A syndrome characterized by facial palsy in association with a herpetic eruption of the external auditory meatus. This may occasionally be associated with tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, severe otalgia, and inflammation of the pinna. The condition is caused by reactivation of a latent HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN infection which causes inflammation of the facial and vestibular nerves, and may occasionally involve additional cranial nerves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p757)
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
A condition marked by progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA combined with MYOCLONUS usually presenting in the third decade of life or later. Additional clinical features may include generalized and focal SEIZURES, spasticity, and DYSKINESIAS. Autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been reported. Pathologically, the dentate nucleus and brachium conjunctivum of the CEREBELLUM are atrophic, with variable involvement of the spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, and basal ganglia. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1991, Ch37, pp60-1)
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A characteristic symptom complex.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Norway" is a country name and doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I'd be happy to help!
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.

A role for methotrexate in the management of non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease. (1/7)

AIM: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of methotrexate for patients with non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease who fail to respond to systemic corticosteroids and/or orbital irradiation. METHODS: The medical records of patients with non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease who were treated with methotrexate at Oregon Health Sciences University between June 1993 and June 2000 were examined. Methotrexate was administered at a median maximum dose of 20 mg per week (range 15-25 mg per week) in conjunction with folate supplementation. Patients were followed with regular ophthalmic examinations, as well as serum liver enzyme levels and blood cell counts. Clinical signs of regression of the orbital inflammation, visual acuity, dosage and duration of methotrexate therapy, requirement for concurrent corticosteroid administration, and adverse drug reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The study cohort included 14 patients (24 eyes) with diagnoses including non-specific orbital inflammation (n=7), Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (n=1), thyroid orbitopathy (n=3), Wegener's granulomatosis (n=1), sarcoidosis (n=1), and Erdheim-Chester disease (n=1). In all cases, methotrexate was commenced as a corticosteroid sparing agent. 10 patients (71%) completed a 4 month therapeutic trial of methotrexate. Median duration of treatment for the nine (64%) patients who experienced clinical benefit was 25 months (range 10-47 months). Six responders were ultimately able to cease methotrexate, including the single patient who required concurrent long term corticosteroid therapy. Complications included fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbance, hair thinning and mild, reversible serum liver enzyme elevation. Two patients (14%) discontinued treatment because of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Methotrexate is a well tolerated immunosuppressive medication which may benefit patients with recalcitrant non-infectious orbital inflammatory disease.  (+info)

Granulomatous pachymeningitis around the sella turcica (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome) involving the hypophysis--case report. (2/7)

A 50-year-old female presented with right painful abducens nerve palsy persisting for 4 months and mild panhypopituitarism with diabetes insipidus for 6 months. T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the sellar region showed a homogeneously enhanced mass lesion in the right cavernous sinus which seemed to extend from the swollen pituitary gland. T(2)-weighted MR imaging clearly showed the mass in the right cavernous sinus and the thickened dura mater of the sellar floor as hypointense, and the enlarged pituitary gland as isointense. Biopsy of the thickened dura mater and swollen pituitary gland was performed via the transsphenoidal approach. Histological examination revealed inflammation and collagen fiber formation in these regions. The diagnosis was secondary panhypophysitis resulting from granulomatous pachymeningitis involving the cavernous sinus (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome). Corticosteroid therapy was begun after the biopsy. Her periorbital pain and diplopia were relieved, but diabetes insipidus persisted. Follow-up MR imaging showed a decrease in the volumes of the pituitary gland and the mass in the cavernous sinus.  (+info)

Metastatic skull base tumor from thymic carcinoma mimicking Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (3/7)

A 39-year-old male without contributory medical history had sustained progressive double vision, ptosis, and trigeminal pain for 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed total ophthalmoplegia and visual field defect with normal blood examination and chest radiography. Cranial computed tomography revealed a hyperdense mass in the left frontotemporal fossae with bony erosion. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a broad-based, intensely enhanced extraaxial tumor of 4x4x4 cm diameter with dural tail sign. Cerebral angiography demonstrated insignificant blood supply both from the internal carotid and middle meningeal arteries. Nearly total tumor resection was achieved via orbitofrontotemporal craniotomy. Intraoperative findings revealed the extraaxial tumor with broad attachment to the dura mater and invasion to the optic and oculomotor nerves. Histological examination revealed hypercellular tumor with significant cell atypism, mitotic activity, and focal necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for AE1/3 and c-kit, but negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Systemic examination performed postoperatively revealed a thymic tumor without additional remote lesions. The final diagnosis was metastatic brain tumor from thymic carcinoma. Rapid progression of neurological impairment inconsistent with a benign extraaxial tumor needs prompt surgical intervention.  (+info)

Isolated trochlear nerve palsy in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (4/7)

A 67-year-old Japanese woman without contributory medical history developed acute onset of left-sided trochlear nerve palsy (TNP) with persistent and severe periorbital pain. There were no other neurological abnormalities. Funduscopic findings were normal. Cranial and orbital magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and cranial MR angiography demonstrated no abnormalities. By administration of prednisolone 40 mg/day from the day after onset, periorbital pain was resolved within 24 hours, and TNP within 5 days. Thereafter, prednisolone was gradually tapered off. She remained asymptomatic under no medication. In the English language literature, this is the first reported case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome presenting with isolated TNP.  (+info)

Utility of thallium-201 scintigraphy in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (5/7)

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare disorder, especially in the pediatric population, characterized by unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia with a relapsing-remitting course. Because the diagnosis of THS is based on the exclusion of other causes of painful ophthalmoplegia, attention should be paid to possible alternative diagnoses. Thallium-201 chloride ((201)Tl) scintigraphy has been used to evaluate tissue histology in clinical oncology with a marker, the retention index (RI). A higher value indicates histological malignancy. Although its utility in pediatric THS has not been discussed, we suggest that (201)Tl scintigraphy may be informative as a marker in the diagnosis. We present an 11-year-old boy with THS who was evaluated with (201)Tl scintigraphy before treatment with corticosteroids, when he had headache, photophobia, and diplopia. The RI of (201)Tl indicated that the lesion would be benign. Although his clinical symptoms did not fulfill the THS criteria completely, his eye symptoms disappeared 2 weeks after corticosteroid treatment, which was not within the 72 h as in the diagnostic criteria of THS. He has been symptom-free for more than 2 years with only an initial 4-week corticosteroid therapy. This report not only shows the potential of (201)Tl scintigraphy to contribute to the correct diagnosis of pediatric THS but also suggests the possibility that the diagnosis of THS could be supported uniquely even in a pediatric THS-suspicious patient who did not fulfill the current THS criteria completely. In conclusion, we suggest that (201)Tl scintigraphy may be useful for making the diagnosis of THS, especially in pediatric patients.  (+info)

Tolosa-hunt syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus infection. (6/7)

We herein present the case of a 38-year-old woman with left-sided oculomotor paralysis with ocular pain that developed after a respiratory infection. Her serum was positive for IgM against GM2 and GalNAc-GD1a gangliosides and cytomegalovirus. Thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhanced abnormal tissue located primarily in the superolateral part of the left-sided cavernous sinus, which corticosteroids subsequently obscured with immediate resolution of the patient's ocular symptoms. These clinical features were consistent with those of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS). Our findings in the present patient suggest that cytomegalovirus may provoke granuloma formation in the cavernous sinus, as reported in other various organs, thereby leading to the development of THS.  (+info)

Primary retroperitoneal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting with numb chin syndrome and painful ophthalmoplegia. (7/7)

Numb chin syndrome (NCS) and painful ophthalmoplegia (PO) are neurological syndromes associated with the disturbance of certain cranial nerves and their downstream nerves. These syndromes are caused by various diseases, and, in rare cases precede the diagnosis of systemic malignant lymphoma. We herein present the case of a 59-year-old man diagnosed simultaneously with NCS and PO caused by a tumor located around the cavernous sinus and with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was identified via biopsy of a large retroperitoneal tumor. He was successfully treated with a standard rituximab-containing chemotherapy combined with high-dose intravenous methotrexate and intrathecal chemotherapy.  (+info)

Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, is a viral infection that affects the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). It is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus responsible for chickenpox. After an initial chickenpox infection, the virus can remain dormant in the body and later reactivate, causing herpes zoster oticus.

In this condition, the virus affects the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve, leading to inflammation and damage to the nerve fibers. This results in various symptoms, including:

1. Painful rash around the ear, on the face, or in the mouth
2. Facial weakness or paralysis on one side of the face
3. Hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or vertigo (dizziness)
4. Loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
5. Difficulty closing one eye, leading to dryness and irritation

Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment, which typically involves antiviral medications and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and speed up recovery. Early treatment can help minimize the risk of complications, such as permanent facial nerve damage or hearing loss.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergia is not a widely recognized or formally defined medical term. However, based on its individual components, it can be inferred to refer to a neurological condition characterized by:

1. Myoclonus: These are sudden, involuntary jerking movements of a muscle or group of muscles. They typically occur as a result of hyperexcitability of the neurons in the brain that control movement (motor neurons).
2. Cerebellar: The cerebellum is a part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining posture and balance, and fine-tuning motor skills. When a condition is described as "cerebellar," it implies that there is some dysfunction or abnormality in this region of the brain.
3. Dyssynergia: This term refers to a lack of coordination between muscles and muscle groups during voluntary movements. It can result from damage to the cerebellum or other parts of the nervous system involved in motor control.

Therefore, myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergia could be interpreted as a condition characterized by involuntary muscle jerks (myoclonus) and impaired coordination of voluntary movements (dyssynergia), likely due to cerebellar dysfunction. However, it is essential to consult with a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan if you or someone else experiences symptoms that may align with this description.

Bell palsy is a peripheral facial nerve palsy, which means that it is a weakness or paralysis of the facial nerves (cranial nerve VII) that causes sudden asymmetric weakness on one side of the face. The symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include:

* Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face
* Drooping of the mouth, causing difficulty with smiling, eating, drinking, or speaking
* Inability to close one eye
* Dryness of the eye and mouth
* Changes in taste sensation
* Discomfort around the jaw and behind the ear
* Headache
* Increased sensitivity to sound

The exact cause of Bell palsy is not known, but it is believed to be related to inflammation or swelling of the facial nerve. It may also be associated with viral infections such as herpes simplex virus or HIV. In most cases, Bell palsy resolves on its own within a few weeks to months, although some people may experience residual symptoms such as facial weakness or asymmetry. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids and antiviral medications, which can help reduce inflammation and speed up recovery.

Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. It's caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in your nerve cells and can reactivate later in life as herpes zoster.

The hallmark symptom of herpes zoster is a unilateral, vesicular rash that occurs in a dermatomal distribution, which means it follows the path of a specific nerve. The rash usually affects one side of the body and can wrap around either the left or right side of your torso.

Before the rash appears, you may experience symptoms such as pain, tingling, or itching in the area where the rash will develop. Other possible symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle weakness. The rash typically scabs over and heals within two to four weeks, but some people may continue to experience pain in the affected area for months or even years after the rash has healed. This is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).

Herpes zoster is most common in older adults and people with weakened immune systems, although anyone who has had chickenpox can develop the condition. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have herpes zoster, as early treatment with antiviral medications can help reduce the severity and duration of the rash and lower your risk of developing complications such as PHN.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Norway" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in Northern Europe, known officially as the Kingdom of Norway. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.

Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.

People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.

The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

Metabolic syndrome, also known as Syndrome X, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It is not a single disease but a group of risk factors that often co-occur. According to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a person has metabolic syndrome if they have any three of the following five conditions:

1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or more in men, and 35 inches or more in women)
2. Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
3. HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
4. Systolic blood pressure of 130 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater
5. Fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater

Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats. Treatment typically involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and losing weight if necessary. In some cases, medication may also be needed to manage individual components of the syndrome, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the inflammation of the nerve structures (including the fifth and sixth cranial nerves) within the cavernous sinus, a venous space near the base of the skull. This inflammation can lead to various symptoms such as:

1. Unilateral or bilateral orbital pain, which may be severe and deep, often radiating around the eye and temple.
2. Ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the eye muscles), causing double vision (diplopia) and limited eye movement in specific directions.
3. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid).
4. Other possible symptoms include decreased sensation around the forehead, cheek, or upper jaw, and loss of taste on the anterior part of the tongue.

The exact cause of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is unknown, but it's believed to be related to an autoimmune response or a non-specific inflammatory process. It can also occur in conjunction with other medical conditions like neoplasms (tumors) or infections. The diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI and CT scans, along with blood tests and a thorough neurological examination.

Treatment usually includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, immunosuppressive medications or radiation therapy may be necessary. If left untreated, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome can lead to permanent visual impairment or other neurological deficits.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:

* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head

The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.

A migraine disorder is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent headaches that often involve one side of the head and are accompanied by various symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances. Migraines can last from several hours to days and can be severely debilitating. The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the brain and blood vessels. There are different types of migraines, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura, chronic migraine, and others, each with its own specific set of symptoms and diagnostic criteria. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and behavioral therapies to manage symptoms and prevent future attacks.

Exophthalmos is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes beyond the normal orbit (eye socket). This condition is also known as proptosis. Exophthalmos can be caused by various factors, including thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), tumors, inflammation, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to various symptoms such as double vision, eye discomfort, redness, and difficulty closing the eyes. Treatment of exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

The Sella Turcica, also known as the Turkish saddle, is a depression or fossa in the sphenoid bone located at the base of the skull. It forms a housing for the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes several essential hormones. The Sella Turcica has a saddle-like shape, with its anterior and posterior clinoids forming the front and back of the saddle, respectively. This region is of significant interest in neuroimaging and clinical settings, as various conditions such as pituitary tumors or other abnormalities may affect the size, shape, and integrity of the Sella Turcica.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-01-21. "Tolosa Hunt Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ... Roughly 30-40% of patients who are treated for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome experience a relapse. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is uncommon ... "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome". Who Named It. Retrieved 2008-01-21. La Mantia L, Curone M, Rapoport AM, Bussone G (2006). "Tolosa-Hunt ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with orbital pain, along with weakness ...
Kwan ES, Wolpert SM, Hedges TR, Laucella M (February 1988). "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome revisited: not necessarily a diagnosis of ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Idiopathic Akkara Veetil BM, Yee AH, Warrington KJ, Aksamit AJ Jr, Mason TG (December 2012). "Aseptic ... Maltsman-Tseikhin A, Moricca P, Niv D (June 2007). "Burning mouth syndrome: will better understanding yield better management ... Other examples include: Adult-onset Still's disease Behçet's disease Bell's palsy Burning mouth syndrome Chronic recurrent ...
She suffered from Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome. She faced many surgeries following a motorcycling ...
Rare causes of isolated sixth nerve damage include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Wernicke-Korsakoff ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is an idiopathic granulomatous disease that causes painful oculomotor (especially sixth nerve) palsies. ... These rare syndromes are of interest primarily as useful summaries of the anatomy of the brainstem. Complete interruption of ... syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency, classically due to alcoholism. The characteristic ocular abnormalities are nystagmus ...
... as can orbital tumors and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. In general, these diseases affect other cranial nerves as well. Isolated damage ... The clinical syndromes can originate from both peripheral and central lesions. A peripheral lesion is damage to the bundle of ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome), uveitis, and retinal detachment. Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome, also known as orbital ... In Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, findings include enhancement and fullness of the anterior cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure ... Involving the orbital apex and with intracranial involvement Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a variant of orbital pseudotumor in which ... Overall, radiographic features for idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome vary widely. They include inflammation of the ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome), and fungal infections. Cavernous sinus syndrome is a medical emergency, requiring prompt medical ... Horner's syndrome can also occur due to involvement of the carotid ocular sympathetics, but may be difficult to appreciate in ... Cavernous sinus syndrome may result from mass effect of these tumors and cause ophthalmoplegia (from compression of the ... Potential causes of cavernous sinus syndrome include metastatic tumors, direct extension of nasopharyngeal tumours, meningioma ...
... attributed to herpes zoster Head or facial pain attributed to acute herpes zoster Post-herpetic neuralgia Tolosa-Hunt syndrome ... Migraine without aura Migraine with aura Childhood periodic syndromes that are commonly precursors of migraine Retinal migraine ... Sturge Weber syndrome) Headache attributed to arteritis Headache attributed to giant cell arteritis (GCA) Headache attributed ... Burning mouth syndrome Other cranial neuralgia or other centrally mediated facial pain Headache not elsewhere classified ...
Although Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) and RPON share many clinical features, THS can be identified by the presence of ... Evers, Stefan (June 2017). "Facial pain: Overlapping syndromes". Cephalalgia. 37 (7): 705-713. doi:10.1177/0333102417703761. ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome MeSH C11.640.451 - optic atrophy MeSH C11.640.451.451 - optic atrophies, hereditary MeSH C11.640.451.451. ... horner syndrome MeSH C11.710.570 - mydriasis MeSH C11.710.800 - tonic pupil MeSH C11.710.800.180 - aide syndrome MeSH C11.744. ... Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome MeSH C11.270.060 - aniridia MeSH C11.270.060.950 - WAGR syndrome MeSH C11.270.142 - choroideremia ... dry eye syndromes MeSH C11.496.260.394 - keratoconjunctivitis sicca MeSH C11.496.260.719 - Sjögren syndrome MeSH C11.496. ...
Todd's paralysis Todd's syndrome Togaviridae disease Tollner-Horst-Manzke syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Toluene antenatal ... Bellman syndrome Turcot syndrome Turner-Kieser syndrome Turner-Morgani-Albright Turner-like syndrome Turner's syndrome ... syndrome Toriello-Lacassie-Droste syndrome Toriello syndrome Toriello-Higgins-Miller syndrome Torres-Ayber syndrome Torsades de ... Mari type Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome Tourette syndrome Townes-Brocks syndrome Toxic conjunctivitis Toxic shock syndrome ...
... periodic syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Tonic tensor tympani syndrome Tooth and nail syndrome TORCH syndrome Tourette syndrome ... syndrome Raine syndrome Ramos-Arroyo syndrome Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 1 Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 Ramsay Hunt syndrome ... syndrome Wende-Bauckus syndrome Werner syndrome Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome West syndrome Westerhof syndrome Wet lung syndrome ... syndrome Shone's syndrome Short anagen syndrome Short bowel syndrome short limb syndrome Short man syndrome Short QT syndrome ...
... a 5432 m high peak in the Andes next to the Aconcagua Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, a rare medical disorder Gold of Tolosa, a hoard of ... Look up Tolosa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tolosa may refer to: Tolosa, the name of Toulouse, France, in Occitan ( ... Argentina Tolosa, Leyte, a municipality in the Philippines Tolosa, Portugal, a parish of Nisa, Portugal Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, a ... Argentine politician 138 Tolosa, an asteroid SS Tolosa a number of ships with this name Tolosa mountain, ...
... tolosa-hunt syndrome MeSH C10.292.600.200 - aide syndrome MeSH C10.292.650.200 - esthesioneuroblastoma, olfactory MeSH C10.292. ... cri-du-chat syndrome MeSH C10.597.606.643.210 - de lange syndrome MeSH C10.597.606.643.220 - down syndrome MeSH C10.597.606.643 ... melas syndrome MeSH C10.228.140.163.100.540 - menkes kinky hair syndrome MeSH C10.228.140.163.100.545 - merrf syndrome MeSH ... guillain-barre syndrome MeSH C10.668.829.350.500 - miller fisher syndrome MeSH C10.668.829.425 - isaacs syndrome MeSH C10.668. ...
Hallucinations can occur in parkinsonian syndromes for a variety of reasons. An overlap exists between PD and dementia with ... Hunt, Jeremy; Coulson, Elizabeth J.; Rajnarayanan, Rajendram; Oster, Henrik; Videnovic, Aleksandar; Rawashdeh, Oliver (2022-01- ... ISBN 978-0-8400-3298-0. Fung VS, Thompson PD (2007). "Rigidity and spasticity". In Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (eds.). Parkinson's ... Caballol N, Martí MJ, Tolosa E (September 2007). "Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease". Mov. Disord. 22 ( ...
Genetic conditions with an increased risk include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AAAs are the most common form of ... Raghavan ML, Kratzberg J, Castro de Tolosa EM, Hanaoka MM, Walker P, da Silva ES (2006). "Regional distribution of wall ... Hunt, Sharon A.; Jacobs, Alice K.; Nishimura, Rick; Ornato, Joseph P.; Page, Richard L.; Riegel, Barbara (September 2006). "ACC ... Connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, have also been strongly associated with AAA. ...
"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-01-21. "Tolosa Hunt Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ... Roughly 30-40% of patients who are treated for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome experience a relapse. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is uncommon ... "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome". Who Named It. Retrieved 2008-01-21. La Mantia L, Curone M, Rapoport AM, Bussone G (2006). "Tolosa-Hunt ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with orbital pain, along with weakness ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior ... encoded search term (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome) and Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hunt WE. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: one cause of painful ophthalmoplegia. J Neurosurg. 1976 May. 44(5):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and/or the cavernous ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior ... encoded search term (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome) and Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hunt WE. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: one cause of painful ophthalmoplegia. J Neurosurg. 1976 May. 44(5):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and/or the cavernous ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with extraocular palsies, u ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with extraocular palsies, ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior ... encoded search term (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome) and Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hunt WE. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: one cause of painful ophthalmoplegia. J Neurosurg. 1976 May. 44(5):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and/or the cavernous ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior ... encoded search term (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome) and Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hunt WE. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: one cause of painful ophthalmoplegia. J Neurosurg. 1976 May. 44(5):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and/or the cavernous ...
An ophthalmoplegic syndrome, affecting all age groups, with characteristics of acute attacks (lasting a few days to a few weeks ... The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.. Kline LB, Hoyt WF. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001 Nov;71(5):577-82. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.71.5.577. ... The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.. Kline LB, Hoyt WF. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001 Nov;71(5):577-82. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.71.5.577. ... The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.. Kline LB. Surv Ophthalmol 1982 Sep-Oct;27(2):79-95. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(82)90190-4. PMID: 6755785 ...
Shahrizaila, N. and Ramli, N. and Tan, C.T. (2010) Tolosa-Hunt syndrome following recurrent facial palsies. Neurology Asia, 15 ... Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is typically associated with an inflammatory lesion in the cavernous sinus or orbital fissure, often ... In this report, we describe a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome preceded by several years history of idiopathic recurrent facial ... resolution of THS in our case as well as prior facial nerve involvement supports the hypothesis that Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, primary and metastatic tumors of the head, meningioma, neurinoma, lymphoma ... Beraldin B.S., Felippu A., Martinelli F., Patricio H.C. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome mimicking cavernous sinus tumor. Bras. J. ... Harnett A.N., Kemp E.G., Fraser G. Metastatic Breast Cancer Presenting as Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. Clinical Oncology. 1999; 11: ... Shengwen K, Huang S.-Y., Liu C.-Y. Extramedullary plasmocytoma masquerading as Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. BMJ case Rep. Published ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, inflammation of the area behind the eye. *Increased or decreased pressure in the skull ... Gradenigo syndrome (which also causes discharge from the ear and eye pain) ...
He was diagnosed with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, an idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus of unknown cause. ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: Return with vengeance. Dr Serena Horlick, Core Surgical Trainee Year 1, St Georges University Hospitals ... A case of Henoch-Schönlein purpura with underlying tumour necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome. Dr Kanishk ...
Tn polyagglutination syndrome Tolchin-Le Caignec Syndrome Tollner Horst Manzke Syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome + ... urofacial syndrome + A syndrome that is characterized by inverted facial expressions in association with a severe and early- ... Cerebellar Vermis Aplasia with Associated Features suggesting Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Meckel Syndrome ... urofacial syndrome (DOID:0050816). Annotations: Rat: (2) Mouse: (2) Human: (2) Chinchilla: (2) Bonobo: (2) Dog: (2) Squirrel: ( ...
A Patient Presenting with Ptosis, Opthalmoplegia, and Decreased Periorbital Sensations and Facial Droop in Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome ... Images in Hospital Medicine : Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome After High Dose Cytarabine in Acute Myelogenous ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome was also named after him for his role in its discovery. ... In 1968 Researchers developed the Hunt and Hess scale to classify the severity of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. William Hunt, MD ( ... Zollinger and his colleague Edwin Ellison, MD, identified Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare disorder that causes tumors in the ...
A simultaneous occurrence of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and fibrillary glomerulonephritis: a case report A Gigante, K Giannakakis, M ... The prevalence and clinicopathological profile of IgM nephropathy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome at a ...
Diagnosis and Treatment of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in the Emergency Department, Open Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol.5 No.1, ... Tako-tsubo syndrome after administration of intravenous adrenaline during atrioventricular block, Open Journal of Emergency ... A Risk-Adjusted Retrospective Data Analysis between Younger and Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes-Long-Term ...
Discharge diagnoses included uncontrolled hypertension, third nerve palsy due to diabetes, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (an ... The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 326(4):242-250. ...
Moreover, the cavernous segment may be subject to infectious or inflammatory pathology, for instance Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, ... Imaging of neurovascular compression syndromes: Trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, vestibular paroxysmia, and ...
A Rare Case of Tolosa Hunt Syndrome with Compresive Optic Neuropathy. Afdal Riza ... Type 2 Foster Kennedy Syndrome : An Unusual Presentation of Multiple Meningioma. Grace Setiawan ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
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TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
Tolosa Hunt Syndrome Whats New Last Posted: Jan 01, 2011 * Tolosa Hunt syndrome From NCATS Genetic and Rare Diseases ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME SINDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT SÍNDROME DE TOLOSA-HUNT TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE RESECCION TRANSURETRAL ... KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME SINDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY SÍNDROME DE KLUVER-BUCY KORSAKOFF SYNDROME SINDROME DE KORSAKOFF SÍNDROME DE ... BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME SINDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL SÍNDROME DE BARDET-BIEDL BASAL GANGLIA CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ENFERMEDAD ... UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME SINDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SÍNDROME DE UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG URETEROSCOPES URETEROSCOPIOS ...
  • The cause of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is not known, but the disorder is thought to be, and often assumed to be, associated with inflammation of the areas behind the eyes (cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure). (wikipedia.org)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. (medscape.com)
  • Axial imaging without (left) and with (right) enhancement demonstrates nonspecific fullness involving the left cavernous sinus, consistent with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome within the context of the history. (medscape.com)
  • ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and/or the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormality in the cavernous sinus in three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI and CT findings. (medscape.com)
  • An ophthalmoplegic syndrome, affecting all age groups, with characteristics of acute attacks (lasting a few days to a few weeks) of periorbital pain, ipsilateral ocular motor nerve palsies, ptosis, disordered eye movements and blurred vision usually caused by a non-specific inflammatory process in the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure. (nih.gov)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is typically associated with an inflammatory lesion in the cavernous sinus or orbital fissure, often requiring steroids for symptom resolution. (um.edu.my)
  • Beraldin B.S., Felippu A., Martinelli F., Patricio H.C. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome mimicking cavernous sinus tumor. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • He was diagnosed with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, an idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus of unknown cause. (isciii.es)
  • The only difference between the orbital apex diseases such as OPS, CSS (Cavernous sinus syndrome), and SOFS (Superior orbital fissure syndrome) is the involvement of the optic nerve. (healthncare.info)
  • Chuman H, Takako S, Nao-i N. Pediatric Cavernous Sinus Syndrome as the Initial Presentation of Intracranial Germinoma: A Case Report. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • No optic disc abnormalities were observed and indicated cavernous sinus syndrome. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Intracranial germinoma manifest hypopituitarism and bitemporal hemianopsia but in this case, intracranial germinoma manifesting as cavernous sinus syndrome initially. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Cavernous sinus syndrome represents highly in adults and pediatric cases are rare. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma and Trosa-Hunt syndrome were occasionally reported as diseases causing cavernous sinus syndrome in children. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Although it is very rare, germinoma should be kept in mind as a disease which causes cavernous sinus syndrome in children. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • In the present patient, diplopia and ptosis were the initial symptoms and the features of cavernous sinus syndrome complicated by Horner's syndrome were observed. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with orbital pain, along with weakness and paralysis (ophthalmoplegia) of certain eye muscles (extraocular palsies). (wikipedia.org)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare disorder characterized by severe and unilateral headaches with extraocular palsies, usually involving the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cranial nerves, and pain around the sides and back of the eye, along with weakness and paralysis (ophthalmoplegia) of certain eye muscles. (eyepatient.net)
  • Cohn DF, Carasso R, Streifler M. Painful ophthalmoplegia: the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: one cause of painful ophthalmoplegia. (medscape.com)
  • The inclusion of ocular motor nerves in the anatomical zone of the orbital apex causes ophthalmoplegia and visual loss which leads to orbital apex syndrome. (healthncare.info)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe periorbital headaches, along with decreased and painful eye movements (ophthalmoplegia). (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • In this report, we describe a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome preceded by several years' history of idiopathic recurrent facial palsies. (um.edu.my)
  • The spontaneous resolution of THS in our case as well as prior facial nerve involvement supports the hypothesis that Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is part of a spectrum of idiopathic recurrent cranial neuropathy. (um.edu.my)
  • An idiopathic granuloma at the apex of Etiology the orbit is found in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome asthma exacerbation ventolin 100mcg mastercard . (suzumgerecleri.com)
  • Dr. Akolkar treats patients with Gl conditions, including GERD, abdominal pain, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, liver conditions including fatty liver, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, and functional Gl conditions like gastroparesis and irritable bowel syndrome. (hamiltonhealth.com)
  • Steroids are used to treat the inflammation of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Barontini F, Maurri S, Marrapodi E. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome versus recurrent cranial neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Orbital apex syndrome is a condition in which the cranial and optic nerves are involved and they do not work properly. (healthncare.info)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome misdiagnosed as sinusitis complication. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is usually diagnosed via exclusion, and as such a vast amount of laboratory tests are required to rule out other causes of the patient's symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies of cerebrospinal fluid may also be beneficial in distinguishing between Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and conditions with similar signs and symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients should have an idea of the differential diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and report any new symptoms or side effects from treatment to the physician. (medscape.com)
  • The article presents the results of a clinical neuroimaging study of 15 patients with rare tumors of the head that were manifested by symptoms simulating the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS). (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • From the above-mentioned symptoms, the loss of vision is the most common complaint of patients with orbital apex syndrome. (healthncare.info)
  • The prognosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is usually considered good. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Zollinger and his colleague Edwin Ellison, MD, identified Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare disorder that causes tumors in the pancreas and duodenum, and ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. (osu.edu)
  • Sneddon syndrome is a rare progressive disorder affecting the blood vessels characterized by the association of a skin condition and neurological abnormalities. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Moyamoya syndrome is a progressive disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain (cerebrovascular). (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Migraine, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and pleocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • The imaging of the orbit is used to determine the diagnosis of orbital apex syndrome. (healthncare.info)
  • The fungal infections that result in orbital apex syndrome are due to Mucormycosis or aspergillosis fungus. (healthncare.info)
  • Invasive sphenoid sinus aspergillosis can mimic Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), leading to frequent misdiagnoses and potentially fatal consequences. (e-jyms.org)
  • However, although not statistically significant, there were numerically greater numbers of Heplisav patients with evidence of autoimmunity including thyroid disorders, and a handful of rare serious events among Heplisav recipients, including 1 case each of Wegener's granulomatosis , Tolosa-Hunt syndrome , and Guillain-Barre syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome includes immunosuppressives such as corticosteroids (often prednisolone) or steroid-sparing agents (such as methotrexate or azathioprine). (wikipedia.org)
  • Orbital Apex Syndrome is caused by various infections, inflammations, and tumors and the severity differs according to the origin of the disease. (healthncare.info)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is uncommon internationally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is uncommon in both the United States and internationally. (medscape.com)
  • Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Appraising the ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria. (nih.gov)
  • A prospective multicentre study to evaluate the consistency of the IHS diagnostic criteria, the usefulness of brain MRI for the diagnosis, follow-up and treatment management, and the outcome after high dosage 6-methylprednisolone therapy in subjects with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • If no response to steroid therapy has occurred within 72 hours, the diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome should be reevaluated. (medscape.com)
  • Tolosa-Hunt revisited: Not necessarily a diagnosis of exclusion. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of the disease becomes easy due to this feature of the orbital apex syndrome. (healthncare.info)
  • Kobor J, Voros E, Deak A. Magnetic resonance imaging in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Zanus C, Furlan C, Costa P, Cosentini D, Carrozzi M. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in children: a case report. (medscape.com)
  • A Case of Painful Diplopia after COVID-19 Vaccination: Could It Be Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome? (kjfm.or.kr)
  • Vessel wall imaging and carotid artery stenting for recurrent cervical internal carotid artery vasospasm syndrome: illustrative case. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Pérez CA, Evangelista M. Evaluation and Management of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in Children: A Clinical Update. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical features and outcomes of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Factors that influence Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and the short-term response to steroid pulse treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with orbital apex syndrome mostly complain about hypoesthesia of the forehead and afferent pupillary deficit. (healthncare.info)
  • Due to this, orbital apex syndrome is considered different from the other two diseases. (healthncare.info)
  • Thus, this feature of orbital apex syndrome is considered a distinguishing characteristic. (healthncare.info)
  • The orbital apex syndrome can result from bacterial orbital cellulitis, viral infections, and fungal sinusitis. (healthncare.info)
  • Roughly 30-40% of patients who are treated for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome experience a relapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relapse can occur in as many as 40% of patients successfully treated for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. (medscape.com)