Virus diseases caused by the TOGAVIRIDAE.
A family of RNA viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of two genera: ALPHAVIRUS (group A arboviruses), and RUBIVIRUS. Virions are spherical, 60-70 nm in diameter, with a lipoprotein envelope tightly applied to the icosahedral nucleocapsid.
A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.
The family Hirundinidae, comprised of small BIRDS that hunt flying INSECTS while in sustained flight.
A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
The family Passeridae comprised of small, mainly brown and grey seed-eating birds with conical bills.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state located in the central United States and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.
Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.

Aspects of the epizootiology of pancreas disease in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Ireland. (1/93)

A computerised database containing information on over 17.8 million salmon contained within 49 separate marine populations was used to study the epidemiology of pancreas disease (PD) in Ireland. Of the 43 recorded PD outbreaks, 57% occurred in the 3 mo period August to October inclusive (17 to 32 wk post-transfer). Analysis of variance of mortality rates during PD outbreaks occurring on 6 marine sites over a 5 yr period showed that mortality rates vary significantly between sites (p < 0.001) but not between years over this time period. The mortality rate during PD outbreaks ranged from 0.1 to 63%. Mortality rates were significantly higher when PD outbreaks occurred earlier in the year (y = -1.28x + 59, SE of b 0.33). The mean length of a PD outbreak was 112 d (SE = 7.7, n = 37). There was no correlation between PD mortality rate and smolt input weight, initial stocking density and transfer mortality.  (+info)

Epidemic O'Nyong-Nyong fever in southcentral Uganda, 1996-1997: entomologic studies in Bbaale village, Rakai District. (2/93)

Entomologic studies were conducted between January 27 and February 2, 1997, in Bbaale village in southcentral Uganda during an o'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus epidemic, which began in mid 1996 and continued into 1997. The objectives were to confirm the role of anophelines in ONN virus transmission and to examine other mosquito species as epidemic vectors of ONN virus. Of 10,050 mosquitoes collected using light traps and pyrethrum knockdown sprays, Anopheles (Cellia) funestus Giles was presumed to be the principal vector because it was the most abundant mosquito species from which a strain of ONN virus was isolated. This virus was isolated for the first time from a culicine species, Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis Theobald. Bwamba virus and Nyando virus were also isolated from An. funestus.  (+info)

Determination of natural versus laboratory human infection with Mayaro virus by molecular analysis. (3/93)

A laboratory worker developed clinical signs of infection with Mayaro virus (Togaviridae), an arbovirus of South and Central America, 6 days after preparation of Mayaro viral antigen and 10 days after a trip to a rain forest. There was no evidence of skin lesions during the antigen preparation, and level 3 containment safety measures were followed. Therefore, molecular characterization of the virus was undertaken to identify the source of infection. RT-PCR and DNA sequence comparisons proved the infection was with the laboratory strain. Airborne Mayaro virus contamination is thus a hazard to laboratory personnel.  (+info)

Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. (4/93)

Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. Test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a combined MAC-ELISA capable of identifying virus infections caused by members of each virus family. Furthermore, by grouping antigens geographically and utilizing known serological cross-reactivities, we have reduced the number of antigens necessary for testing, while maintaining adequate detection sensitivity. We have determined that a 1:400 serum dilution is most appropriate for screening antiviral antibody, using a positive-to-negative ratio of >/=2.0 as a positive cutoff value. With a blind-coded human serum panel, this combined MAC-ELISA was shown to have test sensitivity and specificity that correlated well with those of other serological techniques.  (+info)

A dual infection of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a togavirus-like virus in ISA of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in New Brunswick, Canada. (5/93)

Two viruses, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a novel togavirus-like virus, were isolated from ISA disease outbreaks that were first reported as a new syndrome, haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS) affecting farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the East coast of Canada. Laboratory confirmation of ISA diagnosis was initially complicated by isolation of only the togavirus-like agent using the CHSE-214 cell line. Here we demonstrate that a clinical sample from a disease outbreak of ISA contained a mixture of ISA virus and togavirus-like virus. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of both viruses during serial passage of cultures in SHK-1 and CHSE-214 cells. Virus harvested at passage level 3 in both cell lines caused high mortalities and severe gross pathology consistent with ISA virus infection in experimentally inoculated Atlantic salmon parr (approximately 35 g) in freshwater, beginning 12 d post inoculation. ISA virus was detected by virus isolation from kidney and liver tissues of all dead or moribund fish tested. A comparison of virus isolation, 1-step procedure RT-PCR and RNA dot-blot hybridization for detection of ISA virus (ISAV) in fish tissues showed virus isolation to have 100% sensitivity, followed by RT-PCR (66 and 28% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively), with RNA dot-blot hybridization as the least sensitive method (20 and 10% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively). No togavirus-like virus was detected in these samples by virus isolation. Moreover, another togavirus-like virus isolate grown in CHSE-214 cells in the absence of any other detectable pathogen was non-pathogenic in experimentally inoculated fish. This study confirms that the original ISA outbreaks in New Brunswick, Canada, were caused solely by ISAV.  (+info)

UNA virus: first report of human infection in Argentina. (6/93)

Una virus (UNAV), Togaviridae family, is widely distributed in South America, where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts (humans, birds and horses). We analyzed human sera from Cordoba inhabitants aged 44 to 89 years and using a neutralization test, we found a prevalence of UNAV antibodies of 3.8% (3/79). The low titers detected suggest past infections probably acquired in rural areas of the Province of Cordoba (central Argentina). None sera were found positive for MAYV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first report of human infections by UNAV in Argentina.  (+info)

A delayed-type hypersensitivity-inducing T-cell epitope of Semliki Forest virus mediates effective T-helper activity for antibody production. (7/93)

The rational development of peptide vaccines requires the identification of both B- and T-cell epitopes. In this study, potential T-helper cell epitopes of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) were identified on the basis of their ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice using recombinant SFV fragments produced as hybrid proteins with beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli and synthetic peptides coupled to beta-galactosidase. Although the tested fragments spanned almost the entire amino acid sequence of the structural proteins of SFV, only one DTH-inducing region (located between amino acid 137 and 151 of the SFV E2 membrane protein) was identified. Peptides containing this E2 region stimulated lymph node cells from SFV-primed mice in vitro. The ability of the identified T-cell epitope to induce a specific T-helper response in mice was evaluated using synthetic peptides that contained combinations of the DTH-inducing region and different previously identified linear B-cell epitopes of E2. These peptides proved able to induce an antipeptide IgG response in mice in an H-2d-restricted fashion. One of the peptides was also able to induce high titres of IgG reactive with SFV-infected cells and protected 70-100% of the peptide-immunized mice after challenge with virulent SFV. Our findings suggest that DTH and T-helper activity are mediated by different doses of the same T-cell epitope.  (+info)

Misfolding and aggregation of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. (8/93)

As a part of our studies on the folding of glycoproteins in the ER, we analyzed the fate of viral glycoproteins that have misfolded either spontaneously or through inhibition of N-linked glycosylation. Newly synthesized Semliki Forest virus spike glycoproteins E1 and p62 and influenza hemagglutinin were studied in infected and transfected tissue culture cells. Misfolded proteins aggregated in less than 1 min after release from polysomes and aberrant interchain disulfide bonds were formed immediately. When more than one protein was misfolded, mixed aggregates were generated. This indicated that the formation of complexes was nonspecific, random, and not restricted to products from single polysomes. The size of the aggregates varied from small oligomers to complexes of several million daltons. BiP was associated noncovalently with the aggregates and with some of the nonaggregated products. We conclude that aggregation reflects the poor solubility of incompletely folded polypeptide chains.  (+info)

Togaviridae is a family of single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The most well-known member of this family is the genus Alphavirus, which includes viruses such as Chikungunya, Eastern equine encephalitis, Sindbis, O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, and Western equine encephalitis viruses.

Togaviridae infections typically cause symptoms such as fever, rash, arthralgia (joint pain), myalgia (muscle pain), and sometimes more severe manifestations like meningitis or encephalitis, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune status. The transmission of these viruses usually occurs through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although some members of this family can also be transmitted via other arthropod vectors or through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.

Prevention strategies for Togaviridae infections include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes. Vaccines are available for some members of this family, such as the Eastern and Western equine encephalitis viruses, but not for others like Chikungunya virus. Treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications.

Togaviridae is a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. It includes two genera: Alphavirus and Rubivirus. Alphaviruses are associated with arthritis and encephalitis in humans and animals, while Rubivirus contains only one species, the rubella virus, which is the causative agent of rubella (German measles). These viruses are usually transmitted through insect vectors such as mosquitoes.

Alphaviruses are a genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the family Togaviridae. They are enveloped viruses and have a icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70 nanometers. Alphaviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropods, and can cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, including arthritis, encephalitis, and rash.

Some examples of alphaviruses that can infect humans include Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are usually found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals.

Alphaviruses have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and have a genome that encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1 to nsP4) involved in viral replication, and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1) that form the virion.

Prevention and control of alphavirus infections rely on avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and reducing mosquito breeding sites. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for alphavirus infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalitis virus, but not for others, such as Chikungunya virus.

In medical terms, "swallowing" refers to the process by which food or liquids are transported from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements. This complex neuromuscular activity involves several structures including the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus.

Dysphagia is a term used to describe difficulty in swallowing, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as neurological disorders, head and neck cancers, or gastrointestinal motility disorders. If not managed properly, dysphagia can lead to complications like malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and decreased quality of life.

Cimicidae is an family of small, wingless insects known as "bed bugs." These parasitic pests feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are typically active at night and can be difficult to detect due to their small size and ability to hide in tight spaces. Infestations of bed bugs can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and psychological distress. It is important to seek professional help for the detection and elimination of bed bugs if an infestation is suspected.

Alphavirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response.

Some of the more common alphaviruses that cause human disease include:

* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): This virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause a fever, rash, and severe joint pain. While most people recover from CHIKV infection within a few weeks, some may experience long-term joint pain and inflammation.
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals, including humans. EEEV can cause severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and coma. It has a high mortality rate of up to 30-50% in infected individuals.
* Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV): This virus is also transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals. WEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It has a lower mortality rate than EEEV but can still cause significant illness.
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on horses and other mammals, including humans. VEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ability to cause severe illness and death in large populations.

There are no specific treatments for alphavirus infections other than supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. Public health efforts also focus on reducing mosquito populations through environmental controls such as eliminating standing water and using insecticides.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sparrows" is not a term used in medical definitions. Sparrows are small, common birds that belong to the family Passeridae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state in the central United States and not a medical term. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The name "Chikungunya" is derived from a Makonde word meaning "to become contorted," which describes the stooped posture developed as a result of severe arthralgia (joint pain) that is a primary symptom of infection with this virus.

CHIKV infection typically causes a febrile illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While the symptoms are usually self-limiting and resolve within 10 days, some individuals may experience persistent or recurring joint pain for several months or even years after the initial infection.

There is no specific antiviral treatment available for Chikungunya virus infection, and management primarily focuses on relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying in air-conditioned or screened rooms, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.

Chikungunya virus is found primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, but it has also caused outbreaks in Europe and the Americas due to the spread of its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus can cause large-scale epidemics, with millions of cases reported during outbreaks. There is currently no approved vaccine for Chikungunya virus infection.

Arboviruses are a group of viruses that are primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. The term "arbovirus" is short for "arthropod-borne virus."

Arboviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the individual host's immune response. Some common symptoms associated with arboviral infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In severe cases, arboviral infections can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or hemorrhagic fever (bleeding disorders).

There are hundreds of different arboviruses, and they are found in many parts of the world. Some of the most well-known arboviral diseases include dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika virus infection, West Nile virus infection, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis.

Prevention of arboviral infections typically involves avoiding mosquito bites and other arthropod vectors through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito feeding times. Public health efforts also focus on reducing vector populations through environmental management and the use of larvicides. Vaccines are available for some arboviral diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.

It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.

Arbovirus infections are a group of diseases caused by viruses that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. "Arbo" is short for "arthropod-borne."

There are over 150 different Arboviruses, but only a few cause significant illness in humans. Some of the most common Arbovirus infections include:

* Dengue fever
* Chikungunya fever
* Yellow fever
* Zika virus infection
* Japanese encephalitis
* West Nile fever
* Tick-borne encephalitis

The symptoms of Arbovirus infections can vary widely, depending on the specific virus and the individual infected. Some people may experience only mild illness or no symptoms at all, while others may develop severe, life-threatening complications.

Common symptoms of Arbovirus infections include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, and fatigue. In more severe cases, Arbovirus infections can cause neurological problems such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

There is no specific treatment for most Arbovirus infections. Treatment is generally supportive, with fluids and medications to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as dehydration or neurological problems.

Prevention of Arbovirus infections involves avoiding mosquito and tick bites, using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes and ticks. Vaccines are available to prevent some Arbovirus infections, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a type of viral encephalitis that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by the western equine encephalitis virus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus.

WEEV is most commonly found in North America, particularly in the western and central regions of the United States and Canada. The virus is maintained in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but it can also infect horses and humans.

In humans, WEEV infection can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis, meningitis, and seizures. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex tarsalis.

The incubation period for WEEV is typically 4-10 days, after which symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Mild cases of WEEV may be asymptomatic or may cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe cases may involve neck stiffness, disorientation, seizures, coma, and permanent neurological damage.

There is no specific treatment for WEEV, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours. Public health authorities may also implement mosquito control measures to reduce the risk of transmission.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a type of alphavirus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in horses and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although it can also be spread through contact with contaminated food or water, or by aerosolization during laboratory work or in bioterrorism attacks.

VEEV infection can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. There are several subtypes of VEEV, some of which are more virulent than others. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, but outbreaks can also occur in other regions, including the United States.

VEEV is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of transmission through aerosolization and its high virulence. There are no specific treatments for VEEV infection, although supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas, using personal protective equipment during laboratory work with the virus, and implementing strict biocontainment procedures in research settings.

... paralysis Todd's syndrome Togaviridae disease Tollner-Horst-Manzke syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Toluene antenatal infection ... myelitis TRAPS Treacher Collins syndrome Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome Tremor hereditary essential Treponema infection Trevor ... of childhood Transient global amnesia Transient neonatal arthrogryposis Transitional cell carcinoma Transplacental infections ... tibial defect polydactyly Trihydroxycholestanoylcoa oxidase isolated deficiency Trimethadione antenatal infection ...
"Imported Mayaro virus infection in the Netherlands". The Journal of Infection. 61 (4): 343-5. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.06.009. ... The causative virus, abbreviated MAYV, is in the family Togaviridae, and genus Alphavirus. It is closely related to other ... The MAYV infection can be confirmed by laboratory testing such as virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology. The virus isolation in ... The MAYV infection is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, rash, prominent pain in the large joints, and association with ...
As a result, flaviviruses and pseudo typed retroviruses have a harder time infecting TAM-deficient DCs, albeit infection can be ... DNA viruses Herpesviridae Poxviridae Hepadnaviridae Asfarviridae RNA viruses Flaviviridae Alphaviridae Togaviridae Coronavirus ... They have been shown to play significant roles in immunity and infection. Viral glycoproteins, a new class of cellular ... A TAM kinase inhibitor, meanwhile, prevents infection of wild-type DCs. TAM receptors, which are potential targets for therapy ...
Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kobayashi M, Kikuchi T, Yamanaka T, Kondo T (2015). "Getah Virus Infection among Racehorses, ... Zhai, You-gang (2008). "Complete sequence characterization of isolates of Getah virus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) ... In pigs, the virus causes miscarriage; symptoms occurred 1-3 days after experimental infection. Though the virus does not ... In inoculated horses, the symptoms manifested themselves beginning 2-4 days post infection. ...
It is of the viral family Togaviridae. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been ... There have also been rare cases in horses where MIDV infection has led to jaundice, laminitic stance, and aborted pregnancy. ... Veterinarians may give anti-inflammatory drugs to affected animals to lessen the inflammatory response of the infection. Horse ... In these cases where MIDV infection led to neurologic disease, moderate meningoencephalitis was observed microscopically. ...
These not only spread throughout the initial site of infection but can jump across synapses.[citation needed] The life cycle of ... Sindbis virus (Togaviridae family) - anterograde with small amount retrograde. Adeno-associated virus AAV (Parvoviridae family ... Koyuncu, Orkide O.; Hogue, Ian B.; Enquist, Lynn W. (2013). "Virus Infections in the Nervous System". Cell Host & Microbe. 13 ( ... "Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology". Acta Neuropathologica. 131 (2): 159-184. ...
The type-1 interferon response seems to play an important role in the host's response to chikungunya infection. Upon infection ... Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is a member of the genus Alphavirus, and family Togaviridae. It was first isolated in 1953 in ... Newborns are susceptible to particularly severe effects of Chikungunya infection. Signs of infection typically begin with fever ... "Infection of myofibers contributes to increased pathogenicity during infection with an epidemic strain of chikungunya virus". ...
Helminth infections, as the most common infection of humans, are often found to be in multi-infection systems. For example, in ... Chikungunya virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word "chikungunya" is from the Makonde ... There are 50-100 million dengue virus infections annually. Dengue fever is usually not fatal, but infection with one of four ... In a first-ever infection, the infected person usually develops symptoms within two to six weeks. During a second infection, ...
Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. Other symptoms include eye pain, chest pain, ... ONNV is a togavirus (family Togaviridae), genus Alphavirus, is closely related to the chikungunya and Igbo Ora viruses, and is ... No fatalities due to infection are known. ONNV has at least three major subtypes, or strains, the genomic sequences of which ... "O'nyong-nyong Virus Infection Imported to Europe from Kenya by a Traveler". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (10): 1766-1767. ...
Symptoms in horses occur 1-3 weeks after infection, and begin with a fever that may reach as high as 106 °F (41 °C). The fever ... "Togaviridae". Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR). Portals: Medicine Viruses (CS1: long volume value, Use dmy ... The fatality rate in humans is 33%, and currently no cure is known for human infections. This virus has four variations in the ... Viral infections of the central nervous system). ...
Helminthiasis (worm infection), Ascariasis, and enterobiasis (pinworm infection) are few that are caused by various parasitic ... and Togaviridae. Some notable pathogenic viruses cause smallpox, influenza, mumps, measles, chickenpox, ebola, and rubella. ... 2014). Immune Response to Parasitic Infections. Immune Response to Parasitic Infections. Vol. 2. Bentham Science Publishers. ... or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because ...
Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden, Russian ... Sindbis virus (SINV) is a member of the Togaviridae family, in the Alphavirus genus. The virus was first isolated in 1952 in ... Alphavirus infection MicrobiologyBytes: Togaviruses CDC: Pogosta disease and Sindbis virus Sindbis virus-ICTVdB-The Universal ... Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Togaviridae (Articles with short description, Short description matches ...
"Togaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10 ... A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus ... "Babies Born with CMV (Congenital CMV Infection)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2017. Retrieved June 17 ... Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1420084962. Murillo A ...
ICTV Report Togaviridae Viralzone: Alphavirus Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Togaviridae This article ... Terrestrial alphavirus infections are spread by insect vectors such as mosquitoes. Once a human is bitten by the infected ... Initially, the Togaviridae family included what are now called the Flaviviruses, within the Alphavirus genus. The flaviviruses ... Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the ...
193-. ISBN 978-1-4615-9358-4. Sondra Schlesinger; Milton J. Schlesinger (9 March 2013). The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. ... "National Symposium on-Hospital Acquired Infections & Antimicrobial Resistance". Aligarh Muslim University. 2017. "Scientific ... 193-. ISBN 978-1-4615-9358-4. Sondra Schlesinger; Milton J. Schlesinger (9 March 2013). The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. ... he is known for his studies on Dengue virus infection. Chaturvedi is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science ...
WEE is commonly a subclinical infection; symptomatic infections are uncommon. However, the disease can cause serious sequelae ... An alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, the WEE virus is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) transmitted by mosquitoes of the ... There is no human vaccine for WEE and there are no licensed therapeutic drugs in the U.S. for this infection. The virus affects ... and is associated mostly with infection in the elderly. Approximately 15-20% of horses that acquire the virus will die or be ...
Here is the Clinical features of Chikungunya virus infections compared with dengue virus infections. Several methods can be ... It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. It was first described during an outbreak in ... So any kind of infection can be incubated into the body, HIV infected person can be easily infected by mycobacterium ... So any kind of infection can be incubated into the body, HIV infected person can be easily infected by mycobacterium ...
Current estimates indicate that as many as 390 million infections occur each year, and many dengue infections are increasingly ... 54: Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)". In Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University ... Zakeri Z, Ghosh-Roy S, Datan E, McLean JE, Zandi K, Germain G (2015). "Cell death and virus infection - a short review". 20 ... Thus, more studies over D7 protein family are needed do elucidate its role on DENV infection and its applicability in medicine ...
Severe progressions of infection have been linked to the development of microcephaly in the unborn child, while mild infections ... Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)". In Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of ... Infection during pregnancy causes microcephaly and other brain malformations in some babies. Infection in adults has been ... The infection, known as Zika fever or Zika virus disease, often causes no or only mild symptoms, similar to a very mild form of ...
Arch Virol "Togaviridae- Classification and Taxonomy". Garbutt M, Law LM, Chan H, Hobman TC (May 1999). "Role of rubella virus ... and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy. Rubella virus, ... Until 2018, Rubiviruses were classified as part of the family Togaviridae, but have since been changed to be the sole genus of ... Matonaviridae remains part of the realm that it was already in as Togaviridae, Riboviria, because of its RNA genome and RNA ...
After the first infection, macrophages display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to ... The family Togaviridae (order Martellivirales) includes Chikungunya virus which causes Chikungunya fever. Family Rhabdoviridae ... Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive) ribavirin may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections. VHF isolation ... Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of antibody-dependent enhancement. ...
2007). "Ecological correlates of Buggy Creek Virus infection in Oeciacus vicarius, Southwestern Nebraska, 2004". Journal of ... family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus). "Oeciacus vicarius Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05- ...
Infection. 43 (2): 229-230. doi:10.1007/s15010-014-0695-0. PMID 25380568. S2CID 33629748. "Ross River virus infection - ... Taxonomically, Ross River virus belongs to the virus genus Alphavirus, which is part of the family Togaviridae. The ... The RRV infection is characterised by inflammation and pain to multiple joints. Hydration by sufficient fluid intake is ... Ross River fever is also known as Ross River virus infection or Ross River virus disease. Ross River virus is named after the ...
Tambyah, P. A.; Koay, E. S. C.; Poon, M. L. M.; Lin, R. V. T. P.; Ong, B. K. C.; Transfusion-Transmitted Dengue Infection Study ... virus Genus Seadornavirus Banna virus Subfamily Spinareovirinae Genus Coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus Family Togaviridae ( ... The majority of infections, however, are asymptomatic. Among cases in which symptoms do appear, symptoms tend to be non- ... In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3-15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. ...
The Eilat virus is from the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Alphaviruses are miniature spherical shaped (around 70 nm in ... The Eilat virus's incapability of entering vertebrate cells was proven by infection with the EILV-expressing red fluorescent ... by super infection exclusion/ Homologous interference). This in turn will allow the virus to form a virus, (of broader host ...
Purified RNA of a positive-sense virus can directly cause infection though it may be less infectious than the whole virus ... This analysis suggests that alphaviruses and flaviviruses can be separated into two families-the Togaviridae and Flaviridae, ... Kondo H, Chiba S, Toyoda K, Suzuki N (January 2013). "Evidence for negative-strand RNA virus infection in fungi". Virology. 435 ... The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. Classification is based principally ...
Jain, Hanish; Schweitzer, John W.; Justice, Nathaniel A. (2023), "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection", StatPearls, Treasure ... Rubella SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus 2 Slapped cheek syndrome Smallpox Togaviridae Venezuelan equine encephalitis ...
... the infection of a two-day-old white experimental mice with the virus results in deaths occurring 8-12 days after infection. ... Togaviridae) isolated fromOrnithodoros papillipes (Birula, 1895) ticks in Uzbek S.S.R. - Springer", Archives of Virology, 50 (1 ... have reported with severe disease such as encephalitis and other large outbreaks of fever illness connected infection with the ...
amboinensis are able to control viral infections in a similar way to natural arbovirus vector mosquito species. Understanding ... and characteristics of these small RNAs indicate that both the siRNA and piRNA pathways are induced in response to infection. ... their ability to manage arboviral infections will be advantageous when assessing these and similar species as biological ... In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. Although ...
Categories: Togaviridae Infections Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE. ... "Alphavirus Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Alphavirus Infections" by people in this website by year, and ... Possible role of a cell surface carbohydrate in evolution of resistance to viral infections in old world primates. J Virol. ...
Infections. Alphavirus Infections. Arbovirus Infections. Vector Borne Diseases. Togaviridae Infections. RNA Virus Infections. ... RT-PCR on Urine Samples: Added Value for the Diagnosis of Chikungunya Virus Infection (CHIK_urine). The safety and scientific ... Confirmation of CHIKV infection by RT-PCR on serum or seroconversion (defined as positive anti-CHIKV IgM antibody assay on day ... MedlinePlus related topics: Chikungunya Fever Urine and Urination Viral Infections Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ...
Chikungunya virus belongs to the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Alphavirus infections can either cause arthralgic or ...
Viral arthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joints from a viral infection. Identifying and understanding the ... Alphaviruses constitute a genus of the Togaviridae family. Approximately five to six types of alphavirus infection cause ... Viruses can cause infection or act as cofactors in the development of rheumatic diseases. Viral infection depends on both host ... HTLV-1 infection is associated with Sjögren syndrome, as well as with the following diseases:. * Adult T-cell leukemia/non- ...
Viral Infections by Dr.T.V.Rao MD - Transferir como PDF ou ver online gratuitamente ... TOGAVIRIDAE Chikungunya virus Infection • 1952 Epidemic in Tanzania. • Manifest as Bend Up with Severe Joint pains. • Spread ... Togaviridae • The name Togaviridae derived from Toga meaning roman mantle or clack refers to the viral surface 21-01-2018 Dr.T. ... Human infection is a tangential dead end and infections are spread when the infected mosquitoes reach high density. Dr.T.V. ...
"a family of RNA viruses, mainly arboviruses"; infection = TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS. Allowable Qualifiers:. CH chemistry. CL ... Togaviridae - Preferred Concept UI. M0021617. Scope note. A family of RNA viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of two genera ... Togaviridae. Scope note:. Familia de virus ARN, principalmente arbovirus, formada por dos géneros: ALPHAVIRUS (arbovirus del ...
Infection by UNA virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and risk factor analysis in black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) from ... Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan Chaco. American ...
Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE ... INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ... Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. ...
Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE ... INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ... Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. ...
... paralysis Todds syndrome Togaviridae disease Tollner-Horst-Manzke syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Toluene antenatal infection ... myelitis TRAPS Treacher Collins syndrome Treft-Sanborn-Carey syndrome Tremor hereditary essential Treponema infection Trevor ... of childhood Transient global amnesia Transient neonatal arthrogryposis Transitional cell carcinoma Transplacental infections ... tibial defect polydactyly Trihydroxycholestanoylcoa oxidase isolated deficiency Trimethadione antenatal infection ...
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with CHIKV, an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. The clinical ... Previous outbreaks of CHIKV infection have been associated with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, which is also the vector of ... Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2010, 10:876-885. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.012 pmid:20654736 ... Outbreak of chikungunya virus infection, Vanimo, Papua New Guinea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2013 doi:10.3201/ ...
aegypti-derived Dcr2 knockout cell line by reporter assays and infection with mosquito-borne Semliki Forest virus (Togaviridae ... To address this gap, we aimed to characterize intra-host infection barriers by combining tissue-level monitoring of infection ... our study employed a combination of tissue-level infection kinetics and single-cell-level infection kinetics using in situ ... Differential intra-host infection kinetics in Aedes aegypti underlie superior transmissibility of African relative to Asian ...
... and Filovirus Infections - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Some infections (eg, West Nile virus infection West Nile Virus West Nile virus is a flavivirus that is now the primary cause of ... Zika virus infection is typically... read more , and chikungunya disease Chikungunya Disease Chikungunya disease is transmitted ... Diagnosis... read more , Lassa fever virus Lassa Fever Lassa fever is an often fatal arenavirus infection that occurs mostly in ...
Infection leads to symptomatic disease in 72-92% of humans after 4 to 7 days following the mosquito bite. While mortality with ... Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a Togaviridae virus, transmitted by ... The high risk areas of infection for travelers are places where chikungunya virus-carrying mosquitos are endemic, including the ... on a surrogate of protection agreed with the FDA that is reasonably likely to predict protection from chikungunya infection. ...
... arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae ( ... Options for control of arbovirus infection in other animals emphasize decreasing exposure. Few arbovirus infections have been ... and from flavivirus infections 35%-45%. In EEEV infection, death is frequently spontaneous. With WNV disease, horses are more ... Because of the low viral load in WNV infection, viral detection is unreliable as a diagnostic. Often, only a single neuron in ...
Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae arboviral infections in rural Cameroonian adults. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and ... Burke, DS and Kliks, S (2006) Antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue virus infections [2]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, ... Shaikh, Nader (2006) Circumcision reduces rate of urinary tract infection especially for high-risk boys. J Pediatr, 148 (3). ... Infection and sepsis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, ethics, haematology and haemostasis, ICU organisation and scoring, brain ...
It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. The name "chikungunya" derives from a word ... Prevention of infection by avoiding mosquito bites is the best protection. Prevention and control of chikungunya infection in ... Diagnostics of chikungunya infection. Several methods can be used for diagnosis of chikungunya virus infection. Serological ... A CHIKV infection causes fever and severe joint pain. Other symptoms include muscle pain, joint swelling, headache, nausea, ...
Infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; ...
Immunity to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in US Children With Perinatal HIV Infection or Perinatal HIV Exposure Without Infection ... It is caused by rubella virus, which is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Nearly one half of ... Image in a 4-year-old girl with a 4-day history of low-grade fever, symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, and rash ... Image in a 4-year-old girl with a 4-day history of low-grade fever, symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, and rash ...
Survivors of Ebola virus infection may present late with a spectrum of ocular manifestations, ranging from mild retinal ... In those recovering from Ebola infection, the finding of treatable eye disease which can lead to visual impairment has two ... and Togaviridae such as Chikungunya also cause intraocular inflammation.4 ... Survivors of Ebola virus infection may present late with a spectrum of ocular manifestations, ranging from mild retinal ...
Acute Infection. Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast ... In a 2016 report of 110 nonpregnant adults hospitalized due to chikungunya virus infection in Guadeloupe, 42 had a severe form ... Dengue fever is clinically similar; dengue virus infection more often causes neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage, ... although there have been reports of maternal-fetal transmission in the perinatal period in mothers with acute infection, with ...
Systemic dengue infection associated with a new dengue virus type 2 introduction in Brazil - a case report. BMC INFECTIOUS ... Among these viruses, we could highlight those belonging to the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, which may cause clinical ... Association of Malaria Infection During Pregnancy With Head Circumference of Newborns in the Brazilian Amazon. JAMA NETWORK ... Codon adaptation biases among sylvatic and urban genotypes of Dengue virus type 2. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, v. 64, p. ...
The infection leads to symptomatic disease in 72-92% of humans after four to seven days following the mosquito bite. ... Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a Togaviridae virus transmitted by Aedes ... The high-risk areas of infection for travelers are places where chikungunya virus-carrying mosquitos are endemic, including the ...
Orthomyxoviridae Infections. Picornaviridae Infections. Reoviridae Infections. Retroviridae Infections. Togaviridae Infections ...
Patterns of infection among Flavivirus species and their hosts. The diagrammed phylogeny is for part of the Flavivirus genus ... Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77: 442-445 ... Filled cells indicate evidence that one or more species in that group has shown evidence of infection (orange) or disease (red ... New World monkeys are the most likely potential reservoir because of evidence of their infection with ZIKV (Hayes 2009; ...
  • Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE. (umassmed.edu)
  • It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphaviru s genus of the family Togaviridae . (microbiologyclass.net)
  • It is caused by rubella virus, which is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
  • Chikungunya vaccine (CHIKV), an RNA virus in the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. (rauias.com)
  • Alphaviruses comprise a genus of the family Togaviridae, currently containing about 26 members, including the well-characterized prototype viruses, semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SV). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Infection from a broad range of viruses can result in arthralgias and arthritis. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses can cause infection or act as cofactors in the development of rheumatic diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses establish systemic infection and viremia. (slideshare.net)
  • Viruses are good inducers of interferon, which can account for the flulike symptoms of infection. (slideshare.net)
  • Previous outbreaks of CHIKV infection have been associated with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti , which is also the vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses. (who.int)
  • Despite numerous studies highlighting the higher transmissibility of the African Zika virus (ZIKV) lineage compared to the Asian lineage in mosquito vectors, little is known about how the viruses interact with different tissues during the early steps of mosquito infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hantavirus Infection Hantaviridae are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, which consists of at least 4 serotypes with 9 viruses causing 2 major, sometimes overlapping, clinical syndromes: Hemorrhagic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • 3 In addition, Flaviviridae such as Zika, Dengue and West Nile viruses, and Togaviridae such as Chikungunya also cause intraocular inflammation. (cehjournal.org)
  • Among these viruses, we could highlight those belonging to the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, which may cause clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection, acute febrile to disease viral haemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. (fapesp.br)
  • Alphaviruses are members of the Togaviridae family of viruses. (unc.edu)
  • Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. (uams.edu)
  • Alphavirus refers to a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae that are transmitted by arthropods and especially mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
  • Most of mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) belong to the Flaviviridae , Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae families and can cause severe human diseases including haemorrhagic fever, biphasic fever, encephalitis, and meningitis [1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Only the clinical diagnosis can check false positive cases for other viruses, such as CHIKV, underestimating the real numbers of MAYV infection. (fapesp.br)
  • We've found an average of two new viruses are appearing in humans each year and that the Coronaviridae , Flaviviridae , Togaviridae , Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae virus families are likely to be the source of the next pandemic. (www.csiro.au)
  • Since these symptoms overlap with other infections, including those with dengue and Zika viruses, cases can be misdiagnosed. (rauias.com)
  • genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Retrospective laboratory evaluation of the detection rate of CHIKV infection by real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on urine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Urine and serum samples from patients with confirmed CHIKV infections from an endemic area (Aruba) and from ITM will be analyzed. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To assess the added value of RT-PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection in comparison to the reference methods. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To describe the kinetics of RT- PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection over time. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Prospective cohort study of patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection (positive RT-PCR for CHIKV on the sample at the time of inclusion or seroconversion defined as positive anti-CHIKV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody assay on day 14), who attend the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp and the Horacio Oduber Hospitaal in Aruba within 72 hours after fever onset. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Study population : patients with confirmed CHIKV infection Sample size : panel of 20 CHIKV confirmed cases Data analysis and reporting : The percentages of positive urine RT-PCR (over different time-points of duration of the CHIKV infection) will be calculated. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Endpoints: diagnostic sensitivity of CHIKV RT-PCR on urine samples in patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection, comparison of analytical sensitivity (based on Ct-values) with RT-PCR on serum, positivity rates of RT-PCR urine samples over time Ethical issues: Informed consent will be obtained from study participants. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with CHIKV, an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. (who.int)
  • Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a Togaviridae virus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. (mvm.com)
  • A CHIKV infection causes fever and severe joint pain. (microbiologyclass.net)
  • CHIKV infection causes a range of symptoms, including fever, rash, and pain and swelling of the muscles and joints that can persist for months or years. (unc.edu)
  • Lastly, we instead provide evidence that mutation of the opal termination codon specifically alters NF-kB signaling in response to CHIKV infection. (unc.edu)
  • Most of these are zoonotic, with spillover infections of humans and domestic animals, but a few such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have the ability to use humans as amplification hosts for transmission in urban settings and explosive outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Introduction: The Mayaro Virus (MAYV) is an enveloped RNA virus of Togaviridae family that causes febrile syndrome and arthritis (similar to that caused by chikungunya virus - CHIKV), and is considered the main arthritic virus in South America. (fapesp.br)
  • Viral infection can present symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia of large joints and arthritis, which is similar to that caused by CHIKV. (fapesp.br)
  • CHIKV, like MAYV, is an enveloped RNA alphavirus in the Togaviridae family. (fapesp.br)
  • Besides that, with the correct diagnosis of MAYV and differential for CHIKV, it is possible to specifically analyze the clinical manifestations and repercussions of MAYV infection in the region's population and in high-risk pregnant patients and their babies, checking the need for monitoring of mother for possible gestational and obstetric complications, in addition to her newborn. (fapesp.br)
  • There is no specific antiviral drug treatment for CHIKV infections. (rauias.com)
  • Rubella virus is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus (Togaviridae family) and is a single-stranded RNA virus. (medscape.com)
  • Chikungunya fever is caused by the chikungunya virus, an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • Chikungunya virus belongs to the family Togaviridae , genus Alphavirus . (cdc.gov)
  • Alphaviruses constitute a genus of the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, and now, the Americas. (logicalimages.com)
  • The Togaviridae family, genus, Alphavirus, includes several mosquito-borne human pathogens with the potential to spread to near pandemic proportions. (cdc.gov)
  • History Venezuelan equine encephalitis pathogen (VEEV) is one of the Alphavirus genus inside the Togaviridae family members and was initially isolated from horses in the long run from the 1930s [1,2]. (biodiversityhotspot.org)
  • Furthermore, Alphavirus is one of the two genera of the family Togaviridae. (pediaa.com)
  • The Alphavirus genus within the Togaviridae family contains several important mosquito-borne arboviruses. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Mayaro virus and Chikungunya virus both belong to the family Togaviridae. (azolifesciences.com)
  • Using these and other previously published primers, we screened 39 cimicid species (spanning 16 genera and all 6 recognized subfamilies) and 2 species of the sister family Polyctenidae for Wolbachia infections using museum and wild-caught material. (lookformedical.com)
  • RNA interference (RNAi) is an important mosquito defense mechanism against arbovirus infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The meetings provided up-to-date information on the current situation and agreed on a set of actions for the countries to undertake to enhance their preparedness and response capacities to Zika virus infection and its complications. (who.int)
  • Carried by infected Aedes aegypti mosquitos, Zika is largely transmitted through bites, but can also occur through intrauterine infection. (ufoscience.org)
  • Cases of Zika virus infection have been reported from four states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala and Delhi - in 2021. (ufoscience.org)
  • The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections. (blogspot.com)
  • Mosquitoes belonging the Aedes ge- man cases were reported until 2007 when ings provided up-to-date information nus, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes the first Zika outbreak was reported in on ZIKV infection and its complications albopictus , which are the species most in- Yap, Micronesia ( 2 ). (who.int)
  • 2 Moreover, in previous outbreaks, Ebola virus infection had been noted to precipitate uveitis in a minority of survivors. (cehjournal.org)
  • Serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection occur worldwide and affect millions of people. (unc.edu)
  • There are no effective therapies or vaccines against alphavirus infection, yet serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection continue to occur. (unc.edu)
  • In the past, the generation of monoclonal murine antibodies has improved the fast identification CB-7598 of VEEV infections to locate human and equine outbreaks of encephalitis. (biodiversityhotspot.org)
  • He was admitted to hospital with suspected SARS-CoV-2 or hantavirus infection, but other infectious etiologies, such as dengue or a bacterial urinary tract infection, were also considered. (cdc.gov)
  • chikungunya is caused by a Togaviridae alphavirus, while dengue is caused by a Flavirideae flavivirus. (ufoscience.org)
  • Chikungunya transmission mirrors dengue as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes spread infection through bites. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • They are both viral infections spread by the Aedes mosquito (in contrast to the Anopheles mosquito, which is associated with malaria). (ufoscience.org)
  • Here we show that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infection of Aedes albopictus-derived U4.4 mosquito cells reduces cellular gene expression. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Infection leads to symptomatic disease in 72-92% of humans after 4 to 7 days following the mosquito bite. (mvm.com)
  • Chikungunya is a viral infection disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans. (rauias.com)
  • The investigation in Nicaragua is examining the possibility that infection in humans resulted from exposure to water and soil contaminated by animal urine following recent heavy rainfall and flooding in that region. (cdc.gov)
  • Importantly, the Alphavirus infection transmits via infected mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
  • Correlating the virus titer with the total RNA quantity allowed the prediction of the maximum number of mosquitoes per pool in which the RT-qPCR can theoretically detect the virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • Flaviviridae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Flaviviridae Infections" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Flaviviridae Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Flaviviridae Infections" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
  • Non- neutralizing antibody can enhance flavivirus infection via Fc receptors on the macrophage. (slideshare.net)
  • Image in a 4-year-old girl with a 4-day history of low-grade fever, symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, and rash. (medscape.com)
  • Arboviral Infections. (slideshare.net)
  • Emerging, and re-emerging arboviral infections have caused substantial public concerns in recent years [4]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Modern-day ZIKV infection is now known to cause encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome in otherwise healthy adults. (ufoscience.org)
  • However, since the virulence characteristics of the strain responsible in this case require further study and the prevalence of subclinical infections in laboratories working with SFV remains unknown, the committee recommends Level 3 until further information is available warranting reconsideration at a lower level. (cdc.gov)
  • Sasidharan A, Harrison CJ, Banerjee D, Selvarangan R. Emergence of Parechovirus A4 Central Nervous System Infections among Infants in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. (childrensmercy.org)
  • We also identified a significant bottleneck during midgut infection establishment for both ZIKV lineages, with only a small percentage of the virus population successfully initiating infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these findings demonstrate that differences in intra-host infection kinetics underlie differential transmissibility between African and Asian ZIKV lineages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our analysis excluded participants whose viremia was detectable at enrollment but undetectable at the time of mosquito feeding, which was the case for all participants with DENV-3 and ZIKV infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • The generation of ZIKV genomes has been challenging due to the transient viremia upon infection . (caddecentre.org)
  • These findings aid our understanding of factors that restrict severe alphavirus-induced disease, and could contribute to the design of effective therapies against alphavirus infection. (unc.edu)
  • In a 2016 report of 110 nonpregnant adults hospitalized due to chikungunya virus infection in Guadeloupe, 42 had a severe form of disease with a syndrome consistent with severe sepsis or septic shock . (logicalimages.com)
  • It is also known as food poisoning, food infection, stomach flu, and winter vomiting diseases. (sanfoundry.com)
  • The high risk areas of infection for travelers are places where chikungunya virus-carrying mosquitos are endemic, including the Americas, parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia. (mvm.com)
  • The high-risk areas of infection for travelers are places where chikungunya virus-carrying mosquitos are endemic, including the Americas, parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia, and the virus has spread to more than 110 countries . (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • Currently, there are no vaccines available for the prophylaxis of MAYV infection, but there are already some prototypes in preclinical tests. (fapesp.br)
  • This is followed by a secondary viremia that occurs 6-20 days after infection. (medscape.com)
  • Fortunately, because of the successful immunization program initiated in the United States in 1969, rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome rarely are seen today. (medscape.com)
  • The few cases of rubella recorded in recent years involve susceptible individuals who have not been immunized with rubella vaccine and do not have a history of previous rubella infection. (medscape.com)
  • Although the mice initially infected with Chikungunya had low levels of neutralizing antibodies in their bloodstream, these levels rose rapidly after secondary infection with Mayaro, inducing cross-protection against the latter. (azolifesciences.com)
  • Production of memory cells [ B and T lymphocytes ] takes time, but the mice first infected with Chikungunya already had them, so during secondary infection by Mayaro the immune response was faster, including a rise in levels of neutralizing antibodies,' Fumagalli explained. (azolifesciences.com)
  • This experiment served to demonstrate that antibodies produced in response to infection by Chikungunya also led to cross-protection against Mayaro. (azolifesciences.com)
  • The clinical characteristics of chikungunya include acute onset of fever which may last up to two weeks and painful, potentially debilitating, polyarthritis in adults which may last for up to a year following infection. (who.int)
  • Yellow fever (YF) is responsible for dozens of thousands of deaths annually in South America and Africa and is the most severe mosquito-borne infection in the tropics . (caddecentre.org)
  • In some cases the specific virus involved can be identified on the basis of the clinical features of systemic infection, but in many cases serologic testing is necessary for diagnosis, guided by clinical and epidemiologic data. (medscape.com)
  • however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Severe Parechovirus 3 Infections in Young Infants-Kansas and Missouri, 2014. (childrensmercy.org)
  • A severe infection that develops when spores contaminate wounds. (innvista.com)
  • The role of antiviral drugs in eliminating intraocular infection with Ebola virus is currently being evaluated. (cehjournal.org)
  • Antiviral RNA interference responses induced by Semliki Forest virus infection of mosquito cells: characterization, origin, and frequency-dependent functions of virus-derived small interfering RNAs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Survivors of Ebola virus infection may present late with a spectrum of ocular manifestations, ranging from mild retinal scarring to complete bilateral blindness resulting from tractional retinal detachment, cataract and glaucoma secondary to intraocular inflammation. (cehjournal.org)
  • HCV infection occurs worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase, but the mechanisms by which rubella virus causes fetal damage are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
  • The initiation of the infection occurs through the mosquito or tick bite. (pediaa.com)
  • Person-to-person transmission of chikungunya has not been documented, although there have been reports of maternal-fetal transmission in the perinatal period in mothers with acute infection, with subsequent high levels of morbidity for the neonate. (logicalimages.com)
  • Viral antigens - NS1 protein appears before antibodies during acute infection. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • Joint pain can persist for weeks to years after acute infection. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
  • However, SFV infection of mosquito cells did not result in activation of any of these pathways and suppressed their subsequent activation by other stimuli. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Additional studies are under way to confirm the role of leptospiral infection in the outbreak of acute febrile illness, establish animal reservoirs of infection, and identify potentially modifiable risk factors for disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The University of Florida has protocols in place for the collection of diagnostic blood samples from children seen at the school clinic with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (i.e., febrile illness with no localizing signs, such as would be expected with pneumonia, urinary tract infections, etc. (blogspot.com)