Traumatic injuries to the TROCHLEAR NERVE.
The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)
One of three principal openings in the SUBARACHNOID SPACE. They are also known as cerebellomedullary cistern, and collectively as cisterns.
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
The articulation between the articular surface of the PATELLA and the patellar surface of the FEMUR.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Traumatic trochlear nerve palsy following minor occipital impact--four case reports. (1/4)

Four patients presented with transient trochlear nerve palsy following occipital impact. The impact was slight in all patients, and neuroimaging found no lesions of the nerve. Three patients had delayed onset. Two patients did not complain of diplopia, but were only aware of blurred vision. In such patients, the head tilting test was useful for diagnosis. Minor occipital impact can cause trochlear nerve palsy, which requires careful neurological examinations to identify.  (+info)

Neurotization of oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves in skull base surgery. (2/4)

OBJECTIVE: To anatomically reconstruct the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve by skull base surgery. METHODS: Seventeen cranial nerves (three oculomotor nerves, eight trochlear nerves and six abducent nerves) were injured and anatomically reconstructed in thirteen skull base operations during a period from 1994 to 2000. Repair techniques included end-to-end neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion, graft neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion. The relationships between repair techniques and functional recovery and the related factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Functional recovery began from 3 to 8 months after surgery. During a follow-up period of 4 months to 6 years, complete recovery of function was observed in 6 trochlear nerves (75%) and 4 abducent nerves (67%), while partial functional recovery was observed in the other cranial nerves including 2 trochlear nerves, 2 abducent nerves, and 3 oculomotor nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Complete or partial functional recovery could be expected after anatomical neurotization of an injured oculomotor, trochlear or abducent nerve. Our study demonstrated that, in terms of functional recovery, trochlear and abducent nerves are more responsive than oculomotor nerves, and that end-to-end reconstruction is more efficient than graft reconstruction. These results encourage us to perform reconstruction for a separated cranial nerve as often as possible during skull base surgery.  (+info)

Clinical analysis of STA-SCA bypass for vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. (3/4)

In order to clarify the effectiveness of extracranial- intracranial bypass in cases of vertebro-basilar occlusive disease, we investigated the operative complication, clinical course and follow-up study of 30 cases undergoing superficial temporal artery-superior cerebellar artery (STA-SCA) bypass surgery. Postoperative angiogram showed the patency of the anastomoses in all cases. No serious surgical complications were observed. The outcome on discharge was excellent, with no morbidity and one mortality which was due to cardiac infarction. In the follow-up study, there were four cases with ischemic symptoms, two with transient ischemic attack and two with completed stroke, one of which was a supratentorial infarction due to internal carotid artery occlusion and the other was a small infarction of pons. There were also two deaths due to cardiac infarction and diabetes mellitus. Favorable outcomes were obtained for the remaining cases. The present study suggests that, STA-SCA bypass, can be performed without surgical and systemic complications and used as an effective therapy for vertebrobasilar ischemia.  (+info)

Fourth cranial nerve palsy in a collegiate lacrosse player: a case report. (4/4)

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A Trochlear nerve injury, also known as Fourth cranial nerve palsy, refers to damage or dysfunction of the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve). This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye's superior oblique muscle, which helps in downward and outward movement of the eye.

Trochlear nerve injuries can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), where images appear double when looking downwards or to the side. The diplopia may be worse when looking down and out, such as when walking down stairs or reading.

The injury can be caused by various factors including head trauma, increased intracranial pressure, tumors, aneurysms, or other neurological conditions. Treatment options depend on the severity and cause of the injury and may include eye patches, prism lenses, or surgical intervention in some cases.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.

The ophthalmic nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve or CN I, is a sensory nerve that primarily transmits information about vision, including light intensity and color, and sensation in the eye and surrounding areas. It is responsible for the sensory innervation of the upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, and nasal cavity. The ophthalmic nerve has three major branches: the lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and nasociliary nerve. Damage to this nerve can result in various visual disturbances and loss of sensation in the affected areas.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Cranial sinuses are a part of the venous system in the human head. They are air-filled spaces located within the skull and are named according to their location. The cranial sinuses include:

1. Superior sagittal sinus: It runs along the top of the brain, inside the skull, and drains blood from the scalp and the veins of the brain.
2. Inferior sagittal sinus: It runs along the bottom of the brain and drains into the straight sinus.
3. Straight sinus: It is located at the back of the brain and receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein.
4. Occipital sinuses: They are located at the back of the head and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
5. Cavernous sinuses: They are located on each side of the brain, near the temple, and receive blood from the eye and surrounding areas.
6. Sphenoparietal sinus: It is a small sinus that drains blood from the front part of the brain into the cavernous sinus.
7. Petrosquamosal sinuses: They are located near the ear and drain blood from the scalp and skull.

The cranial sinuses play an essential role in draining blood from the brain and protecting it from injury.

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the inflammation of the nerve structures (including the fifth and sixth cranial nerves) within the cavernous sinus, a venous space near the base of the skull. This inflammation can lead to various symptoms such as:

1. Unilateral or bilateral orbital pain, which may be severe and deep, often radiating around the eye and temple.
2. Ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the eye muscles), causing double vision (diplopia) and limited eye movement in specific directions.
3. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid).
4. Other possible symptoms include decreased sensation around the forehead, cheek, or upper jaw, and loss of taste on the anterior part of the tongue.

The exact cause of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is unknown, but it's believed to be related to an autoimmune response or a non-specific inflammatory process. It can also occur in conjunction with other medical conditions like neoplasms (tumors) or infections. The diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI and CT scans, along with blood tests and a thorough neurological examination.

Treatment usually includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, immunosuppressive medications or radiation therapy may be necessary. If left untreated, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome can lead to permanent visual impairment or other neurological deficits.

The term "cisterna magna" is derived from Latin, where "cisterna" means "reservoir" or "receptacle," and "magna" means "large." In medical anatomy, the cisterna magna refers to a large, sac-like space located near the lower part of the brainstem. It is a subarachnoid cistern, which means it is a space that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

More specifically, the cisterna magna is situated between the cerebellum (the lower part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance) and the occipital bone (the bone at the back of the skull). This space contains a significant amount of CSF, which serves as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal cord, helps regulate intracranial pressure, and facilitates the circulation of nutrients and waste products.

The cisterna magna is an essential structure in neurosurgical procedures and diagnostic imaging techniques like lumbar puncture (spinal tap) or myelograms, where contrast agents are introduced into the CSF to visualize the spinal cord and surrounding structures. Additionally, it serves as a crucial landmark for various surgical approaches to the posterior fossa (the lower part of the skull that houses the cerebellum and brainstem).

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:

* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head

The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.

Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).

Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.

Hypoglossal nerve injuries refer to damages or impairments to the twelfth cranial nerve, also known as the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.

An injury to this nerve can result in various symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. These may include:

1. Deviation of the tongue to one side when protruded (usually away from the side of the lesion)
2. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles
3. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and articulation
4. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue (in some cases)

Hypoglossal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgical complications, tumors, or neurological disorders like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hypoglossal nerve injuries typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve speech and language therapy, exercises to strengthen the tongue muscles, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.

These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:

1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications

Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.

There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:

1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.

2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.

Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.

The patellofemoral joint is the articulation between the patella (kneecap) and the femur (thigh bone). It is a synovial joint, which means it is surrounded by a joint capsule containing synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. This joint is responsible for providing stability to the knee extensor mechanism and allows for smooth movement of the patella during activities like walking, running, and jumping. Pain or dysfunction in this joint can result in various conditions such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, chondromalacia patella, or patellar dislocation.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.

The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

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Fourth cranial nerve palsy or trochlear nerve palsy, is a condition affecting cranial nerve 4 (IV), the trochlear nerve, which ... it is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injury. To compensate for the double-vision resulting from the weakness of the ... Because the trochlear nerve is the thinnest and has the longest intracranial course of the cranial nerves, ... When present at birth, it is known as congenital fourth nerve palsy. Harada-Ito procedure "Fourth Nerve Palsy". www.aao.org. ...
... oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Parinaud's syndrome results from injury, either ... Diagnosis can be made via combination of physical exam, particularly deficits of the relevant cranial nerves. Confirmation can ... Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, ... origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, causing dysfunction to the motor function of the eye. Classically, it ...
Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens ... Recovery rate also depends on the cause of the facial nerve palsy (e.g. infections, perinatal injury, congenital dysplastic). ... The facial nerve is the seventh of 12 cranial nerves. This cranial nerve controls the muscles in the face. Facial nerve palsy ... Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve disorder - Accessory nerve (XI) Pavlou, E., Gkampeta, A., & Arampatzi, M. (2011). Facial ...
The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as Paget's disease, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve ... The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) ... and trochlear nerve (IV); the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and ...
Iatrogenic injury is also known to occur, with the abducens nerve being the most commonly injured cranial nerve in halo ... trochlear and oculomotor) into a single functional unit. Lesions of the abducens nucleus and the MLF produce observable sixth ... The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial ... The long course of the abducens nerve between the brainstem and the eye makes it vulnerable to injury at many levels. For ...
... trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve), ophthalmic sensory loss (from compression of the ophthalmic nerve), and maxillary sensory ... but may be difficult to appreciate in the setting of a complete third nerve injury. Because of its connections with the facial ... Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve Structures passing through the ... The maxillary nerve, division V2 of the trigeminal nerve travels through the lower portion of the sinus and exits via the ...
It gives passage to multiple structures, including the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens nerve, ... The Oculomotor Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. Academic ... trochlear nerve (CN IV) lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) abducens nerve (CN VI) superior ... lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve (CN IV), recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery (anastomotic branch of ...
These are innerved from three cranial nerves: the abducens nerve, the trochlear nerve and the oculomotor nerve. Horizontal ... Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury. CRC Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4398-3656-9. C. Keith Barnes (May ... This action is mediated by the medial rectus muscle, which is innervated by Cranial nerve III. It is a type of vergence eye ... The extraocular muscles may have two types of fiber each with its own nerve supply, hence a dual mechanism.[citation needed] ...
6th nerve), Trochlear (4th nerve), and Oculomotor (3rd nerve). After nerve trauma around the eye, a combination of any two of ... Trauma to the nerve can be induced in cases such as surgical procedures, nerve inflammation, neuroma, and physical injury. ... Moreover, while the abducens and the trochlear nerve each innervate one specific muscle, the oculomotor nerve has many ... As the nerve attempts to recover, nerve miswiring results (see Mechanism of Action below). In patients with severe facial nerve ...
... innervated by abducens nerve (a.k.a. CN VI) and the superior oblique (innervated by trochlear nerve a.k.a. CN IV). The symptoms ... Reaction to injury: Brain histology (Report). Cornell University Medical College. Toronto Notes[full citation needed] Dawodu ST ... Pupillary dilation often precedes the somatic motor effects of CN III compression called oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve ... The uncus can squeeze the oculomotor nerve (a.k.a. CN III), which may affect the parasympathetic input to the eye on the side ...
A fracture of the humerus in this region can result in radial nerve injury. The ulnar nerve lies at the distal end of the ... and the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front ... The radial nerve follows the humerus closely. At the midshaft of the humerus, the radial nerve travels from the posterior to ... The axillary nerve is located at the proximal end, against the shoulder girdle. Dislocation of the humerus's glenohumeral joint ...
Inferior to the orbit is the infraorbital nerve which is purely sensory. Five cranial nerves (optic, oculomotor, trochlear, ... and loss of sensation of the cheek and upper gums from infraorbital nerve injury. The two broad categories of blowout fractures ... Direct orbital blunt injury Sports injury (squash ball, tennis ball etc.) Motor vehicle accidents Falls Assault sports work- ... The fractures can occur of pure floor, pure medial wall or combined floor and medial wall.They can occur with other injuries ...
... particularly Optic nerve (#2) sight, Oculomotor nerve (#3) eye movement, Trochlear nerve (#4) eye rotation, Abducens nerve (#6 ... see: Acquired brain injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Stroke, Brain damage, Frontal lobe injury and also the Federal ... Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve 4) controls most eye rotation (with head still, look up, down, left, right). Trigeminal nerve ( ... Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) Smell. See also: olfactory receptor neurons Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Sight. See also: ...
The fourth (trochlear) and sixth (abducens) cranial nerves are located in the same compartment and can cause diagonal or ... traumatic brain injury, pregnancy (during which the pituitary enlarges) and treatment with estrogens. Hormonal stimulation ... The visual loss depends on which part of the nerve is affected. If the part of the nerve between the eye and the chiasm is ... In half of these cases, the oculomotor nerve (the third cranial nerve), which controls a number of eye muscles, is affected. ...
These nerve fibers are responsible for pain perception when a joint is strained. Damaging the cartilage of joints (articular ... "Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot - Sesamoiditis Foot , Foot Health Facts - Foot Health Facts". www.foothealthfacts.org. Retrieved ... Types of articular surfaces include trochlear surfaces. Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their ... articulations Temporomandibular joints Sacroiliac joints Hip joints Knee joints Articulations of foot Unmyelinated nerve fibers ...
... some of which contain the cell bodies of neurons belonging to the cranial nerves. Not all cranial nerve nuclei contain α-MNs; ... Injury to α-MNs is the most common type of lower motor neuron lesion. Damage may be caused by trauma, ischemia, and infection, ... An exception is the trochlear nucleus in the brainstem, which innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye on the opposite ... These α-MNs provide the motor component of the spinal nerves that innervate muscles of the body. As in the brainstem, higher ...
It acts to extend the carpus and joints of the digits 3, 4, and 5. It is innervated by the radial nerve. Extensor carpi ulnar: ... In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries (especially for hunting dogs). It can happen that some ... Trochlear Notch, Anconeal Process, Coronoid Processes (Medial and Lateral), Body of Ulna, Head of Radius, Body of Radius, ... It is innervated by the radial nerve. Anconeus: originates on the humerus and inserts on the proximal end of the ulna. It acts ...
... can caused by damage to the trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), which supplies the superior oblique muscle of ... or toxic or traumatic brain injury. A rough categorization discerns between congenital torticollis and acquired torticollis. ... the accessory nerve) but the second, third and fourth cervical nerves are also involved. Pathologies in these blood and nerve ... When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the eye is extorted because the superior oblique is not functioning. The affected person ...
... sclerosis Stroke Thalamic hemorrhage Trauma Tumor Infantile cerebellar retinal degeneration Non-physiological Trochlear nerve ... Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (March 2018). "Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury". The ... Aniridia Bilateral congenital cataract Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia Idiopathic Leber's congenital amaurosis Optic nerve or ... A Cochrane Review on interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury, updated in June 2017, identified ...
... is also commonly affected but fourth nerve, the trochlear nerve, (innervates the superior oblique muscle, which moves the eye ... These changes are thought to result from a microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (vasa nervorum ... When cranial nerves are affected, neuropathies of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve #3 or CNIII) are most common. The ... Damage to a specific nerve of the thoracic or lumbar spinal nerves can occur and may lead to painful syndromes that mimic a ...
Sporting injuries are the most common risk factor of causing a Maisonneuve fracture. Sport-related injuries were associated ... the development of peroneal nerve palsy following damage to the common peroneal nerve. extra-osseous ("outside of the bone") ... This is because, in a neutral or maximally dorsiflexed position of the foot, the trochlear surface of the talus may reduce ... This type of injury can be difficult to detect. The Maisonneuve fracture is typically a result of excessive, external rotative ...
In addition, there is the optic canal, which contains the optic nerve, or cranial nerve II, and is formed entirely by the ... Injury to any one of these structures by infection, trauma or neoplasm can cause temporary or permanent visual dysfunction, and ... The orbital surface presents medially by trochlear fovea and laterally by lacrimal fossa. The floor (inferior wall) is formed ... The infraorbital foramen contains the second division of the trigeminal nerve, the infraorbital nerve or V2, and sits on the ...
The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury. Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are ... This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the ... The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the trochlear notch on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for ... These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include ...
This ligament acts to keep the patella within the trochlear groove during flexion and extension. It is rarely injured from a ... Widjicks CA, Westerhaus BD, Brand EJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF (2010). "Sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in ... Acute grade III injuries with concomitant multiligament injuries or knee dislocation involving medial side injury should ... Medial knee injuries (those to the inside of the knee) are the most common type of knee injury. The medial ligament complex of ...
The olecranon fossa is large and deep and there is a prominent trochlear keel, which are important in maintaining stability in ... MH1 and MH2 exhibit perimortem (around the time of death) bone injuries consistent with blunt force trauma. This agrees with ... and the human brachial plexus is responsible for nerves and muscle innervation in the arms and hands enhancing motor control. ... For MH1, perimortem fracturing is most prominent on the jawbone and teeth, though it is possible that these injuries derived ...
Training factors that are especially stressful to a particular injury, such as degree of slope in a horse with a tendon injury ... In this case, the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve is severed. The procedure has been shown to have good results in ... The scarred ligaments shorten, making it easier for the patella to slip off the medial trochlear ridge and reducing locking of ... progressive rehabilitation program to try to prevent re-injury of the original tissue or injury to a new area now weakened by ...
... trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, ... Bruising may cause widespread damage to the nerve tracts that can lead to a condition of diffuse axonal injury. A fractured ... Injury to the brain can manifest in many ways. Traumatic brain injury, for example received in contact sport, after a fall, or ... This creates a nerve signal that passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve. From here, it passes through to the cochlear ...
Trochlear nerve palsy is mentioned in ophthalmology texts dating to the mid nineteenth century. However, it received little ... Acquired Trochlear Nerve Palsy. The long course of the trochlear nerve makes it especially susceptible to injury in association ... encoded search term (Trochlear Nerve Palsy (Fourth Nerve Palsy)) and Trochlear Nerve Palsy (Fourth Nerve Palsy) What to Read ... of congenital trochlear nerve palsy cases and is characterized by absence of the trochlear nerve and secondary atrophy of the ...
S04.21XA is a billable diagnosis code used to specify injury of trochlear nerve, right side, initial encounter. Synonyms: ... S04.2 - Injury of trochlear nerve* S04.20 - Injury of trochlear nerve, unspecified side* S04.20XA - Injury of trochlear nerve, ... Injury of trochlear nerve, right side, sequela* S04.22 - Injury of trochlear nerve, left side* S04.22XA - Injury of trochlear ... Injury of trochlear nerve, right side* S04.21XA - Injury of trochlear nerve, right side, initial encounter* S04.21XD - Injury ...
The human trochlear nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain.[citation needed] Injury to the trochlear ... the trochlear nerve is exclusively a motor nerve (somatic efferent nerve). The trochlear nerve is unique among the cranial ... trochlear nerve). Homologous trochlear nerves are found in all jawed vertebrates. The unique features of the trochlear nerve, ... The trochlear nerve (/ˈtrɒklɪər/), (lit. pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV ...
Trochlear nerve injury. *Venom-induced angioedema-urticaria. *Vibratory angioedema. 995.1 Excludes *urticaria:*due to serum ( ... Home > 2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Injury And Poisoning 800-999 > Other And Unspecified Effects Of External Causes 990-995 ... ICD-9-CM codes are used in medical billing and coding to describe diseases, injuries, symptoms and conditions. ICD-9-CM 995.1 ...
... injury to the trochlear nerve is never a major risk. Frameless image guidance can greatly aid at this stage. ... Tubbs RS, & Oakes WJ: Relationships of the cisternal segment of the trochlear nerve. J Neurosurg 89:1015-1019, 1998 ... Tubbs RS, & Oakes WJ: Relationships of the cisternal segment of the trochlear nerve. J Neurosurg 89:1015-1019, 1998 ... Relationships of the cisternal segment of the trochlear nerve. . J Neurosurg. 89. :. 1015. -. 1019. , 1998. 10.3171/jns.1998.89 ...
Nerve Palsy - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Closed head injury (common), which may cause unilateral or bilateral palsies. *. Infarction due to small-vessel disease (eg, in ... optic nerve, or extraocular muscles and their nerves; thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro- ... See also Overview of Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders Overview of Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve ...
trochlear 951.1. *. trunk, excluding shoulder and pelvic girdles 954.9. *. specified site NEC 954.8. ... Home > 2010 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Injury And Poisoning 800-999 > Injury To Nerves And Spinal Cord 950-957 > Injury to ... Injury to acoustic nerve. *ICD-9-CM 951.5 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM S04.60XA Injury of acoustic nerve, unspecified side, initial encounter ...
Trochlear Nerve) Palsy - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... A head injury Overview of Head Injuries Head injuries that involve the brain are particularly concerning. Common causes of head ... See also Overview of the Cranial Nerves Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly ... the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are ...
Students use this device to recollect the order of the 12 cranial nerves, which is olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, ... It can occur at any age, however is extra widespread in multipara on account of injury to pelvic floor muscles and fascia ... Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical injury in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and ... C Its a compression of the median nerve on the elbow Reference. It remains the prescriberпїЅs accountability to monitor the ...
... trochlear, abducens (III, IV and VI) and sometimes the trigeminal nerve (V). The identification of SOFS is important, since its ... and there may be paresthesia of the upper eyelid and forehead associated by the injury of the cranial nerves like: oculomotor, ... and fractures and traumatic head injuries. The identification of SFOS in acute trauma guides the immediate or early approach ...
Trochlear Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.868 Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site C4.557.465.955.416.202.875 C4.850.908.208.875 ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Trochlear Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.868 Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site C4.557.465.955.416.202.875 C4.850.908.208.875 ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Trochlear Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.868 Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site C4.557.465.955.416.202.875 C4.850.908.208.875 ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Trochlear Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.868 Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site C4.557.465.955.416.202.875 C4.850.908.208.875 ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Trochlear Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.868 Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site C4.557.465.955.416.202.875 C4.850.908.208.875 ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
... trochlear, vagus nerve, verbal apraxia, vestibular, vestibulocochlear. ... Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment and Solutions , Genius Insight , Ariel Policano Regular price $197.00 Sale price $77.00 Save ... Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment and Solutions , Genius Insight , Ariel Policano. Regular price $197.00 Sale price$77.00 Save ... This exciting series of panels, which you may want to include in any session for pain or injury. Special offer includes ...
What is fourth nerve palsy?. Fourth nerve palsy, also known as superior oblique palsy or trochlear nerve palsy, occurs when the ... When fourth nerve palsy is idiopathic or caused by an injury to the nerve, it may improve on its own after several months. ... Nerve stimulation tests. How is fourth nerve palsy treated?. The treatment options for fourth nerve palsy depend on the ... How is fourth nerve palsy diagnosed?. To diagnose fourth nerve palsy, your eye doctor will first conduct a full medical history ...
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus is a fiber tract located ventrolaterally to the oculomotor nucleus that connects the trochlear ... The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves, along with the vestibulocochlear nerve, are controlled by the medial ... An injury to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the dorsal pontine tegmentum, along with the ipsilateral abducens ... as well as the ipsilateral trochlear nucleus. When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the superior oblique muscle on the affected ...
Electronystagmography is a test that looks at eye movements to see how well nerves in the brain are working. These nerves are: ... Electronystagmography is a test that looks at eye movements to see how well nerves in the brain are working. These nerves are: ... Any disease or injury that damages the acoustic nerve can cause vertigo. This may include:. *Blood vessel disorders with ... Trochlear and abducens nerves, which run from the brain to the eyes ...
... , Cranial Nerve IV, Trochlear Nerve, CN 4, Trochlear Nucleus, Cranial Nerve 4 Palsy, Trochlear Nerve Palsy, CN 4 ... Longest nerve course with higher risk of injury. * Increased Intracranial Pressure may also cause palsy (as nerve is relatively ... Cranial Nerve 4, Cranial Nerve IV, Trochlear Nerve, CN 4, Trochlear Nucleus, Cranial Nerve 4 Palsy, Trochlear Nerve Palsy, CN 4 ... Thick cable-like nerve requiring significant compression for paralysis. *CN 3 parasympathetic fibers are susceptible to injury ...
References in the ICD-10-CM Index to Diseases and Injuries applicable to the clinical term atrophy, atrophic (of) ... trochlear - See: Strabismus, paralytic, fourth nerve;. *vagus (pneumogastric) - G52.2 Disorders of vagus nerve ... nerve - See Also: Disorder, nerve;*abducens - See: Strabismus, paralytic, sixth nerve;. *accessory - G52.8 Disorders of other ... tenth (pneumogastric) (vagus) - G52.2 Disorders of vagus nerve. *third (oculomotor) - See: Strabismus, paralytic, third nerve; ...
Click to learn more about the abducent nerve. ... is because of dysfunction or paralysis of the abducent nerve. ... trochlear nerve (CN IV), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). Functions. As we know, the abducens nerve is a motor nerve. It ... ischemic injury, traumatic injury, exposure to toxins or drugs, and demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, diabetic ... abducent nerve, trochlear nerve (all these nerves supply extraocular muscles), as well as the vestibulocochlear nerve that is ...
There can be combinations of any of the above subtypes, and virtually any combination of nerve injury. There are likely mild ... 21] Dense concentrations of GQ1b ganglioside are found in the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, which may explain the ... Pathologic findings in GBS include lymphocytic infiltration of spinal roots and peripheral nerves (cranial nerves may be ... and variants involving the cranial nerves or pure motor involvement and axonal injury are not uncommon. (See Pathophysiology.) ...
... the trochlear nerve, the abducens nerve, the spinal accessory nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. The brain takes the input from ... but an injury to it can also be a complication of carotid Of the 10 brainstem nerves, 1 (VIII) is a purely sensory nerve, 5 ( ... Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves. The cranial nerves are 12 paired nerves that arise from the ... Cranial nerves I and II are nerves of the cerebrum, nerves III to XII are nerves of the brainstem (XI partly emerging from ...
Medulla Oblongata • Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) • ... Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Facial ... of brain by 97% 2.Prevents head injury 3.Supplies brain with nutrition 4.Transports hormones along ventricular channels ... Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles 5. Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles 6. Abducens ...
This is led by the twelve cranial nerves that have specific functions: eye movement (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens), ability ... Injury or destruction of the cerebrum or the cerebellum can cause the patient to live a vegetative state whereas injury to the ... This is where nerve impulses move from one gyrus to another and lobe to lobe. Small grooves are called sulci and the larger ... Transmission of nerve impulses influences the motor cortex, where the left side would cause the right side of the body to move ...
At the time of discharge, 8 patients had complications related to impaired cranial nerve function. In addition, 2 patients ... After the operation, damage to the trochlear nerve was observed, but gradually returned to normal after discharge. No tumor ... While reducing the surgical injury to patients, the operator can also save the operation time and energy to better deal with ... The goal of keyhole surgery is to simplify the approach and reduce unnecessary surgical injury. In the past, the surgical ...
Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Innervates superior oblique muscle D. Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) a. Lacrimal nerve carries sensory ... Facial nerve injury and impairment 1. Produces variable amounts of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, called Bells palsy ... 134 Blood Vessels and Nerves of Orbit and Eye A. A. Optic nerve (CN II) Actually not true nerve but tract of CNS B. Oculomotor ... 40 Nerve of the Scalp A. Cutaneous nerves 1. Anteriorly: supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) ...
A:-Abducens nerve. B:-Vagus nerve C:-Trigeminal nerve D:-Trochlear nerve ... 9:-Limited period of unconsciousness due to head injury is termed as ...
  • A sudden, stabbing painassociated with this disease is known as tic douloureux Oct 24, 2015 - Explore Lory W's board "Trigeminal Neuralgia", followed by 212 people on Pinterest trigeminal neuralgia: Definition Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve) that causes episodes of sharp, An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves. (spagades.com)
  • Other conflicts with cranial nerves are rare but are known to occur e.g.: visual loss as a result of compression of the optic nerve and facial pain resulting from trigeminal nerve compression. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • The syndrome is characterised by retro-orbital paralysis of extraocular muscles impairment of the branches of the 1st division of the trigeminal nerve and frequently extension to involve the optic nerve. (medicosnotes.com)
  • State the extent and subdivisions of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • TN is characterized by recurrent short episodes of sharp, electrical shock like pain, typically abrupt in onset and termination, along the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (asra.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the face as well as the sensory and motor innervation to the mastication muscles. (asra.com)
  • At the level of the midpons, the large trigeminal nerve , CN V, emerges. (wikidoc.org)
  • All the extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles, which are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducent nerve (CN VI), respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • This fasciculus connects the abducent nerve nucleus with the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Irritation of one particular nerve - the oculomotor nerve- generates particular concern that an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery is enlarging and at-risk of rupture. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • The oculomotor nerve may be affected in isolation by superior cerebellar artery and baasilar trunk aneurysms as well. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • If the oculomotor nerve is affected in concert with the other nerves controlling the globe of the eye- the trochlear and abducens nerves- then the aneurysm is most likely to be located in the skull base (see below under Cavernous Sinus Syndromes. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • The oculomotor nerve also contains fibres that constrict the pupil. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • A painful oculomotor nerve palsy is considered a neurosurgical emergency. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • The cranial nerves that control eye movements (e.g., oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve) can be affected by neurological conditions, leading to eye movement abnormalities or double vision. (rthm.com)
  • From their respective nuclei, the two trochlear nerves then travel dorsal-ward through the substance of the midbrain surrounded by the periaqueductal gray, crossing over (decussating) within the midbrain before emerging from the dorsal midbrain just inferior to the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the medial longitudinal fasciculus is responsible for transporting fibers that originate in the vestibular nuclei and are destined for the oculomotor, trochlear, and interstitial nuclei of Cajal. (healthncare.info)
  • The nuclei of the cranial nerves are the collection of cell bodies of axons forming that cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Facial colliculi are actually rounded, bulged structures that are formed by the winding of fibers of the facial nerve around the nuclei of abducent nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Wilhelm His Sr. (18311904) combined, in an unprecedented way, (taste bud afferents of cranial nerves VII, IX, X to the solitary tract) and dorsolateral otic placode-derived afferents provide the sole sensory input to the special somatic column consisting of the vestibular/auditory nuclei. (spagades.com)
  • 6. Enumerate the functional components, nuclei, and branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • Each facial colliculus , contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. (wikidoc.org)
  • Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. (wikidoc.org)
  • Trochlear nerve palsy is mentioned in ophthalmology texts dating to the mid nineteenth century. (medscape.com)
  • In 1935, Bielschowsky correctly noted that trochlear nerve palsy was the most common cause of vertical diplopia and introduced his classic head-tilt test. (medscape.com)
  • A fourth nerve palsy is a common cause of binocular vertical oblique diplopia in isolation. (medscape.com)
  • An isolated fourth cranial nerve palsy usually can be diagnosed using the 3-step test. (medscape.com)
  • Most cases of isolated fourth nerve palsy are believed to be congenital. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] However, estimating the true frequency of congenital fourth nerve palsy is difficult. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the best information regarding the incidence of acquired fourth nerve palsy can be found in the Mayo Clinic series. (medscape.com)
  • Trochlear nerve palsy was less common than abducens or oculomotor palsies. (medscape.com)
  • Of 4,373 acquired cases of extraocular muscle palsy in adults, there were only 657 cases of isolated fourth nerve disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] Fourth nerve palsy also was the least frequent in a pediatric population. (medscape.com)
  • In a similar Mayo Clinic study of 160 children, 19 of them had isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • One must consider the possibility of underlying structural abnormalities (eg, skull based tumor) if fourth nerve palsy results after only minor trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Microvasculopathy secondary to diabetes, atherosclerosis, or hypertension also may cause isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • There are rare reports of thyroid ophthalmopathy and myasthenia gravis mimicking an isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • Tumor, aneurysm, multiple sclerosis , or iatrogenic injury may present with isolated fourth nerve palsy that may evolve over time to include other cranial nerve palsies or neurologic symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Fourth nerve palsy may become manifest after cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with underlying, well-controlled, and asymptomatic fourth nerve palsy may decompensate gradually as they lose binocular function resulting from cataract. (medscape.com)
  • This syndrome was present in 73% of congenital trochlear nerve palsy cases and is characterized by absence of the trochlear nerve and secondary atrophy of the superior oblique muscle. (medscape.com)
  • An injury to the trochlear nucleus in the brainstem will result in an contralateral superior oblique muscle palsy, whereas an injury to the trochlear nerve (after it has emerged from the brainstem) results in an ipsilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Trochlear nerve palsy also affects torsion (rotation of the eyeball in the plane of the face). (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common cause of acute fourth nerve palsy is head trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fourth cranial nerve palsy impairs the superior oblique muscle, causing paresis of vertical gaze, mainly in adduction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fourth cranial nerve palsy may affect one or both eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A palsy of the 4th cranial nerve affects vertical eye movements. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Doctors suspect palsy of the 4th cranial nerve based on the symptoms, but computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be done. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Often, the cause of 4th cranial nerve palsy cannot be identified. (merckmanuals.com)
  • causes this palsy by damaging small blood vessels that carry blood to the nerve. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Usually, 4th cranial nerve palsy is suspected if a person has characteristic limited eye movement. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The disorder causing 4th cranial nerve palsy, if identified, is treated. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Fourth nerve palsy, also known as superior oblique palsy or trochlear nerve palsy, occurs when the fourth cranial nerve becomes diseased or damaged. (optometrists.org)
  • Idiopathic fourth nerve palsy occurs when there is no known cause for the nerve paralysis. (optometrists.org)
  • What are the symptoms of fourth nerve palsy? (optometrists.org)
  • Fourth nerve palsy generally affects only one eye, but it can affect both eyes as well. (optometrists.org)
  • How is fourth nerve palsy diagnosed? (optometrists.org)
  • To diagnose fourth nerve palsy, your eye doctor will first conduct a full medical history. (optometrists.org)
  • How is fourth nerve palsy treated? (optometrists.org)
  • The treatment options for fourth nerve palsy depend on the underlying cause of the condition. (optometrists.org)
  • When fourth nerve palsy is idiopathic or caused by an injury to the nerve, it may improve on its own after several months. (optometrists.org)
  • Vision therapy is an effective treatment option for some patients with fourth nerve palsy, as it can help to improve eye movements and binocular vision. (optometrists.org)
  • The sooner fourth nerve palsy is diagnosed, the greater your chances of optimal treatment results. (optometrists.org)
  • An injury to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the dorsal pontine tegmentum, along with the ipsilateral abducens nucleus (AN) or posterior cingulate reticulum (PPRF), causes unilateral nystagmus (INO) and bilateral lateral gaze palsy (ILP). (healthncare.info)
  • The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves, along with the vestibulocochlear nerve, are controlled by the medial longitudinal fasciculus. (healthncare.info)
  • The medial longitudinal fasciculus connects the three major nerves that control eye movements, namely the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves, along with the vestibulocochlear nerve. (healthncare.info)
  • For the internal strabismus, the defect sometimes is due to any damage to the abducent nerve, the sixth cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • In the following text, we shall have a look at the origin, course, classification, and functional component(s) of the abducent nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Last but not least, we shall have a look at the diseases caused by damage to the abducent nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The abducent or abducent nerve is the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • There is only one nucleus for each of the abducent nerves that is present in the upper pons (seen in the cut section of upper pons) at the level of facial colliculi. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • In their walls intimately assosciated with the arteries run the oculomotor, abducent, trochlear and trigeminal which control the movement of the eyes and sensation from the face. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • It is the only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsal (rear) aspect of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trochlear nerve decussates within the brainstem before emerging on the contralateral side of the brainstem (at the level of the inferior colliculus). (wikipedia.org)
  • Even relatively minor trauma can transiently stretch the fourth nerve (by transiently displacing the brainstem relative to the posterior clinoid process). (wikipedia.org)
  • Examination of the cranial nerves allows one to "view" the brainstem all the way from its rostral to caudal extent. (spagades.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla , the bottom part of the brainstem , [1] [2] in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem . (iiab.me)
  • This anatomic location is uniquely difficult to approach surgically because it is very closely surrounded by multiple neurovascular structures, including the brainstem, basilar artery, cranial nerves (CNs) III-VIII, the cavernous sinus, and the sella. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The clinical course is insidious, with subtle onset of cranial nerve, cerebellar, and brainstem dysfunction. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The MLF is a pair of highly specialized nerve fibers that are highly myelinated and run in a craniocaudal direction just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle in the tegmentum of the midbrain and the dorsal pons. (healthncare.info)
  • These nerve fibers are located in the tegmentum of the midbrain and the dorsal pons. (healthncare.info)
  • It is commonly stated there are 12 to 13 cranial nerve pairs, Name the major brain regions, vesicles, and ventricles, and describe containing both sensory and motor fibers. (spagades.com)
  • The optic nerve contains only afferent (sensory) fibers, and like all cranial nerves is paired. (spagades.com)
  • Because the vagus nerve innervates multiple organs, injuries in the nerve fibers may result in any gastrointestinal organ dysfunction downstream of the injury site. (jefferson.edu)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • The ophthalmic nerve, the first division of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, is a wholly afferent nerve that supplies the globe and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, It arises from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the cell bodies of its sensory nerve fibers. (dartmouth.edu)
  • It contains numerous nerve fibers that connect the medulla to the pons and cerebellum respectively. (com.ng)
  • These are two round masses of nerve fibers located on either side of the median fissure. (com.ng)
  • The fourth cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, which intorts, depresses, and abducts the globe. (medscape.com)
  • pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV, is a cranial nerve that innervates a single muscle - the superior oblique muscle of the eye (which operates through the pulley-like trochlea). (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior oblique muscle which the trochlear nerve innervates ends in a tendon that passes through a fibrous loop, the trochlea, located anteriorly on the medial aspect of the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue , except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (iiab.me)
  • There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
  • citation needed] Each trochlear nerve originates from a trochlear nucleus in the medial midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • A peripheral lesion is damage to the bundle of nerves, in contrast to a central lesion, which is damage to the trochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus is a fiber tract located ventrolaterally to the oculomotor nucleus that connects the trochlear nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, and abducens nucleus. (healthncare.info)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve, the eighth cranial nerve, the fastigial nucleus, and the flocculus of the cerebellum provides the input necessary for this to happen. (healthncare.info)
  • INO and trochlear syndrome are both caused by damage to the MLF, which is located in the caudal region of the midbrain, as well as the ipsilateral trochlear nucleus. (healthncare.info)
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (iiab.me)
  • The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve arise from the hypoglossal nucleus near the bottom of the brain stem . (iiab.me)
  • [6] Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus . (iiab.me)
  • Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve): Sensory for hearing, motor for balance Vestibular branch (balance): Ask patient to march in place (Mittlemeyer Marching) with eyes closed. (spagades.com)
  • It also interacts with the third and fourth cranial nerves, oculomotor and trochlear, respectively, as well as with the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to perform conjugate eye movements (discussed later). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • These cranial nerves are the abducens nerve , facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve , respectively. (wikidoc.org)
  • Abducens nerve emerges from the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa from a groove at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata medial to the facial nerve exit. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • [4] The hypoglossal nerve moves forward lateral to the hyoglossus and medial to the stylohyoid muscles and lingual nerve . (iiab.me)
  • These tumors arise along the upper two-thirds of the clivus, superior to the jugular foramen and medial to the cranial nerves' foramina at the petroclival junction. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The superior margin, formed by the frontal bone, presents near its medial end either a supraorbital notch or a supraorbital foramen, which transmits the nerve and vessels of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
  • At the junction of the medial wall with the roof, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina transmit the nerves and arteries of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Between the basal pons, cranial nerve 6, 7 and 8 emerge (medial to lateral). (wikidoc.org)
  • The nerve may be damaged by closed or penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA or by facial trauma involving the orbit. (uchicago.edu)
  • Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. (uchicago.edu)
  • Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. (uchicago.edu)
  • Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease . (iiab.me)
  • and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries. (lookformedical.com)
  • In young adults, most distal humerus fractures occur from high-energy trauma, sideswipe injuries, motor vehicle accidents, falls from heights, and gunshot wounds. (medscape.com)
  • Greater and lesser palatine foramina (for palatine nerves and arteries) and posterior nasal spine Vomer 1. (slideshare.net)
  • The median, ulnar, and radial nerves course along the forearm, along with the radial and ulnar arteries. (orthopaedia.com)
  • At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible , the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • The posterior lateral femoral contusion sign (Aamer Botchu Sign), an ancillary sign of MCL injury. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • It divides near the superior orbital fissure into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. (dartmouth.edu)
  • It divides into the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and nasociliary nerves to supply the forehead and nose. (asra.com)
  • Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a series of rootlets, from the caudal brain stem, here seen from below. (iiab.me)
  • After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1 . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal , which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum . (iiab.me)
  • After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve then travels deep to the hyoglossus muscle , which it supplies. (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the first pair of occipital somites , collections of mesoderm that form next to the main axis of an embryo during development . (iiab.me)
  • Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) rootlets. (wikidoc.org)
  • The sensory and motor innervation to the structures in the head and neck region of the body is exclusively provided by the cranial nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Electronystagmography is a test that looks at eye movements to see how well nerves in the brain are working. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The patches record eye movements that occur when the inner ear and nearby nerves are stimulated by the water or air. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Abnormal results may be a sign of damage to the nerve of the inner ear or other parts of the brain that control eye movements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Occasionally an aneurysm will present by irritating one of the nerves that control movements of the eye. (surgical-neurology.com)
  • The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing, including sticking out the tongue and moving it from side to side. (iiab.me)
  • thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These disorders affect the intricate relationship between the eyes, optic nerves, and the brain, leading to various visual symptoms and eye-related abnormalities. (rthm.com)
  • blunting of calices (ascending infection) errnvphglfrv ruj 244.E4 chapter 7 abdomen 197 4 clinical focus 8-23 ocular refractive disorders ametropia is the major sensory oculomotor, trochlear, nerve of the duodenum. (ben.edu)
  • Each trochlear nerve thus comes to course on the contralateral side, first passing laterally (to the side) and then anteriorly around the pons, then running forward toward the eye in the subarachnoid space. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve originates from the midlateral surface of pons. (asra.com)
  • At the rostral pons, the occulomotor nerve emerges at the midline. (wikidoc.org)
  • Laterally, the trochlear nerve has emerged after emerging out of the dorsal rostral pons and wrapping around to the anterior. (wikidoc.org)
  • The ulnar and radial nerves are located most medially and laterally, respectively, thus they are most susceptible to damage with fracture of the shaft of their adjacent bones. (orthopaedia.com)
  • The trochlear nerve is unique among the cranial nerves in several respects: It is the smallest nerve in terms of the number of axons it contains. (wikipedia.org)
  • the trochlear nerve thus carries axons of general somatic efferent type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, it is still an enigmatic syndrome but which requires the same time, case reports have demonstrated that vip released from the medi- except more and more of life events and pro- cisation of the ganglion cell nerve axons leave lens transparent lens supported in the vagina. (ben.edu)
  • With greater clinical interest, the number of identified fourth nerve palsies has increased. (medscape.com)
  • Several studies reported the incidence and etiology of acquired cranial nerve palsies in adult and pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
  • A series of high-definition magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies by Yang et al have identified 2 etiologies of congenital trochlear nerve palsies, with the most common being congenital cranial dysinnervation syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • This accounts for the "dejected" appearance of patients with "pathetic nerve" palsies. (wikipedia.org)
  • To compensate for this, patients with trochlear nerve palsies tilt their heads to the opposite side, in order to fuse the two images into a single visual field. (wikipedia.org)
  • The characteristic appearance of patients with fourth nerve palsies (head tilted to one side, chin tucked in) suggests the diagnosis, but other causes must be ruled out. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves, as well as the ganglia. (spagades.com)
  • The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. (lookformedical.com)
  • A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. (uchicago.edu)
  • The lateral aspect of the tumor is often draped by thinly splayed cranial nerves lying between the surgeon and the tumor. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for cranial nerves IX and X ( glossopharyngeal and vagus , respectively). (wikidoc.org)
  • ICD-9-CM codes are used in medical billing and coding to describe diseases, injuries, symptoms and conditions. (icd9data.com)
  • Conditions affecting the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis or optic neuropathy, can lead to visual symptoms such as reduced color vision, loss of peripheral vision (typically in a specific pattern, e.g., central scotoma), or visual field defects. (rthm.com)
  • Presenting symptoms are usually a result of cranial nerve compression with CN V most frequently involved. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • citation needed] Injury to the trochlear nerve cause weakness of downward eye movement with consequent vertical diplopia (double vision). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerves are the 12 nerves of the peripheral nervous system that emerge from the foramina and fissures of the cranium.Their numerical order (1-12) is determined by their skull exit location (rostral to caudal). (spagades.com)
  • They pass through skull foramina, fissures, or canals to exit 5th Cranial nerve. (spagades.com)
  • At the time of discharge, 8 patients had complications related to impaired cranial nerve function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a long, slender, motor nerve and supplies only one of the extraocular muscles of the eye and functions in the movement of the eyeball within the orbit. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The weakness may progress over hours to days to involve the arms, truncal muscles, cranial nerves, and muscles of respiration. (medscape.com)
  • The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Do the quadraceps and hamstring muscles have an effect on patella stability in trochlear dysplasia? (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
  • Optic Nerve Injuries" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Optic Nerve Injuries" by people in this website by year, and whether "Optic Nerve Injuries" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Optic Nerve Injuries" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Median Answer: C Its a compression of the median nerve on the elbow Reference. (ehd.org)
  • Examination shows ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, decreased corneal sensation, and occasionally visual loss caused by mechanical optic nerve compression. (medicosnotes.com)
  • It transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery from the middle cranial fossa. (dartmouth.edu)
  • It communicates with the middle cranial fossa and transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, and the ophthalmic veins (fig. 45-5 ). (dartmouth.edu)
  • Extraocular Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI causing ophthalmoplegia. (medicosnotes.com)
  • Moving Beyond the Dura for Assessing Acute and Chronic cranial nerves boundless anatomy and physiology. (spagades.com)
  • In the first, we discuss the olfactory nerve, detailing its function and describing the anatomy of this The median plane, which divides the body into left and right. (spagades.com)
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves combines anatomical knowledge, pathology, clinical examination, and explanation of clinical findings, drawing together material typically scattered throughout anatomical textbooks. (spagades.com)
  • The human trochlear nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The infraorbital foramen, for the nerve and artery of the same name, is less than 1 cm inferior to the inferior margin. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The mandibular division exits through the foramen ovale (FO) and divides into the buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves. (asra.com)