Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.
Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.
A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.
Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells, serving as a precursor for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and its measurement in blood serves as a tumor marker for thyroid cancer surveillance.
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
April 25th -26th, 1986 nuclear power accident that occurred at Chernobyl in the former USSR (Ukraine) located 80 miles north of Kiev.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.
Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.
Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
Autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (RECEPTORS, THYROTROPIN) on thyroid epithelial cells. The autoantibodies mimic TSH causing an unregulated production of thyroid hormones characteristic of GRAVES DISEASE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is a country located in Eastern Europe and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it.
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.
An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.
The Republic of Belarus is a sovereign country located in Eastern Europe, known for its advanced medical facilities and highly trained healthcare professionals, offering a wide range of medical services including but not limited to cardiology, oncology, neurology, and transplantation, among others.
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.
A form of IODINE deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the THYROID GLAND in a significantly large fraction of a POPULATION GROUP. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the DIET contains insufficient amount of iodine.
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.
Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the THYROID GLAND, characterized by FEVER; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; SORE THROAT; severe thyroid PAIN; and an enlarged damaged gland containing GIANT CELLS. The disease frequently follows a viral infection.
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.
A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits.
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Blood proteins that bind to THYROID HORMONES such as THYROXINE and transport them throughout the circulatory system.
A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal PROLINE-rich domain. The phosphatase subtype is predominantly expressed in LYMPHOCYTES and plays a key role in the inhibition of downstream T-LYMPHOCYTE activation. Polymorphisms in the gene that encodes this phosphatase subtype are associated with a variety of AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (RHODOPHYTA), green (CHLOROPHYTA), and brown (PHAEOPHYTA) algae. They are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). They lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. They contain CHLOROPHYLL and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. Many are of economic importance as FOOD, fertilizer, AGAR, potash, or source of IODINE.
A dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high FEVER and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems.
Proteins that specifically bind to IRON.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.
Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
Unanticipated information discovered in the course of testing or medical care. Used in discussions of information that may have social or psychological consequences, such as when it is learned that a child's biological father is someone other than the putative father, or that a person tested for one disease or disorder has, or is at risk for, something else.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
An inherited autosomal recessive trait, characterized by peripheral resistance to THYROID HORMONES and the resulting elevation in serum levels of THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE. This syndrome is caused by mutations of gene THRB encoding the THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS BETA in target cells. HYPOTHYROIDISM in these patients is partly overcome by the increased thyroid hormone levels.
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The epizootiology and pathogenesis of thyroid hyperplasia in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Lake Ontario. (1/935)

The thyroid glands of coho salmon collected at different stages of their anadromous migration exhibited progressive and extensive hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The incidence of overt nodule formation rose from 5% in fish collected in August to 24% in fish collected in October. The histological picture of the goiters was similar to that found in thiourea-treated teleosts and thiouracil-treated mammals. There was a concomitant, significant decrease in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine values between September and October (thyroxine, 1.0+/-0.3 mug/100 ml and 0.4 mug/100 ml in September and October, respectively; triiodothyronine, 400.3+/-51.6 ng/100 ml and 80.2 ng/100 ml in September and October, respectively) and marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyrotrophs. These data indicate a progressive hypothyroid condition which, although it may be linked to iodide deficiency, may well be enhanced by other environmental factors. The evidence for involvement of other factors is discussed.  (+info)

Measurement of serum TSH in the investigation of patients presenting with thyroid enlargement. (2/935)

In otherwise euthyroid patients presenting with thyroid enlargement, reduction in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations measured in a sensitive assay may be a marker of thyroid autonomy and may therefore indicate a benign underlying pathology. We investigated prospectively a cohort of 467 subjects presenting consecutively to our thyroid clinic with nodular or diffuse enlargement of the thyroid. Subjects were divided into those with normal (0.4-5.5 mU/l), low but detectable (0.1-0.39 mU/l) or undetectable (< 0.1 mU/l) serum TSH concentrations. The final pathological diagnosis was defined by fine-needle aspiration cytology and clinical follow-up of at least 2 years or by fine-needle aspiration cytology and histology following surgical treatment. Serum TSH concentrations below normal were found in 75 patients (16.1%), those with low serum TSH results having higher mean free T4 concentrations, were older and were more likely to be female. In those with undetectable serum TSH, no patient had a diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia and in those with low but detectable TSH, thyroid neoplasms were diagnosed in two patients (3.4%). In those with normal serum TSH, 12.0% had a final diagnosis of thyroid neoplasm (p = 0.013). Overall, thyroid malignancy was found in one patient (1.3%) of those with a serum TSH measurement below the normal range and 6.9% of those with normal serum TSH (p < 0.06). Reduction in serum TSH at presentation may identify a group which requires less intensive investigation and follow-up than those without biochemical evidence of thyroid autonomy.  (+info)

Development of a thyroid function strategy for general practice. (3/935)

A study was carried out to investigate a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) frontline strategy that could potentially result in a more straightforward interpretation of thyroid function tests, a reduction in the number of inappropriate referrals to medical outpatients, an improvement in the 'turnaround time' of results, and a reduction in the number of unnecessary tests carried out, thereby reducing costs.  (+info)

Autoimmunity resulting from cytokine treatment predicts long-term survival in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. (4/935)

PURPOSE: In patients undergoing cytokine therapy, systemically applied interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) have been reported to induce thyroid dysfunction as well as thyroid autoantibodies. We analyzed the correlation of thyroid autoimmunity with HLA phenotype, various other autoimmune parameters, and patient survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For this purpose, antithyroglobulin autoantibodies, antimicrosomal thyroid autoantibodies, thyroglobulin receptor autoantibodies, thyroid dysfunction, and multiple clinical parameters were determined in 329 unselected patients with metastatic renal cell cancer before and after systemic IL-2 and IFN-alpha2 therapy. For statistical analysis, we used both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and the two-tailed Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Antithyroglobulin autoantibodies and antimicrosomal thyroid autoantibodies were detected in 60 patients (18%); positive autoantibody titers of various other autoimmune parameters were statistically unrelated. The presence of thyroid autoantibodies was correlated with prolonged survival (P<.0001). There was a statistically significant difference in frequencies of HLA-Cw7 expression between thyroid autoantibody-positive and -negative patients (P< or =.05), and the Cw7 expression was associated with prolonged overall survival (P = .009). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of thyroid autoantibodies during cytokine therapy could be a useful prognostic marker for patients with renal cell carcinoma who benefit from cytokine treatment. IL-2- and IFN-alpha2-induced tumor control and prolonged survival may require breaking of immunologic tolerance against self-antigens.  (+info)

Clinical presentation and early course of type 1 diabetes in patients with and without thyroid autoimmunity. (5/935)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and to determine the influence of TAI on the clinical presentation and evolution of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 111 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients > 13 years old. The diagnosis of TAI was based on medical history and measurement of thyroid peroxidase (microsomal) antibodies (TPOAs). Clinical presentation of diabetes, beta-cell autoimmune markers (GADAs and 1A2As), and evolution of insulin-secretory reserves and metabolic control during the first 2 years of follow-up were analyzed. Differences between groups were evaluated by Student's t test or the chi 2 test. The influence of TAI on follow-up data was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: TAI was present in 31 patients (14 TPOA+ patients with normal thyroid function, 12 TPOA+ patients with thyroid dysfunction, and 5 patients with previously diagnosed TAI). TAI was more prevalent in women than in men (43.7 vs. 15.9%, P = 0.001). beta-Cell autoimmunity was more prevalent in patients with TAI than in those without TAI (93.5 vs. 76.3%, P = 0.03). The evolution of insulin requirements, metabolic control, and insulin-secretory reserves was comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: TAI is present in many type 1 diabetes patients at the time of diagnosis and is associated with a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. The clinical presentation of diabetes and the evolution of metabolic control and insulin-secretory reserves are not influenced by the presence of TAI. Patients with type 1 diabetes should be screened for TAI at diagnosis.  (+info)

Thyroid disease in pregnancy. (6/935)

This review article provides a broad overview of thyroid disease and pregnancy.  (+info)

Thyroid vascularity and blood flow are not dependent on serum thyroid hormone levels: studies in vivo by color flow doppler sonography. (7/935)

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid blood flow is greatly enhanced in untreated Graves' disease, but it is not known whether it is due to thyroid hormone excess or to thyroid hyperstimulation by TSH-receptor antibody. To address this issue in vivo patients with different thyroid disorders were submitted to color flow doppler sonography (CFDS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated 24 normal subjects, and 78 patients with untreated hyperthyroidism (49 with Graves' hyperthyroidism, 24 with toxic adenoma, and 5 patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma)), 19 patients with thyrotoxicosis (7 with thyrotoxicosis factitia, and 12 with subacute thyroiditis), 37 euthyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 21 untreated hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. RESULTS: Normal subjects had CFDS pattern 0 (absent or minimal intraparenchimal spots) and mean intraparenchimal peak systolic velocity (PSV) of 4.8+/-1.2cm/s. Patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, TSHoma, and toxic adenoma had significantly increased PSV (P<0.0001, P=0.0004, P<0.0001 respectively vs controls) and CFDS pattern. Patients with Graves' disease had CFDS pattern II (mild increase of color flow doppler signal) in 10 (20%) and pattern III (marked increase) in 39 cases (80%). Mean PSV was 15+/-3cm/s. Patients with toxic adenoma had CFDS pattern I (presence of parenchymal blood flow with patchy uneven distribution) in 2 (8%), pattern II in 16 (70%) and pattern III in 5 (22%). Mean PSV was 11+/-2.4cm/s. Patients with TSHoma showed CFDS pattern I in one case (20%) and pattern II in 4 (80%). Mean PSV was 14.8+/-4.2cm/s. Patients with thyrotoxicosis had normal PSV (4.2+/-1. 1cm/s in subacute thyroiditis, 4+/-0.8cm/s in thyrotoxicosis factitia, P=not significant vs controls) and CFDS pattern 0. Untreated euthyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis had CFDS pattern 0, and mean PSV (4.3+/-0.9cm/s; P=not significant vs controls). Untreated hypothyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis had CFDS pattern I in 14 cases (67%), pattern II in 4 (19%) and pattern 0 in 3 (14%) and mean PSV (5.6+/-1. 4cm/s) was higher than that of controls (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in both intrathyroidal vascularity and blood velocity was observed in patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism but not in thyrotoxicosis due to either ingestion of thyroid hormones or to a thyroidal destructive process. The slightly increased vascularity and blood velocity observed in patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis suggests that thyroid stimulation by either TSH-receptor antibody or TSH is responsible for the increased thyroid blood flow.  (+info)

Identification of thyroid hormone residues on serum thyroglobulin: a clue to the source of circulating thyroglobulin in thyroid diseases. (8/935)

Thyroglobulin (Tg) present in the serum of normal individuals and patients with thyroid disorders could be partly newly synthesized non-iodinated Tg and partly Tg containing iodine and hormone residues originating from the lumen of thyroid follicles. With the aim of examining the contribution of the latter source of Tg to the elevation of serum Tg concentration in thyroid pathophysiological situations, we devised a procedure to identify thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) residues on Tg from unfractionated serum. A two-step method, basedon (i)adsorption of Tg on an immobilized anti-human Tg (hTg) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and (ii)recognition of hormone residues on adsorbed Tg by binding of radioiodinated anti-T4 mAb and anti-T3 mAb, was used to analyze serum Tg from patients with either Graves' disease (GD), subacute thyroiditis (ST) or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Purified hTg preparations with different iodine and hormone contents were used as reference. Adsorption of purified Tg and serum Tg on immobilized anti-hTg mAb ranged between 85 and 90% over a wide concentration range. Labeled anti-T4 and anti-T3 mAbs bound to adsorbed purified Tg in amounts related to its iodine content. Tg adsorbed from six out of six sera from ST exhibited anti-T4 and anti-T3 mAb binding activities. In contrast, significant mAb binding was only observed in one out of eight sera from untreated GD patients and in 1 out of 13 sera from patients with DTC. The patient with DTC, whose serum Tg contained T4 and T3, represented a case of hyperthyroidism caused by a metastatic follicular carcinoma. In conclusion, we have identified, for the first time, T4 and T3 residues on circulating Tg. The presence of Tg with hormone residues in serum is occasional in GD and DTC but is a common and probably distinctive feature of ST.  (+info)

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.

The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Hashimoto's disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the thyroid gland. The resulting inflammation often leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). It primarily affects middle-aged women but can also occur in men and women of any age and in children.

The exact cause of Hashimoto's disease is unclear, but it appears to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disorder tends to run in families, and having a family member with Hashimoto's disease or another autoimmune disorder increases the risk.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular menstrual periods, and depression. However, some people with Hashimoto's disease may have no symptoms for many years.

Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications of hypothyroidism. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to adjust the dosage of medication as needed.

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

TFTs typically include the following tests:

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.

These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.

Iodide peroxidase, also known as iodide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, it is a peroxidase that uses iodide as its physiological reducing substrate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide to produce iodine, which plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

The systematic name for this enzyme is iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (iodinating). It is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, where it helps to produce and regulate thyroid hormones by facilitating the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland.

Iodide peroxidase requires a heme cofactor for its enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions it catalyzes. The enzyme's ability to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin is essential for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), two critical hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in mammals.

Thyroglobulin is a protein produced and used by the thyroid gland in the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is composed of two subunits, an alpha and a beta or gamma unit, which bind iodine atoms necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin is exclusively produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

In clinical practice, measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of thyroid cancer, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary or follicular) who have had their thyroid gland removed. However, it is important to note that thyroglobulin is not specific to thyroid tissue and can be produced by some non-thyroidal cells under certain conditions, which may lead to false positive results in some cases.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.

T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.

Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or medications. Depending on the cause and severity, thyroiditis may lead to overproduction (hyperthyroidism) or underproduction (hypothyroidism) of thyroid hormones, or it can result in a temporary or permanent loss of thyroid function.

There are several types of thyroiditis, including:

1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks and damages the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis) - often follows a viral infection and results in painful inflammation of the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
3. Silent thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder similar to Hashimoto's thyroiditis but without symptoms like pain or tenderness; it can cause temporary hyperthyroidism and later hypothyroidism.
4. Postpartum thyroiditis - occurs in women after childbirth, causing inflammation of the thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
5. Acute suppurative thyroiditis - a rare bacterial infection that causes painful swelling and redness of the thyroid gland, usually requiring antibiotics for treatment.

Symptoms of thyroiditis depend on whether it leads to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism symptoms include rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, and tremors. Hypothyroidism symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Treatment varies depending on the type of thyroiditis and its severity.

Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

The Chernobyl nuclear accident, also known as the Chernobyl disaster, was a catastrophic nuclear meltdown that occurred on April 26, 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history and resulted in a significant release of radioactive material into the environment, which had serious health and environmental consequences both in the immediate vicinity of the reactor and in the wider region.

The accident occurred during a late-night safety test which simulated a station blackout power-failure, in order to test an emergency cooling feature of the reactor. The operators temporarily disabled several safety systems, including the automatic shutdown mechanisms. They also removed too many control rods from the reactor core, which made the reactor extremely unstable. When they performed a surprise test at low power, a sudden power surge occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and a series of explosions. This event exposed the graphite moderator components of the reactor to air, causing them to ignite.

The resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive smoke into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union and Europe. From 1986 to 2000, 350,000 people were evacuated and resettled from the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.

According to official post-Soviet data, about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus. The battle to contain the contamination and prevent a subsequent disaster required about 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles. During the accident itself, 31 people died, and long-term effects such as cancers and deformities are still being accounted for.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was established around the power plant, and it is still in place today, with restricted access. The site of the reactor is now enclosed in a large steel and concrete structure, called the New Safe Confinement, to prevent further leakage of radiation.

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:

1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.

Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.

The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.

Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone, specifically the active form of thyroid hormone, that plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. It is produced by the thyroid gland through the iodination and coupling of the amino acid tyrosine with three atoms of iodine. T3 is more potent than its precursor, thyroxine (T4), which has four iodine atoms, as T3 binds more strongly to thyroid hormone receptors and accelerates metabolic processes at the cellular level.

In circulation, about 80% of T3 is bound to plasma proteins, while the remaining 20% is unbound or free, allowing it to enter cells and exert its biological effects. The primary functions of T3 include increasing the rate of metabolic reactions, promoting protein synthesis, enhancing sensitivity to catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline), and supporting normal brain development during fetal growth and early infancy. Imbalances in T3 levels can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which may require clinical intervention and management.

Thyrotoxicosis is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an overactive metabolic state. It can be caused by various factors such as Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormone medication. Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating, among others. Thyrotoxicosis is not a diagnosis itself but a manifestation of various underlying thyroid disorders. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Thyrotropin receptors (TSHRs) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of cells in the thyroid gland. They bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced and released by the pituitary gland. When TSH binds to the TSHR, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Mutations in the TSHR gene can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

The endolymphatic duct is a narrow canal in the inner ear that is part of the membranous labyrinth. It connects the utricle and saccule (two sensory structures in the vestibular system responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement) to the endolymphatic sac (a dilated portion of the duct that helps regulate the volume and pressure of endolymph, a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth).

The endolymphatic duct plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of the inner ear by allowing the absorption and circulation of endolymph. Disorders or abnormalities in this region can lead to various vestibular and hearing dysfunctions, such as Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and other inner ear disorders.

Adenocarcinoma, follicular is a type of cancer that develops in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck that produces hormones responsible for regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism and growth.

Follicular adenocarcinoma arises from the follicular cells, which are responsible for producing thyroid hormones. This type of cancer is typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as it progresses, it can lead to a variety of symptoms such as a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or pain in the neck or throat.

Follicular adenocarcinoma is usually treated with surgical removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), followed by radioactive iodine therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be necessary. The prognosis for follicular adenocarcinoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of around 90%. However, this can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and regulate gene transcription in target cells. These receptors play a crucial role in the development, growth, and metabolism of an organism by mediating the actions of thyroid hormones. THRs are encoded by genes THRA and THRB, which give rise to two major isoforms: TRα1 and TRβ1. Additionally, alternative splicing results in other isoforms with distinct tissue distributions and functions. THRs function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and bind to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. The binding of T3 or T4 to THRs triggers a conformational change, which leads to recruitment of coactivators or corepressors, ultimately resulting in activation or repression of gene transcription.

Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:

1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.

Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.

It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.

Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating (TSI), are autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) on the surface of thyroid cells. These antibodies mimic the action of TSH and stimulate the growth and function of the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. This results in a condition known as Graves' disease, which is characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes ophthalmopathy (eye problems). The presence and titer of TSIs are used in the diagnosis of Graves' disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Vitiligo is a medical condition characterized by the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, resulting in irregular white depigmented areas. It's caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives our skin its color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes. It can affect people of any age, gender, or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin tones. The progression of vitiligo is unpredictable and can vary from person to person. Treatment options include topical creams, light therapy, oral medications, and surgical procedures, but the effectiveness of these treatments varies depending on the individual case.

Carbimazole is an antithyroid medication that is primarily used to manage hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. The drug works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing these hormones, thereby reducing their levels in the body and alleviating symptoms associated with the disorder.

Hyperthyroidism can manifest as various signs and symptoms, including rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, and thyroiditis.

Carbimazole is a prodrug that gets converted to its active metabolite, methimazole, in the liver. Methimazole inhibits the activity of thyroperoxidase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). By blocking this enzyme, carbimazole reduces the production of T3 and T4, ultimately helping to control hyperthyroidism.

The medication is typically administered orally in tablet form, with dosages varying depending on individual patient needs and response to treatment. Common side effects of carbimazole include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rare but severe adverse reactions may include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), aplastic anemia (a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of blood cells), and hepatotoxicity (liver damage).

Patients taking carbimazole should be closely monitored for signs of adverse reactions, and regular blood tests are necessary to assess thyroid hormone levels and potential side effects. Pregnant women should avoid using carbimazole due to the risk of birth defects in the developing fetus. In such cases, alternative antithyroid medications like propylthiouracil may be prescribed instead.

In summary, carbimazole is an antithyroid medication used primarily for managing hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroperoxidase and reducing the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. While effective, it carries potential risks and side effects that necessitate close monitoring during treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Republic of Belarus" is a country located in Eastern Europe, and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or health care in Belarus, I would be happy to try to help with those!

Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. It works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. By blocking this enzyme, methimazole reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, helping to restore normal thyroid function.

Methimazole is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of methimazole include nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and joint pain. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count).

It is important to note that methimazole should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as regular monitoring of thyroid function and potential side effects is necessary. Additionally, it may take several weeks or months of treatment with methimazole before thyroid function returns to normal.

Papillary and follicular carcinomas are both types of differentiated thyroid cancer. They are called "differentiated" because the cells still have some features of normal thyroid cells. These cancers tend to grow slowly and usually have a good prognosis, especially if they are treated early.

Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It tends to grow in finger-like projections called papillae, which give the tumor its name. Papillary carcinoma often spreads to nearby lymph nodes, but it is usually still treatable and curable.

Follicular carcinoma is less common than papillary carcinoma, accounting for about 10-15% of all thyroid cancers. It tends to grow in round clusters called follicles, which give the tumor its name. Follicular carcinoma is more likely to spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones, than papillary carcinoma. However, it is still usually treatable and curable if it is caught early.

It's important to note that while these cancers are called "papillary" and "follicular," they are not the same as benign (non-cancerous) tumors called papillomas or follicular adenomas, which do not have the potential to spread or become life-threatening.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Medullary carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid gland. These cells produce hormones that help regulate various bodily functions. Medullary carcinoma is a relatively rare form of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 5-10% of all cases.

Medullary carcinoma is characterized by the presence of certain genetic mutations that cause the overproduction of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the neuroendocrine cells. This overproduction can lead to the formation of tumors in the thyroid gland.

Medullary carcinoma can be hereditary or sporadic. Hereditary forms of the disease are caused by mutations in the RET gene and are often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), a genetic disorder that affects the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and parathyroid glands. Sporadic forms of medullary carcinoma, on the other hand, are not inherited and occur randomly in people with no family history of the disease.

Medullary carcinoma is typically more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer and tends to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. Symptoms may include a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and coughing. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Regular monitoring of calcitonin levels is also recommended to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any recurrence of the disease.

Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.

Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.

Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.

Endemic goiter refers to a condition of abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that is prevalent in a particular geographic area due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking water. The lack of iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and attempt to increase hormone production. This results in the visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Endemic goiter is preventable through iodine supplementation in the diet or through iodized salt.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones and mediate their effects in target cells. There are two main types of THRs, referred to as THR alpha and THR beta. THR beta is further divided into two subtypes, THR beta1 and THR beta2.

THR beta is a type of nuclear receptor that is primarily expressed in the liver, kidney, and heart, as well as in the central nervous system. It plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, as well as in the development and function of the heart. THR beta is also involved in the regulation of body weight and energy expenditure.

THR beta1 is the predominant subtype expressed in the liver and is responsible for many of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones in this organ. THR beta2, on the other hand, is primarily expressed in the heart and plays a role in regulating cardiac function.

Abnormalities in THR beta function can lead to various diseases, including thyroid hormone resistance, a condition in which the body's cells are unable to respond properly to thyroid hormones. This can result in symptoms such as weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance.

Subacute thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis or granulomatous thyroiditis, is a inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, within the thyroid tissue. The condition often follows an upper respiratory infection and is more common in women than men.

Subacute thyroiditis typically presents with pain and tenderness in the front of the neck, along with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. The disorder can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) initially, followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) as the gland becomes damaged and inflamed. In some cases, the thyroid function may return to normal on its own after several months. Treatment typically involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and beta blockers to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.

In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:

1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases

The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.

A fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to obtain a sample of cells or tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area in the body, such as a lump or mass. The needle is typically smaller than that used in a core needle biopsy, and it is guided into place using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The sample obtained during an FNB can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, infection, or inflammation. The procedure is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, or discomfort. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the skill and experience of the healthcare provider performing the biopsy, as well as the adequacy of the sample obtained.

Overall, FNB is a valuable diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

Propylthiouracil is a medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone. The medication works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the body. It belongs to a class of drugs called antithyroid agents or thionamides.

In medical terms, propylthiouracil is defined as an antithyroid medication used to manage hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease or toxic adenoma. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in the thyroid gland. Propylthiouracil also reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The medication is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed at a starting dose of 100-150 mg three times daily, with adjustments made based on the patient's response and thyroid function tests.

It's important to note that propylthiouracil should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use. Regular monitoring of thyroid function tests is necessary during treatment, and patients should promptly report any signs or symptoms of adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.

Iodides are chemical compounds that contain iodine in the form of an iodide ion (I-). Iodide ions are negatively charged ions that consist of one iodine atom and an extra electron. Iodides are commonly found in dietary supplements and medications, and they are often used to treat or prevent iodine deficiency. They can also be used as expectorants to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract. Examples of iodides include potassium iodide (KI) and sodium iodide (NaI).

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that deals with the endocrine system, which consists of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the endocrine system, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, pituitary gland tumors, adrenal gland disorders, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction. They use various diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies, to evaluate hormone levels and function. Treatment options may include medication, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

In summary, endocrinology is the medical specialty focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related to the endocrine system and its hormones.

Vocal cord paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the inability of one or both vocal cords to move or function properly due to nerve damage or disruption. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound during speech, singing, and breathing. When the nerves that control the vocal cord movements are damaged or not functioning correctly, the vocal cords may become paralyzed or weakened, leading to voice changes, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.

The causes of vocal cord paralysis can vary, including neurological disorders, trauma, tumors, surgery, or infections. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a laryngoscopy, to assess the movement and function of the vocal cords. Treatment options may include voice therapy, surgical procedures, or other interventions to improve voice quality and breathing functions.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

Fumigation is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and environmental medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fumigation is defined as "the treatment of a building or commodity by introducing a gaseous pesticide (fumigant) in sufficient concentration to kill all stages of pests present."

Fumigation is used to control pests, such as insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause harm to human health, property, or the environment. It is commonly used in agriculture to protect stored commodities from pests during transportation and storage. In addition, fumigation may be used in public health to disinfect buildings, equipment, and other items that have been infested with pests, such as bed bugs, cockroaches, or termites.

Fumigants are toxic gases that can cause harm to humans and animals if not handled properly. Therefore, fumigation should only be carried out by trained professionals who follow strict safety protocols to protect people, pets, and the environment from exposure.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Health Fairs" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, health fairs are community events organized to promote health awareness and education. They are often hosted by hospitals, clinics, or other healthcare organizations and feature various screenings, educational booths, and activities aimed at promoting overall wellness. Healthcare professionals may also be present to provide information, answer questions, and offer advice on a range of health-related topics.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones and mediate their effects in the body. There are two main types of THRs, referred to as THRα and THRβ.

THRα is a subtype of thyroid hormone receptor that is primarily expressed in tissues such as the heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. It plays an important role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in these tissues. THRα has two subtypes, THRα1 and THRα2, which have different functions and are expressed in different tissues.

THRα1 is the predominant form of THRα and is found in many tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. It regulates genes involved in metabolism, growth, and development, and has been shown to play a role in regulating heart rate and contractility.

THRα2, on the other hand, is primarily expressed in the brain and pituitary gland, where it regulates the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). THRα2 is unable to bind to thyroid hormones, but can form heterodimers with THRα1 or THRβ1, which allows it to modulate their activity.

Overall, THRα plays an important role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, and dysregulation of THRα function has been implicated in a number of diseases, including heart disease, muscle wasting, and neurological disorders.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Thyroxine-binding proteins (TBPs) are specialized transport proteins in the blood that bind and carry thyroid hormones, primarily Thyroxine (T4), but also Triiodothyronine (T3) to a lesser extent. The majority of T4 and T3 in the blood are bound to these proteins, while only a small fraction (0.03% of T4 and 0.3% of T3) remains unbound or free, which is the biologically active form that can enter cells and tissues to exert its physiological effects.

There are three main types of thyroxine-binding proteins:

1. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG): This is the major thyroid hormone transport protein, synthesized in the liver and accounting for approximately 70-80% of T4 and T3 binding. TBG has a high affinity but low capacity for thyroid hormones.
2. Transthyretin (TTR), also known as prealbumin: This protein accounts for around 10-20% of T4 and T3 binding. It has a lower affinity but higher capacity for thyroid hormones compared to TBG.
3. Albumin: This is the most abundant protein in the blood and binds approximately 15-20% of T4 and a smaller fraction of T3. Although albumin has a low affinity for thyroid hormones, its high concentration allows it to contribute significantly to their transport.

The binding of thyroid hormones to these proteins helps maintain stable levels in the blood and ensures a steady supply to tissues. Additionally, TBPs protect thyroid hormones from degradation and rapid clearance by the kidneys, thereby extending their half-life in the circulation.

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22 (PTPN22) is a gene that encodes a protein tyrosine phosphatase, which is an enzyme that regulates various cellular processes by removing phosphate groups from tyrosine residues on proteins. This particular phosphatase is a non-receptor type, meaning it does not have a transmembrane domain and is found in the cytoplasm.

The PTPN22 protein plays a crucial role in regulating immune cell function, particularly T cells, by modulating signaling pathways that are important for their activation and differentiation. Variations in the PTPN22 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. These genetic variations may lead to altered enzymatic activity or expression levels of the PTPN22 protein, resulting in dysregulated immune responses and increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced and released by the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis in the body. Specifically, it helps to lower elevated levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are bone cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. Calcitonin also promotes the uptake of calcium in the bones and increases the excretion of calcium in the urine.

Calcitonin is typically released in response to high levels of calcium in the blood, and its effects help to bring calcium levels back into balance. In addition to its role in calcium regulation, calcitonin may also have other functions in the body, such as modulating immune function and reducing inflammation.

Clinically, synthetic forms of calcitonin are sometimes used as a medication to treat conditions related to abnormal calcium levels, such as hypercalcemia (high blood calcium) or osteoporosis. Calcitonin can be administered as an injection, nasal spray, or oral tablet, depending on the specific formulation and intended use.

HLA-DR3 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances. The HLA-DR3 antigen is encoded by the DRB1*03:01 gene and is commonly found in individuals with certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and celiac disease.

The HLA-DR3 antigen plays a role in presenting pieces of proteins (peptides) to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the immune response. The presentation of specific peptides by the HLA-DR3 antigen can lead to an abnormal immune response in some individuals, resulting in the development of autoimmune diseases.

It's important to note that having the HLA-DR3 antigen does not guarantee that a person will develop an autoimmune disease, as other genetic and environmental factors also play a role.

Hyperbaric oxygenation is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, typically at greater than one atmosphere absolute (ATA). This process results in increased levels of oxygen being dissolved in the blood and delivered to body tissues, thereby promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and combating infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat various medical conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, gangrene, and wounds that are slow to heal due to diabetes or radiation injury.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but seaweed is not typically referred to in medical definitions. Seaweed is a common name for various marine macroalgae, which are multicellular aquatic plants found in the ocean. They are often consumed as food and have been used in traditional medicine in some cultures. However, there is no widely accepted medical definition for seaweed. If you're looking for information about a specific compound or substance derived from seaweed that might be relevant to medical definitions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more details.

A thyroid crisis, also known as thyrotoxic crisis or storm, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an exaggerated response to the excess production of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis). This condition can lead to severe hypermetabolic state, multi-organ dysfunction, and cardiovascular collapse if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Thyroid crisis is often triggered by a stressful event, infection, or surgery in individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed hyperthyroidism, particularly those with Graves' disease. The symptoms of thyroid crisis include high fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), agitation, confusion, delirium, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes coma.

The diagnosis of thyroid crisis is based on the clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves hospitalization in an intensive care unit, administration of medications to block the production and release of thyroid hormones, control heart rate and rhythm, correct electrolyte imbalances, and provide supportive care until the patient's condition stabilizes.

Iron-binding proteins, also known as transferrins, are a type of protein responsible for the transport and storage of iron in the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining iron homeostasis by binding free iron ions and preventing them from participating in harmful chemical reactions that can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause cellular damage.

Transferrin is the primary iron-binding protein found in blood plasma, while lactoferrin is found in various exocrine secretions such as milk, tears, and saliva. Both transferrin and lactoferrin have a similar structure, consisting of two lobes that can bind one ferric ion (Fe3+) each. When iron is bound to these proteins, they are called holo-transferrin or holo-lactoferrin; when they are unbound, they are referred to as apo-transferrin or apo-lactoferrin.

Iron-binding proteins have a high affinity for iron and can regulate the amount of free iron available in the body. They help prevent iron overload, which can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, as well as iron deficiency, which can result in anemia and other health problems.

In summary, iron-binding proteins are essential for maintaining iron homeostasis by transporting and storing iron ions, preventing them from causing harm to the body's cells.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive analytical technique used in clinical and research laboratories to measure concentrations of various substances, such as hormones, vitamins, drugs, or tumor markers, in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissues. The method relies on the specific interaction between an antibody and its corresponding antigen, combined with the use of radioisotopes to quantify the amount of bound antigen.

In a typical RIA procedure, a known quantity of a radiolabeled antigen (also called tracer) is added to a sample containing an unknown concentration of the same unlabeled antigen. The mixture is then incubated with a specific antibody that binds to the antigen. During the incubation period, the antibody forms complexes with both the radiolabeled and unlabeled antigens.

After the incubation, the unbound (free) radiolabeled antigen is separated from the antibody-antigen complexes, usually through a precipitation or separation step involving centrifugation, filtration, or chromatography. The amount of radioactivity in the pellet (containing the antibody-antigen complexes) is then measured using a gamma counter or other suitable radiation detection device.

The concentration of the unlabeled antigen in the sample can be determined by comparing the ratio of bound to free radiolabeled antigen in the sample to a standard curve generated from known concentrations of unlabeled antigen and their corresponding bound/free ratios. The higher the concentration of unlabeled antigen in the sample, the lower the amount of radiolabeled antigen that will bind to the antibody, resulting in a lower bound/free ratio.

Radioimmunoassays offer high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, making them valuable tools for detecting and quantifying low levels of various substances in biological samples. However, due to concerns about radiation safety and waste disposal, alternative non-isotopic immunoassay techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have become more popular in recent years.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

Phosphatidylglycerols are a type of glycerophospholipids, which are major components of biological membranes. They are composed of a glycerol backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group are attached. In the case of phosphatidylglycerols, the phosphate group is linked to a glycerol molecule through an ester bond, forming a phosphoglyceride.

Phosphatidylglycerols are unique because they have an additional glycerol molecule attached to the phosphate group, making them more complex than other glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. This additional glycerol moiety can be further modified by the addition of various headgroups, leading to the formation of different subclasses of phosphatidylglycerols.

In biological membranes, phosphatidylglycerols are often found in the inner leaflet of the mitochondrial membrane and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of this organelle. They have also been implicated in various cellular processes such as membrane fusion, protein trafficking, and bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

Polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune refers to a group of disorders that involve malfunction of multiple endocrine glands, caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and damaging these glands. The endocrine glands are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various functions in the body.

There are several types of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, including:

1. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1): Also known as Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 or APECED, this is a rare inherited disorder that typically affects multiple endocrine glands and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene.
2. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2): Also known as Schmidt's syndrome, this disorder typically involves the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and/or insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It is more common than APS-1 and often affects middle-aged women.
3. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3 (APS-3): This disorder involves the presence of autoimmune Addison's disease, with or without other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, or vitiligo.
4. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 4 (APS-4): This is a catch-all category for individuals who have multiple autoimmune endocrine disorders that do not fit into the other types of APS.

Symptoms of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies can vary widely depending on which glands are affected and the severity of the damage. Treatment typically involves replacing the hormones that are no longer being produced in sufficient quantities, as well as managing any underlying immune system dysfunction.

Incidental findings are diagnoses or conditions that are discovered unintentionally while evaluating a patient for a different condition or symptom. These findings are not related to the primary reason for the medical examination, investigation, or procedure. They can occur in various contexts such as radiology studies, laboratory tests, or physical examinations.

Incidental findings can sometimes lead to further evaluation and management, depending on their nature and potential clinical significance. However, they also pose challenges related to communication, informed consent, and potential patient anxiety or harm. Therefore, it is essential to have clear guidelines for managing incidental findings in clinical practice.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome, also known as Refractory Thyroid Disease or Generalized T3 Resistance, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by reduced sensitivity and impaired response of the body's tissues to thyroid hormones, despite having normal or elevated levels of these hormones in the blood. This condition is caused by mutations in the THRB gene, which encodes the thyroid hormone receptor beta.

In this syndrome, the target cells and tissues do not respond properly to thyroid hormones, leading to a wide range of symptoms similar to those seen in hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. However, unlike hypothyroidism, patients with Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome usually have normal or increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in their blood.

The diagnosis of Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome is often challenging, as it requires the exclusion of other causes of hypothyroidism and the confirmation of normal or elevated thyroid hormone levels with impaired tissue response. Treatment typically involves careful monitoring and management of symptoms, as the use of additional thyroid hormones may not improve the condition and can even worsen symptoms in some cases.

Addison disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism, is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by the dysfunction and underproduction of hormones produced by the adrenal glands, specifically cortisol and aldosterone. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, stress response, and immune system function.

The primary cause of Addison disease is the destruction of more than 90% of the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal glands responsible for hormone production. This damage can be due to an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the adrenal gland tissue, infections such as tuberculosis or HIV, cancer, genetic disorders, or certain medications.

The symptoms of Addison disease often develop gradually and may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and mood changes. In some cases, an acute crisis known as acute adrenal insufficiency or Addisonian crisis can occur, which is a medical emergency characterized by sudden and severe symptoms such as extreme weakness, confusion, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood sugar, and coma.

Diagnosis of Addison disease typically involves blood tests to measure hormone levels, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to assess the adrenal glands' size and structure, and stimulation tests to evaluate the adrenal glands' function. Treatment usually involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and sometimes mineralocorticoids. With proper treatment and management, individuals with Addison disease can lead normal and productive lives.

Parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck and are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Parathyroidectomy is typically performed to treat conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, where one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much PTH. This can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and mental confusion.

There are different types of parathyroidectomy procedures, including:

* Partial parathyroidectomy: removal of one or more, but not all, of the parathyroid glands.
* Total parathyroidectomy: removal of all four parathyroid glands.
* Subtotal parathyroidectomy: removal of three and a half of the four parathyroid glands, leaving a small portion of one gland to prevent hypoparathyroidism (a condition where the body produces too little PTH).

The choice of procedure depends on the underlying condition and its severity. After the surgery, patients may need to have their calcium levels monitored and may require calcium and vitamin D supplements to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

Microsomes are subcellular membranous vesicles that are obtained as a byproduct during the preparation of cellular homogenates. They are not naturally occurring structures within the cell, but rather formed due to fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during laboratory procedures. Microsomes are widely used in various research and scientific studies, particularly in the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology.

Microsomes are rich in enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 system, which is involved in the metabolism of drugs, toxins, and other xenobiotics. These enzymes play a crucial role in detoxifying foreign substances and eliminating them from the body. As such, microsomes serve as an essential tool for studying drug metabolism, toxicity, and interactions, allowing researchers to better understand and predict the effects of various compounds on living organisms.

... is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the ... Thyroid disease at Curlie Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia entry for Thyroid Disease National Institutes of Health (CS1 maint ... Hyperthyroidism Grave's Disease Hypothyroidism Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Thyroid Nodule Thyroid disease in pregnancy Hall JE, ... disease Toxic thyroid nodule Thyroid storm Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease) Hashitoxicosis: transient hyperthyroidism ...
It makes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers the thyroid to make thyroid hormone. In thyroid disease the immune ... Thyroid disease in women is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid in women. This condition can have a profound effect ... Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of an underactive thyroid. It is closely related to Graves' disease, another ... In some cases, an underactive thyroid may inhibit the production of breast milk. "Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy". Office on ...
... can affect the health of the mother as well as the child before and after delivery. Thyroid ... Thyroid function should be normalised prior to conception in women with pre-existing thyroid disease. Once pregnancy is ... thyroid disorder to worsen and become evident as gestational thyroid disease. Currently, there is not enough evidence to ... "Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a ...
The Thyroid and its Diseases. 3rd ed. New York:McGraw Hill, 1963. See chapter 9 for a lengthy discussion of the difficulties of ... Desiccated thyroid, also known as thyroid extract, is thyroid gland that has been dried and powdered for medical use. It is ... Arguments for desiccated thyroid include: Desiccated thyroid contains all the natural thyroid hormones produced exclusively by ... Values for patients receiving USP thyroid". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 134 (1): 16-18. doi:10.1001/archpedi. ...
Graves' disease is treated with anti-thyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil, which decrease the production of thyroid hormones ... thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis), thyroid enlargement (goitre), thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism is ... Desiccated thyroid Thyroid disease in pregnancy Guyton & Hall 2011, p. 907. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2012). Medical Physiology ( ... Thyroid surgeons or otolaryngologists are responsible for the surgical management of thyroid disease. Excessive production of ...
Diana SD, Hossein G. "Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Thyroid Gland". Thyroid Disease Manager. Archived from the original ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thyroid nodules. Thyroid adenoma "New York Thyroid Center: Thyroid Nodules". Archived ... Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid antibodies will help decide if there is a functional thyroid ... Tests for serum thyroid autoantibodies are sometimes done as these may indicate autoimmune thyroid disease (which can mimic ...
... enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood ... Hormones of the thyroid gland, Thyroid hormone receptor agonists, Thyroid, Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis ... Some natural thyroid hormone brands are FDA approved, but some are not. Thyroid hormones are generally well tolerated. Thyroid ... a woman with a low-functioning thyroid will also need to increase her dosage of thyroid hormone. One exception is that thyroid ...
Thyroid 13 (4) 317. PMID 12820593. Williams D. (2003), Hashimoto's and Ord's diseases. Thyroid. 13(12): 1189. PMID 14751044 ( ... "Thyroid Volume in Hypothyroidism due to Autoimmune Disease Follows a Unimodal Distribution: Evidence against Primary Thyroid ... "Ord-Hashimoto's disease". Symptoms of Ord's thyroiditis include symptoms of hypothyroidism and atrophy of the thyroid gland.[ ... an autoimmune disease where the body's own antibodies fight the cells of the thyroid. It is named after the physician, William ...
Thyroid disease. Die Athyrecose im Kindesalter. Handbuch der inneren Sekretionen, volume 3, 1; Leipzig, 1928 - Athyreosis in ... Siegert is remembered for his work with infectious diseases, especially diphtheria. He was particularly interested in the ...
... leukemia and other blood diseases; immune system damage; thyroid damage; hormone imbalances; metabolic diseases; severe skin ... These contaminants can cause several different kinds of cancers; genetic damage; birth defects; miscarriage; heart disease; ...
Muscle cramps can also be a symptom or complication of pregnancy; kidney disease; thyroid disease; hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia ... Medical conditions associated with leg cramps are cardiovascular disease, hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, and lumbar canal ...
Thyroid. 16 (3): 225-236. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.225. PMID 16571084. Tomer Y, Davies T (1993). "Infection, thyroid disease, ... Y. enterocolitica infection causes the disease yersiniosis, which is an animal-borne disease occurring in humans, as well as in ... enterocolitica is probably not a major cause of this disease, but may contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity ... enterocolitica infection has also been suggested to be not the cause of autoimmune thyroid disease, but rather an associated ...
"Facts about potassium iodide". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2022-10-05. Iodine Thyroid ... If a person consumes a dose of one of these chemical compounds, his or her thyroid may saturate with stable iodine, preventing ... World Health Organisation (2011) Use of potassium iodide for thyroid protection during nuclear or radiological emergencies v t ... Potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) are called thyroid blockers when used in radiation protection. ...
Hypothyroidism is a disease in which the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Patients with this condition have ... In contrast to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidismis a disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. Due to the ... TSH stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. Once secreted, thyroid hormone acts on these receptors and inhibits ... The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone. TRs act as ...
Burrow, Gerard; Oppenheimer, Jack; Volṕe, Robert (1989). Thyroid function & disease. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders. ISBN ... Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (September 2002). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Acute flaccid ... "Disease Listing, Botulism, General Information - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases". "flaccid paralysis - definition of flaccid ... WHO Programme for Immunization Preventable Diseases (IPD) A Collaboration between World Health Organization and Government of ...
Creswell J. Eastman; Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014). "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager. ... de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (January 2015). "Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease". Physiol. Rev. 95 ... Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 359-387. ...
Tropical diseases, Zoonoses, Rodent-carried diseases, Bacteria genera, Biological anti-agriculture weapons). ... Salmonella thyroid abscess has also been reported. A hallmark of Salmonella pathogenesis is the ability of the bacterium to ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (May 2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides valuable information on preventative care, such has how to safely ...
"Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy". Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1 February 2017. ... They act as decoy receptors that block the attachment of disease causing pathogens, which may help to prevent infectious ... Even though most infants infected with HIV contract the disease from breastfeeding, most infants that are breastfed by their ... The Endocannabinoid-CB Receptor System: Importance for development and in pediatric disease Archived 2016-04-02 at the Wayback ...
Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease. Thyroid gland abnormalities. Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and ... "FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases". applegate.co.uk. 29 April 2009. ... contact thermography and dynamic angiothermography Peripheral vascular disease screening. Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) ...
... disease (and thyroid disease in general), which are similar to those in patients with organic brain disease. These ... Graves' disease patients can also undergo periods of hypothyroidism (inadequate production of thyroid hormone; see symptoms of ... A possible explanation for the mental symptoms of sub-clinical thyroid disease, might be found in the fact that the brain has ... Studies of thyroid function and immune parameters in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease in remission. Murakami M, ...
American Thyroid Association National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service, NIDDK, NIH, DHHS (Source ... Autoimmune disease in women is a description of the autoimmune diseases that affect women; it seems that these diseases are ... Celiac Disease Hashimoto's Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid Arthritis Sjorgen's Syndrome Grave's Disease ... Women with autoimmune diseases can safely have children. There are some risks for the mother or baby, depending on the disease ...
Creswell J. Eastman; Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014). "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager. ... iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because the thyroid is permanently ... gives rise to high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical ... This disease can only be managed by lifelong administration of thyroxine (T4). Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in ...
Thyroid disease, Eye diseases, Autoimmune diseases, Thyroid). ... Rao R (2013). "Thyroid Eye diseases". Online Resources of ... Graves' ophthalmopathy may occur before, with, or after the onset of overt thyroid disease and usually has a slow onset over ... Liu ZW, Masterson L, Fish B, Jani P, Chatterjee K (November 2015). "Thyroid surgery for Graves' disease and Graves' ... Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and ...
... , Endocrine diseases, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Thyroid disease). ... Stage M1 thyroid cancer Stage N1a thyroid cancer Stage N1b thyroid cancer Stage T1a thyroid cancer Stage T1b thyroid cancer ... The four main types are papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid ... T2 thyroid cancer Stage T3 thyroid cancer Stage T4a thyroid cancer Stage T4b thyroid cancer Detection of differentiated thyroid ...
Ramzi Cotran; Vinay Kumar; Tucker Collins (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0- ... emedicine > Thyroid, Evaluation of Solitary Thyroid Nodule > Benign Thyroid Nodules By Daniel J Kelley and Arlen D Meyers. ... A thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland, that may be inactive or active (functioning autonomously) as a toxic ... A thyroid adenoma is distinguished from a multinodular goiter of the thyroid in that an adenoma is typically solitary, and is a ...
"Clinical significance of focal and diffuse thyroid diseases identified by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ... Intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas mimic thyroid nodules in CT scans and may even show uptake on a thyroid iodine scan. ... Any thyroid residual along the descent course may lead to the development of ectopic thyroid glands. Thyroid carcinomas, ... Thyroid ultrasonography is the modality of choice for thyroid evaluation. Yet, focal and diffuse thyroid abnormalities are ...
As a result, hCG can weakly bind to TSH receptors in the thyroid gland causing production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Since ... There are some cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) being a secondary cause of the formation of theca lutein cysts. Although ... Braunstein G (October 2009). "Thyroid function in pregnancy". Clinical Thyroidology for the Public. American Thyroid ... Although the exact mechanism is still unclear, it is suspected that hCG and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are closely ...
Bottazzo, G F; Doniach, D (1986). "Autoimmune Thyroid Disease" (PDF). Annual Review of Medicine. 37: 353-9. doi:10.1146/annurev ... Discovering Thyroid Autoimmunity: The End of Horror Autotoxicus". Thyroid. 30 (7): 942-947. doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0124. PMID ... disease and knowledge of the field led her to realise that excess antibodies were an autoimmune reaction against the thyroid ... Roitt, I. M.; Campbell, P. N.; Doniach, Deborah (June 1958). "The nature of the thyroid auto-antibodies present in patients ...
"Myopathies associated with thyroid disease". MedLink Neurology. Retrieved 2023-05-28. Vignesh, G; Balachandran, K; Kamalanathan ... "Clinical practice guidelines for glycogen storage disease V & VII (McArdle disease and Tarui disease) from an international ... It is also a comorbidity of late-onset Pompe disease (Glycogen storage disease type II). As both hyper- and hypothyroidism ... Brenta, Gabriela (2011). "Why can insulin resistance be a natural consequence of thyroid dysfunction?". Journal of Thyroid ...
The report of 12 cases with same-sex attraction/gender dysphoria born to mothers with thyroid diseases was first presented in ... Roberto Castello; Marco Caputo (2019-09-01). "Thyroid diseases and gender". Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine. 5 ( ... concluded that thyroid hormones, affecting the human sexual function strongly, the thyroid gland must be considered, along with ... Afterwards, several authors have emphasized the role of thyroid system in sexuality while citing the Prenatal Thyroid Model. ...
Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... Video excerpts detailing the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ... Interview - Greg Thomas (Technical Project Officer, Hanford Community Health Project, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease ...
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the ... Thyroid disease at Curlie Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia entry for Thyroid Disease National Institutes of Health (CS1 maint ... Hyperthyroidism Graves Disease Hypothyroidism Hashimotos Thyroiditis Thyroid Nodule Thyroid disease in pregnancy Hall JE, ... disease Toxic thyroid nodule Thyroid storm Toxic nodular struma (Plummers disease) Hashitoxicosis: transient hyperthyroidism ...
Endocrinologist Malini Gupta, MD, demonstrates the structural changes of thyroid eye disease in this series of images. ... Thyroid Eye Disease often causes quality-of-life changes for patients. ... Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but its now recognized as a ... Changes in thyroid eye disease can be unilateral or bilateral. Changes in thyroid eye disease are often gradual but can cause ...
The thyroid gland plays an important role in tissue metabolism and development. It secretes thyroxine (3,5,35- ... Thyroid disease is common in adults. An estimated 20 million Americans have some form of thyroid disease. According to the ... encoded search term (Neurological Manifestations of Thyroid Disease) and Neurological Manifestations of Thyroid Disease What to ... Neurological Manifestations of Thyroid Disease. Updated: Jun 27, 2023 * Author: Gabriel Bucurescu, MD, MS, FACNS; Chief Editor ...
During a normal pregnancy, thyroid gland volume may enlarge, and thyroid hormone production increases. Hence, the ... interpretation of thyroid function during gestation needs to be adjusted … ... Autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy: a review J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Nov;18(11):1847-56. doi: 10.1089/jwh. ... Once thyroid dysfunction is suspected or confirmed, management of the thyroid disorder necessitates regular monitoring in order ...
... my thyroid went into hypothyroid. Level at 14. After two months, had a blood text again and my levels were normal. Six we... ... My thyroid was stable for about 4 years, then suddenly, after my Moms death, ... My thyroid was stable for about 4 years, then suddenly, after my Moms death, my thyroid went into hypothyroid. Level at 14. ... When Your Thyroid Malfunctions Endocrinologist Mark Lupo, MD, answers 10 questions about thyroid disorders and how to treat ...
... will be in contact with an oculoplastic surgeon with experience in treating patients with thyroid eye disease. ... is an eye condition that happens in a person with an overactive thyroid. Most eye surgeons (ophthalmologists) and hormone ... Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves orbitopathy or Graves ophthalmopathy, ... Graves Disease Picture. Graves disease. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which your thyroid works harder than it ...
A thyroid that isnt working properly can cause thyroid disease. ... The thyroid gland makes the hormones that help control ... What Are the Types of Thyroid Disease?. Thyroid disease happenss when the thyroid gland doesnt supply the proper amount of ... Read more about goiters and thyroid nodules.. Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid cancer is uncommon in children. When it does happen, the ... What Is the Thyroid?. The thyroid is a small gland below the skin and muscles at the front of the neck, at the spot where a bow ...
Thyroid disease can cause an overactive or underactive thyroid, leading to a range of symptoms including weight changes, ... Thyroid disease refers to any condition that affects the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. This ... Thyroid Disease Thyroid disease refers to any condition that affects the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the ... Thyroid disease can cause an overactive or underactive thyroid, leading to a range of symptoms including weight changes, ...
If you have thyroid eye disease, learn these important facts and stats about symptom management, treatment, and more. ... More in Next Steps with Thyroid Eye Disease. *. Thyroid Eye Disease: 8 Tips to Help Manage Irritation ... Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory eye disease that causes damage and swelling in the tissues around the eyes. ... The most common cause of TED is Graves disease, an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and ...
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy. Thyroid Eye Disease. Thyroid Function Tests. Thyroid Hormone Treatment. Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid ... WHAT IS THYROID EYE DISEASE?. Thyroid eye disease (abbreviated as TED) is an autoimmune disease that affects some people with ... Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) Management of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Consensus Statement by the American Thyroid Association and ... Nuclear Radiation & the Thyroid. Older Patients and Thyroid Disease. Papillary & Follicular Thyroid Cancer Post Operative ...
Here are the healthcare professionals you should have on your thyroid eye disease care team, and how each expert can help you ... 7 Signs and Symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves Ophthalmopathy). What to Know About Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves ... disease or thyroid eye disease, make a plan right away for how youll quit. A good place to start is the Centers for Disease ... If your thyroid eye disease leads to eye bulging or the "thyroid stare," where bulging keeps the eyelids open in such a way ...
Treatments and Tools for Thyroid diseases. Find Thyroid diseases information, treatments for Thyroid diseases and Thyroid ... MedHelps Thyroid diseases Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, ... Some basic info about Thyroid labs & diagnosis of thyroid diseases - Thyroid Disorders Community ... Hello, I have thyroid multi-nodular goiter, normal lab work but with complex & solid no... ...
A scandalous lack of knowledge by doctors and an epidemic of undiagnosed thyroid problems may be behind the other growing ... ME: the link with thyroid. Thyroid problems may be a culprit behind unexplained diseases such as ME/CFS and FMS. In most cases ... or natural thyroid hormones, such as Armour Thyroid, which contains the full complement of thyroid hormones, including the far ... Thyroid problems: The link with 21st century diseases. What Doctors Dont Tell You7 min read ...
Synonyms: Follicular adenocarcinoma; Follicular adenocarcinoma, well differentiated; Follicular carcinoma; follicular thyroid ... Mutations in human and/or mouse homologs are associated with this disease. ... Disease Ontology Browser thyroid gland follicular carcinoma (DOID:3962) Alliance: disease page Synonyms: Follicular ... Human Disease Modeled: thyroid gland follicular carcinoma. Associated Mouse Gene: Pten Allelic Composition. Genetic Background ...
Studies Show Selenium Prevents Cancer and Thyroid Disease ... Studies Show Selenium Prevents Cancer and Thyroid Disease ... Those with lower selenium levels in the blood had a larger thyroid, which can be a sign of goiter or thyroid disease. ... as well as fertility problems and heart disease.. Low selenium levels contribute to early miscarriage, thyroid disease, ... Studies Show Selenium Prevents Cancer and Thyroid Disease Wednesday, June 03, 2009 by: Melanie Grimes. Tags: selenium, health ...
Missy Elliot recently revealed that she suffers from a thyroid condition called Graves disease. ... "My thyroid is functioning, so I havent had to take medication in about nine months. (But) you live with it for the rest of ... In an interview with People Magazine, Elliot spoke on the disease, and its affects on her everyday abilities, saying, "I was ( ...
Thyroid nodular hyperplasia was the most frequent benign pathology associated with PTMc compared to Hashimotos or GD. Gender ... The overall prevalence of PTMc in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for the benign disease was 9.3%. ... Incidentally discovered papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in patients undergoing thyroid surgery for benign disease Endocrine. ... Conclusion: The overall prevalence of PTMc in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for the benign disease was 9.3%. Thyroid ...
It would be useful to have your thyroid antibodies measured including TSH receptor antibodies (a marker of Graves disease). ... disease or has Hashimotos and just a temporary thing?. RESPONSE You have high levels of thyroid hormone in your blodd and this ... Hashimotos disease may also be the cause as you indicate .Inderal should help the palpitations etc but if you dont like it it ... MORE STRANGE THYROID TESTS- 2 March 2015. March 2, 2015. *SUPPRESSED TSH WITHOUT CLEAR CAUSE? TREATMENT? 10Jan2015. January 12 ...
i,Conclusion,/i,. The prevalence of thyroid diseases in Hainan was high. Women are more susceptible to thyroid disease than men ... and family history of thyroid disease were independent risk factors for thyroid disease. , ... The overall prevalence of thyroid disease was 58.3%, and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of thyroid ... A total of 2136 eligible individuals were divided into case and control groups according to whether they have thyroid disease. ...
Graves Eye Disease (Ophthalmopathy): https://thyroid.ca/resource-material/information-on-thyroid-disease/graves-eye-disease- ... Thyroid-associated Eye Disease: https://thyroid.ca/resource-material/articles/e-3-b/ ... 1995-2018 Thyroid Foundation of Canada , Registered Charity - BN: 11926 4422 RR0001 Website Design by Design for Good ...
2023 Center for Facial Appearances. All Rights Reserved. Design and Development by MyAdvice ...
Thyroid Disease in Childhood. General Introduction. Most thyroid disease seen in adults also occur in children. Although there ... the thyroid may be temporarily unable to make thyroid hormone. Antibodies present in the blood of a mother with thyroid disease ... If the thyroid makes too little T4, then the level of TSH rises to drive the thyroid to get bigger and to make more thyroid ... Other Thyroid Disorders. Single thyroid nodules, multi-nodular goitre, subacute thyroiditis, and other thyroid disorders occur ...
... women treated with adequate doses of levothy-roxine compared to women undergoing the same procedure with normal thyroid ... Autoimmune thyroid disease: a group of disorders that are caused by antibodies that get confused and attack the thyroid. These ... Thyroid Hormone Treatment: http://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-hormone-treatment Thyroid and Pregnancy: http://www.thyroid.org/ ... THYROID AND PREGNANCY. IVF pregnancy outcomes in women with treated hypothyroidism and women without thyroid disease ...
With thyroid disease on the rise in India, experts inform about the availability of adequate medical interventions in urban ... According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), thyroid disease affects 42 to 45 million individuals in India. Certainly, ... In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, while hypothyroidism occurs when the gland is ... Dr Bhattacharyya further adds that thyroid gland plays an essential function in our general health. It generates thyroid ...
Proper thyroid function depends on multiple vitamins and minerals working together, such as protein, vitamins D & A, iodine, ... Thyroid disease is no exception.. Proper thyroid function is dependent upon multiple vitamins and minerals working together. ... How To Live a Full Life with Thyroid Disease Leaky Gut Linked to Hashimotos Thyroiditis ... Whether it is due to a direct link to thyroid function or the result of secondary problems that occur in chronic disease ...
crohns disease Yes, Jessica Terry, its weird to have to self-diagnose, but thyroid patients have had to do the same thing!. ... Thyroid Meds *T4-only meds - why they dont work!. *Natural Desiccated Thyroid 101 (NDT) And this info can apply to taking T4 ... Thyroid Patient Dilemma. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkxsLxOwJt0. Stop the Thyroid Madness was one of the 2016 Winner Blogs ... The updated revision of "Stop the Thyroid Madness: A Patient Revolution Against Decades of Inferior Treatment" ...
A well defined cohort of coeliac patients was studied prospectively to assess the prevalence of coexisting thyroid disease and ... Overall, 14% of the coeliac patients had thyroid disease: 10.3% were hypothyroid and 3.7% hyperthyroid, both significantly more ... There were significantly more coeliac disease patients with thyroid autoantibodies than expected--11% had thyroglobulin ... positive thyroid autoantibodies. Comparison with epidemiological data on the prevalence of coeliac disease in a neighbouring ...
Smith and Douglas provide an overview of thyroid eye disease (TED) and describe its pathogenes ... Expert Insights Into Thyroid Eye Disease: Viewpoints From an Endocrinologist and Oculoplastic Surgeon ... Smith and Douglas provide an overview of thyroid eye disease (TED) and describe its pathogenesis, describe the clinical signs ...
Thyroid diseases are life-long conditions. With careful management, people with thyroid disease can live healthy, normal lives. ... Four common thyroid disorders include Hashimotos disease , Graves disease , goiter, and thyroid nodules. ... I was first interested by how you say thyroid disease is a "mind-body disease" - since I notice the impact our minds have on ... Have Your Say to Maintain Thyroid Energy. From an energy standpoint, thyroid disease is related to expressing your feelings- ...
  • The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • The five groups are: Hypothyroidism (low function) caused by not having enough free thyroid hormones Hyperthyroidism (high function) caused by having too many free thyroid hormones Structural abnormalities, most commonly a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) Tumors which can be benign (not cancerous) or cancerous Abnormal thyroid function tests without any clinical symptoms (subclinical hypothyroidism or subclinical hyperthyroidism). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypothyroidism is a state in which the body is not producing enough thyroid hormones, or is not able to respond to / utilize existing thyroid hormones properly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid hormones regulate protein synthesis by affecting gene transcription and mRNA stabilization. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid hormones have profound effects on mitochondrial oxidative activity, synthesis and degradation of proteins, sensitivity of tissues to catecholamines, differentiation of muscle fibers, capillary growth, and levels of antioxidant enzymes and compounds. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid hormones affect myelination, therefore increased levels lead to oxidative damage to the myelin membrane and/or the oligodendroglial cells. (medscape.com)
  • An overactive thyroid, known as hyperthyroidism , results from elevated levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. (medicinenet.com)
  • What Do Thyroid Hormones Do? (kidshealth.org)
  • Thyroid hormones are released from the gland and travel through the bloodstream to the body's cells. (kidshealth.org)
  • Thyroid hormones also directly affect how most organs function. (kidshealth.org)
  • Thyroid disease happenss when the thyroid gland doesn't supply the proper amount of hormones needed by the body. (kidshealth.org)
  • The job of your thyroid gland is to make thyroid hormones. (thyroid.org)
  • Thyroid hormones are released into your blood and carried to every tissue in your body. (thyroid.org)
  • Thyroid hormones help your body use energy, stay warm and keep your brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working normally. (thyroid.org)
  • An endocrinologist, who specializes in treating hormone conditions, can help you balance your thyroid hormones , even though doing so doesn't treat or correct the symptoms of thyroid eye disease , such as eye bulging. (everydayhealth.com)
  • But many conditions can change the amount of circulating thyroid hormones in the blood - everything from pregnancy, dieting and kidney problems to prescription drugs and even illness. (healthy.net)
  • It generates thyroid hormones, which control metabolism and impact vital physiologic processes such as heart rate, body temperature and energy levels. (pharmabiz.com)
  • In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, while hypothyroidism occurs when the gland is underactive and has an insufficient amount of these hormones. (pharmabiz.com)
  • The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate a variety of body functions, including metabolism, heart rate, digestion and body temperature. (wsws.org)
  • Among the main stimulatory factors are the pituitary tropic hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulate the growth and function of their respective target cells, and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system, that, through its mitogenic effects, can stimulate the proliferation of these cells. (mdpi.com)
  • The thyroid is a gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. (patientsmedical.com)
  • The thyroid produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (patientsmedical.com)
  • An imbalance in thyroid hormones can lead to a variety of health problems, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, and changes in heart rate. (patientsmedical.com)
  • These hormones are produced by the thyroid gland in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Hypothyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. (patientsmedical.com)
  • When the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormones, it can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and brittle hair. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Hypothyroidism can also be caused by a deficiency of iodine, a mineral that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. (scielo.br)
  • Thyroid hormones are critical for normal growth and neurodevelopment. (bmj.com)
  • The thyroid gland affects metabolism and development of all tissues by secreting triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) hormones. (who.int)
  • Imbalances in thyroid hormones have been linked with Alzheimer's dementia. (soton.ac.uk)
  • The main event for the thyroid gland is to produce the hormones that are needed to help regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and metabolism. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • Every cell in the body is reliant on thyroid hormones to function properly. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • In Hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormones the body needs. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • Thyroidglobulin is a protein used by the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. (bodahealth.ca)
  • Thyroid diseases cause your thyroid to make either too much or too little of the hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is vital to note the difference between Graves' disease and eyelid spasms that occur in many thyroid patients as a result of excessive thyroid hormones. (accentmd.com)
  • As the female sexual cycle is quiescent during anestrus, any influence of sex hormones on baseline thyroid function will be avoided. (natural-akita.com)
  • Some dogs with typical clinical signs of hypothyroidism have circulating levels of thyroid hormones within the normal range. (natural-akita.com)
  • Most of these patients will improve clinically when given thyroid medication, because blood levels of thyroid hormones may not reflect cellular and tissue thyroid levels. (natural-akita.com)
  • The thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormones, which slows down your metabolism, leading to weight gain, fatigue and fluid retention. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Symptoms of thyroid disease depend on whether you have too much or too little thyroid hormones. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Here, your doctor will balance your hormones by providing thyroid replacement hormones or supplementation. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • The production of hormones that are very important to the development of the central nervous system, such as thyroid hormones, is affected by DS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with AD have been reported to present changes in the homeostasis of thyroid hormones. (bvsalud.org)
  • The presence of this condition or of thyroid antibodies increases the risk of developing overt hypothyroidism. (healthy.net)
  • It would be useful to have your thyroid antibodies measured including TSH receptor antibodies (a marker of Graves' disease). (thyroidmanager.org)
  • Antibodies present in the blood of a mother with thyroid disease, may cross the placenta and temporarily block the baby's own thyroid from working. (thyroid.ca)
  • a group of disorders that are caused by antibodies that get confused and attack the thyroid. (thyroid.org)
  • These antibodies can either turn on the thyroid (Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism) or turn it off (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypothyroidism). (thyroid.org)
  • Occasionally the antibodies get confused and attack the body's own tissues, causing autoimmune disease. (thyroid.org)
  • This is caused by the body developing antibodies that attack and destroy the thyroid. (thyroid.org)
  • There were no differences in outcomes in the hypothyroid patients between those women who had antibody positive autoimmune thyroid disease and those who were hypothyroid without any antibodies. (thyroid.org)
  • Some of the research on selenium has found that supplementation may help lower thyroid antibodies in those with Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (holtorfmed.com)
  • There were significantly more coeliac disease patients with thyroid autoantibodies than expected--11% had thyroglobulin antibodies and 15% had thyroid microsomal antibodies. (bmj.com)
  • NOTE: If your anti-thyroid antibodies are positive, your problem is NOT subclinical hypothyroidism, but rather an autoimmune condition where your body is making antibodies against your thyroid. (drnorthrup.com)
  • It is useful to measure thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) to identify underlying Hashimoto's disease as the cause. (racgp.org.au)
  • Recently my blood work indicated a Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies level of 11. (healthtap.com)
  • The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. (scielo.br)
  • Incidence of thyroid dysfunction in an Iranian adult population: the predictor role of thyroid antibodies: results form a prospective population-based cohort study. (scielo.br)
  • This blood test is taken to find if there are antibodies present in your body which are negatively affecting the thyroid peroxidase enzyme. (bodahealth.ca)
  • The presence of these antibodies shows that there is a problem with the normal functioning of your thyroid. (bodahealth.ca)
  • The TSI test measures the thyroid antibodies that are present in your blood and is usually used to determine if you have Graves' disease. (bodahealth.ca)
  • However, when these antibodies are not present it does not rule out Graves' disease. (bodahealth.ca)
  • It is important to note that your Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) can be normal, while the antibodies are not. (bodahealth.ca)
  • Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by the reaction of antibodies and lymphocytes with certain proteins, connective tissue and fat located around the eyeball itself. (accentmd.com)
  • However, the antibodies found in Graves' hyperthyroidism are the same as those found in the eye disease. (accentmd.com)
  • This condition is characterized by elevated FT4 values, suppressed TSH levels, minimal thyroid enlargement, variable evidence of clinical hyperthyroidism, and absent thyroid antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism, while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease can be managed with iodine therapy, antithyroid medication, or surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but it's now recognized as a separate autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of Graves disease, a hyperthyroid condition, is 1.9% in females and about 0.19% in males. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' orbitopathy or Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an eye condition that happens in a person with an overactive thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease is caused by Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune cells cause the tissue around and behind the eyes to grow. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease may happen in a person months before the diagnosis of an overactive thyroid or after receiving treatment for Graves' disease affecting the thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • Receiving iodine therapy for Graves' disease increases the risk of thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • The shortened eye muscle in Graves' disease can pull the ligaments and result in double vision. (medicinenet.com)
  • Read more about hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease . (kidshealth.org)
  • The most common cause of TED is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and causes it to become overactive. (healthline.com)
  • Graves eye disease. (healthline.com)
  • Epidemiology of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease. (healthline.com)
  • Wendy Williams Has It… So What Is Graves' Disease? (healthline.com)
  • The foods you eat can't cure you of Graves' disease, but some nutrients that may help relieve symptoms or reduce flares. (healthline.com)
  • Do Graves' Disease Eyes Go Back to Normal? (healthline.com)
  • TED is most common in people with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and rarely, may occur in patients with normal or low thyroid levels. (thyroid.org)
  • About one in every three people with Graves' disease develop eye symptoms. (thyroid.org)
  • While eye symptoms can occur at any time, they usually appear within the first year of diagnosis of Graves' disease. (thyroid.org)
  • These doctors and experts can help treat the symptoms of thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). (everydayhealth.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease is also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, in part because it commonly goes hand in hand with Graves' disease, which causes an overactive thyroid . (everydayhealth.com)
  • A study published in 2022 reported that about 90 percent of thyroid eye disease is associated with Graves' disease and requires multispeciality collaboration, including ophthalmology, endocrinology, and otolaryngology, because Graves' involves different systems of the body. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Your primary care physician may be your main point of care if you have Graves' disease. (everydayhealth.com)
  • No matter what stage - mild, moderate, or severe - your disease is in, "If someone has Graves', they should be seeing an ophthalmologist to get a baseline eye exam," says Madina Falcone, MD , director of oculoplastics and orbital surgery at University of Connecticut Health in Farmington. (everydayhealth.com)
  • If you have been diagnosed with Graves' disease or thyroid eye disease, make a plan right away for how you'll quit. (everydayhealth.com)
  • I need some help to establish if I still have Graves disease or if I now have Hashimotos, o. (medhelp.org)
  • Missy Elliot recently revealed that she suffers from a thyroid condition called Graves' disease. (hiphopwired.com)
  • Multinodular goiter increases the risk of PTMc with an odds ratio of 2.2 (p = 0.001) compared to Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease (GD). (nih.gov)
  • And is it possibly it is not Graves' disease or has Hashimotos and just a temporary thing? (thyroidmanager.org)
  • Graves' Disease: In Graves' disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Total thyroidectomy in 2015 for Graves Disease and Hashimoto's. (healthtap.com)
  • Many Gulf War veterans and anthrax vaccine recipients have developed thyroid disorders, usually hypofunction but also Graves' disease and thyroid cancers. (blogspot.com)
  • The two most common are Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. (bodahealth.ca)
  • Though the link between hyperthyroidism and Graves' eye disease is not completely understood, an obvious connection does exist. (accentmd.com)
  • Graves' eye disease occurs in roughly 50 percent of patients who suffer from Graves' hyperthyroidism. (accentmd.com)
  • Often referred to as Graves' disease, thyroid orbitopathy is characterized by swelling in the soft tissues and muscles surrounding the eye socket. (accentmd.com)
  • Graves' disease is frequently seen among those with thyroid gland issues, whether underactive or overactive. (accentmd.com)
  • However, about 10 percent of those who are diagnosed with Graves' disease have no thyroid issues at all. (accentmd.com)
  • There are not diagnostic tests that can specifically confirm the presence of Graves' eye disease. (accentmd.com)
  • Most often, symptoms are a key marker for diagnosis of Graves' disease. (accentmd.com)
  • As with diagnostics, there is not presently an effective treatment for Graves' eye disease. (accentmd.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves Ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition that develops in people with hyperactive thyroid gland. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • According to the American Thyroid Association, more than 12% of the US population will develop a thyroid condition during their lifetime. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple genetic and environmental risk factors can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease in humans, according to experts here at the American Thyroid Association (ATA) Spring 2010 Meeting. (blogspot.com)
  • Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. (medscape.com)
  • Tumors, often called thyroid nodules, can also have many different symptoms ranging from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism to swelling in the neck and compression of the structures in the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Read more about goiters and thyroid nodules . (kidshealth.org)
  • There were no nodules etc. 2 weeks later more blood work was completed and my thyroid levels have not moved. (thyroidmanager.org)
  • This heterogeneity appears to constitute the underlying cause for the focal cell hyperplasia and eventually the formation of thyroid and adrenal nodules, under the influence of growth stimulatory factors. (mdpi.com)
  • Thus, iodine deficiency was, in the past, the main pathogenic factor responsible, through a transient rise in TSH secretion, for the endemic nodular goiter with the characteristic colloid thyroid nodules among the inhabitants in iodine deficient areas. (mdpi.com)
  • Thyroid nodules: These are lumps that can form in the thyroid gland. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous), but some can be cancerous. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Onsite ultrasound evaluation of the neck provides valuable information regarding the initial workup of thyroid nodules, the decision as to whether a nodule requires biopsy, initial treatment planning and staging of the neck, as well as follow up surveillance. (mountsinai.org)
  • The team in Westchester treats all types and stages of thyroid nodules, cancer and other thyroid conditions, as well as salivary disorders and conditions requiring oral surgery. (mountsinai.org)
  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was done of nodules ≥ 1.5 cm where thyroid stimulating hormone was not suppressed. (who.int)
  • Evidence also shows that thyroid nodules and carcinoma prevalence increase with age (8). (who.int)
  • Thyroid nodules - solid or fluid-filled lumps on your thyroid. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • detection rates of clinical hyperthyroidism , subclinical hypothyroidism , subclinical hypothyroidism , goiter , thyroid nodules , TPO Ab and TG Ab positive rates in different iodine nutritional status (P>0.05). (bvsalud.org)
  • The detection rate of thyroid nodules was higher in urban than in rural areas , and that of hypothyroidism , subclinical hypothyroidism , and goiter was lower than that in rural populations . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thyroid surgery may also be performed to remove a thyroid nodule or to reduce the size of a goiter if it obstructs nearby structures or for cosmetic reasons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hello, I have thyroid multi-nodular goiter, normal lab work but with complex & solid no. (medhelp.org)
  • Those with lower selenium levels in the blood had a larger thyroid, which can be a sign of goiter or thyroid disease. (naturalnews.com)
  • Researchers concluded that selenium may protect against both goiter and thyroid disease. (naturalnews.com)
  • Iodine deficiency can cause sluggishness, weight gain, and other symptoms of hypothyroidism, and in extreme cases a goiter may occur (enlarged thyroid). (holtorfmed.com)
  • Statistics show that one in eight women will develop a thyroid disorder in her lifetime including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Grave's disease, and goiter. (drnorthrup.com)
  • Goiter: This is an enlarged thyroid gland that can be caused by a variety of factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Hashimoto's can cause both an enlarged thyroid , also called a goiter (usually early in disease) or a small fibrotic thyroid (usually later in disease). (healthtap.com)
  • If hypothyroidism is left untreated, it can progress to heart problems, an enlarged thyroid gland (a goiter), and infertility. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • One of the first signs of Hashimoto's disease for many patients is an enlarged thyroid , colloquially referred to as a goiter . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • The whole thing can get somewhat complicated, as many of us with Hashimoto's are also deficient in some vitamins/minerals that affect thyroid function as well. (medhelp.org)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that causes most cases of hypothyroidism in kids and teens. (kidshealth.org)
  • Thyroid nodular hyperplasia was the most frequent benign pathology associated with PTMc compared to Hashimoto's or GD. (nih.gov)
  • Hashimoto's disease may also be the cause as you indicate .Inderal should help the palpitations etc but if you dont like it it may be worth trying another beta blocker. (thyroidmanager.org)
  • The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (thyroid.org)
  • 2 Hashimoto's thyroiditis is characterised by gradual thyroid failure, with or without goitre formation, due to autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. (racgp.org.au)
  • People with Hashimoto's thyroiditis have an increased risk of other autoimmune conditions including coeliac disease, vitamin B12 deficiency and Addison's disease. (racgp.org.au)
  • Hashimoto's Disease: In Hashimoto's disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become inflamed and eventually damaged. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Does Hashimoto's disease affect the size of thyroid lobes? (healthtap.com)
  • Could hashimoto's thyroid disease affect the size of a person's thyroid lobes? (healthtap.com)
  • Hashimoto's is a chronic inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland. (healthtap.com)
  • Previously diagnosed Hashimoto's disease turned into hyperthyroidism. (healthtap.com)
  • Hypothyroidism can be caused by an immune disorder known as Hashimoto's Disease , iodine deficiency, or damage to the gland by physical force or certain medications. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • Most canine thyroid disease is the result of autoimmune thyroiditis, which is a familial disorder of inherited predisposition similar to human Hashimoto's disease. (natural-akita.com)
  • Hashimoto's disease is a common autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Hashimoto's disease , also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis , is a chronic autoimmune disease. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • Hashimoto's disease causes the body's immune system to attack healthy thyroid tissue, which can result in damage to thyroid cells and the inability to create the thyroid hormone , T4 (Thyroxine) . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • One of the most frightening aspects of Hashimoto's disease is that it may initially show no symptoms . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • Those who have had previous thyroid surgery , or have suffered from hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the past, are at a much higher risk of contracting Hashimoto's disease. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • Hashimoto's is caused primarily by the inflammation of the thyroid gland. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • it's worth discussing Hashimoto's disease with a doctor if you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • While there's no cure for Hashimoto's disease, it's easily treatable. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • Hormone therapy is a proven method for stopping Hashimoto's disease, reducing the size of goiters and providing relief. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • Hashimoto's disease can cause serious health complications. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
  • If dysfunction of the thyroid is suspected, laboratory tests can help support or rule out thyroid disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once thyroid dysfunction is suspected or confirmed, management of the thyroid disorder necessitates regular monitoring in order to ensure a successful outcome. (nih.gov)
  • In Basic Endocrinology: An Integrative Approach, author J.M. Neal says that these different manifestations of thyroid dysfunction, especially those seen in hypothyroidism, require their own special treatment. (healthy.net)
  • Such a mindset ignores the established research showing that abnormalities in ME/CFS patients may be due to thyroid, adrenal and other hormonal dysfunction. (healthy.net)
  • It can be seen that there were differences in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in different regions and different populations. (hindawi.com)
  • Iodine is a trace mineral and the nutrient most often associated with thyroid dysfunction since it is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone, T4. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Three other recent studies have identified an association between infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and the development of Alzheimer's disease, thyroid dysfunction and cancer. (wsws.org)
  • Dysfunction of the thyroid can result in higher or lower hormone production which results in a range of serious negative effects. (wsws.org)
  • It can be challenging to determine the extent to which mild thyroid dysfunction is causing a patient's symptoms because of the high rate of some complaints (eg cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, fatigue, hair loss and dry skin) in the general population. (racgp.org.au)
  • The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil. (scielo.br)
  • Thyroid dysfunction is a very common disease in the general population worldwide ( 1 1. (scielo.br)
  • The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis. (scielo.br)
  • However, there remains no consensus about the precise role of thyroid dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the clinical and subclinical thyroid dysfunction, separately. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Although thyroid dysfunction is the most frequently recognized endocrine disorder of the dog, a definitive diagnosis may be difficult to establish. (natural-akita.com)
  • Clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction mimic symptoms resulting from other causes and interpretation of results of thyroid function tests can be problematical. (natural-akita.com)
  • Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, Cobin RH, De Groot LJ, Glinoer D. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Illustrating the Progression of Thyroid Eye Disease - Medscape - Nov 06, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • WEDNESDAY, Dec. 27, 2023 (HealthDay News) -- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) might prevent incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to a study recently published in the Journal of Internal Medicine . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The elevated prevalence of gestation-related thyroid disorders (10%-15%) and the important repercussions for both mother and fetus reported in multiple studies throughout the world denote, in our opinion, the necessity for routine thyroid function screening both before and during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) estimates that thyroid eye disease affects 16 out of 100,000 women and nearly 3 out of 100,000 men. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Successfully treating thyroid disorders is a tall order for any doctor. (healthy.net)
  • The result is an epidemic of people walking around with undiagnosed thyroid disorders. (healthy.net)
  • Byron Hyde, the leading Canadian researcher in this field, reports that glucose and TSH tests reveal that up to half of ME patients develop thyroid problems (Proceedings of the Second World Congress on CFS and Related Disorders, Brussels, September 1999, p 60). (healthy.net)
  • Crafton Books, 1989), author Dr Belinda Dawes acknowledges that, in ME and other environmental and allergic disorders, thyroid function is disturbed, and low-dose thyroid hormone supplementation, along with other supplements, is often appropriate. (healthy.net)
  • Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare professionals are also crucial to ensure appropriate treatment and effective management of thyroid disorders," experts recommend. (pharmabiz.com)
  • Untreated, unmonitored thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have significant morbidity and mortality. (pharmabiz.com)
  • According to Dr. Amitabh Sur, consultant endocrinologist, RG Kar Medical College & Hospital and IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, "Thyroid disorders impact many individuals globally and it is essential to comprehend the preventive measures and care required to maintain a healthy gland. (pharmabiz.com)
  • The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the causes of thyroid function disorders and guidance on management. (racgp.org.au)
  • There are several causes of hypothyroidism, including autoimmune disorders, surgery to remove the thyroid gland, and radiation treatment. (patientsmedical.com)
  • Several studies have reported an association between thyroid disorders, such as hyper- or hypothyroidism, with Alzheimer's disease. (soton.ac.uk)
  • In the long term, overweight and obesity in children increase the risk of health problems later in life, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, some cancers, respiratory disease, mental health and reproductive disorders. (who.int)
  • Initial blood tests often include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy with antithyroid drugs is to maintain serum thyroxine (T(4)) in the upper normal range of the assay used with the lowest possible dose of drug, whereas in hypothyroidism, the goal is to return serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to the range between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/L. (nih.gov)
  • TSH in turn directs the thyroid to make thyroid hormone (thyroxine) also called T4. (thyroid.ca)
  • Primary hypothyroidism, caused by failure of the thyroid gland, is characterised by a decreased serum free thyroxine (FT4) level with an appropriately elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. (racgp.org.au)
  • This applied also to athyreotic subjects on thyroxine and to subjects on thyroxine plus carbimazole, suggesting that the mechanism is independent of thyroid tissue, uninfluenced by carbimazole, and probably operates via the peripheral metabolism of T4. (lu.se)
  • Aims Understanding the exact relationship between serum thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT 4 ) is a prerequisite for improving diagnostic reliability and clinical decision making. (bmj.com)
  • When clinical signs of thyroid disease are only partially or poorly ameliorated by supplementation with L-thyroxine at standard dosages [0.1 mg per 4.5 Kg BID], combination therapy is often successful. (natural-akita.com)
  • A higher TSH level or a lower level of the hormone thyroxine in the blood indicates worse thyroid function. (hepmag.com)
  • If autoimmune disease of the thyroid is suspected, blood tests looking for Anti-thyroid autoantibodies can also be obtained. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can be a potentially debilitating autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease (abbreviated as TED) is an autoimmune disease that affects some people with autoimmune thyroid disease. (thyroid.org)
  • Very few dogs are affected with this autoimmune disease prior to 1 year of age. (vin.com)
  • Mandating vaccines for people from such families genetically discriminates against them, as they are at much higher risk of a severe adverse reaction than people from families without autoimmune disease. (blogspot.com)
  • An autoimmune disease occurs when your immune system responds by attacking tissues that are normal parts of your body. (bodahealth.ca)
  • How Do You Test for an Autoimmune Disease? (bodahealth.ca)
  • There are three important blood tests that are used to diagnosis thyroid autoimmune disease. (bodahealth.ca)
  • These are non-invasive treatment methods that have shown remarkable results in patients diagnosed with an autoimmune disease. (bodahealth.ca)
  • An enlarged thyroid gland is a lump that can be felt under the skin at the front of the neck. (kidshealth.org)
  • The eye condition can also occur in people in whom the thyroid is underactive or is functioning normally. (medicinenet.com)
  • If the thyroid is underactive, it makes too little thyroid hormone, causing hypothyroidism . (kidshealth.org)
  • a condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. (thyroid.org)
  • Hypothyroidism - also called underactive thyroid. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiological characteristics of thyroid diseases and autoantibodies. (hindawi.com)
  • Participants with positive thyroid autoantibodies (TPOAb or TgAb) had a higher prevalence than participants with negative autoantibodies. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to regional and ethnic factors, it is also related to factors such as gender, age, and thyroid autoantibodies. (hindawi.com)
  • It can be seen that autoantibodies are closely related to thyroid function. (hindawi.com)
  • A well defined cohort of coeliac patients was studied prospectively to assess the prevalence of coexisting thyroid disease and positive thyroid autoantibodies. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Approximately 10-20% of the Australian population have evidence of thyroid autoimmunity based on the presence of circulating thyroid autoantibodies, 4 but prevalence may vary with age, sex and ethnicity. (racgp.org.au)
  • Blood samples were taken to assess thyroid function and autoantibodies, and urine samples to assess iodine concentration. (who.int)
  • Therefore, the most complete approach to thyroid testing should include assays for thyroid autoantibodies. (natural-akita.com)
  • Because of the difficulties inherent to diagnosing thyroid disease, a complete baseline thyroid panel is advisable and should include measurements of total T4, total T3, free T4, free T3, and circulating T4 and T3 autoantibodies. (natural-akita.com)
  • Furthermore, dogs with circulating antithyroid autoantibodies may eventually develop clinical symptoms of thyroid disease and/or be susceptible to other autoimmune diseases. (natural-akita.com)
  • This is all the more serious as, in some circumstances, untreated or poorly treated thyroid problems can lead to death (Neal JM, Basic Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach, Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2000). (healthy.net)
  • Talking about the incidence and clinical aspects of the disease, Dr Arpandev Bhattacharyya, consultant, diabetes and endocrinology, Bengaluru informs, "Among the various health conditions prevailing in our country, thyroid disease is one of the most common problems. (pharmabiz.com)
  • The study on COVID-19's effects on the thyroid, " Impact of Covid-19 disease on thyroid function: longitudinal study ," was conducted under the direction of Dr. Ilaria Muller, assistant professor in endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health at the University of Milan, Italy. (wsws.org)
  • Endocrinologist and food artist Malini Gupta, MD, depicts the progression of thyroid eye disease in this series. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of thyroid eye disease (TED) can be made by your primary care physician, your thyroid doctor/ endocrinologist, or your eye doctor (ophthalmologist). (thyroid.org)
  • Your thyroid eye disease care team may include your primary care physician, an ophthalmologist, an endocrinologist, and more. (everydayhealth.com)
  • An endocrinologist will monitor a patient's hormone levels and make sure that they get to a stable thyroid state," says Falcone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • This study was designed to compare the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) carried out in hypothyroid women treated with adequate doses of levothyroxine compared to women undergoing the same procedure with normal thyroid function. (thyroid.org)
  • At an infertility clinic in Italy, 137 women with hypothyroidism were treated with levothyroxine to normalize their TSH and compared to 274 age-matched control women with normal thyroid function. (thyroid.org)
  • In this study, women with adequately treated hypothyroidism had no difference in pregnancy rates and live births compared to women with normal thyroid function, although the hypothyroid women did have less response to hormonal ovarian stimulation and a lower rate of embryo transfer. (thyroid.org)
  • If you are told you have normal thyroid function and feel symptomatic, then I suggest you seek treatment. (drnorthrup.com)
  • Therefore, it is entirely possible to have many of the symptoms of hypothyroidism yet have completely normal thyroid function. (drnorthrup.com)
  • This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. (scielo.br)
  • People with below-normal thyroid function were at higher risk for liver fat accumulation and advanced liver fibrosis in a recent study. (hepmag.com)
  • People who had low thyroid function were significantly more likely to have non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and about twice as likely to have advanced liver fibrosis than those with strictly normal thyroid function, according to a study recently published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology . (hepmag.com)
  • Two thirds of the participants were classified as having strictly normal thyroid function (TSH 0.4 to 2.5 milli-international units per liter). (hepmag.com)
  • The study showed that people with low thyroid function were significantly more likely to have NASH, compared with those who had strictly normal thyroid function (52.4 percent versus 37.2 percent, respectively). (hepmag.com)
  • Among participants with low thyroid function, those with subclinical hypothyroidism were more likely than those with low-normal thyroid function to have both NASH (57.6 percent versus 48.8 percent, respectively) and advanced fibrosis (25.4 percent versus 17.9 percent). (hepmag.com)
  • Together, low-normal thyroid function and subclinical hypothyroidism were associated with a 61 percent greater risk of NASH in a multivariate analysis that took into account other risk factors such as body weight. (hepmag.com)
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism and low-normal thyroid function are independent predictors of NASH and advanced fibrosis, confirming the relationship between these diseases," the study authors concluded. (hepmag.com)
  • There are five general types of thyroid disease, each with their own symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • However most types of thyroid disease do not resolve on their own. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Are the Types of Thyroid Disease? (kidshealth.org)
  • But before we get into that, let's take a look at the different types of thyroid disease. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • The thyroid gland plays an important role in tissue metabolism and development. (medscape.com)
  • The thyroid gland, situated in the neck, is responsible for regulating vital bodily functions like metabolism, growth, and development. (pharmabiz.com)
  • The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's metabolism and energy levels. (patientsmedical.com)
  • He noted that among the more common agents that affect thyroid metabolism are perchlorates (a rocket fuel additive), thiocyanates (a compound in cigarettes), and dioxins (a class of pesticides). (blogspot.com)
  • Levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) increase with age and T4 metabolism changes, but the effects of these changes on physiology are still unclear and published research reports contradictory findings (7). (who.int)
  • A common misconception about the thyroid is that it is only responsible for metabolism and that if your thyroid is considered "slow" or "hypo", once you start taking a hormone supplement, your weight stabilizes. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • The thyroid is a small gland in your neck that regulates your body's metabolism. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The purpose of our study is to determine the possible factors affecting the prevalence of thyroid diseases and the epidemiological characteristics of thyroid diseases in Hainan. (hindawi.com)
  • 1980, showed that 48% of dogs with primary hypothyroidism had positive TgAA titers indicating that autoimmune thyroiditis is a major cause of thyroid disease. (vin.com)
  • A thyroid with focal thyroiditis would be expected to be classified by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) Thyroid Database as Positive Compensative Autoimmune Thyroiditis though a few may have antibody titers in the equivocal range and be classified as Equivocal. (vin.com)
  • Lower levels may be indicative of the early stages of thyroiditis among relatives of dog families previously documented to have thyroid disease. (natural-akita.com)
  • The hypothalamus produces a hormone called TRH which travels down to command certain cells in the pituitary to make another hormone called TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). (thyroid.ca)
  • If the thyroid makes too much T4, then the hypothalamus and pituitary, will cut down the production of TRH and TSH. (thyroid.ca)
  • Secondary hypothyroidism is a rare condition caused by hypothalamic or pituitary disease and characterised by a low serum FT4 level without an increased TSH level, which is low or even normal. (racgp.org.au)
  • Whenever thyroid therapy is discontinued, retesting is performed after 4 or preferably 6 weeks, because it takes at least a month for the animal's own pituitary-thyroid axis to be restored to full capacity. (natural-akita.com)
  • RESPONSE You have high levels of thyroid hormone in your blodd and this can be associated with many symptoms such as sweating ,breathlessness, wt loss etc. (thyroidmanager.org)
  • Development of the brain, as well as normal growth of the child, is dependent upon normal levels of thyroid hormone. (thyroid.ca)
  • When iron levels are depleted, the activity of heme-dependent thyroid peroxidase is reduced. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Is there any medicine for hashimoto disease my thyroid peroxidase ab 279.5iu/ml lab normal range 0-9 thyroglobulin ab 42.8 TSH 1.81tt3 1.07 ft4 0.77? (healthtap.com)
  • The thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme within the thyroid that aids in the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 to T3. (bodahealth.ca)
  • With thyroid disease on the rise in India, experts inform about the availability of adequate medical interventions in urban areas such as hormone replacement therapy, anti-thyroid medications and surgery. (pharmabiz.com)
  • Can anti thyroid medication be used to get T4 levels back to normal levels without surgery? (healthtap.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Abnormal thyroid hormone levels lead to hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states. (medscape.com)
  • Having abnormal thyroid hormone levels (high or low) can make your eye disease worse. (thyroid.org)
  • It is generally believed that the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function in women was higher than that in men [ 1 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Positive thyroid autoantibody was a risk factor for abnormal thyroid function, which has almost become a recognized fact in the academic circles [ 2 - 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The presence of an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of some thyrotoxic patients. (medscape.com)
  • Measurements from rats suggest well-preserved brain iodothyronine homeostasis despite high thyroid hormone levels. (medscape.com)
  • You can work with your doctor to keep your thyroid hormone levels in the normal range. (thyroid.org)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone levels below the reference range are associated with atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis, and should be avoided. (racgp.org.au)
  • A differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma that has_material_basis_in follicular cells. (jax.org)
  • The incidence of thyroid carcinoma has grown significantly over the last few decades. (nih.gov)
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common cancer of the thyroid, after papillary carcinoma . (medscape.com)
  • FTC and other thyroid neoplasms arising from follicular cells (adenomas, papillary/follicular carcinoma, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features [NIFTP]) show a broad range of overlapping clinical and cytologic features. (medscape.com)
  • Papillary/follicular carcinoma must be considered a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (mixed form). (medscape.com)
  • The molecular pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is thought to be initiated by point mutations that result in dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
  • A thyroid nodule is a lump or enlarged area in the thyroid gland. (kidshealth.org)
  • It is usually unnecessary to perform ultrasounds of the thyroid unless the enlargement is uneven, a lump or a nodule is suspected. (thyroid.ca)
  • Do You Have Subclinical Thyroid Disease? (drnorthrup.com)
  • The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). (scielo.br)
  • Subclinical thyroid disease and the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid deficiency can impair hippocampal neurogenesis, differentiation, and maturation in developmental and adult rat brains, suggesting a similar mechanism in humans. (medscape.com)
  • The iodine deficiency can result in a shortage of essential nutrients, leading to malfunction of the thyroid gland. (pharmabiz.com)
  • Since autoimmunity is associated with an imbalance between the two parts of our immune system known as Th-1 (cell-mediated) and Th-2 (humoral), it makes sense that vitamin D deficiency has been found to be more prevalent among those with autoimmune thyroid conditions compared to healthy individuals. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Acinar cells of the lacrimal glands express thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Participants with low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone underwent scintigraphy to assess thyroid uptake. (who.int)
  • What Role Does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Play? (bodahealth.ca)
  • Donghee Kim, MD, of Stanford University School of Medicine, and colleagues conducted a study to evaluate the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on the severity of liver damage associated with NAFLD. (hepmag.com)
  • A comparison of the heat stability of long-acting thyroid stimulator and human thyroid-stimulating hormone. (medscape.com)
  • There were many factors that affect thyroid function. (hindawi.com)
  • In recent years, the incidence of thyroid diseases has increased significantly, which has seriously affected people's work and life. (hindawi.com)
  • With the intensification of environmental endocrine disruptors, the acceleration of work rhythm, and changes in diet, the incidence of thyroid diseases has a clear upward trend, which has seriously affected people's work and life. (hindawi.com)
  • Although there are a considerable number of prevalence studies, data on the incidence of thyroid diseases is still scarce. (scielo.br)
  • Few studies have evaluated the incidence of thyroid diseases worldwide, such as subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism ( 3 3. (scielo.br)
  • In Europe, a recent meta-analysis of seven studies reported an incidence of thyroid diseases of 259.12 (254.39-263.9) events per 100,000 per year: 226.2 (222.26-230.17) and 51 (49.23-52.88) events per 100,000 per year for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively ( 3 3. (scielo.br)
  • Epidemiological studies on the incidence of thyroid diseases are very important, because many patients are asymptomatic or have reported unspecific symptoms, which can lead to a high rate of underdiagnosis ( 1 1. (scielo.br)
  • 2017). Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. (healthline.com)
  • For instance, in May 2017, Horizon Therapeutics plc acquired the River Vision Development Corp. and its pipeline drug teprotumumab, a human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of thyroid eye disease. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • It is often associated with an overactive thyroid gland. (accentmd.com)
  • Its anti-oxidant functions have now been shown to reduce the risk of many cancers as well as thyroid disease, infertility and arthritis. (naturalnews.com)
  • Prior studies have indicated possible increased occupational risks of cardiovascular disease as well as brain, lymphopoietic, bladder, kidney, and possibly lung cancers among firefighters. (cdc.gov)
  • The risk of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary diseases, external causes, overall cancer, and some site-specific cancers (such as lung cancer and buccal/pharynx cancers) was significantly decreased. (cdc.gov)
  • All participants had a thyroid ultrasound. (who.int)
  • Using cluster and stratified sampling method to select 2628 permanent residents over 18 years old in Qinghai Province for questionnaire survey , physical examination , thyroid color ultrasound, and laboratory index detection . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thyroid follicular cells, as well as adrenocortical cells, are endowed by an intrinsic heterogeneity regarding their growth potential, in response to various stimuli. (mdpi.com)
  • This study aims to investigate the prevalence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMc) according to the benign pathology that refers patients to surgery and its trend evolution. (nih.gov)
  • FTC resembles the normal microscopic pattern of the thyroid, and a clear distinction between benign and malignant disease based solely on cytological examination of a needle biopsy specimen may be difficult. (medscape.com)
  • So if you have a family background of autoimmunity, you are generally at higher risk for developing thyroid disease after certain exposures, including vaccines. (blogspot.com)
  • If you have Type 1 diabetes, you are at a higher risk for developing thyroid disease. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Iodine uptake is a main factor affecting thyroid disease. (who.int)
  • Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The overall impact of the disease depends on the function of the thyroid gland as well as age, gender and environmental factors. (accentmd.com)
  • the major hormone produced by the thyroid gland and available in pill form as Levoxylâ„¢, Synthroidâ„¢, Levothroidâ„¢ and generic preparations. (thyroid.org)
  • Screening for thyroid disease in patients without symptoms is a debated topic although commonly practiced in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most eye surgeons (ophthalmologists) and hormone specialists (endocrinologists) will be in contact with an oculoplastic surgeon with experience in treating patients with thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • In most patients, the same mechanism that causes thyroid eye disease can also affect the thyroid gland and result in an overactive thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • Earlier, surgery was the only option for most patients with thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • This surgery is usually reserved for patients who are at a heightened risk of losing their eyesight due to thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease "is a very challenging disease for patients, because it changes the way they look, see, and feel," says Andrea Kossler, MD , an associate professor of ophthalmology at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. (everydayhealth.com)
  • When patients come in with really severe disease and are actively losing their vision, you don't have time to waste," says Falcone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In addition, when patients are taking thyroid replacement therapy, other drugs can affect the amount needed or absorbed. (healthy.net)
  • Retrospective cohort analysis of 1815 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for non-malignant diseases in the 2005-2020 period. (nih.gov)
  • All patients with overt hypothyroidism are usually treated with thyroid hormone pills. (thyroid.org)
  • In those with autoimmune thyroid disease, many clinicians report the best outcomes for patients who maintain vitamin D levels between 60 and 80 ng/L. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Sublingual is the most absorbable form of supplemental B12 (next to injections) and thyroid patients should aim for B12 levels that fall somewhere between 700-900 pg/ml. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Other research is not as clear in regards to supplementation in thyroid patients. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Yes, Jessica Terry, it's weird to have to self-diagnose, but thyroid patients have had to do the same thing! (stopthethyroidmadness.com)
  • Comparison with epidemiological data on the prevalence of coeliac disease in a neighbouring area suggested that few adult coeliac patients had been missed. (bmj.com)
  • Overall, 14% of the coeliac patients had thyroid disease: 10.3% were hypothyroid and 3.7% hyperthyroid, both significantly more than expected. (bmj.com)
  • Three patients are described in whom the coexistence of coeliac disease and hypothyroidism led to diagnostic difficulties and delay of treatment. (bmj.com)
  • In this corporate webinar sponsored by Horizon Therapeutics, Drs. Smith and Douglas provide an overview of thyroid eye disease (TED) and describe its pathogenesis, describe the clinical signs and symptoms, discuss the significant functional and psychological burden, and discuss the approaches and considerations for co-managing patients. (aao.org)
  • In the case of Alzheimer's, rapid onset of the disease has been observed in a variety of patients, including young adults, suffering from COVID-19. (wsws.org)
  • The clinical study, which involved one hundred patients admitted to hospital for severe COVID-19, notes that the cytokine storm can adversely affect hormone production and produce inflammation of the thyroid. (wsws.org)
  • General practitioners are well placed to be the primary clinicians overseeing the long-term management of patients with thyroid function abnormalities. (racgp.org.au)
  • Located at 244 Westchester Avenue, this state-of-the-art facility is uniquely dedicated to caring for patients with any type of thyroid disease or stage of thyroid cancer. (mountsinai.org)
  • Dedicated sessions are set aside for patients to see a head and neck surgeon and cytologist together, so we may determine the most effective management approach for their disease without the need for follow-up visits. (mountsinai.org)
  • Having treated thousands of patients with thyroid diseases and parathyroid conditions, our team of renowned experts is widely recognized for their expertise, vast experience, pioneering work, and research in these conditions. (mountsinai.org)
  • Fourty one patients (24%) had TFT abnormality, 53.6% had transient TSH elevation, 22% had primary hypothyroidism, 22% had non-thyroidal disease and 2.4% had transient hypothyroxinemia. (bmj.com)
  • Do you think that endocrinologists should have any responsibility or obligation to present information about thyroid disease and its treatments to GPs and patients, in an objective and transparent manner? (talkhealthpartnership.com)
  • When thyroid concerns are speedily addressed, many patients notice improvement in their eyes. (accentmd.com)
  • In severe cases of thyroid eye disease, the eyes of patients bulge forward which results in a constricted eye movement. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • For instance, in November 2018, the Scheie Eye Institute, a U.S.-based eye care hospital, announced the launch of a 'Thyroid Eye Disease Program' where the physicians will provide appropriate treatment plans for patients with thyroid eye disease. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • This type of profile can be applied not only to clinical patients suspected of having thyroid disease, but also can be used for genetic screening of apparently healthy relatives to evaluate their fitness for breeding. (natural-akita.com)
  • A 6 to 8 week clinical trial of thyroid supplementation given twice daily is safe and appropriate for such patients, and is followed by rechecking the complete thyroid profile 4 to 6 hours after the morning pill. (natural-akita.com)
  • Patients with FTC are more likely to develop lung and bone metastases than are patients with papillary thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Chemotherapy may be considered in symptomatic patients with recurrent or progressive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Evans M, Carrero JJ, Bellocco R, Barany P, Qureshi AR, Seeberger A, Jacobson SH, Hylander-Rössner B, Rotnitzky A, Sjölander A. Initiation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and outcomes: a nationwide observational cohort study in anaemic chronic kidney disease patients. (janusinfo.se)
  • CV012 trade name] should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/minute, including patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis) (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). (who.int)
  • Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can make the thyroid larger than normal. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. (patientsmedical.com)
  • The human thyroid gland produces mostly T4 and a very small amount of T3. (talkhealthpartnership.com)
  • It is generally believed that TSH is the main hormone that stimulates polyiodine and regulates thyroid function [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thyroid Eye Disease Surgery: Am I a Candidate? (healthline.com)
  • Thyroid surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Possible treatments may include medicines, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thyroid disease can typically be managed with medications, surgery or radioactive iodine. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The NCCN recommends total thyroidectomy as the initial procedure only if invasive cancer or metastatic disease is apparent at the time of surgery, or if the patient wishes to avoid a second, completion thyroidectomy should the pathologic review reveal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • This study will provide valuable references for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases require in-depth knowledge and expertise of the endocrine system. (pennstatehealth.org)