Polyploidy
Rapid concerted evolution of nuclear ribosomal DNA in two Tragopogon allopolyploids of recent and recurrent origin. (1/13)
We investigated concerted evolution of rRNA genes in multiple populations of Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus, two allotetraploids that formed recurrently within the last 80 years following the introduction of three diploids (T. dubius, T. pratensis, and T. porrifolius) from Europe to North America. Using the earliest herbarium specimens of the allotetraploids (1949 and 1953) to represent the genomic condition near the time of polyploidization, we found that the parental rDNA repeats were inherited in roughly equal numbers. In contrast, in most present-day populations of both tetraploids, the rDNA of T. dubius origin is reduced and may occupy as little as 5% of total rDNA in some individuals. However, in two populations of T. mirus the repeats of T. dubius origin outnumber the repeats of the second diploid parent (T. porrifolius), indicating bidirectional concerted evolution within a single species. In plants of T. miscellus having a low rDNA contribution from T. dubius, the rDNA of T. dubius was nonetheless expressed. We have apparently caught homogenization of rDNA repeats (concerted evolution) in the act, although it has not proceeded to completion in any allopolyploid population yet examined. (+info)Evolution and expression of homeologous loci in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae), a recent and reciprocally formed allopolyploid. (2/13)
On both recent and ancient time scales, polyploidy (genome doubling) has been a significant evolutionary force in plants. Here, we examined multiple individuals from reciprocally formed populations of Tragopogon miscellus, an allotetraploid that formed repeatedly within the last 80 years from the diploids T. dubius and T. pratensis. Using cDNA-AFLPs followed by genomic and cDNA cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analyses, we found differences in the evolution and expression of homeologous loci in T. miscellus. Fragment variation within T. miscellus, possibly attributable to reciprocal formation, comprised 0.6% of the cDNA-AFLP bands. Genomic and cDNA CAPS analyses of 10 candidate genes revealed that only one "transcript-derived fragment" (TDF44) showed differential expression of parental homeologs in T. miscellus; the T. pratensis homeolog was preferentially expressed by most polyploids in both populations. Most of the cDNA-AFLP polymorphisms apparently resulted from loss of parental fragments in the polyploids. Importantly, changes at the genomic level have occurred stochastically among individuals within the independently formed populations. Synthetic F(1) hybrids between putative diploid progenitors are additive of their parental genomes, suggesting that polyploidization rather than hybridization induces genomic changes in Tragopogon. (+info)Concerted evolution of rDNA in recently formed Tragopogon allotetraploids is typically associated with an inverse correlation between gene copy number and expression. (3/13)
We analyzed nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and chromatin condensation in individuals from several populations of Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus, allotetraploids that have formed repeatedly within only the last 80 years from T. dubius and T. porrifolius and T. dubius and T. pratensis, respectively. We identified populations with no (2), partial (2), and complete (4) nucleolar dominance. It is probable that epigenetic regulation following allopolyploidization varies between populations, with a tendency toward nucleolar dominance by one parental homeologue. Dominant rDNA loci are largely decondensed at interphase while silent loci formed condensed heterochromatic regions excluded from nucleoli. Those populations where nucleolar dominance is fixed are epigenetically more stable than those with partial or incomplete dominance. Previous studies indicated that concerted evolution has partially homogenized thousands of parental rDNA units typically reducing the copy numbers of those derived from the T. dubius diploid parent. Paradoxically, despite their low copy number, repeats of T. dubius origin dominate rDNA transcription in most populations studied, i.e., rDNA units that are genetic losers (copy numbers) are epigenetic winners (high expression). (+info)Rapid chromosome evolution in recently formed polyploids in Tragopogon (Asteraceae). (4/13)
(+info)Gene loss and silencing in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae): comparison of natural and synthetic allotetraploids. (5/13)
(+info)On the road to diploidization? Homoeolog loss in independently formed populations of the allopolyploid Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). (6/13)
(+info)Homeolog loss and expression changes in natural populations of the recently and repeatedly formed allotetraploid Tragopogon mirus (Asteraceae). (7/13)
(+info)Transcriptomic shock generates evolutionary novelty in a newly formed, natural allopolyploid plant. (8/13)
(+info)"Tragopogon" is the genus name for a group of flowering plants commonly known as "salsify" or "goat's-beard." These plants belong to the family Asteraceae and are native to Europe and Asia. The name "Tragopogon" comes from the Greek words "tragos," meaning goat, and "pogon," meaning beard, which refers to the bristly, beard-like appearance of the flowers' styles.
There is no specific medical definition associated with "Tragopogon." However, some species of this plant have been used in traditional medicine for their purported health benefits. For example, the roots of the greater salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) and the black salsify (Tragopogon dubius) are edible and have been used as a vegetable in various cuisines. They are rich in nutrients like inulin, fiber, and antioxidants, which may contribute to their potential health benefits.
It is important to note that while some species of Tragopogon have been used in traditional medicine, there is limited scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness for specific medical conditions. Moreover, consuming any plant material can carry risks, such as allergic reactions or interactions with medications, so it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before incorporating new plants into your diet or using them for medicinal purposes.
A chive is not a medical term, but it is a type of vegetable. Chives are part of the Allium family, which also includes garlic, onions, and leeks. They are native to Europe and Asia and have been used in cooking for centuries due to their mild onion flavor.
Chives are typically used as a garnish or added to dishes for extra flavor. They can be chopped and sprinkled over soups, salads, potatoes, and other foods. Chives are also sometimes used in herbal remedies, although there is limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness for medicinal purposes.
While chives may not have a direct medical definition, they do contain various nutrients that can contribute to overall health. For example, chives are a good source of vitamin K, vitamin C, and folate. They also contain small amounts of other essential vitamins and minerals, such as potassium, calcium, and iron.
In summary, while chives may not have a specific medical definition, they are a type of vegetable that can provide various nutrients and contribute to a healthy diet.
Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell or an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, unlike the typical diploid state where there are only two sets (one from each parent). Polyploidy can occur through various mechanisms such as errors during cell division, fusion of egg and sperm cells that have an abnormal number of chromosomes, or through the reproduction process in plants.
Polyploidy is common in the plant kingdom, where it often leads to larger size, increased biomass, and sometimes hybrid vigor. However, in animals, polyploidy is less common and usually occurs in only certain types of cells or tissues, as most animals require a specific number of chromosomes for normal development and reproduction. In humans, polyploidy is typically not compatible with life and can lead to developmental abnormalities and miscarriage.
Diploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the state of having two sets of chromosomes in each cell. In diploid organisms, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent, resulting in a total of 2 sets of chromosomes.
In humans, for example, most cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. This includes 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females or XY in males). Diploidy is a characteristic feature of many complex organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi.
Diploid cells can undergo a process called meiosis, which results in the formation of haploid cells that contain only one set of chromosomes. These haploid cells can then combine with other haploid cells during fertilization to form a new diploid organism.
Abnormalities in diploidy can lead to genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which occurs when an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the typical two. This extra copy of the chromosome can result in developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
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Salsify3
- Tragopogon, also known as goatsbeard or salsify, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. (wikipedia.org)
- Some of the more common species of Tragopogon are known, in the regions where they are most common, by the common names goat's beard, goatsbeard, salsify, or common salsify, without further qualification. (wikipedia.org)
- Other species are also used in the same way, including the black or Spanish salsify, Scorzonera hispanica, which is closely related though not a member of the genus Tragopogon. (wikipedia.org)
Porrifolius2
- The other species, Tragopogon mirus, is also an allopolyploid, but its ancestors were T. dubius and T. porrifolius. (wikipedia.org)
- Common in the Mediterranean area, the Tragopogon porrifolius is a bi-annual herbaceous species with milky sap, 0,4-1,2 m tall, having white tap root, 20-30 cm long. (monaconatureencyclopedia.com)
Pratensis3
- One new species, Tragopogon miscellus, is a tetraploid hybrid of T. dubius and T. pratensis. (wikipedia.org)
- Tragopogon pratensis L. (gardenorganic.org.uk)
- Goat´s-beard, Jach-go-to-bed-at-noon (Tragopogon pratensis ssp. (biopix.com)
Dubius3
- Allotetraploid Tragopogon mirus composed of Tragopogon dubius (d) and Tragopogon por- rifolius (p) genomes shows highly variable ND. (muni.cz)
- Tragopogon dubius is naturalized across much of North America. (asu.edu)
- dubius means doubtful, possible referring to its dubious placement within the Tragopogon genus. (asu.edu)
Asteraceae1
- Recent and recurrent polyploidy in Tragopogon (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons. (wikipedia.org)
Goat's Beard1
- Tragopogon L. Goat's Beard Pukinparrat - 5 spp. (funet.fi)
Genus2
- Natural hybrid speciation and amphiploidy in the genus Tragopogon. (wikipedia.org)
- The origin of the genus name, Tragopogon , is derived from two Greek words. (ncsu.edu)
Mirus1
- There is one species sometimes considered native to North America, Tragopogon mirus, but it is in fact a hybrid of two non-native species. (wikipedia.org)
Floccosus1
- Tragopogon floccosus? (botanikaiforum.com)
Tropicos1
- 127: 95 (1993) Tropicos, Tragopogon L. Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist USDA, NRCS (n.d. (wikipedia.org)
Biennial1
- Tragopogon crocifolius is a ANNUAL/BIENNIAL growing to 0.8 m (2ft 7in). (pfaf.org)
View1
- Foretime, abides on to a Archeozoic tragopogon in view to header, investing bilingual asystematic outside of auscultate. (winningtime.ca)
Europe1
- Vacatable, dimming performable, while propers - unimplementable vente de albenza en ligne en france toward unexperiential gene demodulate somebody foot-pounds achat antabuse en ligne europe Look At Here Now failing any accrue. (winningtime.ca)
North America1
- There is one species sometimes considered native to North America, Tragopogon mirus, but it is in fact a hybrid of two non-native species. (wikipedia.org)
19931
- 127: 95 (1993) Tropicos, Tragopogon L. Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist USDA, NRCS (n.d. (wikipedia.org)
Common1
- Tragopogon sinuatus is widespread Mediterraenan flower common in the Cretan lowlands. (west-crete.com)
Natural1
- For the first time, we compared phenotypic traits on a large scale in Tragopogon diploids, natural allopolyploids, and three generations of synthetic allopolyploids. (jax.org)