Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.
The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption.
Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)
A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).
The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
Physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)
Two teeth united during development by the union of their tooth germs; the teeth may be joined by the enamel of their crowns, by their root dentin, or by both.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
'Tooth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions affecting the teeth, including dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), tooth wear, tooth sensitivity, oral cancer, and developmental anomalies, which can result in pain, discomfort, or loss of teeth if left untreated.
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
Reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost.
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
Measurement of tooth characteristics.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.
The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The selected form given to a natural tooth when it is reduced by instrumentation to receive a prosthesis (e.g., artificial crown or a retainer for a fixed or removable prosthesis). The selection of the form is guided by clinical circumstances and physical properties of the materials that make up the prosthesis. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239)
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
A means of identifying the age of an animal or human through tooth examination.

Dosage requirement of Pitx2 for development of multiple organs. (1/272)

Pitx2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is mutated in Rieger syndrome, a haploinsufficiency disorder affecting eyes and teeth. Pitx2 also has a postulated role in left-right axis determination. We assessed the requirements for Pitx2 directly by generating hypomorphic and null alleles. Heterozygotes for either allele have eye abnormalities consistent with Rieger syndrome. The ventral body wall fails to close in embryos homozygous for the null allele, leaving the heart and abdominal organs externalized and the body axis contorted. In homozygotes for either allele, the heart tube undergoes normal, rightward looping and the stomach is positioned normally. In contrast, homozygotes for both alleles exhibit right isomerization of the lungs. Thus, Pitx2 is required for left-right asymmetry of the lungs but not other organs. Homozygotes for either allele exhibit septal and valve defects, and null homozygotes have a single atrium proving that a threshold level of Pitx2 is required for normal heart development. Null homozygotes exhibit arrest of pituitary gland development at the committed Rathke pouch stage and eye defects including optic nerve coloboma and absence of ocular muscles. This allelic series establishes that Pitx2 is required for the development of mulitple organs in a dosage-sensitive manner.  (+info)

Cre-mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF8 is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch. (2/272)

In mammals, the first branchial arch (BA1) develops into a number of craniofacial skeletal elements including the jaws and teeth. Outgrowth and patterning of BA1 during early embryogenesis is thought to be controlled by signals from its covering ectoderm. Here we used Cre/loxP technology to inactivate the mouse Fgf8 gene in this ectoderm and have obtained genetic evidence that FGF8 has a dual function in BA1: it promotes mesenchymal cell survival and induces a developmental program required for BA1 morphogenesis. Newborn mutants lack most BA1-derived structures except those that develop from the distal-most region of BA1, including lower incisors. The data suggest that the BA1 primordium is specified into a large proximal region that is controlled by FGF8, and a small distal region that depends on other signaling molecules for its outgrowth and patterning. Because the mutant mice resemble humans with first arch syndromes that include agnathia, our results raise the possibility that some of these syndromes are caused by mutations that affect FGF8 signaling in BA1 ectoderm.  (+info)

Dental manifestations in severe combined immunodeficiency following bone marrow transplantation. (3/272)

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder with an estimated overall frequency of 1 in 75 000 live births. Bone marrow transplantation is the only curative treatment available. Using T cell-depleted HLA non-identical bone marrow requires preconditioning with a short course of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We report severe dental developmental anomalies in three such patients under long-term follow up.  (+info)

Sonic hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth. (4/272)

During mammalian tooth development, the oral ectoderm and mesenchyme coordinate their growth and differentiation to give rise to organs with precise shapes, sizes and functions. The initial ingrowth of the dental epithelium and its associated dental mesenchyme gives rise to the tooth bud. Next, the epithelial component folds to give the tooth its shape. Coincident with this process, adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal cells differentiate into enamel-secreting ameloblasts and dentin-secreting odontoblasts, respectively. Growth, morphogenesis and differentiation of the epithelium and mesenchyme are coordinated by secreted signaling proteins. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) encodes a signaling peptide which is present in the oral epithelium prior to invagination and in the tooth epithelium throughout its development. We have addressed the role of Shh in the developing tooth in mouse by using a conditional allele to remove Shh activity shortly after ingrowth of the dental epithelium. Reduction and then loss of Shh function results in a cap stage tooth rudiment in which the morphology is severely disrupted. The overall size of the tooth is reduced and both the lingual epithelial invagination and the dental cord are absent. However, the enamel knot, a putative organizer of crown formation, is present and expresses Fgf4, Wnt10b, Bmp2 and Lef1, as in the wild type. At birth, the size and the shape of the teeth are severely affected and the polarity and organization of the ameloblast and odontoblast layers is disrupted. However, both dentin- and enamel-specific markers are expressed and a large amount of tooth-specific extracellular matrix is produced. This observation was confirmed by grafting studies in which tooth rudiments were cultured for several days under kidney capsules. Under these conditions, both enamel and dentin were deposited even though the enamel and dentin layers remained disorganized. These studies demonstrate that Shh regulates growth and determines the shape of the tooth. However, Shh signaling is not essential for differentiation of ameloblasts or odontoblasts.  (+info)

The Class II Division 2 craniofacial type is associated with numerous congenital tooth anomalies. (5/272)

The aim of the present study was to examine whether a putative relationship exists between the Class II division 2 craniofacial type and congenital anomalies of the dentition, such as missing teeth, peg-shaped laterals, transpositions, supernumerary teeth and canine impactions. Two hundred and sixty-seven untreated patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion were examined. The results show that 56.6 per cent of the patients exhibited some form of congenital tooth anomaly, 13.9 per cent agenesis of the upper lateral incisors, 7.5 per cent peg-shaped upper laterals, while impacted canines were present in 33.5 per cent of the subjects. Transpositions were present in 1.1 per cent of the patients and in all cases the canine was involved. No patient exhibited a supernumerary tooth. Comparing the results of the present study with existing data on the percentage of congenital tooth anomalies in the general population, it can be concluded that Class II division 2 malocclusions are closely associated with congenital tooth anomalies.  (+info)

A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique. (6/272)

The purpose of this study was to compare the severity of apical root resorption occurring in patients treated with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique, and to assess the influence of known risk factors on root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 80 patients with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusions, treated with extraction of at least two maxillary first premolars. Variables recorded for each patient included gender, age, ANB angle, overjet, overbite, trauma, habits, invagination, agenesis, tooth shedding, treatment duration, use of Class II elastics, body-build, general factors, impacted canines, and root form deviation. Forty patients were treated with a standard edgewise and 40 with a straight-wire edgewise technique, both with 0.018-inch slot brackets. Crown and root lengths of the maxillary incisors were measured on pre- and post-treatment periapical radiographs corrected for image distortion. Percentage of root shortening and root length loss in millimetres were then calculated. There was significantly more apical root resorption (P < 0.05) of both central incisors in the standard than in the straight-wire edgewise group. No significant difference was found for the lateral incisors. Root shortening of the lateral incisors was significantly associated with age, agenesis, duration of contraction period (distalization of incisors), and invagination, while root shortening of the central incisors was related to treatment group and trauma.  (+info)

Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. (7/272)

OBJECTIVE: To carry out an extensive review of the literature on tooth staining with particular regard to some of the more recent literature on the mechanisms of tooth staining involving mouthrinses. DESIGN: Comprehensive review of the literature over four decades. CONCLUSIONS: A knowledge of the aetiology of tooth staining is of importance to dental surgeons in order to enable a correct diagnosis to be made when examining a discoloured dentition and allows the dental practitioner to explain to the patient the exact nature of the condition. In some instances, the mechanism of staining may have an effect on the outcome of treatment and influence the treatment options the dentist will be able to offer to patients.  (+info)

Congenital tooth anomalies and malocclusions: a genetic link? (8/272)

The aim of the present study was to investigate putative relationships between different malocclusions such as Class III and Class II division 1, and congenital tooth anomalies. Two-hundred Class III and 215 Class II division 1 patients were examined for the presence of any of the following congenital tooth anomalies: maxillary incisor hypodontia, maxillary canine impaction, transpositions, supernumerary teeth, and tooth agenesis. Their occurrence rates were then calculated as a percentage of the total sample and were compared for statistical differences. The results revealed no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in the occurrence rates of upper lateral incisor agenesis, peg-shaped laterals, impacted canines, or supernumerary teeth between the Class III and the Class II division 1 malocclusions. When the occurrence rate of all congenital tooth anomalies was compared between the two malocclusions, Class III subjects showed significantly higher rates (P < 0.05). Comparison with published surveys on general populations showed similar occurrence rates. It can be concluded that subjects with Class III and Class II division 1 malocclusions show patterns of congenital tooth anomalies similar to those observed in the general population. Congenital tooth anomalies may represent another criterion for the study of malocclusion, with respect to their origin and development.  (+info)

Tooth abnormalities refer to any variations or irregularities in the size, shape, number, structure, or development of teeth that deviate from the typical or normal anatomy. These abnormalities can occur in primary (deciduous) or permanent teeth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, systemic diseases, or localized dental conditions during tooth formation.

Some examples of tooth abnormalities include:

1. Microdontia - teeth that are smaller than normal in size.
2. Macrodontia - teeth that are larger than normal in size.
3. Peg-shaped teeth - teeth with a narrow, conical shape.
4. Talon cusps - additional cusps or points on the biting surface of a tooth.
5. Dens invaginatus - an abnormal development where the tooth crown has an extra fold or pouch that can trap bacteria and cause dental problems.
6. Taurodontism - teeth with large pulp chambers and short roots.
7. Supernumerary teeth - having more teeth than the typical number (20 primary and 32 permanent teeth).
8. Hypodontia - missing one or more teeth due to a failure of development.
9. Germination - two adjacent teeth fused together, usually occurring in the front teeth.
10. Fusion - two separate teeth that have grown together during development.

Tooth abnormalities may not always require treatment unless they cause functional, aesthetic, or dental health issues. A dentist can diagnose and manage tooth abnormalities through various treatments, such as fillings, extractions, orthodontic care, or restorative procedures.

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

Tooth loss is the condition or process characterized by the disappearance or absence of one or more teeth from their normal position in the dental arch. This can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, periodontal disease (gum disease), injury, or aging. The consequences of tooth loss include difficulties in chewing, speaking, and adversely affecting the aesthetics of a person's smile, which may lead to psychological impacts. Additionally, it can cause shifting of adjacent teeth, bone resorption, and changes in the bite, potentially leading to further dental issues if not treated promptly.

A tooth germ is a small cluster of cells that eventually develop into a tooth. It contains the dental papilla, which will become the dentin and pulp of the tooth, and the dental follicle, which will form the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The tooth germ starts as an epithelial thickening called the dental lamina, which then forms a bud, cap, and bell stage before calcification occurs and the tooth begins to erupt through the gums. It is during the bell stage that the enamel organ, which will form the enamel of the tooth, is formed.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

A tooth crown is a type of dental restoration that covers the entire visible portion of a tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength. It is typically made of materials like porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys and is custom-made to fit over the prepared tooth. The tooth crown is cemented in place and becomes the new outer surface of the tooth, protecting it from further damage or decay.

The process of getting a tooth crown usually involves two dental appointments. During the first appointment, the dentist prepares the tooth by removing any decay or damaged tissue and shaping the tooth to accommodate the crown. An impression is then taken of the prepared tooth and sent to a dental laboratory where the crown is fabricated. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed over the prepared tooth to protect it until the permanent crown is ready. At the second appointment, the temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.

Tooth crowns are often recommended for several reasons, including:

* To restore a broken or fractured tooth
* To protect a weakened tooth from further damage or decay
* To support a large filling when there isn't enough natural tooth structure left
* To cover a dental implant
* To improve the appearance of a discolored or misshapen tooth

Overall, a tooth crown is an effective and long-lasting solution for restoring damaged or decayed teeth and improving oral health.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth emerges from the gums and becomes visible in the oral cavity. It is a normal part of dental development that occurs in a predictable sequence and timeframe. Primary or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months of age and continue to emerge until approximately 2-3 years of age. Permanent or adult teeth start to erupt around 6 years of age and can continue to emerge until the early twenties.

The process of tooth eruption involves several stages, including the formation of the tooth within the jawbone, the movement of the tooth through the bone and surrounding tissues, and the final emergence of the tooth into the mouth. Proper tooth eruption is essential for normal oral function, including chewing, speaking, and smiling. Any abnormalities in the tooth eruption process, such as delayed or premature eruption, can indicate underlying dental or medical conditions that require further evaluation and treatment.

A supernumerary tooth, also known as hyperdontia, refers to an additional tooth or teeth that grow beyond the regular number of teeth in the dental arch. These extra teeth can erupt in various locations of the dental arch and may occur in any of the tooth types, but they are most commonly seen as extra premolars or molars, and less frequently as incisors or canines. Supernumerary teeth may be asymptomatic or may cause complications such as crowding, displacement, or impaction of adjacent teeth, and therefore, they often require dental treatment.

Tooth wear is the progressive loss of tooth structure that can occur as a result of various factors. According to the medical definition, it refers to the wearing down, rubbing away, or grinding off of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel and dentin) due to mechanical forces or chemical processes.

There are three primary types of tooth wear:

1. Abrasion: This is the loss of tooth structure caused by friction from external sources, such as incorrect brushing techniques, bite appliances, or habits like nail-biting and pipe smoking.
2. Attrition: This type of tooth wear results from the natural wearing down of teeth due to occlusal forces during biting, chewing, and grinding. However, excessive attrition can occur due to bruxism (teeth grinding) or clenching.
3. Erosion: Chemical processes, such as acid attacks from dietary sources (e.g., citrus fruits, sodas, and sports drinks) or gastric reflux, cause the loss of tooth structure in this type of tooth wear. The enamel dissolves when exposed to low pH levels, leaving the dentin underneath vulnerable to further damage.

Professional dental examination and treatment may be necessary to address significant tooth wear and prevent further progression, which can lead to sensitivity, pain, and functional or aesthetic issues.

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

An impacted tooth is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into the oral cavity within its expected time frame, resulting in its partial or complete entrapment within the jawbone or soft tissues. This commonly occurs with wisdom teeth (third molars) but can affect any tooth. Impacted teeth may cause problems such as infection, decay of adjacent teeth, gum disease, or cyst formation, and they may require surgical removal.

Tooth discoloration, also known as tooth staining or tooth color change, refers to the darkening or staining of teeth. It can be categorized into two main types: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic discoloration occurs when the outer layer of the tooth (enamel) becomes stained due to exposure to colored substances such as coffee, tea, wine, tobacco, and certain foods. Intrinsic discoloration, on the other hand, occurs when the inner structure of the tooth (dentin) darkens or gets a yellowish tint due to factors like genetics, aging, trauma, or exposure to certain medications during tooth development. Tooth discoloration can also be caused by dental diseases or decay. It is important to note that while some forms of tooth discoloration are cosmetic concerns, others may indicate underlying oral health issues and should be evaluated by a dental professional.

A tooth is classified as "unerupted" when it has not yet penetrated through the gums and entered the oral cavity. This can apply to both primary (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth. The reasons for a tooth's failure to erupt can vary, including crowding of teeth, lack of sufficient space, or anatomical barriers such as bone or soft tissue. In some cases, unerupted teeth may need to be monitored or treated, depending on the specific situation and any symptoms experienced by the individual.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

Odontogenesis is the process of tooth development that involves the formation and calcification of teeth. It is a complex process that requires the interaction of several types of cells, including epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and odontoblasts. The process begins during embryonic development with the formation of dental lamina, which gives rise to the tooth bud. As the tooth bud grows and differentiates, it forms the various structures of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Odontogenesis is completed when the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. Abnormalities in odontogenesis can result in developmental dental anomalies such as tooth agenesis, microdontia, or odontomas.

The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.

Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.

Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.

Tooth exfoliation is not a term that is commonly used in dental or medical literature. However, I believe you may be referring to the natural process of tooth loss that occurs with the shedding of primary (baby) teeth to make way for permanent (adult) teeth. This process is also known as physical or physiological tooth exfoliation.

Exfoliation in this context refers to the separation and shedding of the primary tooth's root from the underlying permanent tooth, allowing the permanent tooth to erupt into its proper position. The primary tooth becomes loose due to the resorption of its roots by the developing permanent tooth beneath it. Eventually, the primary tooth falls out, making room for the adult tooth to emerge and take its place in the dental arch.

It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene during this process to prevent any potential complications such as infection or premature loss of primary teeth.

Tooth avulsion is the complete separation of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone due to traumatic injury. This occurs when the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in place, gets severed or torn, resulting in the tooth being displaced from its original position. Avulsed teeth can be either primary (baby) or permanent teeth, and the trauma can result in damage to the surrounding tissues, including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and sometimes even the nerves and blood vessels. Prompt and appropriate first aid, as well as professional dental care, are crucial for ensuring the best possible outcome for reimplantation and healing.

'Fused teeth', also known as congenitally missing or malformed teeth, is a dental condition where two or more teeth are fused together. This condition is called "gemination" when a single tooth bud fails to completely separate, resulting in two teeth that share a common pulp chamber and root canal. When this occurs with more than one tooth, it is referred to as "twinning." In contrast, "congenital fusion" or "synthesis" refers to the union of two separate tooth buds during development.

Fused teeth can cause cosmetic concerns, difficulty in biting and chewing, and may affect the alignment of surrounding teeth. Depending on the severity and location of the fusion, treatment options may include observation, dental restorations, or even orthodontic or surgical intervention to correct the malocclusion and improve oral function and aesthetics.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Tooth diseases are conditions that affect the teeth and can cause discomfort, pain, and even loss of teeth if left untreated. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as poor oral hygiene, bacterial infections, trauma, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some common tooth diseases include:

1. Dental caries (tooth decay): This is a breakdown of the tooth enamel due to the action of acid-producing bacteria that feed on sugars and starches in the mouth. Over time, this can lead to cavities or holes in the teeth.
2. Gingivitis: This is an inflammation of the gums caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar at the gum line. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease that can cause tooth loss.
3. Periodontitis: This is a severe infection of the gums and bones that support the teeth. It is caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar, which leads to the destruction of the tissue and bone that hold the teeth in place.
4. Abscess: This is a pocket of pus that forms in the tooth or gum due to a bacterial infection. An abscess can cause pain, swelling, and fever, and may require antibiotics or surgical drainage.
5. Tooth erosion: This is the loss of tooth structure due to acid wear, which can be caused by factors such as diet, stomach acid, and teeth grinding.
6. Hypersensitivity: This is a condition in which the teeth become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. It can be caused by factors such as gum recession, tooth decay, and tooth wear.
7. Oral cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the mouth, lips, tongue, or throat. It can cause symptoms such as sores, lumps, or difficulty swallowing, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy for treatment.

Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

Tooth ankylosis is a dental condition where the tooth becomes abnormally fused to the alveolar bone, which is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets. This fusion typically occurs through the cementum of the root surface and the adjacent alveolar bone, resulting in the loss of the periodontal ligament (PLD) space that normally separates the tooth from the bone.

Ankylosis can affect both primary (deciduous or baby) teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, ankylosis may lead to early exfoliation or premature loss of the tooth due to the lack of PDL resorption, which is necessary for natural tooth shedding. In permanent teeth, ankylosis can result in infraocclusion, where the affected tooth fails to erupt fully and remains at a lower level than the surrounding teeth.

The causes of tooth ankylosis include trauma, infection, developmental disorders, or previous orthodontic treatment. It is essential to diagnose and manage this condition promptly, as it can lead to complications such as malocclusion, dental crowding, or periodontal issues if left untreated. Treatment options may include extraction of the affected tooth, surgical separation from the bone, or orthodontic treatment to correct any resulting occlusal discrepancies.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

A tooth socket, also known as an alveolus (plural: alveoli), refers to the hollow cavity or space in the jawbone where a tooth is anchored. The tooth socket is part of the alveolar process, which is the curved part of the maxilla or mandible that contains multiple tooth sockets for the upper and lower teeth, respectively.

Each tooth socket has a specialized tissue called the periodontal ligament, which attaches the root of the tooth to the surrounding bone. This ligament helps absorb forces generated during biting and chewing, allowing for comfortable and efficient mastication while also maintaining the tooth's position within the jawbone. The tooth socket is responsible for providing support, stability, and nourishment to the tooth through its blood vessels and nerves.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

Tooth replantation is a dental procedure that involves the replanting and reattachment of a tooth that has been avulsed or knocked out due to trauma. The primary goal of this emergency procedure is to preserve the natural tooth and its periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, allowing for potential reattachment and function.

The steps involved in tooth replantation include:

1. Locating the avulsed tooth: Carefully handle the knocked-out tooth by holding it by the crown (the chewing surface), avoiding touching the root area to prevent further damage to the periodontal ligament fibers.
2. Rinsing the tooth: Gently rinse the tooth with saline solution, sterile water, or milk to remove any debris or dirt, but avoid using alcohol or scrubbing the tooth as it may cause more damage to the PDL.
3. Replanting the tooth: As soon as possible, reposition the tooth back into its socket in the correct orientation and alignment. Apply gentle pressure to seat it in place while ensuring that it is facing the right direction. Ideally, this should be done within 30 minutes of avulsion for better prognosis.
4. Stabilizing the tooth: Use a splint or a wire to secure the replanted tooth to the adjacent teeth, providing stability and support during the healing process. This helps maintain the alignment and position of the replanted tooth.
5. Seeking professional dental care: Immediately consult with a dentist or endodontist for further evaluation, additional treatment, and follow-up care. The dentist will assess the success of the replantation and determine if any root canal therapy or other treatments are necessary to ensure long-term survival of the tooth.

The success of tooth replantation depends on several factors, including the timeliness of the procedure, the condition of the avulsed tooth, and the patient's overall oral health. Prompt action and professional care can significantly increase the likelihood of a successful outcome and preserve the natural tooth for years to come.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Tooth resorption is a process in which there is an abnormal loss or breakdown of tooth structure, either internally (internal resorption) or externally (external resorption), due to the action of specialized cells called odontoclasts. This can lead to weakening and destruction of the tooth, potentially causing sensitivity, pain, or even tooth loss if left untreated. The causes of tooth resorption can vary, including trauma, orthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, and certain systemic conditions. It is important to diagnose and treat tooth resorption early to prevent further damage and preserve the tooth structure.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

Dentition refers to the development, arrangement, and appearance of teeth in the dental arch. It includes the number, type, size, and shape of teeth, as well as their alignment and relationship with each other and the surrounding structures in the oral cavity. Dentition can be classified into two main types: deciduous (primary) dentition and permanent (secondary) dentition. Deciduous dentition consists of 20 temporary teeth that erupt during infancy and childhood, while permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and last for a lifetime, excluding the wisdom teeth which may or may not erupt. Abnormalities in dentition can indicate various dental and systemic conditions, making it an essential aspect of oral health assessment and diagnosis.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

Odontometry is a term used in dentistry that refers to the measurement of teeth, particularly the size and length of teeth or tooth roots. It is often used in forensic dentistry for identification purposes, such as in age estimation, sex determination, or individual identification of human remains. The measurements can be taken using various methods, including radiographs (x-rays), calipers, or specialized software.

In some contexts, odontometry may also refer to the process of measuring the amount of dental work required for a particular treatment plan, although this usage is less common.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Tooth demineralization is a process that involves the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the hard tissues of the teeth. This process can lead to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. Demineralization occurs when acids produced by bacteria in the mouth attack the enamel of the tooth, dissolving its mineral content. Over time, these attacks can create holes or cavities in the teeth. Fluoride, found in many toothpastes and public water supplies, can help to remineralize teeth and prevent decay. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can also help to prevent demineralization by removing plaque and bacteria from the mouth.

Permanent dentition is the second and final set of teeth that humans grow during their lifetime. These teeth are also known as adult or secondary teeth and typically begin to erupt in the mouth around the age of 6 or 7 years old, with all permanent teeth usually present by the time a person reaches their late teens or early twenties.

There are 32 teeth in a complete set of permanent dentition, including 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars (also called bicuspids), and 12 molars (including 4 third molars or wisdom teeth). The primary function of permanent teeth is to help with biting, chewing, and grinding food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow and digest. Proper care and maintenance of permanent teeth through good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and a balanced diet can help ensure their longevity and health throughout a person's life.

A dental restoration, permanent, is a type of dental treatment that involves the use of materials such as gold, silver amalgam, porcelain, or composite resin to repair and restore the function, form, and aesthetics of a damaged or decayed tooth. Unlike temporary restorations, which are meant to be replaced with a permanent solution, permanent restorations are designed to last for many years, if not a lifetime.

Examples of permanent dental restorations include:

1. Dental fillings: These are used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. The decayed portion of the tooth is removed, and the resulting space is filled with a material such as amalgam, composite resin, or gold.
2. Inlays and onlays: These are similar to dental fillings but are made in a laboratory and then bonded to the tooth. They are used when there is not enough tooth structure left to support a filling.
3. Dental crowns: Also known as caps, these are used to cover and protect a tooth that has been damaged or weakened by decay, injury, or wear. The crown fits over the entire tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength.
4. Dental bridges: These are used to replace one or more missing teeth. A bridge consists of one or more artificial teeth (pontics) that are held in place by crowns on either side.
5. Dental implants: These are used to replace missing teeth. An implant is a small titanium post that is surgically placed in the jawbone, where it functions as an anchor for a replacement tooth or bridge.

Permanent dental restorations are custom-made for each patient and require careful planning and preparation. They are designed to blend in with the surrounding teeth and provide a natural-looking appearance. With proper care and maintenance, these restorations can last for many years and help preserve the health and function of the teeth and mouth.

Anodontia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or lack of development of all primary (deciduous) and/or permanent teeth. It is a rare dental condition that affects tooth development and can be isolated or associated with various syndromes and genetic disorders.

In anodontia, the dental tissues responsible for forming teeth, including the dental lamina, dental papilla, and dental follicle, fail to develop properly, resulting in missing teeth. The condition can affect all teeth or only some of them, leading to partial anodontia.

Anodontia is different from hypodontia, which refers to the congenital absence of one or more, but not all, teeth. It is also distinct from oligodontia, which is the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars (wisdom teeth).

People with anodontia may experience difficulties in chewing, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, leading to various dental and social problems. Prosthodontic treatments, such as dentures or implants, are often necessary to restore oral function and aesthetics.

Tooth preparation in prosthodontics refers to the process of altering the clinical crown of a tooth or teeth to receive a restoration, such as a crown, veneer, or bridge. This procedure involves removing a portion of the enamel and dentin to create a suitable foundation for the prosthetic device. The preparation aims to achieve proper retention, resistance form, and marginal fit, ensuring the successful integration and longevity of the restoration. The process may also include the management of tooth structure loss due to decay, trauma, or wear, and the establishment of harmonious occlusion with the opposing teeth.

The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.

The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.

The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.

The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.

"Age determination by teeth" is a method used in forensic dentistry to estimate the age of an individual based on the development and wear of their teeth. This process involves examining various features such as tooth eruption, crown and root formation, and dental attrition or wear.

The developmental stages of teeth can provide a rough estimate of age during childhood and adolescence, while dental wear patterns can offer insights into an individual's age during adulthood. However, it is important to note that there can be significant variation in tooth development and wear between individuals, making this method somewhat imprecise.

In addition to forensic applications, age determination by teeth can also be useful in archaeology and anthropology for studying past populations and their lifestyles.

Regezi JA, Sciubba J, Jordan RC (2012). "Abnormalities of Teeth". Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations (6th ed.). ... healed tooth fractures, tooth injury restorations and periodontal diseases orthodontic tooth movements transplantation of teeth ... Clinically, a tooth with a pulp stone has normal appearance like any other tooth. The number of pulp stones in a single tooth ... Generally, pulp stones are more frequent to be found in maxillary teeth compared to mandibular teeth. A study in Australia ...
Radiography found teeth abnormalities. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) showed mutant female mice had a decrease in bone ...
Charles, Dunlap (2004). "Abnormalities of Teeth" (PDF). PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-10- ... Occlusal Trauma Trauma Non-functional tooth Unopposed tooth (and impacted teeth, embedded teeth, teeth without antagonists) ... A thicker layer of cementum can give the tooth an enlarged appearance, which mainly occurs at the apex or apices of the tooth. ... It is experienced as an uncomfortable sensation in the tooth, followed by an aching pain. It may be shown on radiographs as a ...
Holan, G.; Mamber, E. (1994). "Extraction of primary canine tooth buds: Prevalence and associated dental abnormalities in a ... "tooth worms". The healer will point out the small, white, developing tooth buds as being "tooth worms", and then dig the "worms ... Matee, M.; Van Palenstein Helderman, W. (1991). "Extraction of 'nylon' teeth and associated abnormalities in Tanzanian children ... The excised tooth buds are then shown to the parent, their small, milky appearance somewhat resembling worms. This practice ...
Yiu EM, Burns J, Ryan MM, Ouvrier RA (September 2008). "Neurophysiologic abnormalities in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth ... Tooth HH (1886). The peroneal type of progressive muscular atrophy (MD thesis). London. "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Fact Sheet ... Media related to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease at Wikimedia Commons Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease at Curlie (CS1 French-language ... and the Briton Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease classifications Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic ...
Developmental abnormalities most commonly affect the number, size, shape, and structure of teeth. Tooth abnormalities caused by ... "primary teeth", "baby teeth", or "milk teeth", normally eventually contains 20 teeth. Primary teeth typically start to appear ... "Loss of Tooth Structure", American Dental Hygiene Association. "Abnormalities of Teeth", University of Missouri-Kansas City ... The tooth bud (sometimes called the tooth germ) is an aggregation of cells that eventually forms a tooth. It is organized into ...
People with Filippi Syndrome may exhibit some other physical abnormalities. Examples of such abnormalities include dwarfism ( ... They may also exhibit abnormal conditions at their skin and teeth. Moreover, a portion of affected males may demonstrate ... Furthermore, most people with Filippi Syndrome exhibit craniofacial abnormalities. Craniofacial abnormalities are birth defects ... Brachydactyly is believed to be largely due to abnormalities arising from the bones inside the hands and feet, specifically the ...
Further abnormalities of the skin, genitals, teeth, and skeleton may occur. Other common abnormalities include short head (as ... Further abnormalities of the skin, genitals, teeth, and skeleton may occur. Acrodysostosis presents with a wide spectrum of ... High palate Mandibular distraction surgery Jaw surgery Underbite Chalky teeth Overcrowded teeth Early eruption of adult teeth ... Other common abnormalities include short head (as measured front to back), small broad upturned nose with flat nasal bridge, ...
List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions Henry, John Bernard (2011). Henry's clinical diagnosis and ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Developmental tooth pathology, All stub articles, ... Erythrodontia is the red discoloration of teeth. It can be seen in congenital erythropoietic porphyria. ...
Patients may also show deformed, discolored teeth or gum and eye abnormalities. The porphyrias are generally considered genetic ... The signs may present from birth and include severe photosensitivity, brown teeth that fluoresce in ultraviolet light due to ...
Premature loss of permanent dentition from caries, trauma, iatrogenic damage or developmental abnormalities. The tooth of ... Teeth with open apex are less likely to be extracted in the future compared to teeth with closed apex. The recipient site ... Tooth transplantation has been reported from as early as ancient Egypt where mummies were found with human teeth transplanted ... The classical tooth transplant technique involves the extraction of the donor tooth and preparation of the recipient site using ...
Sometimes a congenital tooth disease is called a tooth abnormality. These are among the most common diseases in humans The ... Tooth pathology is usually separated from other types of dental issues, including enamel hypoplasia and tooth wear. Anodontia ... Tooth pathology is any condition of the teeth that can be congenital or acquired. ... removing the infected tooth/teeth altogether. Medicine portal Oral medicine Oral and maxillofacial pathology Tongue disease " ...
Other abnormalities involve the head and face, teeth, collar bones, skin, and nails. The front and back of the head are ... The permanent teeth can also be slow to appear. The permanent teeth are commonly irregular and teeth may be missing (hypodontia ... There will be delay in fall of milk teeth. ...
An example of perceived abnormalities include the top teeth erupting before bottom teeth. Children born out of wedlock ( ... Twins, a child born out of wedlock, a child born with a cleft lip or palate, and children, whose upper milk teeth come before ... Reasons for being declared impure include birth out of wedlock, the birth of twins, the eruption of teeth in the upper jaw ... before the lower jaw, and chipping a tooth in childhood. Some who were separated have been reported to shadow the tribe at a ...
The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have ... Only four teeth are used for chewing at a given time, and as each tooth wears out, another tooth moves forward to take its ... Like human teeth, whale teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of ... Most amphibians exhibit teeth that have a slight attachment to the jaw or acrodont teeth. Acrodont teeth exhibit limited ...
The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have ... Anatomy of rabbit teeth The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. Aradicular teeth never ... These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside ... The number of teeth and their function can vary widely between species, with some dolphins having over a hundred teeth in their ...
... is characterized by abnormalities of the eyes, teeth, and facial structure. Rieger syndrome, by ... The crowns of the anterior teeth may be conical or peg-shaped and the roots may be shortened, the gingival attachments may be ... The combination of both entities gives rise to the Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly when there are no systemic abnormalities and ... Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, which affects the development of the teeth, eyes, and abdominal ...
Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice and four significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygote mutant males ... had a decreased body weight and abnormal tooth morphology; females had decreased forepaw grip strength and both sexes had a ...
He did extensive research in the South Pacific, studying tooth abnormalities and related dietary factors. He was appointed ...
Natal teeth and neonatal teeth are associated with genetics, developmental abnormalities and certain recognized syndromes. ... As a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth ... As a tooth is forming, a force can move the tooth from its original position, leaving the rest of the tooth to form at an ... Permanent teeth in the maxilla erupt in a different order from permanent teeth on the mandible. Maxillary teeth erupt in the ...
... and it should be taken when abnormality of the teeth is suspected as most of the affected teeth have a normal clinical ... Abnormalities of the pulp chamber is the main characteristic to make a definitive diagnosis. In the primary teeth, coronal ... The teeth are mostly maligned and have a higher risk of fracture. In other words, affected primary teeth usually have abnormal ... In primary teeth, the pulp chamber is usually completely obliterated but in permanent teeth, the pulp may become partially ...
In 2005, a set of 7 teeth from Tabun Cave in Israel were studied and found to most likely belong to a Neanderthal that may have ... A child of about 3 years old who manifests with skeletal abnormalities that indicate hydrocephalus. Qafzeh 25 was discovered in ... Due to his overall robustness and tooth wear, the remains are believed to be of a young male. The fossil has undergone heavy ... Perikymata number and spacing on early modern human teeth: evidence from Qafzeh cave, Palestine J. M. Monge, A.-m. Tillier & A ...
Dental amalgam is a mercury-containing filling material used to fill cavities once tooth decay has been removed. The use of ... Weak relationships exist between mercury and spontaneous abortion, congenital abnormalities and reduced fertility. In addition ... spicules of bone or teeth). This may be inside a patient's open body cavity, wound or confined space in which the fingertips ... and micro-particles from grinding of the teeth. The larger particles (>50 µm) of the aerosols are suspended in the air for ...
... other dental abnormalities, such as missing teeth and severe tooth decay, have also been reported. These findings are not ... Xiong WY, Jiang ZY, Zou CC (January 2014). "Tetrasomy X in a Child with Multiple Abnormalities: Case Report and Literature ... Another skeletal finding is taurodontism, where the pulp of the teeth is enlarged into the roots; ... O'Connor C (2008). "Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies". Nature Education. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. ...
Many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system have associated abnormalities of the teeth. List of cutaneous ...
"Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities". Genes & ... PAX9 plays a role in the absence of wisdom teeth in some human populations (possibly along with the less well studied AXIN2 and ... This disorder results in the congenital absence of 6 or more permanent teeth, with the exception of the third molar. Also known ... Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M (December 2002). "Concomitant occurrence of canine malposition and tooth agenesis: evidence of ...
Dental abnormalities, such as supernumerary central incisors and the absence of some teeth, may occur. The right foot of a ... Skeletal abnormalities not affecting the hands and feet may also occur. These include winged scapula, thin ribs and scoliosis. ... Individuals with Langer-Giedion syndrome may display characteristic craniofacial abnormalities. These include a long prominent ... small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones. ...
Other abnormalities, affecting the scalp, head, face, jaw and teeth may be found with JBS. These include: ectodermal mid-line ... and maldeveloped deciduous teeth ("baby teeth"), with an absence of permanent teeth. Additional congenital anomalies, effects ... Endocrine abnormalities in other areas have also been present with the disorder. These include hypothyroidism, growth hormone ... Mice that are viable, fertile and lacked substantial phenotypic abnormalities other than reduced weight, with disproportionate ...
These skeletal abnormalities also can be found on the teeth of the Abu Hureyra people. Since the grain was stone ground many ... In rare cases women would have large grooves in their front teeth which suggests they used their mouth as a third hand while ... Those who lived in the village of Abu Hureyra experienced several injuries and skeletal abnormalities. These injuries mostly ... flakes of stone would still be left in the grain which over time would wear down the teeth. ...
Extraction of the primary teeth combined with oral antibiotics and professional teeth cleaning, for periodontitis. Surgical ... Ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome List of cutaneous conditions List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous ... Diagnosis of the disease often comes between the ages of three and five when infant teeth begin to erupt, and the inflammation ... and connects the gingiva to the tooth surface. Diagnosis comes from the taking of a comprehensive patient history and ...
"Myelin abnormality in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4J recapitulates features of acquired demyelination". Annals of Neurology. 83 (4 ... Mutations in the FIG4 gene cause a rare autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathy type 4J (CMT4J). Most ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Type 4 (Articles with short description, Short description ... disruption of the mechanism by Sac3I41T mutation causing Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4J disorder". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ...
A syndrome of hemimaxillary enlargement, asymmetry of the face, tooth abnormalities, and skin findings (HATS) Pediatr Dermatol ... The premolars may be congenitally missing, and the primary teeth (baby teeth) may be smaller than usual. It is a relatively ... Histopathology of the teeth in segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia: new findings. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33:246-8. Kahn, ... The cause is unknown, and the disease affects the jaws, teeth, and adjacent soft tissue. ...
Abnormalities in tooth eruption (timing and sequence) are often caused by genetics and may result in malocclusion. In severe ... As a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth ... it will push through under the baby tooth. The adult tooth will dissolve the baby tooth's root, making the baby tooth loose ... The first human teeth to appear, the deciduous (primary) teeth (also known as baby or milk teeth), erupt into the mouth from ...
Firm believers report that such a diet can bring about many health benefits, such as a shinier coat, cleaner teeth and an ... A deficiency in dietary copper is also related to collagen abnormalities, hypopigmentation of the skin, and alopecia. Sources ... Calcium and phosphorus are crucial to strong bones and teeth. Cats need other minerals, such as magnesium, potassium, and ... Vitamin deficiencies can lead to wide-ranging clinical abnormalities that reflect the diversity of their metabolic roles. ...
Twenty six tests were carried out on homozygous mutant adult mice and four significant abnormalities were observed. A study of ... Radiography found that males had abnormal teeth morphology. Females had a decreased heart weight, and both sexes had reduced ...
... is a very rare genetic condition characterized by facial skin abnormalities and double upper eyelashes and ... Ectodermal dysplasias typically affect the hair, teeth, nails, and/or skin. Setleis syndrome is characterized by distinctive ... abnormalities of the facial area that may be apparent at birth (congenital). Most affected infants have multiple, scar-like, ...
Please take 3 minutes to let us know about your experience with this course and how we can improve it. When complete, click Submit to view a link to download your certificate.. ...
... because arthritic changes and congenital bone abnormality are visualized fairly well on plain films. (See the images below. ... Preferred examination The initial modality used to image meniscus abnormalities in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is usually ... These include tonsillectomy, endoscopy, and molar tooth extraction.. Typically, the patient with TMJ dysfunction is a young ... Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Meniscus Abnormality Imaging * Sections Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Meniscus Abnormality ...
... dentition abnormalities (delayed teeth eruption, hypodontia, enamel hypoplasia), keratoderma on the margins of the palms and ... Nail and teeth abnormalities-marginal palmoplantar keratoderma-oral hyperpigmentation syndrome is a rare genetic ectodermal ... nail and teeth abnormalities-marginal palmoplantar keratoderma-oral hyperpigmentation syndrome OMIM:616029: ECTODERMAL ... nail and teeth abnormalities-marginal palmoplantar keratoderma-oral hyperpigmentation syndrome. Download download. ...
An abnormally shaped tooth is any tooth that deviates from its regular shape. ... An abnormally shaped tooth is any tooth that deviates from its regular shape. ... Abnormalities of teeth. In: Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC, eds. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. St Louis, MO ... Hutchinson incisors; Abnormal tooth shape; Peg teeth; Mulberry teeth; Conical teeth; Connate teeth; Conjoined teeth; ...
Regezi JA, Sciubba J, Jordan RC (2012). "Abnormalities of Teeth". Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations (6th ed.). ... healed tooth fractures, tooth injury restorations and periodontal diseases orthodontic tooth movements transplantation of teeth ... Clinically, a tooth with a pulp stone has normal appearance like any other tooth. The number of pulp stones in a single tooth ... Generally, pulp stones are more frequent to be found in maxillary teeth compared to mandibular teeth. A study in Australia ...
... evaluation at the tooth level revealed that different genetic variants and associated clinical phenotypes affect each tooth ... Keywords: Connective tissue; Dentin; Dentinogenesis; Oral medicine; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Tooth abnormalities. Copyright © ... Tooth discoloration was mainly observed in teeth known to have thinner enamel (i.e. lower anterior), while pulp obliteration ... Osteogenesis imperfecta tooth level phenotype analysis: Cross-sectional study Bone. 2021 Jun:147:115917. doi: 10.1016/j.bone. ...
Abnormalities at delivery, gestational age, and birth weight did not differ significantly across the three groups (table 1). ... We counted teeth treated by diammine silver fluoride as well as decayed teeth as decayed. Incidence of dental caries was ... tooth brushing alone at 18 months and 3 years, tooth brushing by parents at 18 months and 3 years, bottle feeding at 4 months ... with 12 579 related to decayed teeth. The mean DMF index (the numbers of decayed, missing, or filled teeth) was 0.06 (2.5 ...
... the treatment of tooth discoloration has evolved into an annual multibillion-dollar, highly sophisticated, scientific, and ... Abnormalities of the teeth. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE, eds. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 1st ed. ... Mild trauma to teeth during enamel formation (secondary teeth), eg, Turner tooth ... Moderate trauma to teeth during enamel formation (secondary teeth), eg, Turner tooth ...
Tooth enamel problems. *Depression. *Liver abnormalities. *Repeated miscarriages. *Neurological (nerve) problems such as ataxia ...
Examination showed a root-filled lower right canine tooth that was mobile and tender to percussion. The tooth was extracted ... Radiographs showed no abnormality at this stage.. A course of oral amoxicillin (250 mg, every 8 h for 5 days) followed by oral ...
There have been rare cases of mottling of deciduous teeth in infants born to mothers who had high daily intakes of fluoride ... Hypocalcemia may cause prolonged Q-T interval and cardiac rhythm abnormalities.. Inhalation Exposure Calcium gluconate (2.5 ... Repeated ingestion of more than 6 mg of fluoride per day may result in mottling of the teeth in developing children, ... during pregnancy; skeletal abnormalities are considered unlikely. No reproductive effects due to hydrogen fluoride are known. ...
Categories: Tooth Abnormalities Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
... immune abnormalities; redistribution of metals within the body; hair loss; pain in the teeth; deteriorating fillings; impaired ...
Keywords: Tooth Abnormalities; Orthodontic Wires; Corrective Orthodontics; Activator Appliances; Self Concept. Introduction ... The prevalence of abnormalities skeletal anomalies at international level, including Cuba, is high, so they are considered an ... The position of the teeth inside the jaws and the shape of the occlusion are determined by developmental processes that act on ... the mandible and transmit the occlusal forces favorable to the occlusal inclined planes that cover the posterior teeth. With ...
Its abnormalities manifest themselves in various diseases, including sclerosing bone disorder (SBD). Exploration of genes that ... Its abnormalities manifest themselves in various diseases, including sclerosing bone disorder (SBD). Exploration of genes that ... In addition, dental malocclusion and premature loss of teeth are observable in CDD. These obvious differences provide an ... Her skeletal survey showed quite similar abnormalities to her brother, including thickened calvaria, broad ribs, platyspondyly ...
Mobility of teeth. *Sinus tract ("fistula"). *Clinically suspected sinus pathosis. *Growth abnormalities ... suspicion of teeth with periapical pathologic conditions, presence of partially erupted teeth, caries lesions, swelling, and ... prior to eruption of the first permanent tooth); child with transitional dentition (after eruption of the first permanent tooth ... evidence suggests that the enamel of permanent teeth undergoes posteruptive maturation and that young permanent teeth are ...
Tooth Abnormalities as Seen in Diabetes ... View other providers who treat Tooth Abnormalities as Seen in ...
Apert syndrome is a birth abnormality caused by a mutation of the FGFR2 gene. This can occur in babies with no family history ... People born with Apert syndrome may experience problems with their vision and teeth because of the abnormal shape of the facial ... A doctor may perform a skull radiograph or CT scan of the head to determine the nature of the bone abnormalities. Molecular ... The facial and skull abnormalities can lead to some health and development problems. If not corrected, vision problems often ...
Abnormalities of the teeth. *Mental retardation. *Personality disorders. *Hyperphosphatemia. *Hypoparathyroidism. *Absence of ...
... the treatment of tooth discoloration has evolved into an annual multibillion-dollar, highly sophisticated, scientific, and ... Abnormalities of the teeth. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE, eds. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 1st ed. ... Mild trauma to teeth during enamel formation (secondary teeth), eg, Turner tooth ... Moderate trauma to teeth during enamel formation (secondary teeth), eg, Turner tooth ...
A new abnormality record in bats: a teratological condition or skull trauma due to tooth avulsion in Noctilio leporinus?. ... Dental anomalies have been documented in almost all mammalian orders, and include supernumerary or missing teeth, teeth with ... teeth in unusual positions; supernumerary/missing teeth; presence of unshed deciduous premolars. We found anomalies in all ... with subsequent loss of the remaining teeth via periodontal inflammation and tooth decay. ...
Abnormality of The Dentition. Synonym: Abnormal Dentition. Synonym: Abnormal Teeth. Synonym: Dental Abnormalities ... Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology Abnormality of the dentition Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral ... Supernumerary tooth Talipes Thick nasal alae Ventriculomegaly Vesicoureteral reflux Wide nasal bridge ... Abnormality of Cardiovascular System Morphology. Synonym: Cardiovascular Malformations. ...
MeSH: Taurodontism; Dental Pulp Cavity; Constriction; Tooth Abnormalities; Dental Enamel. del på twitter del på facebook ... Taurodontic teeth are characterized by an elongated pulp chamber, a constriction located within alveolar bone below the enamel- ... Keith A. Problems relating to the Teeth of the Earlier Forms of Prehistoric Man. Proc R Soc Med. 1913;6(Odontol Sect): 103-24. ... These teeth are traditionally classified as hypo-, meso- or hypertaurodont. Taurodontism is prevalent in most populations. ...
... were first described independently by Charcot and Marie in France and by Tooth in England. The heterogeneous nature and ... The inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathies (CMT) ... These forms are associated with abnormalities on brain MRI, ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2B (CMT2B), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E ( ... How is Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease treated?. What is the role of surgery in the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) ...
Mouth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Tooth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Corrective, Orthodontics, Preventive, Dental Arch, ... Mouth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Tooth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Corrective, Orthodontics, Preventive, Dental Arch, ... Mouth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Tooth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Corrective, Orthodontics, Preventive, Dental Arch, ... Mouth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Tooth Abnormalities, Orthodontics, Corrective, Orthodontics, Preventive, Dental Arch, ...
Teeth from these diminutive individuals suggest they belonged to a unique species rather than a modern human with a growth ... The researchers found hobbit teeth were as small as those from short modern humans. However, other features of these teeth ... The results also suggest hobbits were not just modern humans with severe abnormalities, the researchers said. ... For instance, the canine and premolar teeth looked primitive, whereas the molar teeth looked advanced, or as if they had ...
  • Nail and teeth abnormalities-marginal palmoplantar keratoderma-oral hyperpigmentation syndrome is a rare genetic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome characterized by short stature, nail dystrophy and/or nail loss, oral mucosa and/or tongue hyperpigmentation, dentition abnormalities (delayed teeth eruption, hypodontia, enamel hypoplasia), keratoderma on the margins of the palms and soles and focal hyperkeratosis on the dorsum of the hands and feet. (nih.gov)
  • Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are very important when addressing this abnormality in the mixed dentition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tooth discoloration was mainly observed in teeth known to have thinner enamel (i.e. lower anterior), while pulp obliteration was most prevalent in the first molars. (nih.gov)
  • Our results also suggest that tooth discoloration is most likely an optical phenomenon inversely proportional to enamel thickness, and highly associated with pulp obliteration. (nih.gov)
  • Enamel is the most mineralized of the calcified tissues of the body, and it is the most radiopaque of the 3 tooth layers. (medscape.com)
  • The four components of teeth are enamel, dentine, pulp and cementum. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Dental enamel protects the tooth from fracture and wear and is not regenerated once damaged. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Chalky white spots on the teeth enamel may indicate areas of demineralisation which is an early sign of dental caries. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Enamel is the outermost layer of the teeth and contains several minerals, including calcium. (healthnews.com)
  • In young children, the enamel is opaque, giving their teeth a whiter appearance. (healthnews.com)
  • Organic stains and chromogens from tobacco, coffee, and tea penetrate tooth enamel to cause stained teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Impaired tooth enamel formation can also cause stained teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Systemic administration of an antibiotic called tetracycline at an early age may cause enamel and tooth tissue to discolor. (healthnews.com)
  • Casein can bind to the polyphenol content in tea, so it doesn't stain tooth enamel. (healthnews.com)
  • Patients with preexisting restorations, cervical erosions, enamel cracks, large pulp chambers, or sensitive teeth before treatment are at higher risk for postbleaching sensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • Apert syndrome causes facial and skull abnormalities, which can lead to visual impairments and dental problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People born with Apert syndrome may experience problems with their vision and teeth because of the abnormal shape of the facial and skull bones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The facial and skull abnormalities can lead to some health and development problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • More important, the above-referred immune abnormalities do not explain the facial, skeletal, joint, and dental defects in AD HIES. (medscape.com)
  • The condition is characterized by intellectual deficit and numerous other abnormalities including excess folds of skin, multiple bony growths (exostoses), characteristic facial features, and cone-shaped phalangeal epiphyses (the growing ends of the bones in the fingers). (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, "oral (mouth) breathing in children may lead to the development of facial structural abnormalities associated with SDB. (positivehealth.com)
  • The occurrence of hypodontia (absence of teeth) and hyperdontia (presence of supernumerary teeth) in the same patient is a rarely seen condition in dental practice. (bvsalud.org)
  • A cohort of 171 individuals with OI type I, III and IV, aged 3-55 years, were recruited and evaluated for tooth discoloration, pulp obliteration, and taurodontism at the individual tooth level, using intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs. (nih.gov)
  • The main outcome measure was the incidence of caries in deciduous teeth, defined as at least one decayed, missing, or filled tooth assessed by qualified dentists without radiographs. (bmj.com)
  • Dental radiographs can reveal defects in both tooth structure and alveolar bone. (medscape.com)
  • Radiographs showed no abnormality at this stage. (cdc.gov)
  • Dental X-rays (radiographs) are images of your teeth that your dentist uses to evaluate your oral health. (dentistw2.co.uk)
  • Dental anomalies in Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), such as tooth discoloration, pulp obliteration (calcified dental pulp space), and taurodontism (enlarged dental pulp space) vary between and within patients. (nih.gov)
  • The prevalence of tooth discoloration and pulp obliteration was higher in OI types III and IV and increased with age. (nih.gov)
  • A significant association was observed between pulp obliteration and tooth discoloration, and both were associated with a lack of occlusal contact. (nih.gov)
  • Tooth discoloration is caused by multiple local and systemic conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Dental treatment of tooth discoloration involves identifying the etiology and implementing therapy. (medscape.com)
  • By this point in the 21st century, the treatment of tooth discoloration has evolved into an annual multibillion-dollar, highly sophisticated, scientific, and clinical discipline. (medscape.com)
  • This acid causes permanent discoloration, resulting in the browning of teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Tobacco causes yellowish-brown to black discoloration on the lingual and cervical parts of the teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • These deposits can cause tooth discoloration to black or even green and orange in children with poor oral hygiene. (healthnews.com)
  • Brush your teeth after eating foods that can cause discoloration of the teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Patients who undergo dental procedures (eg, bleaching, restorations) for tooth discoloration should be monitored periodically. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in dietary and toothbrushing habits and professional cleaning and treatment may help in preventing tooth discoloration (see Medical Care). (medscape.com)
  • Educate patients who are treated for medical disorders associated with dental discoloration about the risks of tooth-related disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Supranoto SC, Slot DE, Addy M, Van der Weijden GA. The effect of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel versus chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and tooth discoloration: a systematic review. (medscape.com)
  • Dhar V. Development and developmental anomalies of the teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To better understand the associations and variations in these anomalies, a cross-sectional study was designed to analyze the dental phenotype in OI patients at the individual tooth type. (nih.gov)
  • Dental anomalies such as supernumerary teeth and insufficient cementum can also be present. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • For instance, the canine and premolar teeth looked primitive, whereas the molar teeth looked advanced, or as if they had emerged later in the evolution of Homo sapiens , the scientists said. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The front incisors are most commonly the first teeth to erupt, followed by the first primary molar, canines and second primary molars. (bpac.org.nz)
  • The crown of each tooth has 5 surfaces: buccal (facing the cheek or lip), lingual (facing the tongue), mesial (between the teeth), distal (between the teeth), and chewing (occlusal for molars and premolars, incisal for incisors and canines). (medscape.com)
  • Examine the teeth, gingiva, tongue and oral cavity for abnormalities. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Observe abnormalities of tongue movement. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in the Small GTP-ase Late Endosomal Protein RAB7 Cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2B Neuropathy. (mda.org)
  • Pulp stones (also denticles or endoliths) are nodular, calcified masses appearing in either or both the coronal and root portion of the pulp organ in teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinically, a tooth with a pulp stone has normal appearance like any other tooth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The number of pulp stones in a single tooth may vary from 1 to 12 or more, with varying sizes from minute particles to large masses which tend to occlude the pulpal space. (wikipedia.org)
  • A pilot study was done with patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and it shows increased incidence of pulp stones in teeth with patients with CVD compared to healthy patients without CVD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dentine forms the structure of the tooth and is produced by the dental pulp which is a specialised tissue responsible for the neurosensory function and reparative potential of teeth. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Our studies are the first to demonstrate that male drinking before pregnancy is a plausible yet completely unexamined factor in the development of alcohol-related craniofacial abnormalities and growth deficiencies. (theconversation.com)
  • Yunis-Varon Syndrome (YVS), also known as cleidocranial dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skeletal and ectodermal abnormalities. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • A tooth is composed of a crown (ie, the portion exposed to the oral cavity) and 1 or more roots (ie, the portion enveloped in bone and the periodontium). (medscape.com)
  • Its abnormalities manifest themselves in various diseases, including sclerosing bone disorder (SBD). (nature.com)
  • To formally diagnose a person with Apert syndrome, a doctor will look for the characteristic bone abnormalities affecting the head, face, hands, and feet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A doctor may perform a skull radiograph or CT scan of the head to determine the nature of the bone abnormalities. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Orthopedic specialists can address bone and skeletal abnormalities, while syndactyly can be treated with surgery. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • Each tooth has roots in the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible with a visible crown that emerges from the gingiva. (bpac.org.nz)
  • If cementum is lost the tooth root may become fused to or resorbed by the alveolar bone. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Permanent teeth develop behind the primary teeth in the alveolar bone. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Another intrinsic factor is metabolic errors such as congenital erythropoietic porphyria which can cause an accumulation of an organic compound called porphyrin in red blood cells, feces, urine, bone marrow, and teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Specific diseases can affect tooth shape, tooth color, and when they grow in. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some diseases can lead to absence of teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The teeth are involved in all 3 roles, and dental diseases can be a source of multiple problems, including oral and systemic infections and difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or phonation. (medscape.com)
  • These X-rays are used with low levels of radiation to capture images of the interior of your teeth and gums. (dentistw2.co.uk)
  • Dental x-rays help diagnose disease and injury of the teeth and gums as well as help planning the appropriate treatment. (mountsinai.org)
  • This phase is associated with simultaneous exfoliation or the eruption of primary and secondary teeth (see Tables 1-2). (medscape.com)
  • The eruption of primary teeth (teething) usually begins between age six and ten months. (bpac.org.nz)
  • The position of the teeth inside the jaws and the shape of the occlusion are determined by developmental processes that act on these and their associated structures during the periods of formation, growth and postnatal modification. (sld.cu)
  • Now, teeth from the hobbit suggest it belonged to a unique species rather than a modern human with a growth disorder. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Study question Does maternal smoking during pregnancy and exposure of infants to tobacco smoke at age 4 months increase the risk of caries in deciduous teeth? (bmj.com)
  • 1 In developed countries, the prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth remains high (20.5% in children aged 2 to 5 years in the United States 2 and 25.0% in children aged 3 years in Japan), 3 and established measures for caries prevention in young children is limited to sugar restriction, oral fluoride supplementation, and fluoride varnish. (bmj.com)
  • 6 However, a two year randomised controlled trial of 334 preschool children aged 4 and 5 years found a small but significant reduction of dental caries in deciduous teeth with chorhexidine use. (bmj.com)
  • As the child grows, twenty primary (deciduous) teeth form, erupt and shed and are replaced by 32 permanent teeth. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography. (ugent.be)
  • The supernumerary teeth were diagnosed by periapical radiograph and computed tomography. (bvsalud.org)
  • One of the most commonly prescribed treatments, bleaching is a tooth whitening procedure that acts on the chromophores in teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Vital bleaching causes short-term tooth sensitivity (1-4 d) in two thirds of patients (see Medical Care). (medscape.com)
  • The tooth is held in place, in the gingiva, by the periodontal membrane. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. (hindawi.com)
  • Does your child have any medical conditions that may cause abnormal tooth shape? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Talk to a dentist or health care provider if the shape of your child's teeth appears to be abnormal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The upper jaw is usually smaller than average, which can lead to dental problems as the child's teeth grow. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A study showed that adding milk to a cup of tea can prevent extrinsic tooth staining caused by tea. (healthnews.com)
  • Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain. (medscape.com)
  • Apert syndrome can also cause abnormalities in the fingers and toes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Apert syndrome is a birth abnormality caused by a mutation of the FGFR2 gene. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and sleep apnoea syndrome: A family study. (mda.org)
  • Antenatal screening using ultrasonography can also detect the syndrome in infants with skeletal or cardiac abnormalities. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
  • Il s'agit de la première série de cas du syndrome de Sanjad-Sakati confirmés génétiquement en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Glycyl tRNA Synthetase Mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2D and Distal Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type V. (mda.org)
  • Mutant small heat-shock protein 27 causes axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy. (mda.org)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most commonly occurring hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. (hindawi.com)
  • Mesiodens are supernumerary teeth, commonly seen in the maxillary midline. (bvsalud.org)
  • The appearance of normal teeth varies, especially the molars. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Taurodontism was only found in permanent teeth and affected mostly first molars, and its prevalence decreased with age. (nih.gov)
  • Abnormalities to look for include swelling, redness, bleeding or recession of the gingiva, change in tooth position, premature tooth mobility or tooth loss and heavy plaque or calculus deposits, which are often seen on the outer surface of the incisors and the inner surface of the molars. (bpac.org.nz)
  • PURPOSE: When restoring hypomineralized first permanent molars, placement of cavo-surface margins can be difficult to ascertain due to uncertainty of the bonding capability of the tooth surface. (who.int)
  • Cursory familiarity with basic dental anatomy and calcification and with the eruption sequence of teeth is helpful before physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • The dental phenotype evaluation at the tooth level revealed that different genetic variants and associated clinical phenotypes affect each tooth type differently, and genetic variants are better predictors of the dental phenotype than the type of OI. (nih.gov)
  • However, sometimes abnormalities or variations occur in the shape or form of the tooth, which may be due to developmental causes , or environmental causes such as trauma or genetic causes. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Tooth development is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. (bpac.org.nz)
  • The treatment adopted was surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth and esthetic restoration to transform the permanent mandibular canines into lateral incisors. (bvsalud.org)
  • After this week, it is unlikely that any congenital abnormalities will develop. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • Braces, fillings (bonding), and dental restorations such as crowns, veneers, or bridges may be needed to correct the abnormal shape and improve the appearance and spacing of the teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This can help the dentist to identify problems, like cavities, tooth decay, and impacted teeth. (dentistw2.co.uk)
  • If the dentist finds problems, such as cavities or tooth decay, they'll discuss your treatment options. (dentistw2.co.uk)
  • Mutations in this gene produce abnormalities of the hair,teeth and some exocrine glands. (jax.org)
  • A new variant of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 is probably the result of a mutation in the neurofilament-light gene. (mda.org)
  • Further evidence that neurofilament light chain gene mutations can cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. (mda.org)
  • Characteristic features include neurobehavioural abnormalities such as aggressive and self-injurious behaviour and significant sleep disturbances. (bmj.com)
  • A Locus for an Axonal Form of Autosomal Recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Maps to Chromosome 1q21.2-q21.3. (mda.org)
  • Autosomal recessive axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (ARCMT2): Phenotype-genotype correlations in 13 Moroccan families. (mda.org)
  • The tooth buds are forming inside baby's mouth. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • A growing child can develop crooked teeth within a very short time if they change from habitual nasal breathing to mouth breathing. (positivehealth.com)
  • In order to recognise abnormal oral health in children, it is important to understand the normal pattern of tooth development and appearance of the mouth. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Start to look in the child's mouth as soon as the first tooth erupts. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Dental x-rays are a type of image of the teeth and mouth. (mountsinai.org)
  • Accelerated primary or permanent tooth eruption may occur in children who are obese, and delayed eruption may occur in those who were born pre-term. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Heart defects, especially abnormalities of atrial septation, occur in about 60% of cases. (orpha.net)
  • This paper reports the case of an 11-year-old patient with absence of the permanent maxillary lateral incisors and the mandibular second premolars, with concomitant presence of a supernumerary tooth in the region of the right mandibular lateral incisor. (bvsalud.org)
  • The prevalence of supernumerary teeth varies oscila entre el 0,3 y el 3,8%.1 Es clasificado como una ano- from 0.3 to 3.8%.1 It is defined as a number malía de número, caracterizada por la presencia de una o abnormality characterized by the excess of any más piezas dentarias en exceso con respecto a la cantidad tooth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hay tres teorías que tratan the etiology of supernumerary teeth has not de explicar esta anomalía dental: dicotomía del germen been defined, but three theories try to explain this dental anomaly. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transverse section of a central incisor illustrates the different soft and hard tissue layers of the tooth and the supporting dental-alveolar apparatus. (medscape.com)
  • Structures that contain air will be black, and teeth, tissue, and fluid will appear as shades of gray. (mountsinai.org)
  • As the permanent tooth grows towards the surface, it resorbs the root of the primary tooth, causing it to loosen and fall out. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Occasionally the primary tooth remains beside the permanent tooth, but in most cases it will drop out, without treatment, within one year. (bpac.org.nz)
  • If a child loses primary teeth before the age of four years, has asymmetrical primary or permanent tooth eruption, or eruption is delayed by more than six months after expected, they should be referred to a dentist or paediatrician. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Many dentists will take yearly bitewings to look for early development of cavities in between the teeth. (mountsinai.org)
  • Using hydrogen peroxide as a tooth whitening agent will interact with organic chromophores in the tooth structure, so it can convert molecular chains into simpler units. (healthnews.com)
  • This procedure results in a lower molecular weight product and changes its optical properties, enabling stains to be removed from the tooth surface. (healthnews.com)
  • The tooth was extracted uneventfully under local anesthesia. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiologic Study of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Systematic Review. (mda.org)
  • Reparative dentine is formed in response to environmental stimuli such as trauma, tooth wear or caries. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Abnormal teeth development sometimes indicates a systemic health problem e.g. hypothyroidism. (bpac.org.nz)
  • Increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A case control study. (mda.org)
  • Consuming rough leafy vegetables such as kale or spinach can help reduce stains on the surface of the teeth. (healthnews.com)
  • Captures all the upper or lower teeth in one shot while the film rests on the biting surface of the teeth. (mountsinai.org)