patient populations). (mghope.org)
- Hyperplasia of the thymus gland is considered by some to be a main aggressor in more moderate and severe cases. (mghope.org)
- Thymoma is a usually benign tumor that is created from the surrounding epithelial cells of the thymus gland. (mghope.org)
- However, because the thymus gland is anterior and superior to the heart and posterior to the sternum, it is very difficult to clearly discern the true nature of the thymus gland, if it is hyperplasiac or not and if removal is necessary. (mghope.org)
- The thymus can also grow into the neck and throughout the chest cavity with finger like extensions and can be difficult to see all potential thymic tissue that has strayed from the gland in these scans. (mghope.org)
Thymoma6
- 25% have a thymoma, a tumor (either benign or malignant) of the thymus, and other abnormalities are frequently found. (doctorbhatia.com)
- The role of the thymus in myasthenia is unclear, but 65% of patients have thymic hyperplasia, and 10% have a thymoma. (msdmanuals.com)
- The clinical significance of anti-MuSK antibodies is still under study, but patients with these antibodies are much less likely to have thymic hyperplasia or a thymoma, may be less responsive to anticholinesterase drugs, and may require more aggressive early immunotherapy than patients who have AChR antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
- MG is associated with thymic follicular hyperplasia or thymoma in 70% and 10% patients, respectively. (kieran101.com)
- Thymus and gravis: thymic hyperplasia exists in 65% of cases and thymoma in 15% of cases. (medical-actu.com)
- Chest Scanner: search for thymoma or thymic hyperplasia. (medical-actu.com)
Lymphoid3
- The thymus is the first lymphoid organ that develops. (medscape.com)
- Histopathological findings revealed lymphoid follicular hyperplasia of thymic tissues but no neoplastic lesions. (scirp.org)
- The postmortem and histopathological examinations revealed few fGT-related abnormalities in most of the organs including the liver, although slight lymphoid cell hyperplasia in the lymph node was observed in a few rats with fGT at 2.0 g/kg. (hindawi.com)
Thymectomy4
- The report by Oppenheim led the German thoracic surgeon Ernst Sauerbruch to perform a cervical thymectomy in 1911 on a 20-year-old woman with a radiologically enlarged thymus who had myasthenia. (medscape.com)
- The disease process generally remains stationary after thymectomy (removal of the thymus). (doctorbhatia.com)
- When he developed thymic hyperplasia 1.5 years into his illness, he underwent a thymectomy, and improved significantly on a regimen of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. (allaboutheaven.org)
- Fibromyalgia and reduced metabolism and physically interacts with adrenergic agonists delay in patients undergoing surgery, radogna, a thymectomy thymus hyperplasia. (myjuicecup.com)
Myasthenia2
- Thymus hyperplasia is present in two thirds of all patients with myasthenia gravis. (lookformedical.com)
- Muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic myasthenia gravis thymus. (ox.ac.uk)
Congenital adrenal hyp2
- Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. (lookformedical.com)
- Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL). (lookformedical.com)
Malignant2
- There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant. (lookformedical.com)
- The first is determining the tissue of origin, the second is differentiating among inflammation, hyperplasia/benign tumor and malignant tumor, and the third is classifying the inflammatory process or the tumor. (vin.com)
Follicular Hyperplasia1
- We herein describe a rare case of multilocular thymic cysts (MTCs) with follicular hyperplasia. (scirp.org)
Atypical hyperplasia4
- Atypical hyperplasia of the thymic lymphocytes has been described in chemically treated B6C3F1 and p53-deficient mice. (nih.gov)
- Atypical hyperplasia of the thymic lymphocytes is regarded as a proliferative change that may progress to lymphoma, although it may occur without progression. (nih.gov)
- Whenever present, atypical hyperplasia of the thymic lymphocytes should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade. (nih.gov)
- Thymus - Atypical hyperplasia, Lymphocyte in a female p53+/- (C57Bl/6) mouse from a subchronic study. (nih.gov)
Lymph nodes2
- Normal peripheral lymph nodes depend on seeding by small lymphocytes from the thymus. (medscape.com)
- Intraoperatively, multiple cysts and swelling of mediastinal lymph nodes were noted throughout the entire thymus. (scirp.org)
Histology1
- S. Suster and J. Rosai, "Histology of the Normal Thymus," The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Vol. 14, 1990, pp. 284-303. (scirp.org)
Hypertrophy1
- It later became apparent that the thymus undergoes normal physiological hypertrophy, reaching a maximum at puberty and involuting thereafter. (lookformedical.com)
Lymphocyte1
- When atypical lymphocyte hyperplasia is unilateral, the affected lobe (arrow) is typically smaller than the unaffected lobe. (nih.gov)
Enlargement3
- Thymus hyperplasia refers to an enlargement ("hyperplasia") of the thymus. (wikipedia.org)
- Before the immune function of the thymus was well understood, the enlargement was sometimes seen as a cause for alarm, and justification for surgical reduction. (wikipedia.org)
- Enlargement of the thymus. (lookformedical.com)
Inflammation1
- Because the cytological characteristics of hyperplasia, inflammation, and malignancy can differ in different tissues, it is important to first determine the most frequently occurring type of cell in the cytological preparation. (vin.com)
Parathyroid2
- Thymus and parathyroid transplant are the only possible treatments. (medscape.com)
- Parathyroid hyperplasia commonly arises in MEN types 1, 2 (2A), and 4. (mhmedical.com)
Mucous1
- Hyperplasia of the mucous membrane of the lips, tongue, and less commonly, the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, and palate, presenting soft, painless, round to oval sessile papules about 1 to 4 mm in diameter. (lookformedical.com)
Tissues2
- These organs and tissues were fixed en block in 10% formalin and cut coronally into four to six slices of 3-mm thickness, depending on the age of the rat, and embedded together in one block for each rat. (shengsci.com)
- As the thymus shrinks, its tissues are replaced by adipose tissue. (mghope.org)
Pathology1
- M. J. Komstein, "Non Neoplastic Pathology of the Thymus," In: V. A. Livolsi, Ed., Major Problems in Pathology. (scirp.org)
Glands2
- Thymic hyperplasia was noted in 10 glands and 2 were reported as normal. (ox.ac.uk)
- Therefore, the inferior glands originate more cephalad than the superior glands, but they migrate along with the thymus to finally become situated more inferiorly than the superior glands. (medscape.com)
Lymphocytes1
- The thymus reaches its greatest size at puberty, after which time it undergoes slow involution and both cortical and T lymphocytes are reduced in peripheral blood. (medscape.com)
Thyme2
- What are the Uses and Health Benefits of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)? (planetayurveda.com)
- Thyme essential oil obtained from leaves of Thymus vulgaris, is often used as a natural cough remedy. (planetayurveda.com)
Cortex1
- The thymus is composed of two distinct lobes, each of which is surrounded by a collagenous capsule with septa that extend into the corticomedullary junction, dividing the cortex further into lobules. (medscape.com)
Bone2
- Your bone marrow and thymus produce the cells in lymph. (icdlist.com)
- The thymus gland's function is to receive "immature" T -cells that are created within the red bone marrow and teach the immature cells how to become functional, mature T- cells who are used solely to attack foreign cells. (mghope.org)
Cervical3
- Cervical thymuses were detected in 12-21% of rats from these inbred and congenic strains. (shengsci.com)
- No cervical thymuses were found in BUF-Rnu/Rnu rats, which were athymic. (shengsci.com)
- It is therefore clear that cervical thymuses behave differently from thoracic thymuses in spontaneous thymomagenesis in BUF rats. (shengsci.com)
Liver2
- Thymus and fetal liver implants to reconstitute T- and B-cell function have met with some success. (medscape.com)
- Liver: mild ductal hyperplasia. (cdc.gov)
Histopathology1
- Histopathology of the thymus. (nih.gov)
Thymomas1
- K. T. Shier, "The Thymus According to Schambacher: Medullary Ducts and Reticular Epithelium of Thymus and Thymomas," Cancer, Vol. 48, No. 5, 1981, pp. 1183-1199. (scirp.org)
Unilateral1
- Undescended thymus can be bilateral, but it is more commonly unilateral on the left side. (medscape.com)
Herb2
- Thymus vulgaris is an herb which has been used in alternative medicine in Ayurveda from centuries. (planetayurveda.com)
- The natural herb extracts of thymus vulgaris reducing the level of LDL (low density lipoproteins) in the body, LDL is bad cholesterol, when the level of LDL increase in your body, and it can start the deposition of plaque-like substance on the walls of the cardiovascular system, which ultimately blocks the natural flow of blood. (planetayurveda.com)
Diagnosis1
- E32.8 is a billable ICD-10 code used to specify a medical diagnosis of other diseases of thymus. (icdlist.com)
Patients1
- Thymic hyperplasia in patients with Graves' disease. (wikipedia.org)
Childhood1
- Undescended thymus is usually diagnosed in childhood. (medscape.com)
Origin1
- This structure is also the embryologic origin of the thymus. (medscape.com)
Removal1
- Unnecessary removal of the thymus was also practiced. (lookformedical.com)
Cells1
- these cells do not extend beyond the capsule of the thymus. (nih.gov)
Body1
- Accessory thymus body along the line of embryonic descent is common but is not clinically significant (it may be found in 25% of the population). (medscape.com)