Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.
The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.
A family of hardbacked TICKS, in the subclass ACARI. Genera include DERMACENTOR and IXODES among others.
Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS; SCORPIONS; MITES; and TICKS; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Chemical, biological, or medical measures designed to prevent the spread of ticks or the concomitant infestations which result in tick-borne diseases. It includes the veterinary as well as the public health aspects of tick and mite control.
The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
A widely distributed genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, including a number that infest humans and other mammals. Several are vectors of diseases such as TULAREMIA; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; COLORADO TICK FEVER; and ANAPLASMOSIS.
A genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, widespread in Africa. Members of the genus include many important vectors of animal and human pathogens.
Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic.
Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.
A species of tick (TICKS) in the family IXODIDAE, distributed throughout the world but abundant in southern Europe. It will feed on a wide variety of MAMMALS, but DOGS are its preferred host. It transmits a large number of diseases including BABESIOSIS; THEILERIASIS; EHRLICHIOSIS; and MEDITERRANEAN SPOTTED FEVER.
A genus of softbacked TICKS, in the family ARGASIDAE, serving as the vector of BORRELIA, causing RELAPSING FEVER, and of the AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, helical bacteria, various species of which produce RELAPSING FEVER in humans and other animals.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ANAPLASMA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, formerly called Ehrlichia phagocytophila or Ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (IXODES) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic EHRLICHIOSIS.
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.
A specific species of bacteria, part of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP, whose common name is Lyme disease spirochete.
Gram-negative helical bacteria, in the genus BORRELIA, that are the etiologic agents of LYME DISEASE. The group comprises many specific species including Borrelia afzelii, Borellia garinii, and BORRELIA BURGDORFERI proper. These spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks.
A family of softbacked TICKS, in the subclass ACARI. Genera include ARGAS and ORNITHODOROS among others.
Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)
"Bites and stings refer to tissue damage or toxic reactions caused by the teeth, mouthparts, or venomous secretions of animals such as insects, spiders, snakes, and mammals during predatory or defensive attacks."
A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators.
A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.
Infections by the genus RICKETTSIA.
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.
A species of COLTIVIRUS transmitted by the tick DERMACENTOR andersonii and causing fever, chills, aching head and limbs, and often vomiting. It occurs in the northwestern United States, except the Pacific Coast.
Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating LYMPHOCYTES. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans; DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; and HORSES.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
A genus of tick-borne protozoan parasites that infests the red blood cells of mammals, including humans. There are many recognized species, and the distribution is world-wide.
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.
Proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum ARTHROPODA. Included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions ARACHNIDA; CRUSTACEA; and HORSESHOE CRABS. Note that a separate heading for INSECT PROTEINS is listed under this heading.
A febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. It is caused by the COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS, a reovirus transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersoni.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of vertebrates. Species are transmitted by arthropod vectors with the host range limited to ruminants. Anaplasma marginale is the most pathogenic species and is the causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis.
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.
Toxicoses caused by toxic substances secreted by the salivary glands of ticks; include tick paralysis (neurotropic toxin), sweating sickness (dermotropic toxin), and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus toxicosis (leukotropic toxin).
A family of bacteria which inhabit RED BLOOD CELLS and cause several animal diseases.
A genus of softbacked TICKS in the family ARGASIDAE. Most infect birds or bats but a few parasitize terrestrial mammals.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.
A disease of cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by bacteria of the genus ANAPLASMA.
A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including ZOONOSES in humans. They are caused by protozoa of the genus BABESIA, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick IXODES SCAPULARIS.
The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
A species of protozoa infecting humans via the intermediate tick vector IXODES scapularis. The other hosts are the mouse PEROMYSCUS leucopus and meadow vole MICROTUS pennsylvanicus, which are fed on by the tick. Other primates can be experimentally infected with Babesia microti.
A genus of the subfamily SIGMODONTINAE consisting of 49 species. Two of these are widely used in medical research. They are P. leucopus, or the white-footed mouse, and P. maniculatus, or the deer mouse.
An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the causative agent of human EHRLICHIOSIS. This organism was first discovered at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, when blood samples from suspected human ehrlichiosis patients were studied.
An acute infection characterized by recurrent episodes of PYREXIA alternating with asymptomatic intervals of apparent recovery. This condition is caused by SPIROCHETES of the genus BORRELIA. It is transmitted by the BITES of either the body louse (PEDICULUS humanus corporis), for which humans are the reservoir, or by soft ticks of the genus ORNITHODOROS, for which rodents and other animals are the principal reservoirs.
A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
A species of gram-negative bacteria and causative agent of severe bovine ANAPLASMOSIS. It is the most pathogenic of the ANAPLASMA species.
An order of slender, flexuous, helically coiled bacteria, with one or more complete turns in the helix.
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term or concept; it is a country located in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help answer those!
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.
A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO).
A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.

Restriction of major surface protein 2 (MSP2) variants during tick transmission of the ehrlichia Anaplasma marginale. (1/213)

Anaplasma marginale is an ehrlichial pathogen of cattle that establishes lifelong persistent infection. Persistence is characterized by rickettsemic cycles in which new A. marginale variant types, defined by the sequence of the expressed msp2 transcripts, emerge. The polymorphic msp2 transcripts encode structurally distinct MSP2 proteins and result in an antigenically diverse and continually changing A. marginale population within the blood. In this manuscript, we used sequence analysis of msp2 transcripts to show that a restricted repertoire of variant types, designated SGV1 and SGV2, is expressed within the tick salivary gland. The same SGV1 and SGV2 variant types were expressed in ticks regardless of the variant types expressed in the blood of infected cattle at the time of acquisition feeding by the ticks. Importantly, subsequent tick transmission to susceptible cattle resulted in acute rickettsemia composed of organisms expressing only the same SGV1 and SGV2 variant types. This indicates that the msp2 expressed by organisms within the tick salivary gland predicts the variant type responsible for acute rickettsemia and disease. This restriction of transmitted A. marginale variant types, in contrast to the marked diversity within persistently infected cattle, supports development of MSP2 vaccines to prevent acute rickettsemia in tick-transmitted infections.  (+info)

Tick-borne relapsing fever imported from West Africa: diagnosis by quantitative buffy coat analysis and in vitro culture of Borrelia crocidurae. (2/213)

West African tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is difficult to diagnose due to the low number of spirochetes in the bloodstream of patients. Previously, the causative microorganism, Borrelia crocidurae, had never been cultured in vitro. TBRF was rapidly diagnosed for two patients returning from western Africa with fever of unknown origin by quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis. Diagnosis was confirmed by intraperitoneal inoculation of blood specimens from patients into laboratory mice. In vitro experiments showed that QBC analysis may be as much as 100-fold more sensitive than thick smear. Spirochetes were also cultured from blood samples from both patients in modified Kelly's medium and were identified as B. crocidurae by partial sequencing of the PCR-amplified rrs gene.  (+info)

Fall and rise of Lyme disease and other Ixodes tick-borne infections in North America and Europe. (3/213)

Lyme disease is a spirochaetal infection with acute and chronic manifestations. Lyme disease and other infections transmitted by Ixodes species ticks are increasing in temperate and Holarctic regions of the Northern hemisphere. These zoonotic infections are most commonly acquired in suburban residential areas and outdoor recreation areas close to cities. Different enzootic cycles, which include a variety of large and small mammals as well as migratory birds, maintain and distribute in nature the Borrelia species that cause Lyme disease. The rise in cases of Lyme disease and the other Ixodes tick-borne infections is, in part, the consequence of reforestation and the increase in deer populations in developed countries.  (+info)

Imported African tick bite fever: a case report. (4/213)

We describe a patient with African tick-bite fever who acquired his infection while visiting rural areas of South Africa and then became sick after returning to the United States. The dominant clinical feature of his illness was the presence of multiple, ulcerated lesions (tache noires). Physicians in the United States and other non-African countries who see travelers returning from southern parts of Africa who give a history of recent tick bite and/or present with multiple, crusted or vesicular skin lesions should be alert to this diagnosis and institute treatment with doxycycline.  (+info)

Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina. (5/213)

Both dogs and humans can be coinfected with various Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Rickettsia, and Babesia species. We investigated a kennel of sick Walker Hounds and their owners in southeastern North Carolina for evidence of tick-borne infections and associated risk factors. A high degree of coinfection was documented in the dog population. Of the 27 dogs, 26 were seroreactive to an Ehrlichia sp., 16 to Babesia canis, and 25 to Bartonella vinsonii, and 22 seroconverted to Rickettsia rickettsii antigens. According to PCR results, 15 dogs were infected with Ehrlichia canis, 9 with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 8 with Ehrlichia ewingii, 3 with Ehrlichia equi, 9 with Ehrlichia platys, 20 with a Rickettsia species, 16 with a Bartonella species, and 7 with B. canis. The detection of DNA from any Ehrlichia species was associated with clinical illness and with concurrent B. canis infection (by PCR). Both E. canis and an uncharacterized Rickettsia species appeared to result in chronic or recurrent infection. Death in the dog population was associated with living in a dirt lot rather than the concrete kennel. Of 23 people on whom serologic testing was conducted, eight were seroreactive to Bartonella henselae, one to E. chaffeensis, and one to R. rickettsii antigen; however, none had clinical or hematologic abnormalities consistent with illness caused by these organisms. We conclude that kennel dogs with heavy tick exposure can be infected at a high rate with multiple, potentially zoonotic, tick-borne pathogens. In addition, our findings further illustrate the utility of PCR for documenting coinfection with tick-transmitted pathogens.  (+info)

Successful in vitro cultivation of Borrelia duttonii and its comparison with Borrelia recurrentis. (6/213)

Borrelia duttonii, the cause of East African tick-borne relapsing fever, has until now been refractory to growth in laboratory media. This spirochaete has only be propagated in mice or by tissue culture, restricting both yield and purity of cells available for research. The successful isolation of five clinical isolates of B. duttonii from patients in Central Tanzania and their comparison with Borrelia recurrentis is reported. Electron microscopy revealed spirochaetal cells with pointed ends, a mean wavelength of 1.8 microns with an amplitude of 0.8 micron, similar to the findings for B. recurrentis. Cells contained 10 periplasmic flagella inserted at each end of the spirochaete, again comparable with the counts of 8-10 flagella found in B. recurrentis. PFGE revealed a chromosome of approximately 1 Mb, a large plasmid of approximately 200 kb, and a small plasmid of 11 kb in all strains of B. duttonii and in B. recurrentis. B. duttonii possessed a further 7-9 plasmids with sizes ranging from 20 to 90 kb. In two isolates of B. duttonii, the profiles were identical. In contrast, all 18 isolates of B. recurrentis fell into one of five plasmid patterns with 3-4 plasmids ranging from 25 to 61.5 kb in addition to those of 11 and 200 kb described above. Analysis of the SDS-PAGE profiles of B. duttonii strains revealed a high-molecular-mass band of 33.4-34.2 kDa in four strains (variable large protein, VLP) and a low-molecular-mass band of 22.3 kDa in the remaining strain (variable small protein, VSP). This resembles the protein profiles found in B. recurrentis. The G + C ratio of B. duttonii was 27.6 mol%. Nucleotide sequence of the rrs gene (16S rRNA) from four B. duttonii isolates revealed 100% identity among these strains and 99.7% homology with three strains deposited by others in GenBank. The rrs gene of eight representative clinical isolates of B. recurrentis confirmed their close similarity with B. duttonii.  (+info)

Serologic evidence of human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Israel. (7/213)

We conducted a retrospective serosurvey of 1,000 persons in Israel who had fever of undetermined cause to look for Ehrlichia chaffeensis antibodies. Four of five cases with antibodies reactive to E. chaffeensis were diagnosed in the summer, when ticks are more active. All patients had influenzalike symptoms with high fever. None of the cases was fatal. Three serum samples were also seroreactive for antibodies to E. canis, and one was also reactive to the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent. The titer to the HGE agent in this patient was higher than the serum titer to E. chaffeensis, and the Western blot analysis also indicated that the HGE agent was the primary cause of infection. We present the first serologic evidence that the agents of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and HGE are present in Israel. Therefore, human ehrlichiosis should be included in the differential diagnoses for persons in Israel who have been exposed to ticks and have influenzalike symptoms.  (+info)

Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. (8/213)

Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs in North America. In addition to the skeletal and cardiac myositis that are prominent features of the disease, there is disseminated periosteal bone proliferation in most dogs that manifest clinical disease. Each of six experimentally infected animals (four dogs and two coyotes) and seven of eight naturally infected dogs had gross or histopathologic osteoproliferative lesions. Experimental animals were 6-9 months of age when exposed. Naturally infected dogs were 8 months to 11 years old when subjected to necropsy. Lesions occurred primarily on the diaphysis of the more proximal long bones of the limbs; however, flat and irregular bones were frequently involved. Lesions involving metacarpals, metatarsals, and digits were infrequent. The earliest observed periosteal lesions were in an experimentally infected dog 32 days after exposure to sporulated oocysts of H. americanum. There were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoblasts appeared in the cellular zone of the periosteum. Spicules of woven bone oriented perpendicularly to bone cortex followed. Later yet, periosteal new bone was remodeled and tended to become oriented parallel to the cortical bone. Horizontally oriented zones of remodeled, condensed bone sometimes occurred in multiple layers on the original cortex, forming "pseudocortices." The osseous lesions of American canine hepatozoonosis, with few variations, are remarkably similar to those of hypertrophic osteopathy in domestic dogs and other mammalian species, including humans.  (+info)

A medical definition of "ticks" would be:

Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.

Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.

Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.

A "tick infestation" is not a formal medical term, but it generally refers to a situation where an individual has a large number of ticks (Ixodida: Acarina) on their body or in their living environment. Ticks are external parasites that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

An infestation can occur in various settings, including homes, gardens, parks, and forests. People who spend time in these areas, especially those with pets or who engage in outdoor activities like camping, hiking, or hunting, are at a higher risk of tick encounters.

Tick infestations can lead to several health concerns, as ticks can transmit various diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis, among others. It is essential to take preventive measures to avoid tick bites and promptly remove any attached ticks to reduce the risk of infection.

If you suspect a tick infestation in your living environment or on your body, consult a healthcare professional or a pest control expert for proper assessment and guidance on how to proceed.

"Ixodes" is a genus of tick that includes several species known to transmit various diseases to humans and animals. These ticks are often referred to as "hard ticks" because of their hard, shield-like plate on their backs. Ixodes ticks have a complex life cycle involving three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. They feed on the blood of hosts during each stage, and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Powassan virus disease.

The most common Ixodes species in North America is Ixodes scapularis, also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick, which is the primary vector of Lyme disease in this region. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, or the castor bean tick, is a widespread and important vector of diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and several other tick-borne pathogens.

Ixodes ticks are typically found in wooded or grassy areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. They can be carried by various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can survive for long periods without feeding, making them efficient disease vectors.

Ixodidae is a family of arachnids commonly known as hard ticks. Here's a more detailed medical definition:

Ixodidae is a family of tick species, also known as hard ticks, which are obligate ectoparasites of many different terrestrial vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a hard, shield-like structure on their dorsal surface called the scutum, and a prominent mouthpart called the hypostome, which helps them anchor themselves onto their host's skin during feeding.

Hard ticks are vectors of various bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases that can affect both humans and animals. Some of the diseases transmitted by Ixodidae include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tularemia.

Ixodidae species have a complex life cycle that involves three developmental stages: larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal from a host to progress to the next stage or to reproduce. The length of the life cycle varies depending on the species and environmental conditions but can take up to several years to complete.

Proper identification and control of Ixodidae populations are essential for preventing tick-borne diseases and protecting public health.

Arachnid vectors are arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida that are capable of transmitting infectious diseases to humans and other animals. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Among these, ticks and some mites are the most significant as disease vectors.

Ticks can transmit a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, causing diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, tularemia, and several types of encephalitis. They attach to the host's skin and feed on their blood, during which they can transmit pathogens from their saliva.

Mites, particularly chiggers and some species of birds and rodents mites, can also act as vectors for certain diseases, such as scrub typhus and rickettsialpox. Mites are tiny arachnids that live on the skin or in the nests of their hosts and feed on their skin cells, fluids, or blood.

It is important to note that not all arachnids are disease vectors, and only a small percentage of them can transmit infectious diseases. However, those that do pose a significant public health risk and require proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and checking for and promptly removing attached ticks.

"Tick control" is not a medical term per se, but it is a common term used in public health and medicine to refer to the methods and practices aimed at reducing or preventing the population of ticks in a given area. This can include various strategies such as:

1. Landscape management: Modifying the environment to make it less tick-friendly, for example, by clearing leaf litter, brush, and tall grasses around homes and recreational areas.
2. Chemical control: Using pesticides to kill ticks in the environment or on animals. This can include treating vegetation, animal feed and bedding, or using tick repellents on human skin or clothing.
3. Biological control: Using natural predators or pathogens of ticks to reduce their populations.
4. Personal protection: Using protective clothing, insect repellent, and other measures to prevent tick bites when spending time outdoors.
5. Public education: Informing the public about the risks associated with ticks and how to protect themselves, as well as the importance of reporting tick bites and removing ticks promptly and properly.

Tick control is an important aspect of preventing tick-borne diseases, which can have serious health consequences for humans and animals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nymph" does not have a medical definition. In general, nymph is a term used in mythology to refer to a minor nature deity typically represented as an attractive maiden or beautiful young woman who animates nature and is often associated with various natural phenomena.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Dermacentor is a genus of ticks that includes several species known to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Some of the notable species in this genus are:

1. Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick): This species is widely distributed across western North America and can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia.
2. Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick): Found throughout the United States, this tick can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and human ehrlichiosis.
3. Dermacentor reticulatus (Ornate cow tick or Marsh tick): This species is distributed in Europe and parts of Asia and can transmit diseases like tick-borne encephalitis, louping ill, and babesiosis.
4. Dermacentor marginatus (Marginated tick): Found primarily in Europe, this tick transmits various pathogens causing diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and rickettsialpox.
5. Dermacentor nitens (Brazilian pampas tick): This species is native to South America and can transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Dermacentor ticks are known for their hard, shield-like structures called scutums on their backs and their long mouthparts called hypostomes, which they use to feed on the blood of their hosts. They typically prefer large mammals as hosts but will also feed on humans and other animals if necessary.

"Rhipicephalus" is a genus of ticks that are commonly found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. These ticks are known to parasitize various mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can transmit a variety of diseases to their hosts. Some species of Rhipicephalus ticks are capable of transmitting serious diseases to humans, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and African tick-bite fever. These ticks are usually found in grassy or wooded areas, and can be carried by animals such as cattle, sheep, and deer. They are typically reddish-brown in color and have a hard, shield-shaped body. Proper identification and prevention measures are important for avoiding tick bites and reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases.

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a group of illnesses that can be transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected ticks. These diseases are caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Some common TBDs include Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tularemia. The symptoms of TBDs can vary widely depending on the specific disease but may include fever, rash, fatigue, muscle aches, and headaches. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to prevent potential long-term complications associated with some TBDs. Preventive measures such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors can help reduce the risk of TBDs.

Tick paralysis is a condition caused by the saliva of certain species of tick that contains neurotoxins. When the tick feeds on the host's blood, the toxin is absorbed, leading to progressive ascending muscle weakness and eventually respiratory failure if not promptly treated. The symptoms typically begin in the lower extremities and progress upward, often within 2-7 days after attachment of the tick. Removal of the attached tick usually leads to improvement in symptoms and full recovery within a few days. It is more commonly seen in children and pets than adults.

Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the etiologic agents of several important human diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsia are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Once inside a host cell, Rickettsia manipulate the host cell's cytoskeleton and membrane-trafficking machinery to gain entry and replicate within the host cell's cytoplasm. They can cause significant damage to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Lyme disease is not a "medical definition" itself, but it is a medical condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first identified in 1975. Medical definitions for this disease are provided by authoritative bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, Lyme disease is a "infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks."

The WHO defines Lyme borreliosis (LB), also known as Lyme disease, as "an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks."

Both definitions highlight that Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by tick bites, specifically from black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast) or deer ticks (Ixodes ricinus in Europe). The primary cause of the disease is the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.

"Rhipicephalus sanguineus" is the medical term for the brown dog tick. It is a species of tick that is widely distributed around the world and is known to feed on a variety of hosts, including dogs, cats, and humans. The brown dog tick is a vector for several diseases, including canine babesiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. It can survive and reproduce in indoor environments, making it a common pest in homes and kennels. The tick undergoes a four-stage life cycle: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal before molting to the next stage or reproducing.

Ornithodoros is a genus of hard-bodied ticks that belong to the family Argasidae, also known as soft ticks. These ticks are characterized by their lack of a distinct rear end or capitulum, and they have a leathery cuticle that appears smooth and shiny when they are engorged with blood.

Ornithodoros ticks are known to be vectors of various diseases, including relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp. They can transmit these pathogens through their saliva during feeding, which typically occurs at night. Ornithodoros ticks are also capable of surviving for long periods without food, making them efficient carriers and transmitters of disease-causing agents.

These ticks are often found in the nests or burrows of animals such as birds, reptiles, and mammals, where they feed on the host's blood. Some species of Ornithodoros ticks can also bite humans, causing skin irritation and other symptoms. It is important to take precautions when entering areas where these ticks may be present, such as wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent.

"Borrelia" is a genus of spirochete bacteria that are known to cause several tick-borne diseases in humans, the most notable being Lyme disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast).

The Borrelia species are gram-negative, helical-shaped bacteria with distinctive endoflagella that allow them to move in a corkscrew-like motion. They are microaerophilic, meaning they require a low oxygen environment for growth. The bacteria can survive in a variety of environments, including the digestive tracts of ticks and mammals, as well as in soil and water.

Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. It typically presents with a characteristic rash called erythema migrans, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, causing arthritis, neurological problems, and cardiac issues.

Other Borrelia species, such as B. afzelii and B. garinii, are responsible for causing Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Additionally, some Borrelia species have been linked to other tick-borne illnesses, including relapsing fever and tick-borne meningoencephalitis.

Prevention of Borrelia infections involves avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks. If a tick bite is suspected, it's important to seek medical attention and monitor for symptoms of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can help prevent the development of chronic symptoms.

'Anaplasma phagocytophilum' is a gram-negative bacterium that causes Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease in humans. It infects and survives within granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and chills. In severe cases, it can cause complications like respiratory failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, primarily the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in the United States and the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) in Europe. Proper diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for managing this infection.

A "tick bite" refers to the penetration of the skin by a tick, a small arachnid, for the purpose of feeding on the host's blood. This process often involves the tick's mouthparts piercing the skin and attaching themselves securely to the host. Tick bites can potentially transmit diseases, such as Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, depending on the type of tick and the length of time it remains attached. It is important to check for and promptly remove ticks from the body to reduce the risk of infection.

'Borrelia burgdorferi' is a species of spirochete bacteria that is the primary cause of Lyme disease in humans. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the northeastern, midwestern, and eastern parts of the United States; Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast).

The bacterium was first identified and named after Willy Burgdorfer, who discovered the spirochete in the mid-1980s. The infection can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe complications.

Antibiotic treatment is usually effective in eliminating the bacteria and resolving symptoms, especially when initiated early in the course of the disease. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms even after treatment, a condition known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The exact cause of PTLDS remains unclear, with ongoing research investigating potential factors such as residual bacterial infection, autoimmune responses, or tissue damage.

The Borrelia burgdorferi group, also known as the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, refers to a genetically related group of spirochetal bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other related diseases worldwide. The group includes several species, with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), B. afzelii, and B. garinii being the most common and best studied. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast; Ixodes ricinus in Europe).

Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder that can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. Early symptoms typically include a characteristic expanding rash called erythema migrans, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe complications, such as arthritis, neurological problems, and carditis.

Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, exposure history, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftriaxone, and is generally most effective when initiated early in the course of the illness. Preventive measures, such as using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks, can help reduce the risk of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.

Argasidae is a family of ticks commonly known as soft ticks. These ticks differ from hard ticks (Ixodidae) in that they do not have a hard, shield-like plate on their backs and have a softer, leathery cuticle. Soft ticks are also characterized by their mouthparts being located at the end of a prolonged, flexible proboscis.

Soft ticks are primarily parasites of birds and bats but can occasionally feed on humans and other mammals. They are known to transmit several diseases, including relapsing fever caused by various species of Borrelia bacteria. Unlike hard ticks, soft ticks may feed for a short period (minutes) or over extended periods (hours to days), depending on the species.

It is important to note that Argasidae is a medical term used in taxonomy and should not be confused with medical conditions or treatments.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the Ixodes species. The TBE virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae and has several subtypes, with different geographical distributions.

The illness typically progresses in two stages:

1. An initial viremic phase, characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and sometimes rash, which lasts about a week.
2. A second neurological phase, which occurs in approximately 20-30% of infected individuals, can manifest as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and its membranes). Symptoms may include neck stiffness, severe headache, confusion, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma and long-term neurological complications.

Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing attached ticks. Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals living or traveling to TBE endemic regions. Treatment is primarily supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and addressing complications as they arise. There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE.

"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:

1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.

2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.

3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.

4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.

5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.

Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.

Acaricides are a type of pesticide that are specifically used to kill acarines, which are mites and ticks. These agents work by targeting the nervous system of the acarines, leading to paralysis and eventually death. Acaricides are commonly used in agricultural settings to protect crops from mite infestations, and in medical and veterinary settings to control ticks and mites that can transmit diseases to humans and animals. It is important to use acaricides according to the manufacturer's instructions and to take appropriate safety precautions to minimize exposure to non-target organisms, including humans.

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by infection with Ehrlichia bacteria. It is typically transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. The symptoms of ehrlichiosis can include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If left untreated, ehrlichiosis can cause serious complications, including damage to the central nervous system and other organs. It is important to seek medical attention if you think you may have been exposed to ehrlichiosis and are experiencing symptoms of the disease. A healthcare provider can diagnose ehrlichiosis through laboratory tests and can recommend appropriate treatment, which typically involves antibiotics. Prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and avoiding tick-infested areas, can help reduce the risk of ehrlichiosis and other tick-borne diseases.

Rickettsia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. They are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.

The different types of Rickettsia infections include:

1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): This is the most severe and common rickettsial infection in the United States. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF): Also known as boutonneuse fever, this infection is prevalent in Mediterranean countries and is caused by Rickettsia conorii. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected dog tick or a brown dog tick.
3. Typhus Group: This group includes epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, and murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi. Both are transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, this infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mite (chigger).
5. Rickettsialpox: This is a mild rickettsial infection caused by Rickettsia akari and is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mites.

Symptoms of Rickettsia infections may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. If left untreated, these infections can lead to severe complications such as damage to blood vessels, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing ticks after being outdoors.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) viruses are a group of related viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The main strains of TBE viruses include:

1. European tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Eu): This strain is found mainly in Europe and causes the majority of human cases of TBE. It is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes ricinus.
2. Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Sib): This strain is prevalent in Russia, Mongolia, and China, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes persulcatus.
3. Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-FE): Also known as Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) virus, this strain is found in Russia, China, and Japan, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes persulcatus.
4. Louping ill virus (LIV): This strain is primarily found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, and is transmitted by the tick species Ixodes ricinus. It mainly affects sheep but can also infect humans.
5. Turkish sheep encephalitis virus (TSEV): This strain is found in Turkey and Greece and is primarily associated with ovine encephalitis, although it can occasionally cause human disease.
6. Negishi virus (NGS): This strain has been identified in Japan and Russia, but its role in human disease remains unclear.

TBE viruses are members of the Flaviviridae family and are closely related to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. The incubation period for TBE is usually 7-14 days after a tick bite, but it can range from 2 to 28 days. Symptoms of TBE include fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, and vomiting, followed by neurological symptoms such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Severe cases can lead to long-term complications or even death. No specific antiviral treatment is available for TBE, and management typically involves supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing attached ticks. Vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure to TBE viruses.

Colorado tick fever (CTF) is a viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). The causative agent of Colorado tick fever is a Coltivirus, named Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV). The disease is most commonly found in the western United States and Canada, particularly in mountainous regions between 4,000 to 10,000 feet elevation.

The symptoms of Colorado tick fever typically appear within 3-5 days after a tick bite and may include:

* Sudden onset of fever
* Chills
* Severe headache
* Muscle pain
* Fatigue
* Rash (occurs in about 10% to 50% of cases)
* Conjunctival infection (redness and swelling of the membrane lining the eyelids)
* Sensitivity to light

In some cases, more severe complications such as neurological symptoms or hemorrhagic manifestations may occur. However, these are rare.

There is no specific treatment for Colorado tick fever other than supportive care, which includes rest, hydration, and medication to relieve symptoms like fever and pain. Most people with CTF recover completely within a few weeks. Prevention measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after spending time outdoors in tick-infested areas.

Ehrlichia is a genus of gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that infect and replicate within the vacuoles of host cells. These bacteria are transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected arthropods, such as ticks. Infection with Ehrlichia can cause a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Some species of Ehrlichia, such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii, are known to cause human disease, including ehrlichiosis.

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease that can range in severity from mild to severe and can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Symptoms of ehrlichiosis may include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In some cases, the infection can lead to more serious complications, such as neurological problems, respiratory failure, or kidney failure.

Ehrlichiosis is typically treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline, which are effective against the bacteria. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you may have been infected with Ehrlichia, as early treatment can help prevent serious complications. Prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and avoiding tick-infested areas, can also help reduce the risk of infection.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

Babesia is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect red blood cells and can cause a disease known as babesiosis in humans and animals. These parasites are transmitted to their hosts through the bite of infected ticks, primarily Ixodes species. Babesia microti is the most common species found in the United States, while Babesia divergens and Babesia venatorum are more commonly found in Europe.

Infection with Babesia can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, including fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint pain, and hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells). Severe cases can result in complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and renal failure. Babesiosis can be particularly severe or even fatal in individuals with weakened immune systems, the elderly, and those without a spleen.

Diagnosis of babesiosis typically involves microscopic examination of blood smears to identify the presence of Babesia parasites within red blood cells, as well as various serological tests and PCR assays. Treatment usually consists of a combination of antibiotics, such as atovaquone and azithromycin, along with anti-malarial drugs like clindamycin or quinine. In severe cases, exchange transfusions may be required to remove infected red blood cells and reduce parasitemia (the proportion of red blood cells infected by the parasite).

Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and performing regular tick checks after spending time outdoors. Removing ticks promptly and properly can help prevent transmission of Babesia and other tick-borne diseases.

Ectoparasitic infestations refer to the invasion and multiplication of parasites, such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites, on the outer surface of a host organism, typically causing irritation, itching, and other skin disorders. These parasites survive by feeding on the host's blood, skin cells, or other bodily substances, leading to various health issues if left untreated.

Ectoparasitic infestations can occur in humans as well as animals and may require medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include redness, rash, inflammation, and secondary bacterial or viral infections due to excessive scratching. Preventive measures such as personal hygiene, regular inspections, and avoiding contact with infested individuals or environments can help reduce the risk of ectoparasitic infestations.

Arthropods are a phylum of animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other creatures with jointed appendages. Arthropod proteins, therefore, refer to the proteins that are found in these organisms. These proteins play various roles in the structure, function, and regulation of arthropod cells, tissues, and organs.

Arthropod proteins can be classified into several categories based on their functions, such as structural proteins, enzymes, signaling proteins, and defense proteins. Structural proteins provide support and protection to the arthropod exoskeleton, which is composed mainly of chitin and proteins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in arthropod metabolism, while signaling proteins regulate various physiological processes, including growth, development, and reproduction. Defense proteins protect arthropods from pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors.

Arthropod proteins have attracted significant interest in biomedical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery, vaccine development, and diagnostic tools. For example, some arthropod proteins have been identified as promising targets for the development of new insecticides and antiparasitic drugs. Additionally, arthropod-derived proteins have been used in the production of recombinant vaccines against infectious diseases such as Lyme disease and malaria.

Understanding the structure and function of arthropod proteins is essential for advancing our knowledge of arthropod biology, evolution, and ecology. It also has important implications for human health, agriculture, and environmental conservation.

Colorado tick fever is a viral infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). The disease is named after the state where it was first identified, but it can also occur in other states including Montana, Wyoming, Utah, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

The virus that causes Colorado tick fever belongs to the family Reoviridae and is a bunyavirus. The symptoms of the disease typically appear within 3-6 days after the tick bite and may include sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, and sore throat. Some people may also experience a rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sensitivity to light.

The diagnosis of Colorado tick fever is usually based on the patient's clinical symptoms, history of tick exposure, and laboratory tests that can detect the virus in the blood. There is no specific treatment for the disease, and most people recover within a few days to a week with rest and supportive care. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and close monitoring.

Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors. If a tick is found, it should be removed promptly using tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible and pulling it straight out with steady pressure.

Anaplasma is a genus of intracellular bacteria that infect and parasitize the white blood cells of various animals, including humans. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. The most common species that infect humans are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a tick-borne disease characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and leukopenia. It infects granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, and can cause severe complications such as respiratory failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death in some cases.

Anaplasma platys causes canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, a disease that affects dogs and is characterized by recurring low platelet counts. It infects platelets, another type of blood cell involved in clotting, and can cause bleeding disorders in affected animals.

Diagnosis of Anaplasma infections typically involves the detection of antibodies against the bacteria or the direct identification of the organism through molecular methods such as PCR. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics such as doxycycline, which is effective against both species of Anaplasma. Prevention measures include avoiding tick-infested areas and using insect repellents and protective clothing to reduce the risk of tick bites.

Borrelia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia. The most common Borrelia infection is Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks.

The symptoms of Lyme disease can vary, but often include a rash that looks like a bull's-eye, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe symptoms.

Other diseases caused by Borrelia bacteria include relapsing fever, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of lice or ticks, and tick-borne relapsing fever, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of soft ticks. The symptoms of relapsing fever include recurring high fevers, headache, muscle and joint pain, and rash.

Borrelia infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and the prognosis is good with early detection and treatment. However, if left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems. Prevention measures such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors can help reduce the risk of Borrelia infections.

Tick toxicosis is not a medical term per se, but rather an outdated and nonspecific term that was used to describe various symptoms resulting from the toxic effects of tick saliva or secretions, rather than from the direct injection of venom as in snake bites. The term is rarely used today due to the advancements in our understanding of the specific diseases that ticks can transmit through their bite.

Modern medical terminology prefers to use more precise terms to describe tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tularemia, among others. Each of these conditions has a specific etiologic agent (bacteria, parasite, or virus) that can be identified, diagnosed, and treated appropriately.

It is important to recognize tick-borne diseases based on their specific symptoms and causative agents rather than using the outdated and vague term 'tick toxicosis.' Early recognition and appropriate treatment of these conditions are crucial for a favorable prognosis.

Anaplasmataceae is a family of gram-negative, tick-borne bacteria that includes several human pathogens. These bacteria are known to infect and parasitize the white blood cells (such as granulocytes, monocytes, or erythrocytes) of various mammals, including humans. The bacterial genus within Anaplasmataceae include Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Orientia.

Some notable human pathogens in this family are:

1. Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Causes Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), which is transmitted primarily through the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus).
2. Ehrlichia chaffeensis - Causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME), which is transmitted mainly by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
3. Ehrlichia ewingii - Associated with Human Ewingii Ehrlichiosis, primarily transmitted through the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
4. Neorickettsia sennetsu - Causes Sennetsu fever, which is a rare infectious disease in humans and is usually found in Japan and Southeast Asia. It's transmitted by the swallow bug or through the consumption of raw fish.
5. Orientia tsutsugamushi - Causes Scrub typhus, a widespread mite-borne disease in the Asia-Pacific region.

These bacterial infections can lead to flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. In severe cases, they may cause complications like respiratory failure, organ damage, or even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.

'Argas' is the genus name for a group of ticks that are also commonly known as soft ticks. These ticks differ from hard ticks (genus Ixodes) in their mouthpart structure and their life cycle. Argas ticks have a flexible, leathery cuticle and lack the prominent, piercing mouthparts of hard ticks. They feed rapidly, usually for less than an hour at a time, and prefer to feed on birds and bats, although they will feed on other mammals and humans if given the opportunity.

Argas ticks are known to transmit several diseases to humans and animals, including relapsing fever, Q fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. They can be found in a variety of habitats around the world, including deserts, grasslands, and forests. Some species of Argas ticks are also known as "kissing bugs" because they tend to feed on the faces of their hosts while they sleep.

It's worth noting that tick biology and taxonomy can be complex, and there is ongoing research in this field. If you have specific questions about ticks or tick-borne diseases, it may be best to consult with a medical professional or public health expert.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.

Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:

1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.

Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States and western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus) in the western United States.

The bacterium infects and reproduces within certain white blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills that typically appear within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite. Other possible symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and a rash (although a rash is uncommon).

Anaplasmosis can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against the bacterium or the DNA of the organism itself. It is usually treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, which are most effective when started early in the course of the disease.

Preventing tick bites is the best way to avoid anaplasmosis and other tick-borne diseases. This can be done by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors. If a tick is found, it should be removed promptly using fine-tipped tweezers, grasping the tick as close to the skin as possible and pulling straight upwards with steady pressure.

Babesiosis is a disease caused by microscopic parasites of the genus Babesia that infect red blood cells. It is typically transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The incubation period for babesiosis can range from one to several weeks, and symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, body aches, fatigue, and nausea or vomiting. In severe cases, babesiosis can cause hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Babesiosis is most common in the northeastern and midwestern United States, but it has been reported in other parts of the world as well. It is treated with antibiotics and, in severe cases, may require hospitalization and supportive care.

I apologize for any confusion, but "deer" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of hooved mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

'Babesia microti' is a species of intracellular parasites that infect red blood cells and can cause babesiosis, a type of tick-borne disease. The transmission of this parasite to humans usually occurs through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis).

The life cycle of 'Babesia microti' involves two hosts: the tick and the mammalian host (such as a mouse or human). In the tick, the parasite undergoes development in the midgut, salivary glands, and ovaries. When an infected tick bites a mammalian host, it injects sporozoites into the skin, which then enter the bloodstream and invade red blood cells. Inside the red blood cells, the parasites multiply asexually, leading to their rupture and release of merozoites that infect other red blood cells.

The symptoms of babesiosis can range from mild to severe, depending on the patient's age, immune status, and the presence of other medical conditions. Mild cases may present with flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. Severe cases can lead to complications such as hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions.

Diagnosis of babesiosis typically involves microscopic examination of blood smears for the presence of parasites, as well as serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can also be used to detect the genetic material of 'Babesia microti' in blood samples.

Treatment of babesiosis usually involves a combination of antiparasitic drugs such as atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and complications. Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and performing regular tick checks after outdoor activities.

"Peromyscus" is not a medical term, but a genus of rodents commonly known as "deer mice." They are small mammals that belong to the family Cricetidae and are found in various parts of North America. Peromyscus mice can carry and transmit diseases, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), although they are not typically referred to in a medical context unless discussing potential zoonotic risks.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. The causative agent is Rickettsia rickettsii. The disease is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. A rash typically appears 2-5 days after the onset of fever, starting on the wrists and ankles and spreading to the palms and soles, and then to the trunk and other parts of the body. If not treated promptly, RMSF can cause serious damage to internal organs, such as the heart and kidneys, and in some cases, it can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are essential for a full recovery.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

'Ehrlichia chaffeensis' is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes human ehrlichiosis, a tick-borne disease. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, primarily the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). The bacteria infect and replicate within white blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. In severe cases, ehrlichiosis can cause damage to organs and may be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is named after Dr. William A. Ehrlich, who first described the bacterium in 1937, and Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, where the tick vector was first identified.

Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by spirochetal bacteria of the genus Borrelia. It is characterized by recurring episodes of fever, chills, headache, and muscle and joint pain. The disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) or lice (Pediculus humanus corporis).

The relapsing fever borreliae are able to evade the host's immune system by changing their surface proteins, which allows them to continue infecting red blood cells and cause recurring symptoms. Each febrile episode is associated with the multiplication of a specific population of spirochetes, followed by an immune response that clears the infection but fails to prevent reinfection due to antigenic variation.

Relapsing fever can be effectively treated with antibiotics such as tetracyclines, erythromycin, or penicillin. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications, including myocarditis, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, and promptly removing attached ticks.

"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.

While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

'Anaplasma marginale' is a gram-negative bacterium that infects red blood cells in various species of animals, including cattle. It is the causative agent of Anaplasmosis, which is a tick-borne disease that can lead to severe anemia, abortion, and even death in infected animals. The bacteria are transmitted through the bite of infected ticks or through contaminated blood transfusions, needles, or surgical instruments.

The bacterium has a unique life cycle, where it infects and replicates within the red blood cells, causing them to rupture and release more bacteria into the bloodstream. This results in the characteristic symptoms of Anaplasmosis, such as fever, weakness, icterus (yellowing of the mucous membranes), and anemia.

Diagnosis of Anaplasmosis can be confirmed through various laboratory tests, including blood smears, PCR assays, and serological tests. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics such as tetracyclines, which can help to reduce the severity of symptoms and clear the infection. Preventive measures include the control of tick populations, the use of protective clothing and insect repellents, and the implementation of strict biosecurity protocols in veterinary practices and farms.

Spirochaetales is an order of bacteria that are characterized by their unique spiral or corkscrew shape. This shape allows them to move in a flexing, twisting motion, which can be quite rapid. They are gram-negative, meaning they do not retain crystal violet stain in the Gram staining method, and they have a unique structure with endoflagella (also known as axial filaments) located inside their outer membrane.

The Spirochaetales order includes several families and genera of bacteria, some of which are free-living, while others are parasitic or symbiotic. The parasitic spirochetes can cause various diseases in humans and animals. For example, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a serious sexually transmitted infection. Another species, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks.

It's important to note that spirochetes are a diverse group with varying characteristics and pathogenic potential. While some species can cause significant harm, others are not associated with diseases and play essential roles in various ecosystems.

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.

OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.

Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term. It is a country in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

"Rickettsia rickettsii" is a species of bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening tick-borne disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, most commonly the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog tick.

The bacteria infect endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, causing vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) and leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and in severe cases, organ failure and death if left untreated. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is treated with antibiotics, usually doxycycline, which can be effective in reducing the severity of the disease and preventing complications if started promptly.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Anaplasmataceae infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae. These bacteria include Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Neorickettsia genera, which infect various mammalian hosts, including humans. The most well-known diseases caused by these bacteria are human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which infects neutrophils in humans. Symptoms of HGA include fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as respiratory failure, neurological symptoms, and even death.

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis or Ehrlichia ewingii, which infect monocytes in humans. Symptoms of HME are similar to those of HGA but may also include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. Severe cases can lead to complications such as kidney failure, respiratory distress, and neurological symptoms.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by Dabie bandavirus, a member of the genus Bandavirus within the family Phenuiviridae. It was previously classified as a member of the family Anaplasmataceae. SFTS is transmitted to humans through tick bites and causes symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to complications such as multi-organ failure, shock, and death.

Diagnosis of Anaplasmataceae infections typically involves laboratory tests that detect the presence of bacterial DNA or antibodies against the bacteria in the blood. Treatment usually includes antibiotics such as doxycycline, which is effective against all three genera of bacteria within the family Anaplasmataceae. Preventing tick bites through the use of insect repellent and protective clothing can help reduce the risk of infection.

Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the virus named Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). It is a severe and often fatal illness. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, muscle pain, severe headache, soreness in the eyes, fatigue, and dizziness. After two to four days, there may be evidence of hemorrhage (bleeding) from the mouth, gums, nose, or other sites. The virus is primarily transmitted to people from ticks that feed on domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughtering. Human-to-human transmission can occur resulting from close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons. Healthcare workers are at risk if they are not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. There is no specific treatment for CHF yet, but early supportive care and symptomatic treatment improve survival rates.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease transmitted to humans through tick bites or contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughter. The virus belongs to the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. The disease was first identified in Crimea in 1944 and later in the Congo in 1956, hence the name Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

The CCHF virus causes severe illness with a case fatality rate of up to 40% in hospitalized patients. The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, back pain, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light. After a few days, patients may develop nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding from the mouth, nose, gums, and private parts.

There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for CCHF, but early supportive care with oral or intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics can significantly reduce mortality. Ribavirin has been used in the treatment of severe cases, but its efficacy is not fully proven. Preventive measures include avoiding tick bites, using protective clothing and gloves while handling animals or their tissues, and practicing good hygiene and food safety.

The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to ... For a person or pet to acquire a tick-borne disease requires that the individual gets bitten by a tick and that the tick feeds ... List of diseases spread by invertebrates List of insect-borne diseases Mosquito-borne disease Robovirus Tibovirus Ticks of ... Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They ...
"The New Tick-Borne Disease Alliance". Retrieved 5 August 2013. "Candice Accola MCs Annual Tick-Borne Disease Alliance Benefit ... Tick-Borne Disease Alliance's National Grassroots Campaign to Fight Devastating Tick-Borne Diseases". Retrieved 30 July 2013. " ... to build support for the fight against tick-borne diseases through raising awareness and through supporting tick-borne disease ... Tick-Borne Disease Alliance (TBDA), and Weill Cornell Medical College Host NYC Forum on Silent Epidemic of Lyme and Tick-Borne ...
Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (2005). "Tick-Borne Encephalitis". Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. Washington, DC: ASM ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 9 (4): 834-835. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.007. PMID 29559213. Encephalitis+Viruses,+Tick- ... Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus associated with tick-borne encephalitis in the genus ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 8 (6): 813-820. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.001. PMID 28526419. Uspensky I (May 2018). "Several ...
... and Queensland tick typhus (Australian tick typhus). Other tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease and Q fever, Colorado tick ... "Overview of tick-borne infections of humans". In Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds.). Tick-borne Diseases of Humans. ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 7 (5): 992-1003. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006. PMC 5659180. PMID 27263092. "Ticks are even ... "The biology of tick vectors of human disease". In Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds.). Tick-borne Diseases of Humans. ...
It is estimated that the worldwide cost associated with controlling tick levels and tick borne disease is as high as 13.9 to ... Bush, Larry M.; Vazquez-Pertejo, Maria T. (May 2018). "Tick borne illness-Lyme disease". Disease-a-Month. 64 (5): 195-212. doi: ... Bush, Larry M.; Vazquez-Pertejo, Maria T. (May 2018). "Tick borne illness-Lyme disease". Disease-a-Month. 64 (5): 195-212. doi: ... The ticks that transmit Lyme disease are hard ticks. Ticks often have a preferred host, but may still attach to a different ...
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... and infectious disease; small mammal diversity, demography, and disease; avian diversity; and tickborne diseases. Each ... Infectious Diseases: Diseases spread by viruses, parasites, and bacteria that are sometimes transmitted to people by animals, ... disease ecology, and ecosystem services. Obtaining integrated data on these relationships over a long-term period is crucial to ...
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Bacterial diseases, All stub articles, Infectious disease stubs, Zoonotic bacterial diseases, Tick-borne diseases, Zoonoses). ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 8 (5): 715-720. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004. PMID 28539197. Li, Hao; Jiang, Jia-Fu; Liu, ... Wennerås, C. (2015-05-11). "Infections with the tick-borne bacterium Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis". Clinical Microbiology ... "Infections With the Tick-Borne Bacterium "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" Mimic Noninfectious Conditions in Patients With B ...
Ticks and tick-borne diseases 5.6 (2014): 753-770. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5 (3): 252-276. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.11.004. hdl:11336/31257. ISSN 1877-959X. PMID 24556273 ... Amblyomma tonelliae is a species of tick of the genus Amblyomma. The species is associated with dry areas of the Chaco region, ... "Divergent environmental preferences and areas of sympatry of tick species in the Amblyomma cajennense complex (Ixodidae)." ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 11 (3): 101376. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101376. PMID 32005627. S2CID 210997920. Sakurai M, ... Siberian tick typhus or North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis (Australia) Australian tick typhus Rickettsia felis (North ... in honor of his pioneering work on tick-borne spotted fever. Properly, Rickettsia is the name of a single genus, but the ... a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID African Tick Bite Fever from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868. "Borrelia mayonii , Ticks , CDC ... Heylen D, Lasters R, Adriaensen F, Fonville M, Sprong H, Matthysen E (June 2019). "Ticks and tick-borne diseases in the city: ... Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868. Adeolu M, Gupta RS (June 2014 ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 9 (6): 1373-1376. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.015. Retrieved 24 April 2022. Troyo, Adriana; ... hard ticks) are standard works on these important vectors of disease. Filippova was born in 1930 in Moscow in the USSR. In 1947 ... the study of ticks and mites that carry diseases between humans such as typhus and Lyme disease. In 1955 she moved to the ... Monchadsky on the identification of immature Ixodes hard ticks and the taxonomy of ticks in general. She died in St Petersburg ...
and may eat up to 5,000 ticks per season, helping to prevent the spread of tick-born illnesses, including Lyme disease and ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101780. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101780. PMID 34298355. Retrieved 2022-04-20. "Opossum ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101780. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101780. PMID 34298355. Retrieved 18 January 2021. " ... In addition, opossums limit the spread of Lyme disease, as they successfully kill off most disease-carrying ticks that feed on ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 7 (5): 665-669. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.012. PMID 26922324. "CDC>Ticks Home>Diseases ... Infection by B. mayonii is also transferred from the bite of Ixodes scapularis, a tick. B. mayonii causes Lyme disease like B. ... Another alternative is using Lyme disease PCR tests, which is currently only available at the Mayo Clinic. To treat this ... This genospecies has the potential to cause Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis). The B. mayonii genome is about 1.31 megabase pairs ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 4 (4): 265-274. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.02.002. PMID 23602360. Heath, A.C.G. (2006). "A ... The density of ticks on tuatara are higher when the host lives in pasture than in canopy forest. Tuatara ticks mirror the ... Archaeocroton sphenodonti, or the tuatara tick, is a species of tick that parasitises only the tuatara of New Zealand. It is ... Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this tick is not closely related to other ticks in the genus Amblyomma, being more closely ...
"An outbreak of Kyasanur forest disease in the Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases ... Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to South-western part of India. The disease is ... Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers, Hemorrhagic fevers, Tick-borne diseases). ... Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Shope RE, Feldmann H, Barrett AD, Holbrook MR (2003). "Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 3 (5-6): 308-311. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.028. ISSN 1877-959X. PMID 23168051. PLOS ONE ... although clinical disease has been noted in calves). This organism is transmitted by tick vectors, so tick bite prevention is ... The OIE reports that A. bovis does not cause disease, however case reports of clinical illness do exist. Clinical disease is ... "Identification of Midgut and Salivary Glands as Specific and Distinct Barriers to Efficient Tick-Borne Transmission of ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 2 (3): 123-28. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002. PMC 3167092. PMID 21890064.{{cite journal}}: ... It is associated with Lyme disease. CMN3T is the type strain of this species. Masuzawa, T.; Takada, N.; Kudeken, M.; Fukui, T ... nov., a Lyme disease-related Borrelia species isolated in China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 1 (3): 125-126. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.07.001. PMID 21771519. Ishii N, Isogai E, Isogai H, et ... This results in the fine-scale geographic structure of this tick-borne bacterium. Although I. ricinus ticks infected with B. ... B. lusitaniae is tick-borne; he type strain is PotiB2. It can be pathogenic, being involved in cases of Lyme borreliosis. A ... Feeding tick larvae apparently do not acquire B. lusitaniae from vertebrate species other than lizards. However, B. lusitaniae- ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 8 (5): 682-692. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.04.015. PMID 28506539. Kitaoka, S; Suzuki, H (1973). " ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 7 (5): 901-910. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.04.008. PMID 27132517. Trape, Jean-François; Diatta, ... The opening between the midgut and hindgut has been lost, making the ticks unable to pass digestive waste products out of their ... Acari, Argasidae), a new tick species from the Chacoan region in Argentina". Acta Parasitologica. 57 (3): 329-336. doi:10.2478/ ...
"Ticks and Rickettsia on anteaters from Southeast and Central-West Brazil". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 10 (3): 540-545. doi: ... and a literature review of ticks of Myrmecophagidae anteaters". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 10 (5): 1146-1156. doi:10.1016/j ... Anteaters may serve as vectors for the transmission of several diseases between species. Ticks from anteaters are known to ... Diseases that anteaters suffer from include physiological diseases like Sertoli cell tumors, physical injuries such as burns ...
"What makes ticks tick? Climate change, ticks, and tick-borne diseases". Journal of Travel Medicine. 15 (1): 39-45. doi:10.1111/ ... and a tick vector for Lyme disease and other tick-borne zoonotic diseases known as Ixodes scapularis has been expanding its ... vector-borne diseases (transmitted via mosquitos, ticks etc.), and food-borne diseases (e.g. Salmonella bacteria, causing ... "Climate change influences on the annual onset of Lyme disease in the United States". Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 6 (5): 615- ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5 (3): 252-276. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.11.004. hdl:11336/31257. ISSN 1877-959X. PMID 24556273 ... Amblyomma interandinum is a species of tick of the genus Amblyomma. The species is associated with the northern part of the ... in equids and molecular detection of 'Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii'in Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato ticks from the ... "Divergent environmental preferences and areas of sympatry of tick species in the Amblyomma cajennense complex (Ixodidae)." ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 10 (1): 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.08.003. ISSN 1877-9603. PMID 30241699. Steffen, ... Lately he focused on a viral infection called Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). In the early days of his career, he served as a ... Steffen, Robert (2019). "Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in children in Europe: Epidemiology, clinical outcome and comparison of ... He also has served as the President for International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM). Epidemiology of tick-borne ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 4 (1-2): 35-8. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.006. PMID 23238248. Ergönül O, Celikbaş A, Dokuzoguz ... Tick-borne diseases, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate) ... "First Local Case of Tick-Borne Disease Kills Man in Spain". Scientif American. n.d. Archived from the original on 2016-09-02. ... In July 2023, there was a single confirmed fatality of tick-borne CCHF in North Macedonia. In ancient Celtic settlements in the ...
Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick (also the vector for Babesia and Anaplasma). ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 4 (1-2): 46-51. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008. PMID 23238242. Brisson D, Drecktrah D, Eggers ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868. CDC (2016-02-08). "New Lyme- ... "Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?". Science. 216 (4552): 1317-9. Bibcode:1982Sci...216.1317B. doi:10.1126/science. ...
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 6 (6): 843-868. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.014. PMID 26249749. Narsing Rao, Manik Prabhu; ... Ticks have been recovered from birds. Amphipods, brittle stars and echinoderms occur on the shelf around Candlemas Island, and ... Muñoz-Leal, Sebastián; González-Acuña, Daniel (September 2015). "The tick Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae): Hosts, geographical ...
The tick is the only tick responsible for tick-borne disease in humans in Uruguay, and has been identified as a significant ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 4 (5): 386-390. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.009. ISSN 1877-959X. Mertins, James W.; Moorhouse, ... Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 13 (3): 101923. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101923. ISSN 1877-959X. (CS1 errors: missing ... vector of disease in Argentina and Brazil. The tick was first described by Koch in 1844. The tick is morphologically similar to ...
Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868. Schneider BS, Zeidner NS, ... "Borrelia bissettii isolates induce pathology in a murine model of disease". Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 8 (5): 623-33. ... Lyme disease microbiology Gupta RS (2019-08-27). "Distinction between Borrelia and Borreliella is more robustly supported by ...
Provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... Tick Bites/Prevention. *Lyme Disease Prophylaxis After Tick ... National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) ... Consult an infectious disease specialist regarding individual patient treatment decisions.. Tularemia treatment regimen. Age ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tularemia-United States, 2001-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(47):963-966. ...
The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is considered to be substantial in humans, and tick-borne diseases are estimated to ... For a person or pet to acquire a tick-borne disease requires that the individual gets bitten by a tick and that the tick feeds ... List of diseases spread by invertebrates List of insect-borne diseases Mosquito-borne disease Robovirus Tibovirus Ticks of ... Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. They ...
What is tick-borne encephalitis?. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a disease caused by a virus. The virus spreads to people in ... Find and Remove Ticks. *Check your clothing for ticks. Ticks may be carried into the house on clothing. Any ticks that are ... Check if this disease is a concern at your destination.. Activities that increase a travelers chances getting tick-borne ... Prevent Tick Bites. *Know where to expect ticks. Ticks live in grassy, brushy, or wooded areas, or even on animals. Spending ...
Provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... Tick Bites/Prevention. *Lyme Disease Prophylaxis After Tick ... National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) ... Tickborne Diseases of the US: A Reference Manual for Health Care Providers, Sixth Edition (2022) Print only version [PDF - 52 ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ...
A comprehensive guide to tick-borne illnesses beyond Lyme Disease. ... Health: Other Tick-Borne Diseases. A comprehensive guide to tick-borne illnesses beyond Lyme Disease.. ... While Lyme easily holds the title of most common tick-borne illness in the United States, two other diseases, babesiosis and ... "Bear Cam Viewers Spot Lost Hiker in Katmai National Park}}\u0027>\n Bear Cam Viewers Spot Lost Hiker in Katmai National Park\ ...
There are several different kinds of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases transmitted by ticks, and tick-borne diseases are ... Ticks are experts at feeding on your blood and, in return for your generosity, transmitting disease to you. ... There are several other tick-borne diseases reported in the US and around the world, and tick-borne diseases might be on the ... There are several different kinds of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases transmitted by ticks, and tick-borne diseases are ...
Tick-Borne Disease: Prevalence, Prevention and Treatment. Read CHFs whitepaper to learn more about ticks, tick-borne diseases ... Fighting Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs (04/13/2016) *Fundraising for Research of Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs Gets Boost from AKC ... About the Tick-Borne Disease Research Initiative. The AKC Canine Health Foundation (CHF) Tick-Borne Disease Research Initiative ... Home > Canine Health > Top Health Concerns > Tick-Borne Disease > Tick-Borne Disease Initiative ...
Ticks in our area have been found to carry a rare, potentially life-threatening, virus. ... Doctors Say Tick Borne Powassan Virus Is Worse Than Lyme Disease. April 8, 2015 / 11:35 PM EDT. / CBS New York ... NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) -- Its even worse than Lyme disease. Ticks in our area have been found to carry a rare, potentially life ... As CBS2s Tracee Carrasco reported, doctors have warned that the Powassan virus, a rare, tick borne illness could be serious. ...
Lyme disease and human babesiosis are the most common tick-borne zoonoses in the Temperate Zone of North America. The number of ... Lyme disease and human babesiosis are the most common tick-borne zoonoses in the Temperate Zone of North America. The number of ... Background: Morgellons disease (MD) is a dermopathy that is associated with tick-borne illness. It is characterized by ... Background: Morgellons disease (MD) is a dermopathy that is associated with tick-borne illness. It is characterized by ...
The disease can be fatal. Six states (New York, Connecticut, ... ... Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is a rare tick-borne disease caused ... Anaplasmosis and other tick-borne diseases can be prevented by avoiding exposure to ticks. For more information check cdc.gov/ ... Anaplasmosis is a rare tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. The disease can be fatal. Six ... Learn more about Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses at www.cdc.gov/ticks/symptoms.html. ...
Tick Wise Education president April Nill-Boitano added. The Tick Borne Disease Symposium is open to the public, and admission ... Control is proud to sponsor this event and partner with Tick Wise Education to help spread awareness on tick borne diseases," ... are joining forces to host a Tick Borne Disease Symposium at the Sea Star Ballroom of the Long Island Aquarium with leading ... the experts will cover everything from tick borne illnesses to Lyme testing challenges to new treatments for Lyme disease and ...
People enjoying the nature in Estonia this summer should take extra care to avoid the increasingly common tick-borne diseases. ... Tick-borne diseases are an annual concern in Estonia. According to the Health Board, as of last week, 26 people had been ... People enjoying the nature in Estonia this summer should take extra care to avoid the increasingly common tick-borne diseases. ... The most common sign of Lyme disease is a skin rash at the site of the bite one to four weeks after it has occurred. If ...
Australian endemic tick-borne diseases - Flinders Island spotted fever. Download [Publication] Australian endemic tick-borne ... Australian endemic tick-borne diseases - Flinders Island spotted fever. Epidemiology, prevention, symptoms, diagnosis and ... Download [Publication] Australian endemic tick-borne diseases - Flinders Island spotted fever (Word) as Word - 611.67 KB - 4 ... diseases - Flinders Island spotted fever (PDF) as PDF - 1.06 MB - 4 pages ...
... that appears to play a pivotal role in how a harmful bacteria that causes the disease anaplasmosis establishes itself in ticks ... a disease transmitted to humans through tick bites, primarily from the black-legged tick and western black-legged tick. While ... Protein may hold key to preventing a tick-borne disease. by Devin Rokyta, Washington State University ... phys.org/news/2023-09-protein-key-tick-borne-disease.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing ...
... tick-borne diseases are common. They are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, both infectious and toxic. ... Ticks are excellent vectors for disease transmission; consequently, ... Prevention of Tick-Borne Diseases. Prevention strategies for tick-borne diseases can be divided into 3 general categories: ... encoded search term (Tick-Borne Diseases) and Tick-Borne Diseases What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Protect yourself from mosquitoes and ticks! While you may be worried about a few uncomfortable, itchy, red spots on your skin, ... These diseases are called vector-borne diseases, because they are transmitted by blood-feeding ticks and insects that are ... According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, mosquito and tick-borne diseases have more than tripled since 2004 ... If you catch a mosquito or tick-borne illness, even if it doesnt kill you, it can change your life forever. Lyme disease, for ...
The Rhode Island Department of Health is warning everyone to stay vigilant after a resident contracted a rare tick-borne ... disease earlier this year and later succumbed to complications. ... Powassan is a tick-borne disease that is found mostly in the ... There is no vaccine for Powassan, and most tick-borne diseases have to be treated by a doctor using antibiotics, according to ... RI woman dies from rare tick-borne Powassan disease by: Allison Shinskey, Kayla Fish ...
... may be at an elevated risk for tick-borne diseases (TBDs). This research included a survey of over 250 such workers, both women ... along with queries about tick exposure, tick bite encounters, illnesses, and prior TBD diagnoses. Findings revealed that 67% of ... Employing a modified Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire, a range of data was collected ... of the likely-to-highly-likely group also recalling tick-bite encounters (compared to 20% of the lowest scoring). Approximately ...
Scientists say the discovery illustrates how much we still dont know about ticks. ... The study, identifying a new tick-borne disease, shows that we still dont know how many more diseases ticks can carry. "We ... Like the victims of ASLV, most patients recover from the diseases caused by tick bites - although some tick-borne diseases can ... In the U.S., where more than 59,000 cases of tick-bornediseases were reported in 2017, tick season is just beginning. "Once the ...
Turkey tick news: A molecular investigation into the presence of tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking ticks in Anatolia; ... Read More Turkey tick news: A molecular investigation into the presence of tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking ticks in ... Tick-borne pathogen detection in midgut and salivary glands of adult Ixodes ricinus. ByCanLyme Team April 18, 2019. July 27, ... is typically transmitted by hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Whenever this tick-borne zoonosis is mentioned in medical ...
Controlling Japanese Barberry Helps Stop Spread of Tick-Borne Diseases The UConn Forest provides an ecological classroom to ... twists in the plot as he explains why eliminating the pest will also help control the spread of the tick-borne diseases of Lyme ... Deer are often considered to be the prime source in spreading Lyme disease because they act as hosts to adult ticks; however ... "When we measure the presence of ticks carrying the Lyme spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) we find 120 infected ticks where ...
... learn how to do tick checks, how to properly remove a tick, and the signs and symptoms of tickborne diseases. ... Be Tick Smart! Take steps to prevent bites, ... Mosquito-borne Diseases * Eastern Equine Encephalitis * ... Lyme disease is common in the area where the tick bite occurred. If you believe you picked up the tick anywhere in Vermont or ... Learn more about the types of ticks and the tickborne diseases found in Vermont or visit the CDC for more information. ...
... but predominantly causes disease in sheep and grouse. The recent detection of TBEV in the UK, which has also emerged elsewhere ... This work highlights a previously unknown caveat of tick-borne flavivirus evolutionary analysis which may be important for ... but also to improve our understanding of the evolution and emergence of these tick-borne viruses. Here we describe the ... Author summary Tick-borne pathogens represent a major emerging threat to public health and in recent years have been expanding ...
The AKC Canine Health Foundation announces the first round of new grants awarded through its Tick-Borne Disease Initiative. ... AKC Canine Health Foundations Tick-Borne Disease Initiative shows promising research to address important tick-borne diseases ... Lyme disease is a bacterial disease transmitted by tick bites. In people, Lyme is the most common tick-transmitted disease in ... Home > News & Events > News > AKC Canine Health Foundation Awards Three New Grants through its Tick-Borne Disease Initiative ...
PhD student Austin Rau analyzed the cases of three serious - but lesser-known - tick-borne diseases in Wisconsin and found that ... tick-borne diseases in Wisconsin and found that they are increasing, moving, and varying over time across the state. ... "Compared to Lyme disease, less research has been completed on non-Lyme tick-borne infections and awareness of these diseases is ... Lyme disease is easily the most well-known type of tick-borne infection, but there are others that make people sick as well. ...
Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals Symptoms for tick-borne diseases in animals are typically non-specific and may include fever, ... tests such as the Tick Borne Disease Antibody Screen (60013), which includes all of the tick-borne diseases mentioned here. ... A guide on ticks and tick-borne diseases for clinicians and pet owners is available. It includes quick tick facts, resources ... Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases: Big Pathogens in Small Packages (Spring 2017) * A New Tool for Diagnosing Challenging Liver ...
Inoculation of ribonuclease into ticks during eclipse phase of TBE virus abolished infectivity. Tahyna virus was active in the ... Inoculation of ribonuclease into ticks during eclipse phase of TBE virus abolished infectivity. Tahyna virus was active in the ... STUDIES ON TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS AND OTHER ARTHROPOD-BORNE VIRUS DISEASES.. Descriptive Note: Final technical rept.,. ...
Keeping Your Pets Safe from Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases September 6, 2020 ...
... personnel and pet owners regarding ticks and tick-borne diseases in Alaska and to conduct a serosurvey for tick-borne disease ... Tick and tick-borne disease prevalence were assessed via tick checks and benchtop ELISA antibody tests detecting Anaplasma ... Relevance This study was the first of its kind in the state and indicated a low prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases in ... suggest the value of a One Health approach and of the veterinary-client relationship to address ticks and tick-borne diseases. ...

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