Torticollis
Neck Muscles
Spasm
Vestibular Function Tests
Electronystagmography
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
Retropharyngeal Abscess
Botulinum Toxins
Dystonia
Ocular Motility Disorders
Head Movements
Serbia
Vestibular Nerve
Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
Three-dimensional spiral CT scanning in children with acute torticollis. (1/171)
Three-dimensional spiral CT scanning is now becoming a common investigation in children who have a history of acute torticollis. In the last year, 21 consecutive children who came to our unit with a history of acute torticollis were assessed using standard plain radiographs and a 3-dimensional spiral CT scan. Ten patients had a history of recent trauma. Spiral CT scanning revealed that 13 children had atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation (AARS). Plain radiographs had only a sensitivity of 33% and specificity of 71% in detecting AARS. Sixteen children were treated using a Halter traction. Four failed to resolve clinically and were put on a halo traction after 3-dimensional CT scanning again confirmed residual AARS. Two children remained symptomatic after halo traction, with persisting rotatory and anterior subluxation on repeat spiral CT. They both underwent a posterior in-situ fusion, with no attempt at open reduction. Plain radiography is limited in investigating acute torticollis in children. Spiral 3-dimensional CT reconstruction has an important role to play in both the investigation and management of children who present with acute torticollis. (+info)Preliminary CT study of C1-C2 rotational mobility in normal subjects. (2/171)
A CT study of normal atlanto-axial (C1-C2) rotary mobility was carried out on ten normal immature subjects. In order to determine the limits of normality, the ten children underwent clinical and radiological examination. The clinical study included checking for objective signs of joint laxity and measurement of rotational neck mobility. The radiological study included standard lateral radiographs in neutral and maximal flexion positions and a CT scan taken in maximal left and right side rotation at the C1-C2 articular processes joint. The superpositioning of the images taken in every rotational direction showed, in all ten children, a wide contact loss between the C1-C2 corresponding facets, ranging from 74 to 85% of the total articular surface. The report on these images, carried out by three independent radiologists, concluded that there was a rotary subluxation in all cases. In the ten children studied, there were no significant differences with regard to neck mobility or laxity signs in clinical or standard X-ray examination. Our results lead us to conclude that, except for complete C1-C2 rotational dislocation with facet interlocking, a CT scan showing a wide - but incomplete - rotational facet displacement is not sufficient to define a status of subluxation. This leads us to perceive that there is a risk of overdiagnosis when evaluating upper cervical spine rotational problems in children. The concept of both rotary C1-C2 fixation and subluxation should be revised. (+info)Donders' law in torticollis. (3/171)
We investigated head movements of patients with spasmodic torticollis toward targets in various directions. These patients, whose severe dystonia was reflected in an abnormal resting head position, appeared to retain a Donders'-type strategy for the control of the rotational degrees of freedom of the head. As in normals, rotation vectors, representing head orientation, were confined to a curved surface, which specifies how head torsion depends on gaze direction. The orientation of the surface in body coordinates, which was very stereotyped in normals, was different for patients. The same Donders surface was found for head movements and for stationary head postures, indicating that the same neural mechanism governs its implementation in both tasks. To interpret our results, we propose a conceptual scheme incorporating the basal ganglia, which are thought to be involved in the etiology of torticollis, and an implementation stage for Donders' law. (+info)Factors that ameliorate or aggravate spasmodic torticollis. (4/171)
A sample of 72 patients with adult onset torticollis were asked to complete a checklist to indicate how a list of situations and activities affected the severity of their torticollis. Stress and self consciousness were reported as aggravating factors by more than 80% of the sample, whereas walking, fatigue, and carrying objects were noted as exacerbators by over 70% of the patients. For more than 40% of the sample, torticollis improved in the supine position, by relaxation, sleep, and lying on the side. However, the last four factors also worsened the head deviation in 16% to 25% of the patients. Use of a "geste antagoniste" to maintain the head in the body midline, was reported by 64 (88.9%) of the patients, which was still effective in correcting head position in 47%. The sensitivity of torticollis to social and emotional factors can be best explained in terms of a possible link between extrapyramidal and affective disorders through overlapping changes in catecholamine metabolism. The worsening of torticollis with peripheral motor activity (walking, running, writing) or its improvement with changes in body posture or with the geste antagoniste is best viewed in terms of alterations of peripheral proprioceptive feedback or central corollary discharge provoked by the motor output or command. (+info)Pattern of premature degenerative changes of the cervical spine in patients with spasmodic torticollis and the impact on the outcome of selective peripheral denervation. (5/171)
OBJECTIVES: To characterise the pattern of and risk factors for degenerative changes of the cervical spine in patients with spasmodic torticollis and to assess whether these changes affect outcome after selective peripheral denervation. METHODS: Preoperative CT of the upper cervical spine of 34 patients with spasmodic torticollis referred for surgery were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the clinical findings. Degenerative changes were assessed for each joint separately and rated as absent, minimal, moderate, or severe. Patients were clinically assessed before surgery and 3 months postoperatively by an independent examiner using standardised clinical rating scales. For comparison of means a t test was carried out. To determine whether an association exists between the side of degenerative changes and type of spasmodic torticollis a chi(2) test was used. Changes in severity, disability, and pain before and after surgery were calculated using a Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test. RESULTS: Fourteen out of 34 patients had moderate or severe degenerative changes. They were predominantly found at the C2/C3 and C3/C4 level and were significantly more likely to occur on the side of the main direction of the spasmodic torticollis (p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in age, sex, duration of torticollis, overall severity, degree of disability, or pain between the group with either no or minimal changes and the group with moderate or severe changes. However, in the second group the duration of inadequate treatment was longer (10.1 v 4.8 years; p=0.009), head mobility was more restricted (p = 0.015), and head tremor was more severe (p = 0.01). At 3 months postoperatively, patients with n or minimal degenerative changes showed a significant improvement in pain and severity whereas no difference was found in those with moderate or severe changes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with spasmodic torticollis have an increased risk of developing premature degenerative changes of the upper cervical spine that tend to be on the side towards which the head is turned or tilted and compromise outcome after surgery. Effective early treatment of spasmodic torticollis with botulinum toxin seems to have a protective effect. Patients with spasmodic torticollis and restricted head mobility who do not adequately respond to treatment should undergo imaging of the upper cervical spine. Patients with imaging evidence of moderate or severe degenerative changes seem to respond poorly to selective peripheral denervation. (+info)Frequency analysis of EMG activity in patients with idiopathic torticollis. (6/171)
The pathophysiology of idiopathic dystonic torticollis is unclear and there is no simple test that confirms the diagnosis and excludes a psychogenic or voluntary torticollis in individual patients. We recorded EMG activity in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and splenius capitis (SPL) muscles of eight patients with rotational torticollis and eight age-matched controls, and analysed the signals in the frequency and time domains. All control subjects but one showed a significant peak in the autospectrum of the SPL EMG at 10-12 Hz, which was absent in all patients with torticollis. Conversely, patients with torticollis had evidence of a 4-7 Hz drive to the SPL and SCM that was absent in coherence spectra from controls. The pooled cumulant density estimates revealed a peak in both groups, and within the patient group there was a second narrow subpeak with a width of 13 ms. The activity in the SCM and SPL was in phase in the patients but not in the controls. The lack of any phase difference and the suggestion of short-term synchronization between SCM and SPL are consistent with an abnormal corticoreticular and corticospinal drive in dystonic torticollis. Clinically, the pattern of SPL EMG autospectra and of SCM-SPL coherence may provide a sensitive and specific feature distinguishing dystonic from psychogenic torticollis. (+info)Refractory torticollis after a fall. (7/171)
Though multiple medical and psychiatric causes of torticollis have been described, cervical dystonias resulting from distant somatic dysfunctions have not. This article describes the treatment of a 62-year-old woman in whom refractory retrotorticollis of surmised pelvic etiology developed after a fall. Structurally, cervical dystonias have been addressed as problems that originate in the head and neck, but this limited view of the musculoskeletal component of torticollis may prevent physicians from directing osteopathic manipulative treatment to the underlying problem. (+info)Effect of prolonged neck muscle vibration on lateral head tilt in severe spasmodic torticollis. (8/171)
Short term vibration of the dorsal neck muscles (10-35 s) is known to induce involuntary movements of the head in patients with spasmodic torticollis. To investigate whether neck muscle vibration might serve as a therapeutic tool when applied for a longer time interval, we compared a vibration interval of 5 seconds with a 15 minute interval in a patient with spasmodic torticollis with an extreme head tilt to the right shoulder. Head position was recorded with a two camera optoelectronic motion analyzer in six different test conditions. Vibration regularly induced a rapid change of head position that was markedly closer to a normal, upright posture. After 5 seconds of vibration, head position very quickly returned to the initial position within seconds. During the 15 minute interval, head position remained elevated. After terminating vibration in this condition, the corrected head position remained stable at first and then decreased slowly within minutes to the initial tilted position. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In this patient, muscle vibration was the specific sensory input that induced lengthening of the dystonic neck muscles. Neither haptic stimulation nor transcutaneous electrical stimulation had more than a marginal effect. (2) The marked difference in the change of head position after short and prolonged stimulation supports the hypothesis that spasmodic torticollis might result from a disturbance of the central processing of the afferent input conveying head position information-at least in those patients who are sensitive to sensory stimulation in the neck region. (3) Long term neck muscle vibration may provide a convenient non-invasive method for treating spasmodic torticollis at the central level by influencing the neural control of head on trunk position. (+info)Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a condition where the neck muscles contract and cause the head to turn to one side. There are different types of torticollis including congenital (present at birth), acquired (develops after birth), and spasmodic (neurological).
Congenital torticollis can be caused by a tight or shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck, which can occur due to positioning in the womb or abnormal blood vessels in the muscle. Acquired torticollis can result from injury, infection, or tumors in the neck. Spasmodic torticollis is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the neck muscles and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, environmental toxins, or head trauma.
Symptoms of torticollis may include difficulty turning the head, tilting the chin upwards or downwards, pain or discomfort in the neck, and a limited range of motion. Treatment for torticollis depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, stretching exercises, medication, or surgery.
Neck muscles, also known as cervical muscles, are a group of muscles that provide movement, support, and stability to the neck region. They are responsible for various functions such as flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the head and neck. The main neck muscles include:
1. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle is located on either side of the neck and is responsible for rotating and flexing the head. It also helps in tilting the head to the same side.
2. Trapezius: This large, flat muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper back. It is involved in movements like shrugging the shoulders, rotating and extending the head, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade).
3. Scalenes: These three pairs of muscles are located on the side of the neck and assist in flexing, rotating, and laterally bending the neck. They also help with breathing by elevating the first two ribs during inspiration.
4. Suboccipitals: These four small muscles are located at the base of the skull and are responsible for fine movements of the head, such as tilting and rotating.
5. Longus Colli and Longus Capitis: These muscles are deep neck flexors that help with flexing the head and neck forward.
6. Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis: These muscles are located at the back of the neck and assist in extending, rotating, and laterally bending the head and neck.
7. Levator Scapulae: This muscle is located at the side and back of the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It helps with rotation, extension, and elevation of the head and scapula.
A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.
Vestibular function tests are a series of diagnostic assessments used to determine the functionality and health of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. These tests typically include:
1. **Caloric Testing:** This test evaluates the response of each ear to stimulation with warm and cold water or air. The resulting responses are recorded and analyzed to assess the function of the horizontal semicircular canals and the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR).
2. **Rotary Chair Testing:** This test measures how well the vestibular system adapts to different speeds of rotation. The patient sits in a chair that moves in a controlled, consistent manner while their eye movements are recorded.
3. **Videonystagmography (VNG):** This test uses video goggles to record eye movements in response to various stimuli, such as changes in head position, temperature, and visual environment.
4. **Electronystagmography (ENG):** Similar to VNG, this test records eye movements but uses electrodes placed near the eyes instead of video goggles.
5. **Dix-Hallpike Test:** This is a clinical maneuver used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It involves rapidly moving the patient's head from an upright position to a position where their head is hanging off the end of the examination table.
6. **Head Shaking Test:** This test involves shaking the head back and forth for 15-20 seconds and then observing the patient's eye movements for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
These tests help diagnose various vestibular disorders, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders.
Electronystagmography (ENG) is a medical test used to assess the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. This test measures involuntary eye movements, called nystagmus, which can be indicative of various conditions affecting the inner ear or brainstem.
During the ENG test, electrodes are placed around the eyes to record eye movements while the patient undergoes a series of stimuli, such as changes in head position, visual stimuli, and caloric irrigations (where warm or cool water is introduced into the ear canal to stimulate the inner ear). The recorded data is then analyzed to evaluate the function of the vestibular system and identify any abnormalities.
ENG testing can help diagnose conditions such as vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders. It is also used to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for these conditions.
Anti-dyskinetic agents are a class of medications that are used to treat or manage dyskinesias, which are involuntary movements or abnormal muscle contractions. These medications work by blocking or reducing the activity of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in movement control.
Dyskinetic symptoms can occur as a side effect of long-term use of levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Anti-dyskinetic agents such as amantadine, anticholinergics, and dopamine agonists may be used to manage these symptoms.
Amantadine works by increasing the release of dopamine and blocking its reuptake, which can help reduce dyskinesias. Anticholinergic medications such as trihexyphenidyl and benztropine work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter that can contribute to dyskinesias. Dopamine agonists such as pramipexole and ropinirole mimic the effects of dopamine in the brain and can help reduce dyskinesias by reducing the dose of levodopa required for symptom control.
It is important to note that anti-dyskinetic agents may have side effects, and their use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare provider.
A retropharyngeal abscess is a deep neck infection involving the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia, primarily located in the retropharyngeal space. This space extends from the base of the skull to the mediastinum and contains loose connective tissue, fat, and lymph nodes. The infection usually originates from an upper respiratory tract infection or a penetrating injury to the posterior pharyngeal wall.
The abscess can cause swelling and compression of surrounding structures, leading to potentially serious complications such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, or sepsis if left untreated. Symptoms may include neck pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, drooling, and decreased appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves surgical drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy to manage the infection.
Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.
In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.
It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, leading to repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can be painful and may affect one part of the body (focal dystonia) or multiple parts (generalized dystonia). The exact cause of dystonia varies, with some cases being inherited and others resulting from damage to the brain. Treatment options include medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation surgery.
Ocular motility disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the movement of the eyes. These disorders can result from nerve damage, muscle dysfunction, or brain injuries. They can cause abnormal eye alignment, limited range of motion, and difficulty coordinating eye movements. Common symptoms include double vision, blurry vision, strabismus (crossed eyes), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and difficulty tracking moving objects. Ocular motility disorders can be congenital or acquired and may require medical intervention to correct or manage the condition.
The atlanto-axial joint is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, also known as C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis). It consists of two separate joints: the median atlanto-axial joint, which is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head, and the paired lateral atlanto-axial joints, which are plane joints that allow for limited gliding movements.
The atlanto-axial joint is surrounded by several ligaments that provide stability and limit excessive movement. The transverse ligament, located on the anterior aspect of the joint, is particularly important as it prevents excessive movement of the atlas on the axis and helps to protect the spinal cord.
Abnormalities or injuries to the atlanto-axial joint can result in instability and potentially serious neurological complications.
In a medical context, relaxation generally refers to the reduction or release of tension in muscles, as well as a state of mental calmness and composure. This can be achieved through various techniques such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, yoga, and other forms of stress management. The goal of relaxation is to reduce physical and emotional stress, lower blood pressure, improve sleep quality, and enhance overall well-being.
It's important to note that while relaxation can have many benefits for mental and physical health, it should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or therapy for any underlying conditions. Always consult with a healthcare professional for advice on managing your health.
Head movements refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the head in various directions. These movements can occur in different planes, including flexion (moving the head forward), extension (moving the head backward), rotation (turning the head to the side), and lateral bending (leaning the head to one side).
Head movements can be a result of normal physiological processes, such as when nodding in agreement or shaking the head to indicate disagreement. They can also be caused by neurological conditions, such as abnormal head movements in patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar disorders. Additionally, head movements may occur in response to sensory stimuli, such as turning the head toward a sound.
In a medical context, an examination of head movements can provide important clues about a person's neurological function and help diagnose various conditions affecting the brain and nervous system.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Serbia" is not a medical term. It is a country in Europe, located in the Balkan region. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!
A "torsion abnormality" is not a standard medical term, but I believe you are asking about torsional deformities or abnormalities related to torsion. Torsion refers to a twisting force or movement that can cause structures to rotate around their long axis. In the context of medical definitions:
Torsional abnormality could refer to a congenital or acquired condition where anatomical structures, such as blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or bones, are twisted or rotated in an abnormal way. This can lead to various complications depending on the structure involved and the degree of torsion.
For instance, in congenital torsional deformities of long bones (like tibia or femur), the rotation of the bone axis can cause issues with gait, posture, and joint function. In some cases, this may require surgical intervention to correct the abnormality.
In the context of vascular torsion abnormalities, such as mesenteric torsion, it could lead to bowel ischemia due to the twisting of blood vessels that supply the intestines. This can be a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent further damage.
It's essential to consult with a medical professional for a precise diagnosis and treatment options if you or someone else experiences symptoms related to torsional abnormalities.
The vestibular nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a pair of nerves that transmit sensory information from the balance-sensing structures in the inner ear (the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) to the brain. This information helps the brain maintain balance and orientation of the head in space. The vestibular nerve also plays a role in hearing by transmitting sound signals from the cochlea to the brain.
'Dystonia Musculorum Deformans' is a medical term that refers to a rare inherited neurological disorder, which is now more commonly known as "Generalized Dystonia." This condition is characterized by sustained muscle contractions, leading to twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
The onset of symptoms typically occurs during childhood or adolescence, and they can progress over time, affecting various parts of the body. The exact cause of Generalized Dystonia is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve genetic mutations that affect the functioning of certain proteins in the brain. Treatment options may include medications, botulinum toxin injections, or even deep brain stimulation surgery in severe cases.
Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:
1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.
These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.
Blepharospasm is a medical condition characterized by involuntary spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyelids. These spasms can cause frequent blinkings, eye closure, and even difficulty in keeping the eyes open. In some cases, the spasms may be severe enough to interfere with vision, daily activities, and quality of life.
The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that controls movement. It can occur as an isolated condition (known as essential blepharospasm) or as a symptom of other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
Treatment options for blepharospasm may include medication, botulinum toxin injections, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of the spasms, improve symptoms, and enhance the patient's quality of life.
"Intramuscular injections" refer to a medical procedure where a medication or vaccine is administered directly into the muscle tissue. This is typically done using a hypodermic needle and syringe, and the injection is usually given into one of the large muscles in the body, such as the deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis (thigh), or ventrogluteal (buttock) muscles.
Intramuscular injections are used for a variety of reasons, including to deliver medications that need to be absorbed slowly over time, to bypass stomach acid and improve absorption, or to ensure that the medication reaches the bloodstream quickly and directly. Common examples of medications delivered via intramuscular injection include certain vaccines, antibiotics, and pain relievers.
It is important to follow proper technique when administering intramuscular injections to minimize pain and reduce the risk of complications such as infection or injury to surrounding tissues. Proper site selection, needle length and gauge, and injection technique are all critical factors in ensuring a safe and effective intramuscular injection.
Torticollis
Spasmodic torticollis
Benign paroxysmal torticollis
Accessory nerve
Eldon Leroy Foltz
Military brace
Congenital fourth nerve palsy
Hanger reflex
Neck stiffness
Jack Critchley
Interstitiospinal tract
Dystonia
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct
Goldenhar syndrome
Trochlear nerve
Sandifer syndrome
Young-Simpson syndrome
Jean-René Cruchet
Dixie Carter
Wolff's law
SAMM50
Guinea pig
Thonningia
Skew deviation
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Taylor Booth (soccer)
Somatization disorder
Neuromodulation (medicine)
Alan B. Scott
Michael Jeffrey Aminoff
Torticollis - Wikipedia
Torticollis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Torticollis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Hand tremor in patients with spasmodic torticollis
Congenital Muscular Torticollis | University Hospitals
Torticollis - CHEO
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Torticollis in Infants : Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
Opisthotonus, torticollis and mortality in a breeding colony of Anolis sp. lizards | Lab Animal
Spasmodic Torticollis | AANEM
Pediatric Congenital Muscular Torticollis - Conditions and Treatments | Children's National Hospital
Torticollis (Wry Neck) | National University Hospital
Blog: Torticollis by #33812
Pediatric Orthopedics : Torticollis : Torticollis Introduction : Diseases and Conditions | Pediatric Oncall
EITP Training Calendar: Clinical Application of the Congenital Muscular Torticollis Clinical Practice Guideline
Congenital Torticollis - Children's Health Issues - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Acquired Torticollis Related to Atlantooccipital Subluxation Following Servical Burn [Med J Islamic World Acad Sci]
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Muscular33
- Other categories include: Osseous Traumatic CNS/PNS Ocular Non-muscular soft tissue Spasmodic Drug induced Oral ties (lip and tongue ties) Congenital muscular torticollis is the most common torticollis that is present at birth. (wikipedia.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis is the third most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity in children. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of congenital muscular torticollis is unclear. (wikipedia.org)
- Congenital Muscular Torticollis is also defined by a fibrosis contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
- Secondary complications associated with Congenital Muscular Torticollis include visual dysfunctions, facial asymmetry, delayed development, cervical scoliosis, and vertebral wedge degeneration which will have a serious impact on the child's appearance and even mental health. (wikipedia.org)
- Up to 20% of children with congenital muscular torticollis have congenital dysplasia of the hip as well. (medscape.com)
- What are the symptoms of congenital muscular torticollis? (uhhospitals.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis may be seen at birth. (uhhospitals.org)
- The symptoms of congenital muscular torticollis may look like other conditions. (uhhospitals.org)
- How is congenital muscular torticollis diagnosed? (uhhospitals.org)
- How is congenital muscular torticollis treated? (uhhospitals.org)
- What are possible complications of congenital muscular torticollis? (uhhospitals.org)
- How is congenital muscular torticollis managed? (uhhospitals.org)
- Call your baby's healthcare provider if you notice symptoms of muscular torticollis. (uhhospitals.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis is a condition in which a baby's neck muscle is tight and short. (uhhospitals.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis is a condition in which an infant's neck muscle is shortened causing the neck to twist. (childrensnational.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis may occur following a difficult birth, especially if the infant is delivered breech. (childrensnational.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis may be visible at birth or it may not become evident until several weeks later. (childrensnational.org)
- The symptoms of congenital muscular torticollis may resemble other neck masses or medical problems. (childrensnational.org)
- What is the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in babies? (childrensnational.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis : a long term follow up. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Conventry MB, Harris L. Congenital muscular torticollis in infancy : some observations regarding treatment. (pediatriconcall.com)
- 5. Ling CM, The influence of age on the results of open sternomastoid to tomy in muscular torticollis. (pediatriconcall.com)
- The Clinical Practice Guideline for Congenital Muscular Torticollis is an extensive publication that provides details for detection, referral, interventions, and discharge criteria for individuals with congenital muscular torticollis. (illinoiseitraining.org)
- Congenital muscular torticollis is a condition you are born with. (ketteringhealth.org)
- An evidence based protocol for congenital muscular torticollis is available from Cincinnati Children's Hospital (1). (creeksidechiro.com)
- Congenital Muscular Torticollis (CMT) is a common musculoskeletal disorder in infants that may become noticeable a few weeks after birth. (allcaretherapygt.com)
- Kaplan SL, Coulter C, Sargent B. Physical therapy management of congenital muscular torticollis: A 2018 evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the APTA academy of pediatric physical therapy. (allcaretherapygt.com)
- 3) Muscular torticollis. (physiofeeds.com)
- Congenital muscular torticollis or sternomastoid torticollis/tumor is a condition that occurs at birth or up to three months of age, where the child's head is tilted to one side and turned to the opposite side. (pediatricsurgery.in)
- Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a postural difference of the neck caused by muscle imbalance. (askthephysio.ie)
- Torticollis is a condition with a cranial, spinal and muscular component involvement. (craniosacraltherapyny.com)
- There are several treatments that can be used for muscular torticollis, but massage therapy is one of the most effective treatments for pain relief. (imrmassage.com)
Spasmodic13
- [ 5 ] preferred to avoid the popular term spasmodic torticollis and instead preferred cervical dystonia , because many patients have neither simple rotation nor spasmodic movements. (medscape.com)
- The occurrence of hand tremors in patients with spasmodic torticollis (ST) was investigated in 55 patients by clinical and quantitative measurements. (nih.gov)
- What is Spasmodic Torticollis? (aanem.org)
- Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) is a disorder where the muscles of the neck contract uncontrollably, making the head turn into various postures. (aanem.org)
- Who gets Spasmodic Torticollis? (aanem.org)
- Anyone can get spasmodic torticollis, but it usually happens to people between the ages of 25 and 55 years. (aanem.org)
- How is Spasmodic Torticollis diagnosed? (aanem.org)
- How is Spasmodic Torticollis treated? (aanem.org)
- Sometimes spasmodic torticollis goes away for no particular reason without treatment. (aanem.org)
- Other causes include trauma with resultant subluxation or dislocation or a fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine, paralysis (post-polio), ocular disturbances, and rarely spasmodic torticollis. (pediatriconcall.com)
- 3. Spasmodic torticollis , also called Cervical Dystonia, is of unknown etiology and is characterized by a painful progressive involuntary contraction of the SCM. (creeksidechiro.com)
- He has supported the NSTA in many ways including presenting on "Neuroimaging in Spasmodic Torticollis" at the 2013 NSTA Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia. (cdtorticollis.org)
- The ASPEN-1 trial evaluated 301 patients with moderate to severe cervical dystonia for up to 36 weeks and found that those receiving two doses of DaxibotulinumtoxinA, known as DAXI, versus placebo improved their scores on the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), said Joseph Jankovic, MD, professor of neurology and director of the Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. (medscape.com)
Cervical8
- Other signs and symptoms include: Neck pain Occasional formation of a mass Thickened or tight sternocleidomastoid muscle Tenderness on the cervical spine Tremor in head Unequal shoulder heights Decreased neck movement A multitude of conditions may lead to the development of torticollis including: muscular fibrosis, congenital spine abnormalities, or toxic or traumatic brain injury. (wikipedia.org)
- Presentations of torticollis or cervical dystonia are often defined using causal terms-acute torticollis, congenital torticollis, chronic torticollis, or acquired torticollis, idiopathic or secondary. (medscape.com)
- Other causes of congenital torticollis include postural torticollis, pterygium colli (webbed neck), SCM cysts, vertebral anomalies, odontoid hyperplasia, spina bifida, hypertrophy or absence of cervical musculature, and Arnold-Chiari syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Cervical muscle spasm causing torticollis can result from any injury or inflammation of the cervical muscles or cranial nerves from different disease processes. (medscape.com)
- Torticollis is usually the result of a minor neck injury that has simply irritated the cervical nerves. (uniprix.com)
- Acquired torticollis may be caused by irritation to the cervical ligaments from a viral infection, injury, or vigorous movement. (ketteringhealth.org)
- Your pediatrician may want an x-ray of the cervical spine to rule out bone problems, and he or she may also check your baby's hips, because some babies who have congenital torticollis also have an abnormal development of the hip (hip dysplasia). (kidsplus.com)
- They do wonders when they're given to patients and have both licensed and off-label therapeutic uses for things like cervical torticollis, migraine headaches, and wrinkles, among other things. (cdc.gov)
Development of torticollis2
- Insufficient 'tummy time' can also contribute to the development of torticollis in babies. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
- Less commonly, underlying neurological or orthopedic conditions can contribute to the development of torticollis. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Plagiocephaly8
- Congenital torticollis may not resolve on its own, and can result in rare complications including plagiocephaly. (wikipedia.org)
- Workshop on Torticollis and Plagiocephaly. (southhealthdistrict.com)
- Some babies with torticollis also will develop a flat back of their head on the side they always look towards.This is called positional plagiocephaly. (kidsplus.com)
- We specialize in providing expert physical therapy services for children with torticollis and plagiocephaly . (fitfamilypt.com)
- No more clinic waitlists or insurance delays - you have direct access to torticollis and plagiocephaly treatment and we come to you! (fitfamilypt.com)
- We provide a superbill for all torticollis and plagiocephaly physical therapy visits with the necessary information for you to submit to your private insurance for out-of-network reimbursement or deductible application. (fitfamilypt.com)
- We are committed to helping children with torticollis and plagiocephaly achieve their milestones on time and live happy, healthy lives. (fitfamilypt.com)
- Ask our torticollis and plagiocephaly experts if physical therapy is right for your child! (fitfamilypt.com)
Congenital dysplasia of1
- The coexistence of torticollis and congenital dysplasia of the hip. (pediatriconcall.com)
Symptoms3
- The symptoms associated with torticollis include an unusual position of the head, a reduced range of motion and pain resulting from the muscle contractions. (uniprix.com)
- Torticollis typically presents with a range of symptoms that can affect your neck and upper body. (anodynepaingroup.com)
- Symptoms of torticollis are neck pain, stiff neck, shoulder pain and headaches. (imrmassage.com)
Form of torticollis2
- A self-limiting spontaneously occurring form of torticollis with one or more painful neck muscles is by far the most common ('stiff neck') and will pass spontaneously in 1-4 weeks. (wikipedia.org)
- cranial osteopathy by a paediatric cranial osteopath - If treated by an experienced practitioner, the simple form of torticollis usually responds very quickly, say two or three treatments. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
Baby Has Torticollis2
- How Do I Know If My Baby Has Torticollis? (babybegin.com)
- Finding out your baby has torticollis can cause a lot of anxiety, however you've heard from various sources the torticollis will resolve on its own, but your doctor recommended seeing an occupational therapist. (kidsensetherapygroup.com)
Infants1
- Benign paroxysmal torticollis is a rare disorder affecting infants. (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal6
- Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is an extremely painful, dystonic condition defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position, which may be due to a variety of causes. (wikipedia.org)
- Several adult anoles over 1 y of age representing the species Anolis sagrei , A. cristatellus , A. grahami , A. lineatopus and A. evermanni presented with abnormal body postures that included torticollis and opisthotonus. (nature.com)
- Because abnormal genes may be involved in the formation of congenital torticollis, affected families may benefit from genetic counseling. (msdmanuals.com)
- Torticollis can result from abnormal positioning in utero, traumatic birth events, or if the baby is consistently in the same position in car seats, swings, when sleeping, etc. (rehabconceptspt.com)
- Congenital torticollis is often due to abnormal positioning in the womb or complications during childbirth, affecting the neck muscles from an early age. (anodynepaingroup.com)
- Torticollis is characterized by involuntary muscle spasms or contractions that lead a person to carry their neck in an abnormal position. (imrmassage.com)
Treat Torticollis2
- How Do You Treat Torticollis? (anodynepaingroup.com)
- The massage therapist will use a variety of modalities to treat torticollis including heat, massage, traction and stretching to relieve the pain. (imrmassage.com)
Treating Torticollis3
- Treating torticollis that is present at birth involves stretching the shortened neck muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
- This may be helpful for practitioners treating Torticollis in their consulting rooms. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
- At Anodyne Pain and Health Group, we specialize in diagnosing and treating torticollis, offering a range of therapies aimed at relieving pain and improving neck function. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Diagnosis4
- Torticollis is not a diagnosis but a symptom of diverse conditions. (medscape.com)
- Diagnosis of torticollis usually is confirmed with a medical history and physical exam. (ketteringhealth.org)
- Nearly 80 entities have been associated with the diagnosis of torticollis. (creeksidechiro.com)
- The severity and duration of torticollis can vary, but it's essential to get a proper diagnosis for effective treatment. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Treatment7
- Treatment of torticollis caused by neck muscle injury includes rotating the head and stretching the neck. (msdmanuals.com)
- The cause of torticollis is unknown, but treatment can help. (ketteringhealth.org)
- Learn more about treatment for congenital torticollis including stretching and strengthening the neck musculature. (curavita.com)
- The therapist should also give you torticollis treatment activities to do at home. (babybegin.com)
- Our team can help your baby optimize their movement in the treatment of torticollis. (forthealthcare.com)
- Torticollis can arise from a variety of underlying causes, making it important to properly diagnose the condition for effective treatment. (anodynepaingroup.com)
- When it comes to managing torticollis, individualized care is crucial for effective treatment. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Latin2
- The term "torticollis" is Latin for "twisted neck" and it is characterized by a forced position of a head tilt to one side and head rotation to the opposite side. (allcaretherapygt.com)
- Torticollis is Latin for "twisted neck," which is a pretty accurate description. (rehabconceptspt.com)
Clinical1
- Congenital torticollis constitutes the majority of cases seen in paediatric clinical practice. (wikipedia.org)
Babies4
- No one knows why some babies get torticollis and others don't. (kidsplus.com)
- The most dramatic changes I have in my children's clinic when treating babies with torticollis occur when I have hold of the baby's ankle or calf, release the blockage to lengthening, and instantaneously the baby rotates the head to the opposite side for the first time in their life. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
- Babies with Torticollis are likely to develop Postional Plagiocephally, commonly referred to as Flat Head Syndrome as a consequence of lying repeatedly on the same side of their head. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
- Some babies are born with torticollis, but most often, torticollis is caused by nerve or muscle damage from whiplash or a similar injury. (imrmassage.com)
Stretches2
- Have you been struggling with mastering torticollis stretches for months now? (themilestonementor.com)
- Introducing our 10-page, hands-on Infant Torticollis Stretches & Exercises eBook ! (fitfamilypt.com)
Rotational deformity1
- Torticollis is a rotational deformity of the neck, which may be seen at birth or may develop later. (pediatriconcall.com)
Tummy time2
- Despite increasing the stimulus to his non-prefered side, including putting a baby mirror in his crib facing the non-preferred side and increasing his tummy time, his torticollis did not improve as much as I wanted. (kidsplus.com)
- After examining your baby and determining if she has torticollis, your pediatrician will encourage you to increase your baby's tummy time. (kidsplus.com)
Acute3
- Acute torticollis can be the result of blunt trauma to head and neck, or from simply sleeping in an awkward position. (medscape.com)
- 4. Acute torticollis is a common benign condition, affecting younger and middle aged patients. (creeksidechiro.com)
- The remainder of this page will focus on acute torticollis. (creeksidechiro.com)
Muscles9
- Torticollis is a condition in which the neck muscles cause the head to tilt, turn or rotate to the side. (medlineplus.gov)
- Torticollis that is caused by damage to the nervous system, spine, or muscles is treated by finding the cause of the disorder and treating it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Torticollis is characterized by an involuntary contraction of the neck muscles. (uniprix.com)
- Two main muscles are generally involved in spastic torticollis. (myfrugalfitness.com)
- The reason that these are the two main muscles being the causative factors in spastic torticollis is that they are attached to the base of the skull and pass to the mastoid process, where at that point they split into different attachments along the clavicle. (myfrugalfitness.com)
- The muscle that is most commonly associated with torticollis is the SCM (sternocleidomastoid), but often, other muscles in the neck and shoulder region are also involved. (babybegin.com)
- Torticollis is a problem involving the muscles in the neck causing the head to tilt down. (forthealthcare.com)
- In simple Torticollis there is an imbalance of the two long chains of muscles either side of the spine. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
- Torticollis, commonly known as "wry neck," is a condition in which the neck muscles contract, causing the head to twist or tilt to one side. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Deformity1
- Any permanent torticollis becomes worse during growth and results in a deformity resistant to correction due to adaptive soft tissue and bony changes. (pediatriconcall.com)
Relieve the pain1
- Rest and heat relieve the pain associated with torticollis. (uniprix.com)
Spine1
- Surgery of the spine might be needed when the torticollis is due to dislocated vertebrae. (medlineplus.gov)
Ocular1
- Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. (bvsalud.org)
Wryneck1
- Torticollis, also known as wryneck or twisted neck, is a twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle. (ketteringhealth.org)
Physiotherapy1
- Importantly, there are additional causes of torticollis that should be ruled out by a physician or paediatrician before pursuing physiotherapy for your newborn. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
Sternocleidomastoid1
- Torticollis is a condition of the neck that arises when a major muscle called the sternocleidomastoid "SCM" becomes physically shortened or excessively contracted. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
Side of the neck1
- Torticollis is usually more prominent on one side of the neck than the other. (uniprix.com)
Physical Therapy1
- What is Physical Therapy for Infant Torticollis? (babybegin.com)
Therapist3
- Therapy for torticollis consists of various stretching/strengthening exercises and manipulation techniques by a licensed physical or occupational therapist. (babybegin.com)
- In concert with his Kids Plus pediatrician, I contacted Early Intervention, and after an evaluation a pediatric physical therapist came to our home once a week and showed me stretching techniques to help improve his torticollis. (kidsplus.com)
- When detected early (by the time the baby is 2-3 months old), torticollis can be easily treated by a physical therapist! (rehabconceptspt.com)
Birth3
- Congenital means present at birth and torticollis means twisted neck. (childrensnational.org)
- Congenital torticollis is a birth defect in which the head becomes tilted at or soon after birth. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because torticollis typically starts in utero, a trained eye can pick up on neck tightness soon after birth. (babybegin.com)
Muscle7
- Torticollis happens when a muscle in the neck (sterno-cleido mastoid muscle) is shorter or weaker. (cheo.on.ca)
- When torticollis is difficult to treat, doctors inject botulinum toxin into the stiffened neck muscle. (msdmanuals.com)
- If it fails to disappear , then the muscle becomes permanently fibrotic , and contracted and causes torticollis. (physiofeeds.com)
- Infant torticollis, otherwise known as congenital torticollis, is a "twisting" of the neck caused by a tight neck muscle. (kidsplus.com)
- If the stretching and bolstering protocol does not resolve the torticollis, surgical release of the SCM muscle may be required in rare cases. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
- In the case of Simple Torticollis the baby has difficulty in lengthening the muscle that allow head rotation to the opposite side. (babytorticollis.org.uk)
- Acquired torticollis, on the other hand, may be caused by factors such as muscle strain, trauma, or injury to the neck. (anodynepaingroup.com)
Fibrotic1
- 1. Congenital torticollis is usually caused by fibrotic adhesions or a lesion in the SCM. (creeksidechiro.com)
Disorder1
- Torticollis can be a disorder in itself as well as a symptom in other conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Trauma during d1
- In newborns, it is thought that torticollis occurs because of trauma during delivery, or because of a malpositioned head while in the womb. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
Resolve2
- One word of encouragement: torticollis is difficult to treat and takes a while to resolve. (babybegin.com)
- Some torticollis cases do self-resolve, but if it is persisting in your granddaughter's case, then it may be worth discussing it with her physician, and/or seeking the support of a paediatric physiotherapist who could guide you as to the soft tissue release techniques and positional advise to help the condition. (torontophysiotherapy.ca)
Disease1
- The pathophysiology of acquired torticollis depends on the underlying disease process. (medscape.com)
Worse1
- Find Out why containers make torticollis worse! (babybegin.com)
Head7
- Torticollis is a fixed or dynamic tilt, rotation, with flexion or extension of the head and/or neck. (wikipedia.org)
- The type of torticollis can be described depending on the positions of the head and neck. (wikipedia.org)
- laterocollis: the head is tipped toward the shoulder rotational torticollis: the head rotates along the longitudinal axis towards the shoulder anterocollis: forward flexion of the head and neck and brings the chin towards the chest retrocollis: hyperextension of head and neck backward bringing the back of the head towards the back A combination of these movements may often be observed. (wikipedia.org)
- Torticollis results in a fixed or dynamic posturing of the head and neck in tilt, rotation, and flexion. (medscape.com)
- Another is rotational torticollis, in which partial rotation or torsion of the head occurs along the longitudinal axis. (medscape.com)
- Torticollis is a condition in which the neck is twisted and causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle. (ketteringhealth.org)
- Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate in one direction and tilt in the opposite direction. (babybegin.com)
Occurs1
- Torticollis that occurs after an injury or with illness may be serious. (medlineplus.gov)
Infant3
- What is Infant Torticollis? (babybegin.com)
- I'm happy to write a Doctor's Note about infant torticollis, since I'm not only a pediatrician but also a mother of a baby who was born with it. (kidsplus.com)
- My third child showed signs of infant torticollis within the first month of life. (kidsplus.com)