Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the THYROID GLAND, characterized by FEVER; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; SORE THROAT; severe thyroid PAIN; and an enlarged damaged gland containing GIANT CELLS. The disease frequently follows a viral infection.
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.
Acute inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to infections by BACTERIA; FUNGI; or other microorganisms. Symptoms include tender swelling, FEVER, and often with LEUKOCYTOSIS.
Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells, serving as a precursor for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and its measurement in blood serves as a tumor marker for thyroid cancer surveillance.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Transient autoimmune thyroiditis occurring in the POSTPARTUM PERIOD. It is characterized by the presence of high titers of AUTOANTIBODIES against THYROID PEROXIDASE and THYROGLOBULIN. Clinical signs include the triphasic thyroid hormone pattern: beginning with THYROTOXICOSIS, followed with HYPOTHYROIDISM, then return to euthyroid state by 1 year postpartum.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
Autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (RECEPTORS, THYROTROPIN) on thyroid epithelial cells. The autoantibodies mimic TSH causing an unregulated production of thyroid hormones characteristic of GRAVES DISEASE.
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askenazy cells.
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
A strain of Rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT).
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).
Condition characterized by large, rapidly extending, erythematous, tender plaques on the upper body usually accompanied by fever and dermal infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes. It occurs mostly in middle-aged women, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection, and clinically resembles ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME. Sweet syndrome is associated with LEUKEMIA.
Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.
A recess on each side in the wall of the HYPOPHARYNX.
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Aminobenzenesulfonic acids. Organic acids that are used in the manufacture of dyes and organic chemicals and as reagents.
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*35 allele family.
A form of IODINE deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the THYROID GLAND in a significantly large fraction of a POPULATION GROUP. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the DIET contains insufficient amount of iodine.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.
A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.

Neck infection associated with pyriform sinus fistula: imaging findings. (1/18)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute suppurative neck infections associated with branchial fistulas are frequently recurrent. In this study, we describe the imaging findings of acute suppurative infection of the neck caused by a third or fourth branchial fistula (pyriform sinus fistula). METHODS: Imaging findings were reviewed in 17 patients (11 female and six male patients, 2 to 49 years old) with neck infection associated with pyriform sinus fistula. Surgery or laryngoscopic examination confirmed the diagnoses. Fourteen patients had a history of recurrent neck infection and seven had cutaneous openings on the anterior portion of the neck (all lesions were on the left side). Imaging studies included barium esophagography (n = 16), CT (n = 14), MR imaging (n = 2), and sonography (n = 3). RESULTS: A sinus or fistulous tract was identified in eight of 16 patients on barium esophagograms. In 14 patients, CT studies showed the inflammatory infiltration and/or abscess formation along the course of the sinus or fistulous tract from the pyriform fossa to the thyroid gland. In nine patients, CT scans showed the entire course or a part of the sinus or fistulous tract as a tiny spot containing air. MR images showed a sinus or fistulous tract in two patients, whereas sonograms could not depict a sinus or fistulous tract in three patients. All 17 patients were treated with antibiotics. In one patient, the sinus tract was surgically excised, while 15 patients underwent chemocauterization of the sinus or fistulous tract with good outcome. Follow-up was possible for 16 of the 17 patients. CONCLUSION: When an inflammatory infiltration or abscess is present between the pyriform fossa and the thyroid bed in the lower left part of the neck, an infected third or fourth branchial fistula should be strongly suspected.  (+info)

Typhoid thyroiditis. (2/18)

Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a 62 year old lady with enteric fever is reported. Plain radiography of the neck showed a distinct localised abscess cavity with air fluid level. A rare causative agent Salmonella typhi was isolated. Needle aspiration and antibiotics resulted in complete recovery.  (+info)

Suppurative thyroiditis with oesophageal carcinoma. (3/18)

A 68 year old, previously well woman presented with dysphagia, weight loss and a neck swelling. Investigations revealed a right-sided thyroid abscess with fistulous connection to the upper of two oesophageal carcinomas, a previously unreported association. The resistance of the thyroid to infection and the mechanisms of thyroid abscess formation in this patient are discussed.  (+info)

Miliary tuberculosis presenting with thyrotoxicosis. (4/18)

A male patient is described who presented with thyrotoxicosis, and a large painful neck mass. From the excised mass and stomach aspiration Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured and a diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis was made. The thyrotoxicosis was attributed to tuberculous thyroiditis.  (+info)

Infective thyroiditis in two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. (5/18)

We report on two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, both of whom developed suppurative thyroiditis. One suffered from Staphylococcus aureus-induced thyroiditis and the other had tuberculous thyroiditis. The occurrence of tuberculous thyroiditis in systemic lupus erythematosus has not previously been reported. The diagnoses were made by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and subsequent bacteriological confirmation. Transient alteration of thyroid function was observed in both patients. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who present with fever and anterior neck pain, infection of the thyroid gland should be considered, and appropriate investigations undertaken.  (+info)

Thyroiditis. (6/18)

Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that may be painful and tender when caused by infection, radiation, or trauma, or painless when caused by autoimmune conditions, medications, or an idiopathic fibrotic process. The most common forms are Hashimoto's disease, subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, and drug-induced thyroiditis (caused by amiodarone, interferon-alfa, interleukin-2, or lithium). Patients may have euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism, or may evolve from one condition to another over time. Diagnosis is by clinical context and findings, including the presence or absence of pain, tenderness, and autoantibodies. In addition, the degree of radioactive iodine uptake by the gland is reduced in most patients with viral, radiation-induced, traumatic, autoimmune, or drug-induced inflammation of the thyroid. Treatment primarily is directed at symptomatic relief of thyroid pain and tenderness, if present, and restoration of euthyroidism.  (+info)

Unilateral hypopharyngitis, cellulitis, and a multinodular goiter: a triad of findings suggestive of acute suppurative thyroiditis. (7/18)

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Subacute thyroiditis presenting as a focal lesion on [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body positron-emission tomography/CT. (8/18)

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Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Subacute thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis or granulomatous thyroiditis, is a inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, within the thyroid tissue. The condition often follows an upper respiratory infection and is more common in women than men.

Subacute thyroiditis typically presents with pain and tenderness in the front of the neck, along with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. The disorder can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) initially, followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) as the gland becomes damaged and inflamed. In some cases, the thyroid function may return to normal on its own after several months. Treatment typically involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and beta blockers to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Hashimoto's disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the thyroid gland. The resulting inflammation often leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). It primarily affects middle-aged women but can also occur in men and women of any age and in children.

The exact cause of Hashimoto's disease is unclear, but it appears to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disorder tends to run in families, and having a family member with Hashimoto's disease or another autoimmune disorder increases the risk.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular menstrual periods, and depression. However, some people with Hashimoto's disease may have no symptoms for many years.

Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications of hypothyroidism. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to adjust the dosage of medication as needed.

Suppurative thyroiditis is a rare type of thyroid gland inflammation that is caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by the formation of pus (suppuration) within the thyroid tissue. The infection can result from a direct spread of bacteria from adjacent structures, such as the upper respiratory tract or neck, or through the bloodstream due to an underlying infection elsewhere in the body.

Suppurative thyroiditis primarily affects people with pre-existing conditions that weaken the immune system, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections. These conditions may include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or alcoholism. Additionally, it can occur in individuals who have recently undergone surgical procedures on the thyroid gland or after a traumatic injury to the area.

Symptoms of suppurative thyroiditis include fever, chills, painful swallowing, neck pain and swelling, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and symptoms related to bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood) if the infection spreads. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan, and laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection and possible surgical drainage of the infected thyroid tissue in severe cases.

Thyroglobulin is a protein produced and used by the thyroid gland in the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is composed of two subunits, an alpha and a beta or gamma unit, which bind iodine atoms necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin is exclusively produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

In clinical practice, measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of thyroid cancer, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary or follicular) who have had their thyroid gland removed. However, it is important to note that thyroglobulin is not specific to thyroid tissue and can be produced by some non-thyroidal cells under certain conditions, which may lead to false positive results in some cases.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Postpartum thyroiditis is a condition that affects the thyroid gland in women after childbirth. It is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can lead to dysfunction of the gland and abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Postpartum thyroiditis typically occurs in two phases:

1. Hyperthyroid phase: In this phase, which can last for up to 3 months after childbirth, the inflamed thyroid gland releases excess thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, leading to hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include anxiety, irritability, rapid heart rate, tremors, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
2. Hypothyroid phase: After the hyperthyroid phase, some women may develop hypothyroidism as the thyroid gland becomes damaged and is no longer able to produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. This phase can last for several months and may be followed by a return to normal thyroid function or chronic hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression.

Postpartum thyroiditis is thought to affect up to 10% of women after childbirth, and it is more common in women with a history of thyroid disease or other autoimmune disorders. It is important for women who experience symptoms of postpartum thyroiditis to seek medical attention, as proper diagnosis and treatment can help manage the condition and prevent complications.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.

T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.

Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Thyrotoxicosis is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an overactive metabolic state. It can be caused by various factors such as Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormone medication. Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating, among others. Thyrotoxicosis is not a diagnosis itself but a manifestation of various underlying thyroid disorders. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Iodide peroxidase, also known as iodide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, it is a peroxidase that uses iodide as its physiological reducing substrate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide to produce iodine, which plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

The systematic name for this enzyme is iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (iodinating). It is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, where it helps to produce and regulate thyroid hormones by facilitating the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland.

Iodide peroxidase requires a heme cofactor for its enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions it catalyzes. The enzyme's ability to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin is essential for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), two critical hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in mammals.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.

The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

TFTs typically include the following tests:

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.

These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating (TSI), are autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) on the surface of thyroid cells. These antibodies mimic the action of TSH and stimulate the growth and function of the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. This results in a condition known as Graves' disease, which is characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes ophthalmopathy (eye problems). The presence and titer of TSIs are used in the diagnosis of Graves' disease.

Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.

Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.

The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Thyrotropin receptors (TSHRs) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of cells in the thyroid gland. They bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced and released by the pituitary gland. When TSH binds to the TSHR, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Mutations in the TSHR gene can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:

1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Sodium iodide is a chemical compound with the formula NaI. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in medicine, particularly as a radiocontrast agent for imaging procedures such as CT scans and X-rays. Sodium iodide is also used in the treatment of thyroid disorders because it contains iodine, which is an essential nutrient for proper thyroid function.

In medical applications, sodium iodide may be combined with a radioactive isotope such as technetium-99m or iodine-131 to create a radiopharmaceutical that can be used to diagnose or treat various conditions. The radiation emitted by the isotope can be detected by medical imaging equipment, allowing doctors to visualize and assess the function of organs and tissues within the body.

It's important to note that sodium iodide should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as it may have potential side effects and risks associated with its use.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone, specifically the active form of thyroid hormone, that plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. It is produced by the thyroid gland through the iodination and coupling of the amino acid tyrosine with three atoms of iodine. T3 is more potent than its precursor, thyroxine (T4), which has four iodine atoms, as T3 binds more strongly to thyroid hormone receptors and accelerates metabolic processes at the cellular level.

In circulation, about 80% of T3 is bound to plasma proteins, while the remaining 20% is unbound or free, allowing it to enter cells and exert its biological effects. The primary functions of T3 include increasing the rate of metabolic reactions, promoting protein synthesis, enhancing sensitivity to catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline), and supporting normal brain development during fetal growth and early infancy. Imbalances in T3 levels can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which may require clinical intervention and management.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:

1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.

Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.

It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are large granular cells with abundant mitochondria. They can be found in various organs, including the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, salivary glands, and skin. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are often observed in the context of follicular adenomas or follicular carcinomas, where they can make up a significant portion of the tumor. The exact function of oxyphil cells is not well understood, but it is thought that they may play a role in the production and metabolism of hormones or other substances. In general, the presence of oxyphil cells in a tumor is not considered to be indicative of a specific type or behavior of the tumor, but rather a histological feature that can be observed in a variety of contexts.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.

Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.

Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.

Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. It works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. By blocking this enzyme, methimazole reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, helping to restore normal thyroid function.

Methimazole is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of methimazole include nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and joint pain. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count).

It is important to note that methimazole should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as regular monitoring of thyroid function and potential side effects is necessary. Additionally, it may take several weeks or months of treatment with methimazole before thyroid function returns to normal.

Thymectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the thymus gland. The thymus gland is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest, behind the sternum (breastbone), and above the heart. It is responsible for producing white blood cells called T-lymphocytes, which help fight infections.

Thymectomy is often performed as a treatment option for patients with certain medical conditions, such as:

* Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. In some cases, the thymus gland may contain abnormal cells that contribute to the development of myasthenia gravis. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients with this condition.
* Thymomas: tumors that develop in the thymus gland. While most thymomas are benign (non-cancerous), some can be malignant (cancerous) and may require surgical removal.
* Myasthenic syndrome: a group of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, similar to myasthenia gravis. In some cases, the thymus gland may be abnormal and contribute to the development of these conditions. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients.

Thymectomy can be performed using various surgical approaches, including open surgery (through a large incision in the chest), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS, using small incisions and a camera to guide the procedure), or robotic-assisted surgery (using a robot to perform the procedure through small incisions). The choice of surgical approach depends on several factors, including the size and location of the thymus gland, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Inbred BB" is not a widely recognized medical term or abbreviation in human or veterinary medicine. The term "inbred" is used in genetics to describe an organism that has resulted from many generations of mating between closely related individuals, which can lead to a higher incidence of homozygosity (the same allele inherited from both parents) and expression of recessive traits.

The "BB" strain could refer to a specific inbred rat strain, but without more context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition. The BB Wistar rat strain is sometimes used in research, and it has been used as a model for studying various medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension.

If you are looking for information about a specific scientific study or medical condition related to an "Inbred BB" rat strain, I would be happy to help you if you could provide more context or details.

Carcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the glandular structures or the lining of organs. In a papillary carcinoma, the cancerous cells grow and form small finger-like projections, called papillae, within the tumor. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the thyroid gland, but can also be found in other organs such as the lung, breast, and kidney. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually slow-growing and has a good prognosis, especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

Polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune refers to a group of disorders that involve malfunction of multiple endocrine glands, caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and damaging these glands. The endocrine glands are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various functions in the body.

There are several types of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, including:

1. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1): Also known as Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 or APECED, this is a rare inherited disorder that typically affects multiple endocrine glands and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene.
2. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2): Also known as Schmidt's syndrome, this disorder typically involves the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and/or insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It is more common than APS-1 and often affects middle-aged women.
3. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3 (APS-3): This disorder involves the presence of autoimmune Addison's disease, with or without other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, or vitiligo.
4. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 4 (APS-4): This is a catch-all category for individuals who have multiple autoimmune endocrine disorders that do not fit into the other types of APS.

Symptoms of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies can vary widely depending on which glands are affected and the severity of the damage. Treatment typically involves replacing the hormones that are no longer being produced in sufficient quantities, as well as managing any underlying immune system dysfunction.

Carbimazole is an antithyroid medication that is primarily used to manage hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. The drug works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing these hormones, thereby reducing their levels in the body and alleviating symptoms associated with the disorder.

Hyperthyroidism can manifest as various signs and symptoms, including rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, and thyroiditis.

Carbimazole is a prodrug that gets converted to its active metabolite, methimazole, in the liver. Methimazole inhibits the activity of thyroperoxidase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). By blocking this enzyme, carbimazole reduces the production of T3 and T4, ultimately helping to control hyperthyroidism.

The medication is typically administered orally in tablet form, with dosages varying depending on individual patient needs and response to treatment. Common side effects of carbimazole include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rare but severe adverse reactions may include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), aplastic anemia (a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of blood cells), and hepatotoxicity (liver damage).

Patients taking carbimazole should be closely monitored for signs of adverse reactions, and regular blood tests are necessary to assess thyroid hormone levels and potential side effects. Pregnant women should avoid using carbimazole due to the risk of birth defects in the developing fetus. In such cases, alternative antithyroid medications like propylthiouracil may be prescribed instead.

In summary, carbimazole is an antithyroid medication used primarily for managing hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroperoxidase and reducing the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. While effective, it carries potential risks and side effects that necessitate close monitoring during treatment.

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used in medical diagnostic imaging. It is a technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical, where technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is used as a contrast agent in various diagnostic procedures, such as imaging of the thyroid, salivary glands, or the brain, to evaluate conditions like inflammation, tumors, or abnormalities in blood flow. It is typically administered intravenously, and its short half-life ensures that the radiation exposure is limited.

A fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to obtain a sample of cells or tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area in the body, such as a lump or mass. The needle is typically smaller than that used in a core needle biopsy, and it is guided into place using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The sample obtained during an FNB can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, infection, or inflammation. The procedure is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, or discomfort. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the skill and experience of the healthcare provider performing the biopsy, as well as the adequacy of the sample obtained.

Overall, FNB is a valuable diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

Addison disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism, is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by the dysfunction and underproduction of hormones produced by the adrenal glands, specifically cortisol and aldosterone. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, stress response, and immune system function.

The primary cause of Addison disease is the destruction of more than 90% of the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal glands responsible for hormone production. This damage can be due to an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the adrenal gland tissue, infections such as tuberculosis or HIV, cancer, genetic disorders, or certain medications.

The symptoms of Addison disease often develop gradually and may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and mood changes. In some cases, an acute crisis known as acute adrenal insufficiency or Addisonian crisis can occur, which is a medical emergency characterized by sudden and severe symptoms such as extreme weakness, confusion, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood sugar, and coma.

Diagnosis of Addison disease typically involves blood tests to measure hormone levels, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to assess the adrenal glands' size and structure, and stimulation tests to evaluate the adrenal glands' function. Treatment usually involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and sometimes mineralocorticoids. With proper treatment and management, individuals with Addison disease can lead normal and productive lives.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Inbred NOD (Nonobese Diabetic) mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are genetically predisposed to develop autoimmune diabetes. This strain was originally developed in Japan and has been widely used as an animal model for studying type 1 diabetes and its complications.

NOD mice typically develop diabetes spontaneously at around 12-14 weeks of age, although the onset and severity of the disease can vary between individual mice. The disease is caused by a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.

Inbred NOD mice are highly valuable for research purposes because they exhibit many of the same genetic and immunological features as human patients with type 1 diabetes. By studying these mice, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease and develop new treatments and therapies.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus. They are capable of identifying and binding to specific antigens (foreign substances) on the surface of these invaders, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins and come in several different types, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with a unique function in the immune response. They are composed of four polypeptide chains, two heavy chains and two light chains, that are held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the antigen-binding site, which is specific to a particular antigen.

Sweet syndrome, also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a skin condition characterized by the rapid onset of painful, red, and swollen skin lesions. The lesions are often accompanied by fever and elevated white blood cell count, particularly an increase in neutrophils.

The medical definition of Sweet syndrome includes the following criteria:

1. Abrupt onset of painful, erythematous (red), and edematous (swollen) papules, plaques, or nodules.
2. Fever greater than 38°C (100.4°F).
3. Leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.
4. Histopathological evidence of a dense dermal infiltrate of neutrophils without evidence of vasculitis.
5. Rapid response to systemic corticosteroids.

Sweet syndrome can be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, malignancies, and inflammatory diseases, or it can occur without an identifiable underlying cause (idiopathic).

Endocrine tuberculosis (TB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The infection can cause inflammation, granulomatous lesions, and tissue damage in these glands, leading to hormonal imbalances and various clinical manifestations.

Tuberculosis bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) reach the endocrine glands through hematogenous spread from a primary or secondary focus, usually in the lungs. The most common form of endocrine TB is adrenal TB, which can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to destruction of the adrenal cortex. Thyroid TB is rare and typically presents as a cold abscess or a thyroid mass. Pituitary TB is also uncommon but can cause hypopituitarism and visual impairment due to compression of the optic chiasm.

Diagnosis of endocrine TB often involves imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, hormonal assessments, and microbiological or histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through biopsy. Treatment typically consists of a standard anti-tuberculous chemotherapy regimen, which may need to be adjusted based on the patient's hormonal status and clinical response.

Vocal cord paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the inability of one or both vocal cords to move or function properly due to nerve damage or disruption. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound during speech, singing, and breathing. When the nerves that control the vocal cord movements are damaged or not functioning correctly, the vocal cords may become paralyzed or weakened, leading to voice changes, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.

The causes of vocal cord paralysis can vary, including neurological disorders, trauma, tumors, surgery, or infections. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a laryngoscopy, to assess the movement and function of the vocal cords. Treatment options may include voice therapy, surgical procedures, or other interventions to improve voice quality and breathing functions.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare and progressive condition characterized by the abnormal growth of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum (the lining that covers the abdominal cavity). This fibrous tissue can encase and compress vital structures such as the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves, leading to various symptoms.

RPF can be idiopathic (without a known cause) or secondary to other conditions like infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or medications. The exact pathogenesis of RPF is not fully understood, but it's believed that an abnormal immune response and inflammation play significant roles in its development.

Symptoms of RPF may include:

1. Flank pain or back pain
2. Renal insufficiency or kidney failure due to ureteral compression
3. Hydronephrosis (dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces)
4. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) due to vascular compression
5. Neurological symptoms due to nerve compression
6. Weight loss, fatigue, and fever (in some cases)

Diagnosis of RPF typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with laboratory tests and sometimes biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but generally involve immunosuppressive medications, corticosteroids, and surgical intervention in severe cases.

The pyriform (or piriform) sinus refers to a pair of narrow, funnel-shaped spaces located at the base of the tongue, near the epiglottis, in the upper part of the larynx. These sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium and are part of the digestive tract, as they connect to the esophagus through the upper esophageal sphincter. The pyriform sinuses play a role in the initial stages of swallowing, directing food and liquids into the esophagus. They can also serve as a potential site for the entrapment and growth of foreign bodies or abnormal tissue, such as in the case of a pyriform sinus fistula or diverticulum.

Vitiligo is a medical condition characterized by the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, resulting in irregular white depigmented areas. It's caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives our skin its color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes. It can affect people of any age, gender, or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin tones. The progression of vitiligo is unpredictable and can vary from person to person. Treatment options include topical creams, light therapy, oral medications, and surgical procedures, but the effectiveness of these treatments varies depending on the individual case.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sulfanilic Acids" is not a recognized medical term or a specific medical condition. Sulfanilic acid is a chemical compound with the formula H2SO3NCH2COOH. It is used in various industrial applications such as dye and drug synthesis, but it is not a term that would be commonly used in medical contexts.

If you have any questions related to medical topics or conditions, I'd be happy to help! Please provide more information so I can give you a relevant and accurate response.

A granuloma is a small, nodular inflammatory lesion that occurs in various tissues in response to chronic infection, foreign body reaction, or autoimmune conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages, which are specialized immune cells with enlarged nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, often arranged in a palisading pattern around a central area containing necrotic debris, microorganisms, or foreign material.

Granulomas can be found in various medical conditions such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections, and certain autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. The formation of granulomas is a complex process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, which aim to contain and eliminate the offending agent while minimizing tissue damage.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hormone that is produced and released by the hypothalamus in the brain. Its main function is to regulate the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. TRH acts on the pituitary gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of TSH, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)) into the bloodstream.

TRH is a tripeptide amino acid sequence with the structure of pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, and it is synthesized as a larger precursor molecule called preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone (preproTRH) in the hypothalamus. PreproTRH undergoes post-translational processing to produce TRH, which is then stored in secretory vesicles and released into the hypophyseal portal system, where it travels to the anterior pituitary gland and binds to TRH receptors on thyrotroph cells.

In addition to its role in regulating TSH release, TRH has been shown to have other physiological functions, including modulation of feeding behavior, body temperature, and neurotransmitter release. Dysregulation of the TRH-TSH axis can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.

In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:

1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases

The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.

HLA-DR3 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances. The HLA-DR3 antigen is encoded by the DRB1*03:01 gene and is commonly found in individuals with certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and celiac disease.

The HLA-DR3 antigen plays a role in presenting pieces of proteins (peptides) to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the immune response. The presentation of specific peptides by the HLA-DR3 antigen can lead to an abnormal immune response in some individuals, resulting in the development of autoimmune diseases.

It's important to note that having the HLA-DR3 antigen does not guarantee that a person will develop an autoimmune disease, as other genetic and environmental factors also play a role.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

HLA-B35 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins that play an important role in the body's immune system. They are found on the surface of cells and help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-B35 antigen is one of many different types of HLA-B antigens, which are located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. The HLA-B35 antigen is encoded by the HLA-B gene and is expressed as a transmembrane glycoprotein.

The HLA-B35 antigen is found in approximately 15-20% of the Caucasian population, but it is less common in other populations. It has been associated with an increased risk of developing certain diseases, including HIV infection and some types of cancer. However, the presence of the HLA-B35 antigen does not necessarily mean that a person will develop these diseases, as many other factors are also involved.

Endemic goiter refers to a condition of abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that is prevalent in a particular geographic area due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking water. The lack of iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and attempt to increase hormone production. This results in the visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Endemic goiter is preventable through iodine supplementation in the diet or through iodized salt.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is an essential part of the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and responding to potentially harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy foreign substances. When a B-cell encounters a foreign substance, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. These antibodies bind to the foreign substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes, on the other hand, are involved in cell-mediated immunity. They directly attack and destroy infected cells or cancerous cells. T-cells can also help to regulate the immune response by producing chemical signals that activate or inhibit other immune cells.

Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and mature in either the bone marrow (B-cells) or the thymus gland (T-cells). They circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymphatic system, where they can be found in high concentrations in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs.

Abnormalities in the number or function of lymphocytes can lead to a variety of immune-related disorders, including immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Pharyngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Pharyngeal diseases can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain during swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and earaches.

Some common pharyngeal diseases include:

1. Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat.
3. Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
4. Abscesses: A collection of pus in the pharynx caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Cancer: Malignant tumors that can develop in the pharynx, often caused by smoking or heavy alcohol use.
6. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx.
7. Stridor: Noisy breathing caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway in the pharynx.

Treatment for pharyngeal diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain relievers, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Sulfadimethoxine is an antimicrobial agent, specifically a sulfonamide. It is defined as a synthetic antibacterial drug that contains the sulfanilamide nucleus and is used to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals. In human medicine, it is used to treat urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and traveler's diarrhea. In veterinary medicine, it is commonly used to treat coccidiosis in animals such as poultry, cattle, and pets.

The drug works by inhibiting the bacterial synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth. It is usually administered orally and is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powder for suspension. As with any medication, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure its safe and effective use.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Freund's adjuvant is not a medical condition but a substance used in laboratory research to enhance the body's immune response to an antigen or vaccine. It is named after its developer, Jules T. Freund.

There are two types of Freund's adjuvants: complete and incomplete. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) contains killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which causes a strong inflammatory response when injected into the body. This makes it an effective adjuvant for experimental vaccines, as it helps to stimulate the immune system and promote a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) is similar to FCA but does not contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is less potent than FCA but still useful for boosting the immune response to certain antigens.

It is important to note that Freund's adjuvants are not used in human vaccines due to their potential to cause adverse reactions, including granulomas and other inflammatory responses. They are primarily used in laboratory research with animals.

Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.

Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.

Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

... also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis. The ... Acute infectious thyroiditis is very rare, with it only accounting for about 0.1-0.7% of all thyroiditis. Large hospitals tend ... Brook, I. (2002). "Microbiology and management of acute suppurative thyroiditis in children." International Journal of ... thyroiditis vs subacute thyroiditis diagnosis criteria[permanent dead link] "Acute InfectiousThyroiditis." Willams Textbook of ...
... postpartum thyroiditis MeSH C19.874.871.900 - thyroiditis, subacute MeSH C19.874.871.910 - thyroiditis, suppurative MeSH ... thyroiditis, autoimmune MeSH C19.874.871.102.500 - hashimoto disease MeSH C19.874.871.102.750 - ...
... suppurative MeSH C01.539.830.840 - thyroiditis, suppurative MeSH C01.539.830.900 - uveitis, suppurative MeSH C01.539.861.375 - ... suppurative MeSH C01.539.375.354.900.350 - endophthalmitis MeSH C01.539.375.354.900.675 - panophthalmitis MeSH C01.539.375.450 ... suppurative MeSH C01.252.354.900.350 - endophthalmitis MeSH C01.252.354.900.675 - panophthalmitis MeSH C01.252.400.054 - ... suppurative MeSH C01.703.343.900.350 - endophthalmitis MeSH C01.703.343.900.675 - panophthalmitis MeSH C01.703.534.090 - ...
... and suppurative thrombophlebitis. The mortality rate varies between 15% and 30% and can be improved in those who are diagnosed ... thyroiditis, odontogenic infections, and postsurgical and nonsurgical head and neck wounds and abscesses., The predominant ...
title = "the CT findings of acute thyroiditis and acute suppurative thyroiditis",. abstract = "Although acute thyroiditis often ... the CT findings of acute thyroiditis and acute suppurative thyroiditis. Peter J. Bernard, Peter M. Som, Mark L. Urken, William ... the CT findings of acute thyroiditis and acute suppurative thyroiditis. / Bernard, Peter J.; Som, Peter M.; Urken, Mark L. et ... the CT findings of acute thyroiditis and acute suppurative thyroiditis. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1988 Nov;99(5): ...
... also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis. The ... Acute infectious thyroiditis is very rare, with it only accounting for about 0.1-0.7% of all thyroiditis. Large hospitals tend ... Brook, I. (2002). "Microbiology and management of acute suppurative thyroiditis in children." International Journal of ... thyroiditis vs subacute thyroiditis diagnosis criteria[permanent dead link] "Acute InfectiousThyroiditis." Willams Textbook of ...
Gawrysiak W, Niedziela M. Suppurative thyroiditis. Endokrynologia Pediatryczna (Pediatric Endocrinology). 2005. 4:65-69. ... 16] Pediatric thyroid cancer (3% prevalence) in adolescents is also associated with juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis. [22] ... Thyroid nodules and cancer in children and adolescents affected by autoimmune thyroiditis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Jun. ...
Subacute thyroiditis may be responsible for 15-20% of patients presenting with thyrotoxicosis and 10% of patients presenting ... Subacute thyroiditis is a self-limited thyroid condition associated with a triphasic clinical course of hyperthyroidism, ... Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2011 Oct. 21(10):1075-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis. The time course for subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis is identical to that for subacute ...
Acute suppurative thyroiditis. *Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. *Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis. *Painless ...
Infections that can produce thyrotoxicosis include subacute thyroiditis (SAT) and, very rarely, acute suppurative thyroiditis. ... infections that lead to the condition include subacute thyroiditis (SAT) and, very rarely, acute suppurative thyroiditis. ... If the thyroid gland is markedly tender, subacute thyroiditis is likely. However, silent thyroiditis is almost always in the ... In addition, some patients with silent thyroiditis may have a tender thyroid gland, and some patients with subacute thyroiditis ...
Houston S, Greene J, Padios M, Cobian L, Sinnott IV J. Suppurative thyroiditis. Infect Med. 1994.11:774-775. ...
acute thyroiditis*acute suppurative thyroiditis. * autoimmune thyroiditis * Graves disease *thyroid acropachy. *thyroid- ... Hashimoto thyroiditis, also known as lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, is a subtype of autoimmune ... Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Part 1, Sonographic Analysis of the Nodular Form of Hashimoto Thyroiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195 ... 5. Moon H, Kim E, Kim M, Kwak J. Lymphocytic Thyroiditis on Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Focal Thyroid Nodules: Approach to ...
... acute pyogenic suppurative Use additional code to identify organism 245.1 Subacute thyroiditis Thyroiditis: de Quervains giant ... 245.3 Chronic fibrous thyroiditis Struma fibrosa Thyroiditis: invasive (fibrous) ligneous Riedels 245.4 Iatrogenic thyroiditis ... primary or NOS 245 Thyroiditis 245.0 Acute thyroiditis Abscess of thyroid Thyroiditis: nonsuppurative, ... NOS nonspecific 245.9 Thyroiditis, unspecified Thyroiditis NOS 246 Other disorders of thyroid 246.0 Disorders of ...
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Subacute thyroiditis may be responsible for 15-20% of patients presenting with thyrotoxicosis and 10% of patients presenting ... Subacute thyroiditis is a self-limited thyroid condition associated with a triphasic clinical course of hyperthyroidism, ... A study by Masuoka et al of 60 patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis found that careful imaging can provide clues to an ... The last disorder in the above list, acute suppurative thyroiditis, is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection of the ...
Suppurative Thyroiditis Inflammatory Disorders. 39. Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy 40. IgG4-Related Disease in the head and ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Non suppurative thyroiditis Hypercalcemia associated with cancer ... Non suppurative thyroiditis Hypercalcemia associated with cancer 2. Rheumatic Disorders. As adjunctive therapy for short-term ...
Infectious thyroiditis. Carey, J. & Baum, S. G., Jan 1 2010, Clinical Infectious Disease. Cambridge University Press, p. 39-44 ... Infectious thyroiditis. Carey, J. & Baum, S. G., Jan 1 2015, Clinical Infectious Disease, Second Edition. Cambridge University ...
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Acute suppurative thyroiditis in childhood: spontaneous closure of sinus pyriform fistula may occur even very early. Journal of ... Acute suppurative thyroiditis in children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 May; 21(5): 384-7.. 10. Stagnaro- ... Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid: official journal of the American ... Acute suppurative thyroiditis as a rare complication of aggressive chemotherapy in children with acute myelogenous leukemia. ...
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Acute suppurative thyroiditis: a case report and literature review WANG Juan, CHEN Qimou, LIU Qicong, CHEN Guangmin, JIANG Peng ... Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) is a rare and possibly fatal thyroid disease. A case with "sore throat one month ... The clinical presentation was atypical, and was mistaken for subacute thyroiditis. She was treated with glucocorticoid. The ...
How is Thyroiditis treated?. If thyroiditis is caused by an infection (acute suppurative), antibiotics are directed against the ... Hashimotos thyroiditis (also called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most common of the four types of thyroiditis, and ... What is Thyroiditis?. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland ... The four types of thyroiditis are acute or suppurative (typically a short-term condition caused by infection), subacute, ...
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Acute suppurative thyroiditis in children (Pediatr Infect Dis J, abstract). Use of lidocaine-prilocaine patch to decrease ...
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... suppurative thyroiditis and hypercalcemia linked to cancer. - Musculoskeletal disorders involving inflammation: Rheumatoid ...
Acute suppurative thyroiditis manifests itself in the form of severe pain in the neck, which radiates to the occipital region, ... Subacute thyroiditis is associated with headaches that are localized in the occiput. In addition, the patient has a pain in the ... Thyroiditis is an inflammation that is diagnosed in the area of ​​the thyroid gland. Typically, doctors diagnose chronic ... The reasons for the headache can be distinguished: acute, subacute, chronic thyroiditis. ...
Thyroiditis Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis Acute suppurative thyroiditis infection of the thyroid is extremely rare and is ...
  • Thyroid function testing will help to indicate the presence of subacute thyroiditis, as well as determine its phase. (medscape.com)
  • As the subacute thyroiditis evolves into the second phase, the serum T3 and T4 levels decline, and the serum TSH level remains suppressed. (medscape.com)
  • TG in patients with subacute thyroiditis is heterogeneous with respect to sedimentation properties and structural integrity. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of serum TG with hormone residue is a common and distinctive feature of subacute thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is elevated only with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis and is usually greater than 50 mm/h, often exceeding 100 mm/h. (medscape.com)
  • Antithyroid antibody titers can be elevated temporarily in all causes of subacute thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • The highest elevation in subacute thyroiditis is associated with subacute postpartum thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • Infections that can produce thyrotoxicosis include subacute thyroiditis (SAT) and, very rarely, acute suppurative thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • infections that lead to the condition include subacute thyroiditis (SAT) and, very rarely, acute suppurative thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • Radioactive iodine treatment and antithyroid therapy are never appropriate for these forms of subacute thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • This pain and swelling in the early stages can be confused with subacute thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • Dimos G, Pappas G, Akritidis N. Subacute thyroiditis in the course of novel H1N1 influenza infection. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical features and outcome of subacute thyroiditis in an incidence cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, study. (medscape.com)
  • Ogawa E, Katsushima Y, Fujiwara I, Iinuma K. Subacute thyroiditis in children: patient report and review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Two cases of subacute thyroiditis presenting in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm. (medscape.com)
  • Zein EF, Karaa SE, Megarbane A. Familial occurrence of painful subacute thyroiditis associated with human leukocyte antigen-B35. (medscape.com)
  • Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland with multiple etiologies and clinical features, often challenging to recognize. (intec.edu.do)
  • A painless variant, also referred to as autoimmune subacute thyroiditis, has been documented and is strongly linked to postpartum state, reported following ~10% of pregnancies. (intec.edu.do)
  • 3. Rehman MAU, Farooq H, Ali MM, Rehman MEU, Dar QA, Hussain A. The Association of Subacute Thyroiditis with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. (intec.edu.do)
  • The four types of thyroiditis are acute or suppurative (typically a short-term condition caused by infection), subacute, Riedel's, and Hashimoto's. (nmihi.com)
  • Occasionally (especially in acute suppurative and subacute thyroiditis), there is discomfort or pain in the thyroid area. (nmihi.com)
  • The reasons for the headache can be distinguished: acute, subacute, chronic thyroiditis. (treat-simply.com)
  • Subacute thyroiditis is associated with headaches that are localized in the occiput. (treat-simply.com)
  • Thyroiditis can be classified into acute ( THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE ), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic ( HASHIMOTO DISEASE ), transient ( POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS ), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes. (nih.gov)
  • Stagnaro-Green A. Approach to the patient with postpartum thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • 10. Stagnaro-Green A, Schwartz A, Gismondi R, Tinelli A, Mangieri T, Negro R. High rate of persistent hypothyroidism in a large-scale prospective study of postpartum thyroiditis in southern Italy. (intec.edu.do)
  • Postpartum thyroiditis is a temporary form of autoimmune thyroiditis that occurs in women who have recently given birth. (nmihi.com)
  • The classic presentation is the painful, granulomatous thyroiditis (DeQuervain's) characterized by diffuse swelling of the gland, usually preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. (intec.edu.do)
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis , also known as lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis , is a subtype of autoimmune thyroiditis . (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is difficult to reliably sonographically differentiate Hashimoto thyroiditis from other thyroid pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • In some situations, large nodules may be present, which may be referred to as nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis 10 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Hypothyroidism can be caused by the autoimmune disorder Hashimoto thyroiditis, irradiation or surgical removal of the thyroid gland, and medications that reduce thyroid hormone levels. (adam.com)
  • Prevalence of post-partum thyroiditis in Liguria (Italy): an observational study. (medscape.com)
  • 14. Teckie G, Bhana SA, Tsitsi JML, Shires R. Thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism due to suppurative thyroiditis cause by Nocardia brasiliensis in a patient with advance acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (intec.edu.do)
  • Although treatable, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often not diagnosed until it has suppressed thyroid production, causing a state of hypothyroidism (insufficient amount of thyroid hormones). (nmihi.com)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis may lead to hypothyroidism. (nmihi.com)
  • Individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis can develop hypothyroidism, sometimes years after treatment, and will require lifelong thyroid replacement. (nmihi.com)
  • In general, individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis have an excellent prognosis since the disease either remains stable for years or slowly progresses to hypothyroidism. (nmihi.com)
  • Acute infectious thyroiditis (AIT) also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8. Shah S, Baum S. Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Thyroiditis. (intec.edu.do)
  • The last disorder in the above list, acute suppurative thyroiditis, is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection of the thyroid via the conduit of a congenital pyriform sinus fistula. (medscape.com)
  • Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. (intec.edu.do)
  • Three patients with acute thyroiditis-two with suppuration-are presented and the CT findings and clinical aspects of this disease are reviewed. (mssm.edu)
  • A study by Masuoka et al of 60 patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis found that careful imaging can provide clues to an early diagnosis of this condition, which can develop into a life-threatening endocrine emergency. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
  • Nishimaki M, Isozaki O, Yoshihara A, Okubo Y, Takano K. Clinical characteristics of frequently recurring painless thyroiditis: contributions of higher thyroid hormone levels, younger onset, male gender, presence of thyroid autoantibody and absence of goiter to repeated recurrence. (medscape.com)
  • Although acute thyroiditis often has a distinctive clinical presentation, this relatively uncommon entity can occasionally be confused with other inflammatory processes. (mssm.edu)
  • In general, the earlier the diagnosis of acute thyroiditis is established, the lower is the frequency and severity of its attendant complications. (mssm.edu)
  • Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in descending order are the organisms most commonly isolated from acute thyroiditis cases in children. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is Reidel's Thyroiditis? (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • The main histological differential diagnosis is the fibrous form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which unlike Reidel's thyroiditis is limited to the thyroid. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis (also called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most common of the four types of thyroiditis, and is probably the most common type of thyroid disorder. (nmihi.com)
  • Occurrences of AIT are most common in patients with prior thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis or thyroid cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system develops antibodies against its own thyroid gland cells. (nmihi.com)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis appears to be hereditary, and affects women eight times more often than men. (nmihi.com)
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease , lupus , chronic hepatitis, and Graves' disease. (nmihi.com)
  • In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a high titer of thyroid autoantibodies are detected. (nmihi.com)
  • The Mayo Clinic suggests that it is fifty times rarer than Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but we suspect it is even rarer.The patient has a woody hard thyroid (ligneous thyroiditis). (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Research from 2017 and 2019 has shown that dietary patterns that eliminate nightshades - along with many other foods, such as grains and dairy - are effective in reducing symptoms in those with autoimmune disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (healthline.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La première description des pathologies thyroïdiennes, telles qu'on les connaît aujourd'hui, a été celle de la maladie de Graves par Caleb Parry en 1786, mais la pathogenèse de l'affection thyroïdienne n'a pas été découverte avant 1882-1886. (who.int)
  • The differential diagnosis of mumps parotitis includes suppurative parotitis and salivary calculus. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Typically, doctors diagnose chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. (treat-simply.com)
  • The more technically correct and ponderous term for PBC, chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis, however, has never been widely used and is unlikely to replace PBC. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Acute suppurative thyroiditis in childhood: spontaneous closure of sinus pyriform fistula may occur even very early. (intec.edu.do)
  • Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland located in the front of the neck. (nmihi.com)
  • Thyroiditis is an inflammation that is diagnosed in the area of ​​the thyroid gland. (treat-simply.com)
  • A radioactive iodine uptake test is useful in differentiating between the forms of thyroiditis. (nmihi.com)
  • Any spontaneous development of painful swelling of the thyroid gland warrants a complete work up that includes thyroid hormones, thyroid autoimmune panel, acute phase reactant titers, and, if available, imaging that may lead to the diagnosis of an inflammatory or infectious cause of thyroiditis. (intec.edu.do)
  • Acute suppurative thyroiditis is an infectious disease, uncommon in children, caused by various microorganisms, being bacteria the most frequently involved. (bvsalud.org)
  • Symptoms of thyroiditis usually include an enlarged thyroid gland, tiredness, muscle weakness, and weight gain. (nmihi.com)
  • If thyroiditis is caused by an infection (acute suppurative), antibiotics are directed against the specific organism. (nmihi.com)
  • In thyroiditis caused by infection, any complications of infection may occur. (nmihi.com)
  • Acute suppurative thyroiditis manifests itself in the form of severe pain in the neck, which radiates to the occipital region, lower and upper jaw. (treat-simply.com)
  • Symptoms of thyroiditis are similar to those of thyroid cancer. (nmihi.com)