Tongue
Tongue Diseases
Tongue, Fissured
Hypoglossal Nerve
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
Taste Buds
Hyoid Bone
Halitosis
Deglutition
Palate, Soft
Lingual Nerve
Mouth
Palate
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Mouth Mucosa
Taste
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Speech Articulation Tests
Pharynx
Pharyngeal Muscles
Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children. (1/8)
Dentists who treat children must be alert to the possibility of finding diseases of the oral mucosa, especially in younger children. The present study aimed to review the most updated information and the experience of our group in order to yield epidemiological data that assist diagnosis of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa in children. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a wide variability in the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in different regions of the world and have led researchers to draw disparate conclusions. Moreover, studies have not been designed using standard criteria, further explaining the wide variability in the percentage of different groups of children with oral lesions, which ranges from 4.1 to 52.6%. The lesions most frequently considered by authors and that most often appear in the different studies are: recurrent aphthous stomatitis (0.9-10.8%), labial herpes (0.78-5.2%), fissured tongue (1.49-23%), geographic tongue (0.60-9.8%), oral candidiasis (0.01-37%) and traumatic injury (0.09%-22.15%). Dentists must be able to detect any of the numerous possible disorders and perform the correct differential diagnosis, key to the treatment plan. The aim of this paper, based on a review of the different national and international studies, is to contribute data on the most important oral mucosal diseases in the paediatric population in terms of prevalence and differential diagnosis. (+info)Phenotypic and dermatological manifestations in Down Syndrome. (2/8)
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with various uncommon dermatological disorders and increased frequency of some common dermatoses. This study was conducted over a 2-year period to evaluate the frequency of phenotypic and dermatologic manifestations in patients with Down syndrome in south India. The most common phenotypic manifestations that characterize DS include the epicanthic fold (93.7%), brachicephaly (90.6%), flat nasal bridge (84.2%), upward angle of eyes (83.2%), wide gap between first and second toe (81.1%), clinodactyly (77.9%), small nose (74.7%), short broad neck (72.6%), single palmar crease (61.1%), increased nuchal skin fold (61.1%), and fissured tongue (52.6%). The most common dermatological manifestation seen in patients with DS were lichenification, xerosis, dental anomaly, fine, sparse hair, and delayed dentition. Alopecia areata was seen in 9.4 percent of patients and tended to be severe. Infections were relatively less common in our study. Our study has highlighted many phenotypic features and dermatoses, which may help provide better care for patients and counseling to the families. (+info)Gingival fibromatosis with hemi-osseous hyperplasia of jaws, focal maxillary viral papillomatosis of gingiva, fissured tongue and congenitally missing anterior teeth: a case report and surgical management of a new syndrome. (3/8)
(+info)Psoriasis and oral lesions: multicentric study of Oral Mucosa Diseases Italian Group (GIPMO). (4/8)
OBJECTIVE: This is a multicentric, observational and controlled study designed to verify the existence of a significant association between plaque-type psoriasis and oral lesions, such as geographic tongue and/or fissured tongue. STUDY DESIGN: during a period of 9 months all consecutive patients with plaque-type psoriasis were enrolled using simple nonrandom (sequential) sampling. The control group included healthy subjects presenting to the same Dermatology centers to monitor pigmented skin lesions; the patients were matched for age and sex. All patients were examined for oral lesions. RESULTS: Out of a total of 535 psoriatic patients and 436 control group patients, oral mucosal lesions were detected in 188 (35.1%) and 86 (19.7%) cases, respectively, and the difference is statistically significant. Fissured tongue (FT) and geographic tongue (GT), which were most frequently detected, were seen more frequently in psoriatic patients (FT: 22.6%; GT: 9.1%) than the control group (FT: 10.3%; GT: 5.2%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the similar studies reported in the literature and the large number of patients involved in our study, we can conclude that FT and GT can be clearly suggested as oral manifestations of plaque-type psoriasis, although the reason for this association is not clear. (+info)Prevalence of oral lesions and normal variants of the oral mucosa in 12 to 15-year-old students in Tehran, Iran. (5/8)
(+info)Benign migratory glossitis with fissured tongue. (6/8)
(+info)Granulomatous cheilitis of Miescher: the diagnostic proof for a Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. (7/8)
BACKGROUND: The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a very rare clinical entity and its classical form is being characterized by the following triad: facial nerve palsy, swelling of the lips and fissured tongue. However, the monosymptomatic form is more common and the typical manifestation is facial edema and/or enlargement of the lips. CASE REPORT: We report a case of monosymptomatic MRS with a positive biopsy of granulomatous cheilitis. CONCLUSIONS: In the daily practice as a pediatrician, it is not usual to diagnose a patient as having MRS. We consider that this is partly because of misdiagnosis. We therefore believe that this case report will supply additional information, in the scope of recurrent facial paralysis and orofacial edema in both children and adults. (+info)Prevalence of fungi in cases of geographical and fissured tongue. (8/8)
One of the most common malformations of the tongue is fissured tongue, very often, is accompanied by geographic tongue; the etiopathogenesis of them is not known. The aim of study was to evaluate the prevalence of fungi in cases of fissured and geographic tongue, and to determine their species and susceptibility to selected antifungal drugs. The study included 104 patients with fissured and/or geographical tongue. To determine fungi present in the tongue, the material was collected with a sterile swab for mycological examination. The procedure was conducted according to that used at our Department. The in vitro susceptibility of the strains to nystatin and miconazole was evaluated. In 45 (43%) cases fissured tongue, in 28 (27%) geographic tongue, and in 31 (30%) both conditions were diagnosed. Mycological examination revealed fungi on the tongue in 73 (70%) patients, including 31 patients (69%) with fissured tongue, 19 (68%) with geographic tongue, and 23 (74%) with concomitant changes. The most frequently detected was Candida albicans (detected in 48-66% of cases); in individual cases, other species of Candida species were found. The strains demonstrated greater sensitivity to nystatin than to miconazole. An analysis of reported symptoms based on the presence or absence of fungi on the tongue revealed that idiopathic pain and burning were significantly more frequently reported by patients with fungi on the tongue (p = 0.034174). Statistically significant differences exist between the presence and absence of fungi with regard to the signs, symptoms of changes on the tongue (p = 0.026015). Also, statistically significant differences (p = 0.00000) exist regarding the presence of fungi with regard to brushing a fissured tongue, or a fissured and geographic tongue; fungi are frequently present when brushing is absent. The prevalence of fungi is greatest in patients with geographic tongue, especially those who do not brush the surface of the tongue. (+info)In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.
Tongue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tongue tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign tongue neoplasms may include entities such as papillomas, fibromas, or granular cell tumors. They are typically slow growing and less likely to spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tongue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant tongue neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the surface of the tongue.
Tongue neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening on the tongue, pain or burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and unexplained bleeding from the mouth. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.
Tongue diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause tongue inflammation (glossitis), pain, and ulcers. Common causes include streptococcus, herpes simplex, and candida albicans.
2. Traumatic injuries: These can result from accidental bites, burns, or irritation caused by sharp teeth, dental appliances, or habitual habits like tongue thrusting or chewing.
3. Neoplasms: Both benign and malignant growths can occur on the tongue, such as papillomas, fibromas, and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Congenital disorders: Some individuals may be born with abnormalities of the tongue, like ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) or macroglossia (enlarged tongue).
5. Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders can affect tongue movement and sensation, such as Bell's palsy, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Systemic diseases: Various systemic conditions can have symptoms that manifest on the tongue, like diabetes mellitus (which can cause dryness and furring), iron deficiency anemia (which may lead to atrophic glossitis), or Sjögren's syndrome (which can result in xerostomia).
7. Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of tongue symptoms remains unknown, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic glossitis or burning mouth syndrome.
Proper diagnosis and treatment of tongue diseases require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a dental or medical specialist such as an oral pathologist, otolaryngologist, or dermatologist.
A fissured tongue is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves or furrows on the surface of the tongue. These grooves can vary in number and depth, and they may cover the entire surface of the tongue or only appear in certain areas. A fissured tongue is also sometimes referred to as a "scrotal tongue" due to its appearance.
While a fissured tongue is usually asymptomatic and does not require treatment, it can occasionally be associated with other conditions such as down syndrome, oral cancer, or certain vitamin deficiencies. It may also increase the risk of tooth decay and gum disease due to the accumulation of food particles and bacteria in the grooves. In some cases, a fissured tongue may cause discomfort or pain, especially if it becomes infected or inflamed. If you have concerns about a fissured tongue or are experiencing symptoms related to this condition, it is recommended that you consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment options.
Tongue habits refer to the specific and repetitive ways in which an individual's tongue moves or rests inside their mouth. These habits can include things like tongue thrusting, where the tongue presses against the front teeth during speech or swallowing; tongue sucking, where the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth; or improper tongue positioning during rest, where the tongue may be positioned too far forward in the mouth or rest against the bottom teeth.
Tongue habits can have an impact on dental and oral health, as well as speech development and clarity. For example, persistent tongue thrusting can lead to an open bite, where the front teeth do not come together when the mouth is closed. Improper tongue positioning during rest can also contribute to the development of a deep overbite or an anterior open bite.
In some cases, tongue habits may be related to underlying conditions such as muscle weakness or sensory integration disorders. Speech-language pathologists and orthodontists may work together to assess and address tongue habits in order to improve oral function and overall health.
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue, allowing for its movement and function. These muscles include the intrinsic muscles that alter the shape of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles that position it in the oral cavity. The hypoglossal nerve also has some minor contributions to the innervation of two muscles in the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. These functions are related to head turning and maintaining head position. Any damage to this nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the tongue, causing difficulty with speech, swallowing, and tongue movements.
Glossitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the tongue. This condition can cause symptoms such as swelling, redness, pain, and smoothness or discoloration of the tongue's surface. Glossitis can have various causes, including nutritional deficiencies (such as vitamin B12 or folate deficiency), allergic reactions, infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal), irritants (such as hot and spicy foods, alcohol, or tobacco), and autoimmune disorders (such as pemphigus vulgaris or lichen planus). Treatment for glossitis depends on the underlying cause.
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide is a chemical compound that is often used in laboratory research as a carcinogenic agent. Its molecular formula is C6H4N2O3, and it is known to cause DNA damage and mutations, which can lead to the development of cancer. It is primarily used in scientific research to study the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to test the effectiveness of potential cancer treatments.
It is important to note that 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide is not a medication or a treatment for any medical condition, and it should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting.
Glossectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the partial or total removal of the tongue. This type of surgery may be performed for various reasons, such as treating certain types of cancer (like oral or tongue cancer) that have not responded to other forms of treatment, or removing a portion of the tongue that's severely damaged or injured due to trauma.
The extent of the glossectomy depends on the size and location of the tumor or lesion. A partial glossectomy refers to the removal of a part of the tongue, while a total glossectomy involves the complete excision of the tongue. In some cases, reconstructive surgery may be performed to help restore speech and swallowing functions after the procedure.
It is essential to note that a glossectomy can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, as the tongue plays crucial roles in speaking, swallowing, and taste sensation. Therefore, multidisciplinary care involving speech therapists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals is often necessary to help patients adapt to their new conditions and optimize their recovery process.
A taste bud is a cluster of specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue, soft palate, and cheek that are responsible for the sense of taste. They contain receptor cells which detect specific tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory). Each taste bud contains supporting cells and 50-100 taste receptor cells. These cells have hair-like projections called microvilli that come into contact with food or drink, transmitting signals to the brain to interpret the taste.
The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.
Halitosis is a medical term that refers to noticeably unpleasant breath. It's also commonly known as bad breath. This condition can result from several factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods, smoking, alcohol use, dry mouth, and various medical conditions (such as gastrointestinal issues, respiratory infections, or liver and kidney problems). Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices, like brushing twice a day and flossing daily, can help prevent halitosis. In some cases, mouthwashes, sugar-free gums, or mints may provide temporary relief. However, if bad breath persists, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dentist for further evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.
The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.
The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.
Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.
The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It provides general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including taste sensation from the same region. It also supplies sensory innervation to the floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva (gum tissue). The lingual nerve is closely associated with the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and their ducts.
In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.
The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It consists of two portions: the anterior hard palate, which is composed of bone, and the posterior soft palate, which is composed of muscle and connective tissue. The palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing, as it helps to direct food and air to their appropriate locations during these activities.
In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.
The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.
The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:
1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.
Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.
The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.
The lingual frenum is a small fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. It contains muscle fibers and can vary in length, thickness, and attachment level. In some individuals, the lingual frenum may be too short or tight, restricting tongue movement, which is known as being "tongue-tied" or having ankyloglossia. This condition can potentially impact speech, feeding, and oral hygiene, although in many cases, it does not cause any significant problems.
In a medical context, taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts with taste buds, which are specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue. The tongue's surface contains papillae, which house the taste buds. These taste buds can identify five basic tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savory). Different areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, but all taste buds can detect each of the five tastes, although not necessarily equally.
Taste is a crucial part of our sensory experience, helping us identify and differentiate between various types of food and drinks, and playing an essential role in appetite regulation and enjoyment of meals. Abnormalities in taste sensation can be associated with several medical conditions or side effects of certain medications.
In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.
In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.
Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.
This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.
Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.
Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.
Speech articulation tests are diagnostic assessments used to determine the presence, nature, and severity of speech sound disorders in individuals. These tests typically involve the assessment of an individual's ability to produce specific speech sounds in words, sentences, and conversational speech. The tests may include measures of sound production, phonological processes, oral-motor function, and speech intelligibility.
The results of a speech articulation test can help identify areas of weakness or error in an individual's speech sound system and inform the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve speech clarity and accuracy. Speech articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate children and adults with speech sound disorders, including those related to developmental delays, hearing impairment, structural anomalies, neurological conditions, or other factors that may affect speech production.
The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.
The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.
The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:
1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.
The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:
1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)
These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.
The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.
The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.
In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.
Fissured tongue - Wikipedia
Fissured Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Fissured Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
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Palpebral fissures2
- Ocular manifestations identified in this child include downslanting palpebral fissures, myopic astigmatism, nystagmus, and exotropia. (hindawi.com)
- Down syndrome includes lazy eyes or spots, difficulty in thinking, up slanting palpebral fissures, displacement of the tongue, and excess skin at the back of the neck. (sunnewsonline.com)
Glossitis7
- [ 2 ] and Down syndrome and in frequent association with benign migratory glossitis ( geographic tongue ). (medscape.com)
- Yarom N, Cantony U, Gorsky M. Prevalence of fissured tongue, geographic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis among Israeli adults of different ethnic origins. (medscape.com)
- Glossitis and other tongue disorders. (medigraphic.com)
- Assimakopoulos D, Patrikakos G, Fotika C, Elisaf M. Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion. (medigraphic.com)
- Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) is a benign condition that occurs in up to 3% of the general population. (medscape.com)
- The changes in the COVID tongue shall be related to the geographic tongue or benign migratory glossitis. (thieme-connect.com)
- 6 ] The areas of depapillation can heal and spontaneously occur in other regions of the tongue, hence the term "migratory glossitis" was used. (thieme-connect.com)
Geographic tongue28
- Fissured tongue and geographic tongue have been reported in association with chronic granulomatous disease. (medscape.com)
- Eidelman E, Chosack A, Cohen T. Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits. (medscape.com)
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with geographic tongue among US adults. (medscape.com)
- In geographic tongue , some areas of the tongue are red and smooth (like ulcers), often surrounded by a white border. (merckmanuals.com)
- The cause is unknown, but fissured tongue may occur with geographic tongue and some other disorders. (merckmanuals.com)
- Geographic tongue: clinical characteristics of 188 cases. (medigraphic.com)
- The etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue are still poorly understood. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue affects males and females and is noted to be more prominent in adults than in children. (medscape.com)
- The classic manifestation of geographic tongue is an area of erythema, with atrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue, surrounded by a serpiginous, white, hyperkeratotic border. (medscape.com)
- Lesion activity in geographic tongue may wax and wane over time, and patients are occasionally free of lesions. (medscape.com)
- [ 10 ] Although geographic tongue is an inflammatory condition histologically, a polygenic mode of inheritance has been suggested because it is seen clustering in families. (medscape.com)
- In a study of patients with psoriasis, geographic tongue occurred in 10% of the patients, in contrast to only 2.5% of age- and sex-matched controls. (medscape.com)
- [ 13 ] A polygenic mode of inheritance has been suggested for geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- [ 14 ] No increased incidence of geographic tongue has been noted with medication use or environmental agents. (medscape.com)
- Immunologic and psychologic parameters have been associated with geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. (medscape.com)
- International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. (medscape.com)
- No racial or ethnic predilection is reported for geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue is a benign condition. (medscape.com)
- Defining geographic tongue, describing its clinical appearance, and reinforcing its benign nature is usually all that is needed to educate patients and allay any concerns they may have about geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Cambiaghi S, Colonna C, Cavalli R. Geographic tongue in two children with nonpustular psoriasis. (medscape.com)
- In the case of symptomatic geographic tongue, the term of migratory stomatitis is used. (thieme-connect.com)
- 5 ] It is interesting to note that various studies on COVID-19 infection stated that geographic tongue is an oral presentation. (thieme-connect.com)
- The geographic tongue is characterized by the depapillation of the tongue's dorsum and lateral surfaces, leading to an erythematous appearance with white-border surroundings. (thieme-connect.com)
- It is well-known that geographic tongue can also be seen as sporadic cases without significant ill-health changes. (thieme-connect.com)
- Then, the following report by Scotto et al that the term COVID tongue in clinical sign called tongue depapillation, none of these had the geographic tongue characteristic. (thieme-connect.com)
- On the other hand, the geographic tongue is classified according to the activity and severity of the lesion. (thieme-connect.com)
- Persistent patches or sores could indicate oral thrush, geographic tongue, or other conditions. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Prevalence2
- Overall, the prevalence of fissured tongue within the United States has been reported to range from 2-5% of the population. (medscape.com)
- Zargari O. The prevalence and significance of fissured tongue and geographical tongue in psoriatic patients. (medigraphic.com)
Lips2
- When seen in association with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, the morbidity is due not to the fissured tongue but is secondary to the granulomatous inflammation of the lips/facial soft tissues and facial paralysis. (medscape.com)
- MRS may be characterized by three main features: recurrent facial nerve palsy, episodes of swelling of the face and lips, and fissuring of the tongue (formation of deep grooves). (nih.gov)
Pale1
- Tongue : Pale, moist, slightly fissured. (hpathy.com)
Benign condition1
- Fissured tongue is a totally benign condition and is considered by most to be a variant of normal tongue architecture. (medscape.com)
Strawberry tongue1
- An examination of his mouth demonstrates a strawberry tongue (shown here). (medscape.com)
Lesion3
- The patient often reports spontaneous resolution of the lesion in one area, with the return of normal tongue architecture, only to have another lesion appear in a different location of the tongue. (medscape.com)
- A 31-year-old man presented with a lesion on his tongue that he first noticed six months earlier as small red dots. (aafp.org)
- His tongue had a large lateral fungating, whitish, exophytic lesion with anterior fissuring of the entire left side of the tongue ( Figure 1 ) . (aafp.org)
Grooves7
- Fissured tongue is a condition frequently seen in the general population that is characterized by grooves that vary in depth and are noted along the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue, as shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
- Fissured tongue is a condition frequently seen in the general population that is characterized by grooves that vary in depth and are noted along the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue. (medscape.com)
- In fissured tongue , deep grooves are located on the tongue surface. (merckmanuals.com)
- To date, models of hummingbird foraging have been based on the almost two-centuries-old assumption that capillary rise loads nectar into hummingbird tongue grooves. (researchgate.net)
- The tongue has deep or shallow horizontal cuts that are also called as pits or grooves. (texaspremierdental.com)
- You may not see any other lingering signs and symptoms other than the appearance of cuts and grooves when you have fissured tongue. (texaspremierdental.com)
- It shows no symptoms other than grooves on the tongue surface. (texaspremierdental.com)
Dorsum1
- When the surface of the tongue called the dorsum is cracked or has fissures, the condition is known as fissured tongue. (hxbenefit.com)
Teeth4
- It was painless, but he had some bleeding after brushing his teeth and tongue. (aafp.org)
- This issue is linked toimproper cleaning of the teeth and also increases the cracks on the tongue surface. (texaspremierdental.com)
- To have an absolute oral health it is important to have tongue scraping done along with the teeth brushing. (epainassist.com)
- While you might focus on your teeth and gums , your tongue also plays a crucial role in revealing insights about your health. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Mouth4
- Hairy tongue may develop when food debris is trapped in the papillae when people do not clean their mouth adequately. (merckmanuals.com)
- and a tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Definition: In a shoe, the flap of material that goes between the laces and the foot (so called because it resembles a tongue in the mouth). (megapdf.info)
- A moderate case was someone who developed any of the following: mouth ulcerations, white coated tongue or tongue fissures. (who.int)
Predilection2
- No predilection for any particular race is apparent in fissured tongue. (medscape.com)
- Some reports have shown a slight male predilection for fissured tongue. (medscape.com)
Mode of inheritance1
- Although a specific etiology has not been elicited for fissured tongue, a polygenic or autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is suspected because fissured tongue is seen with increased frequency in families with an affected proband. (medscape.com)
Moist1
- On the 28th the eyes were bright, the skin warm and sweating, the tongue moist and cleaning, the bowels quiet, the abdominal tenderness much diminished, but still acute in the right iliac and hypogastric regions. (civilwardc.org)
Sore2
- painful sore tongue with a smooth appearance -- folate (B-9) deficiency -- try to avoid synthetic folic acid. (naturalnews.com)
- Although, it can cause a sore or burning tongue in rare cases. (womanandhome.com)
Papillae3
- The tongue's papillae (tiny, rounded projections) may become discolored if a person smokes or chews tobacco, eats certain foods or vitamins, or has colored bacteria growing on the tongue. (merckmanuals.com)
- In "hairy" tongue , keratin (a normal body protein that is in hair, skin, and nails) accumulates on the normal projections on the top of the tongue (papillae) and gives it a hairy appearance. (merckmanuals.com)
- Small bumps present on the top and sides of the tongue are known as fungiform papillae. (hxbenefit.com)
Manifestations1
- Inform patients that fissured tongue is a frequent finding and no specific therapy is required, aside from that necessary to treat the manifestations of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, if present. (medscape.com)
Ulcers1
- Canker sores - also called ulcers - are punched-out, painful areas that occur on the tongue or cheeks. (womanandhome.com)
Sores1
- However, if your tongue pain persists - or is accompanied by other symptoms, like white lumps or canker sores - then it could be down to something else. (womanandhome.com)
Debris3
- Problems only tend to arise with a fissured tongue if poor dental hygiene causes debris to collect in the cracks, which can lead to infection. (womanandhome.com)
- However, people with tongue fissures do face one issue, and that is debris and bacterial buildup. (texaspremierdental.com)
- Tongue scraping is a way of tongue cleaning where the bacteria, fungi, food debris, toxins and the dead cell from the tongue surface are removed giving a clean and healthy tongue. (epainassist.com)
Occur1
- Black discoloration on the top of the tongue may occur if a person takes bismuth preparations for an upset stomach. (merckmanuals.com)
Oral thrush1
- A white tongue can be a sign of oral thrush," Middleton says. (womanandhome.com)
Areas of the tongue1
- There can be a sense of vomiting with tongue scraping in case there is a touching of the scrapper to certain sensitive areas of the tongue. (epainassist.com)
Clinical1
- Tongue diagnosis was not widely used in clinical practice of modern medicine because doctor's experience affects the objectivity and reproducibility of tongue diagnosis ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Scraper2
- Brushing the tongue with a toothbrush or scraping it with a tongue scraper can remove such discoloration. (merckmanuals.com)
- Indeed, a dentist can clean out the fissures and recommend the best oral hygiene practices, including a tongue scraper and the best toothpaste for your needs. (womanandhome.com)
Vitamins1
- A bright red tongue might signify a deficiency in vitamins or minerals, and it could be an early sign of a condition like Kawasaki disease. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Cracks in Tongue3
- Can You Fix Cracks In Tongue Anyway? (texaspremierdental.com)
- Cracks in Tongue - How to Cure Fissured Tongue? (beautyhealthytips.in)
- Can you see cracks in tongue or just found out that you have a fissured tongue? (beautyhealthytips.in)
Patients3
- Patients may have erythroplakia, an ulcer with fissuring or exophytic margins, a speckled (red/white) leukoplakia, a lump with abnormal blood vessels, an indurated lump or ulcer, or a nonhealing socket after tooth extraction. (aafp.org)
- The study consisted of 78 patients with GMB, presenting or not simultaneous occurrence of fissured tongue. (bvsalud.org)
- Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, monocentrique et descriptive, durant 12 mois, incluant les patients âgés d'au moins 18 ans admis en réanimation polyvalente pour un sepsis ou choc septique. (bvsalud.org)
Dentist1
- Let's explore with your dentist in Ladysmith, WI, what a healthy tongue looks like and the signals it can send regarding potential oral health issues. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Painful1
- People that are malnourished have tongue cracks that may or may not be painful. (texaspremierdental.com)
Candidiasis1
- Wright BA, Fenwick F. Candidiasis and atrophic tongue lesions. (medigraphic.com)
Discoloration1
- A small blue-black discoloration on the underside of the tongue may be a tattoo caused by a fragment of dental amalgam filling material, which contains silver, becoming stuck in the tongue. (merckmanuals.com)
Healthy tongue1
- A healthy tongue should have a pinkish hue and a smooth texture. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Toothbrush1
- In case of tongue brushing the tongue scraping is done with the use of a toothbrush. (epainassist.com)
Deep1
- While minor fissures are normal, deep or persistent cracks might need attention as they could lead to discomfort or infections. (northwoodsdentistry.com)
Swollen1
- Tongue scraping is also called the tongue cleaning which must be given proper importance so as to keep away from harmful bacteria being deposited in the tongue and leading to bad breath , swollen tongue etc. (epainassist.com)
Infection3
- This is a yeast infection caused by an overproduction of candida, which manifests as white lumps on the tongue. (womanandhome.com)
- 3 ] Reports also suggested that the appearance of the COVID tongue shall be considered a preliminary sign of COVID-19 infection. (thieme-connect.com)
- It is important to keep your tongue cleaners clean, else they can be a source of causing tongue infection. (epainassist.com)
Condition3
- Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare condition consisting of a triad of persistent or recurring lip or facial swelling, intermittent seventh (facial) nerve paralysis ( Bell palsy ), and a fissured tongue. (medscape.com)
- The presence of fissured tongue in association with these other features is diagnostic of the condition. (medscape.com)
- The condition is thought to be genetic and just as wrinkles deepen with age, so can the cracks on the tongue. (womanandhome.com)
Candida1
- Terai H, Shimahara M. Atrophic tongue associated with Candida. (medigraphic.com)
Bacteria2
- Bad breath comes from the toxins and bacteria at the posterior end of the tongue or at the backside of the tongue. (epainassist.com)
- Tongue scraping helps in eradicating this bad breath by removing the oral bacteria. (epainassist.com)
Small1
- Single spot or may be a cluster small dots may appear on the surface of the tongue. (hxbenefit.com)
Psoriasis1
- D'Erme AM, Agnoletti AF, Prignano F. Fissured tongue responding to biologics during the treatment of psoriasis: the importance of detecting oral involvement of psoriasis. (medscape.com)
Diagnostic1
- The DS01-B tongue diagnostic information acquisition system was used to photograph and analyze the tongue and tongue coating. (spandidos-publications.com)
Surface2
- Lack of moisture on the tongue surface is the reason why cuts or cracks appear on the tongue. (texaspremierdental.com)
- There are possibilities that in case of inappropriate use of tongue scrapper you may cause damage to the taste buds on the tongue surface. (epainassist.com)
Smooth1
- A smooth, shiny tongue. (medigraphic.com)