An uncommon variant of CHORIOCARCINOMA. It is composed almost entirely of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). Because its secretion of hCG (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN) is low, a large tumor may develop before the hCG can be detected.
Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
A uterine tumor derived from persistent gestational TROPHOBLASTS, most likely after a molar pregnancy (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE). Invasive hyadatiform mole develops in about 15% of patients after evacuation of a complete mole and less frequently after other types of gestation. It may perforate the MYOMETRIUM and erode uterine vessels causing hemorrhage.
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells (GIANT CELLS).
Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME.
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.
UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
Excision of the uterus.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

Placental site trophoblastic tumour: a rare but potentially curable cancer. (1/15)

Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). We have conducted an analysis of all cases of PSTT managed at the Trophoblastic Disease Screening and Treatment Centre, Sheffield, from 1984 to 1996. During this time we received 4,988 registrations for GTD and managed seven cases of PSTT. A large range of interval between antecedent pregnancy and presentation was observed - the most common presenting symptoms being irregular vaginal bleeding with or without preceding amenorrhoea. Three out of seven patients had disease confined to the uterus at diagnosis and were successfully treated by hysterectomy alone. Two out of seven patients had pulmonary metastases in addition to uterine tumour and were treated with combination chemotherapy--both are alive and well. Of the remaining two patients one had distant and the other loco-regional metastases and both died despite numerous therapeutic interventions.  (+info)

Placental site trophoblastic tumor. Clinical and pathological report of two cases. (2/15)

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is the rarest disease of the gestational trophoblast. Our two cases will be interesting not only because of the rarity of the disease, but because both were recognized before operation. Since the tumor cells are lined up tightly side by side, this disease must be distinguished primarily from tumors of epithelial origin. The authors highlight that the diagnosis should rely on intense hPL-positivity as well as the ultrastructural image of the tumor. In histologically equivocal cases, the determination of hPL, hCG, and MIB-1 immunologic markers can be recommended as routinely performed morphological examinations. Serum hCG monitoring is recommended to follow the evolution of the tumor.  (+info)

Placental site trophoblastic tumor masquerading as an ovarian ectopic pregnancy. (3/15)

The vast majority of pregnancies of unknown location (PUL) will be failing pregnancies and early intrauterine or ectopic pregnancies (EPs) that are too early to visualize on transvaginal scan. Very rarely, a positive pregnancy test in the presence of a negative scan will reflect an underlying human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-secreting tumor. We report a case in which elevated serum hCG led to the initial diagnosis of an EP which was subsequently found to be a placental site tumor of the ovary. This case shows that a misinterpretation of signs of EP can result in a delay in accurate diagnosis.  (+info)

Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous fistula associated with placental site trophoblastic tumor. (4/15)

We report a case of a woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding who had a placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) detected following hysterectomy. Surgery was performed because of a large uterine arteriovenous fistula detected by transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler sonography. Color Doppler sonography revealed a lacunar-type lesion with a marked increase in uterine vascularity, and pulsed Doppler sonography demonstrated a low resistance index. This vascular pattern indicated the formation of blood lacunae and arteriovenous shunts caused by PSTT within the uterine myometrium. This is the first report to describe the ultrasound findings in a case of PSTT complicated by a uterine arteriovenous fistula.  (+info)

Comparative genomic hybridization study of placental site trophoblastic tumour: a report of four cases. (5/15)

Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) is a neoplastic proliferation of the implantation intermediate trophoblast. Although clinicopathological studies are not uncommon in case reports or small series, molecular and genetic studies are quite limited. Four archived cases of PSTT were successfully analysed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in this study. Regional chromosomal gains were observed in two cases. One case showed chromosomal gains in the regions of 19p13.2, 21q11-21 and 22q12. The second case demonstrated a single regional chromosomal gain involving 21q21. No chromosomal loss is observed. The remaining two cases showed a balanced CGH profile without detectable chromosomal gain or loss. In summary, although chromosomal alterations detectable by CGH are not common, rare chromosomal gains do occur in PSTT. The recurrent chromosomal gain involving chromosomal 21q observed in two of our cases deserves additional studies to ascertain whether it carries any pathobiological significance.  (+info)

Implantation site intermediate trophoblasts in placenta cretas. (6/15)

Placenta cretas are defined as abnormal adherences or ingrowths of placental tissue, but their pathogenetic mechanism has not been fully explained. During histologic examination of postpartum uteri, we noticed that the number of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts was increased in the placental bed of placenta cretas. To validate our observation and to address the pathogenetic role of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts in placenta cretas, we examined postpartum uteri with placenta cretas (n=34) and noncretas (n=22), obtained from Cesarean or immediate postpartum hysterectomy specimens. Using antibody to CD146, a marker for implantation site intermediate trophoblasts, we found that placenta cretas had significantly thicker layer of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts (2300+/-1200 mum) than noncretas (1500+/-1200 microm, P<0.025). We also observed that the confluent distribution of cells was more frequent in placenta cretas (97%) than noncretas samples (45%, P<0.001), and that the total number of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts within the superficial myometrium of the placental bed was significantly higher in placenta cretas than noncretas. Using antibodies to Ki-67, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 to determine the proliferative index and apoptotic rates of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts, we found that they were close to zero in both groups and did not differ significantly. These findings suggest that the increased number of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts observed in placenta cretas may be related to the pathogenesis of placental ingrowth, but the mechanism by which the increase in implantation site intermediate trophoblasts causes placenta cretas remains to be clarified.  (+info)

Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for migration and invasion of placental site trophoblastic tumor. (7/15)

Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a gestational neoplasm derived from the extravillous (intermediate) trophoblast of the implantation site. PSTT is characterized by a highly invasive phenotype, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that PSTTs expressed the activated (phosphorylated) form of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in 84% of cases, whereas the normal extravillous trophoblastic cells did not. To characterize the role of MAPK activation in PSTT, we established the first PSTT cell culture, IST-2, from a surgically resected PSTT. IST-2 cells expressed HLA-G and Mel-CAM but not E-cadherin, an immunophenotype characteristic of PSTT. IST-2 cells were highly motile and invasive in culture as compared to choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells and normal extravillous trophoblastic cells. Based on wound assay, time-lapse videomicroscopy for cell tracking, and invasion chamber assays, we found that the motility and invasion of IST-2 cells were significantly reduced (P<0.01) after treatment with the MEK inhibitors CI-1040 and PD 59089, which prevent activation of MAPK. In contrast, neither compound had any effect on normal extravillous trophoblastic cells or JEG-3 cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a functional role of MAPK activation in the motility and invasion of PSTT.  (+info)

Expression of glypican 3 in placental site trophoblastic tumor. (8/15)

 (+info)

A Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site (also known as Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor or PSTT) is a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are tumors that develop from the tissue that would normally become the placenta during pregnancy.

PSTT originates from the intermediate trophoblast cells, which invade the uterine wall and cause bleeding at the site of implantation during a normal pregnancy. These tumors typically occur in women who have had a prior pregnancy, with a median age of diagnosis around 35 years old.

PSTTs are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms for an extended period. However, some common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, irregular menstrual periods, or pelvic pain. In rare cases, PSTT can metastasize to other organs such as the lungs, liver, or brain.

The diagnosis of PSTT is made through a combination of imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI) and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained via biopsy or curettage. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy in cases where there is evidence of metastasis or high-risk features. Regular follow-up with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels and imaging studies is essential to monitor for recurrence.

Trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of rare tumors that originate from the trophoblast, which is the outer layer of cells that surrounds a developing embryo and helps to form the placenta during pregnancy. These tumors can be benign or malignant and are characterized by their ability to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that is normally produced during pregnancy.

There are several types of trophoblastic neoplasms, including:

1. Hydatidiform mole: A benign growth that forms in the uterus when a fertilized egg implants but does not develop into a normal embryo. There are two types of hydatidiform moles: complete and partial. Complete moles have no fetal tissue, while partial moles have some fetal tissue.
2. Invasive mole: A malignant form of hydatidiform mole that invades the uterine wall and may spread to other parts of the body.
3. Choriocarcinoma: A rapidly growing and highly invasive malignant tumor that can arise from a hydatidiform mole, a normal pregnancy, or an ectopic pregnancy. It can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, and brain.
4. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT): A rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that attach the placenta to the uterine wall. It is usually slow-growing but can be aggressive in some cases.
5. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT): Another rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that form the placental villi. It is typically low-grade and has a good prognosis, but it can recur in some cases.

The treatment for trophoblastic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular monitoring of hCG levels is also important to ensure that the tumor has been completely removed and to detect any recurrence early.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is a group of rare pregnancy-related disorders that involve abnormal growth of cells inside a woman's uterus. These cells are part of the placenta, which provides nutrients to the developing fetus. GTD occurs when some of these cells grow in an uncontrolled way, forming tumors or tumor-like growths.

There are several types of GTD:

1. Hydatidiform Mole (HM): Also known as a molar pregnancy, this is the most common type of GTD. It occurs when an egg that has no genetic information is fertilized by a sperm and then divides into multiple copies. This results in a growth that resembles a cluster of grapes, rather than a developing fetus. There are two types of HMs: complete and partial. A complete HM forms when an empty egg is fertilized by two sperms, resulting in no fetal tissue. A partial HM forms when a normal egg is fertilized by two sperm or an abnormal egg with two sets of genetic material, resulting in some fetal tissue.

2. Invasive Mole: This type of GTD occurs when cells from a molar pregnancy invade the uterine wall and surrounding tissues. It can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain.

3. Choriocarcinoma: This is a rare form of GTD that develops from trophoblastic cells and forms a malignant tumor. It can grow rapidly and spread quickly to other organs.

4. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT): This is an even rarer type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. PSTTs are usually slow-growing but can sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

5. Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT): This is a very rare type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. ETTs are usually slow-growing and have a good prognosis.

It's important to note that most molar pregnancies do not develop into more serious forms of GTD, but regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for any signs of progression. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of GTD and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

An invasive hydatidiform mole (IHM) is a rare and aggressive complication of a gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which itself originates from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells, the tissue that normally develops into the placenta during pregnancy. IHMs are characterized by the invasion of molar villi into the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterus) and can potentially spread to other organs through the bloodstream, leading to distant metastases.

IHMs usually arise from a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), which is an abnormal conceptus with no embryonic or fetal development. CHMs are typically diploid and originate from the fertilization of an egg without genetic material (an empty egg or an egg with two sets of paternal chromosomes) by one or two sperm cells. This results in a conceptus with only paternal chromosomes, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and the formation of grapelike vesicles filled with fluid (hydatidiform moles).

Invasive hydatidiform moles can cause various symptoms, such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or the presence of an enlarged uterus. They also pose a risk for developing choriocarcinoma, another type of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which is a malignant tumor that can metastasize and spread to other organs. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and improve the prognosis for patients with IHMs. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the mole, followed by chemotherapy to eliminate any residual disease and reduce the risk of GTN development.

Choriocarcinoma is a rapidly growing and invasive type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are abnormal growths that develop in the tissues that are supposed to become the placenta during pregnancy. It occurs when a malignant tumor develops from trophoblast cells, which are normally found in the developing embryo and help to form the placenta.

Choriocarcinoma can occur after any type of pregnancy, including normal pregnancies, molar pregnancies (a rare mass that forms inside the uterus after conception), or ectopic pregnancies (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus). It is characterized by the presence of both trophoblastic and cancerous cells, which can produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.

Choriocarcinoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, brain, or vagina, through the bloodstream. It is important to diagnose and treat choriocarcinoma early to prevent serious complications and improve the chances of a successful treatment outcome. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Epithelioid cells are a type of cell that can be found in certain types of tissue in the body, including connective tissue and some organs. These cells have a characteristic appearance under a microscope, with an enlarged, oval or round shape and a pale, abundant cytoplasm. They may also have a nucleus that is centrally located and has a uniform, rounded shape.

Epithelioid cells are often seen in the context of inflammation or disease, particularly in relation to granulomatous disorders such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. In these conditions, epithelioid cells can form clusters known as granulomas, which are a hallmark of the diseases. The exact function of epithelioid cells is not fully understood, but they are thought to play a role in the immune response and may help to contain and eliminate foreign substances or pathogens from the body.

Y-linked genes are a type of sex-limited gene that is located on the Y chromosome. These genes are only present in males because they are passed from father to son through the paternal Y chromosome during reproduction. They are not paired with any corresponding genes on the X chromosome, and therefore, they do not have a counterpart to complement their function.

Y-linked genes play an essential role in sex determination and male development. For example, the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome, encodes a protein that triggers testis development during embryonic development. Other Y-linked genes are involved in spermatogenesis, the process of producing sperm cells.

Since Y-linked genes are not present in females, they do not have any direct impact on female traits or characteristics. However, mutations in Y-linked genes can cause various genetic disorders that affect male fertility and development, such as Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, and other sex chromosome aneuploidies.

A hydatidiform mole, also known as a molar pregnancy, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which is a group of rare disorders that involve abnormal growth of the placental tissue.

In a hydatidiform mole, there is an abnormal fertilization event leading to the growth of a mass of grapelike cysts in the uterus instead of a normal pregnancy. The chromosomes from the sperm and egg do not combine properly, resulting in an extra set of chromosomes, which leads to the development of the mole.

Hydatidiform moles can be complete or partial:

* Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM): This type arises when an egg without a nucleus is fertilized by one or two sperm, leading to the growth of abnormal placental tissue with no embryo. The chromosomes come from the father only, and there are typically 46 chromosomes, all of paternal origin.
* Partial hydatidiform mole (PHM): This type occurs when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a single sperm that duplicates itself, resulting in an abnormal placenta with some fetal tissue. The chromosomes are of both maternal and paternal origin, and the placental tissue has a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

Hydatidiform moles can cause vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine enlargement, and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the blood. They are usually detected during an ultrasound exam and require medical treatment to prevent complications such as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, a malignant form of GTD that can spread to other organs.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) is a medical procedure commonly performed on the uterus. The term "dilatation" refers to the widening or opening of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. This is achieved using dilators, which are gradually inserted into the cervical canal to stretch it open.

The term "curettage" refers to the scraping or suctioning out of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium). A curette, a long, loop-shaped surgical instrument, is used to scrape the lining, or suction equipment may be used to remove the tissue.

A D&C procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the uterus, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, heavy menstrual periods, endometrial hyperplasia, or to remove residual tissue after a miscarriage or abortion. It's usually a minor surgical procedure that can be done in a hospital, clinic, or doctor's office, and is often performed under local anesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia depending on the situation and patient preference.

A "threatened abortion" is a medical term used to describe a situation in which there are symptoms that suggest an impending miscarriage, such as vaginal bleeding and/or cramping during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed and the fetal heartbeat is still present. This condition is estimated to occur in up to 20-30% of all pregnancies, and while it can be a source of anxiety for pregnant individuals, it does not necessarily mean that a miscarriage will definitely occur.

It's important to note that if you are experiencing any symptoms of a threatened abortion, you should contact your healthcare provider right away for evaluation and guidance on how to manage the situation. They may recommend bed rest, pelvic rest, or other treatments to help support the pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human (β-hCG) is a protein that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is a component of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is a hormone that is composed of two subunits: alpha and beta. The β-hCG subunit is specific to hCG and is not found in other hormones, making it a useful marker for pregnancy and certain medical conditions.

During early pregnancy, the levels of β-hCG increase rapidly and can be detected in the blood and urine. This has led to the development of pregnancy tests that detect the presence of β-hCG to confirm pregnancy. In addition to its role in pregnancy, β-hCG is also used as a tumor marker for certain types of cancer, such as germ cell tumors and choriocarcinoma.

Elevated levels of β-hCG may indicate the presence of a molar pregnancy, a condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the uterus but does not develop properly. In some cases, a molar pregnancy can become cancerous and require treatment. Therefore, monitoring β-hCG levels during pregnancy is important for detecting any potential complications.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.

In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.

Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.

Dactinomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which means it is used to treat cancer. It is specifically used to treat certain types of testicular cancer, Wilms' tumor (a type of kidney cancer that occurs in children), and some gestational trophoblastic tumors (a type of tumor that can develop in the uterus after pregnancy). Dactinomycin works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. It is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs as part of a treatment regimen.

Dactinomycin is administered intravenously (through an IV) and its use is usually limited to hospitals or specialized cancer treatment centers due to the need for careful monitoring during administration. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. More serious side effects can include bone marrow suppression, which can lead to an increased risk of infection, and tissue damage at the site where the drug is injected. Dactinomycin can also cause severe allergic reactions in some people.

It's important to note that dactinomycin should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as its use requires careful monitoring and management of potential side effects.

The tumor may secrete human placental lactogen, and result in a false-positive pregnancy test. A placental site trophoblastic ... Placental site trophoblastic tumor is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease, which is thought to arise from intermediate ... Whitney KA (December 2009). "Placental site trophoblastic tumor". The American Journal of Nursing. 109 (12): 32-7, quiz 38. doi ... Shih IM, Kurman RJ (January 2001). "The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions". International ...
... placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). The choriocarcinoma has 2 significant ... Kim SJ (December 2003). "Placental site trophoblastic tumour". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 17 ... Placental side trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is differentiated by low β-hCG levels because it is a neoplastic proliferation of ... "Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor", Definitions, Qeios, 2020-02-10, doi:10.32388/ka4bji "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease Placental site trophoblastic tumour Jacob, S.; Mohapatra, D. (2009). "Placental site nodule: ... A placental site nodule (PSN) is benign remnant from a previous pregnancy. They are typically asymptomatic and found ... and exaggerated placental site. PSN are benign. Once removed, they do not require any treatment and do not recur. ... a tumor-like trophoblastic lesion". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 52 (2): 240-1. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.48931. PMID 19332926. ( ...
The four malignant tumours Invasive mole Choriocarcinoma Placental site trophoblastic tumour Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour ... Placental site nodules are lesions of chorionic type intermediate trophoblast, usually small. 40 to 50% of placental site ... These are not GTD, and they are not tumours Exaggerated placental site Placental site nodule Both are composed of intermediate ... very frequently due to choriocarcinoma or placental site trophoblastic tumour), but this is not common, because treatment ...
... trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.557.465.955.416 - gestational trophoblastic neoplasms MeSH C04.557.465.955.416.202 ... trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.557.465.955.416.812 - hydatidiform mole MeSH C04.557.465.955.416.812.500 - ... trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.850.908.416.750 - hydatidiform mole MeSH C04.850.908.416.750.500 - hydatidiform ... trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.480 - cystadenocarcinoma MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.480.225 - ...
... trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.875 - hydatidiform mole MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.875.500 - ... brenner tumor MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.331 - carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH ... trophoblastic neoplasms MeSH C13.703.720.949.416 - gestational trophoblastic neoplasms MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.218 - ... granulosa cell tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.464 - luteoma MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.531 - meigs syndrome MeSH C13.371. ...
... postpubertal type Choriocarcinoma Placental site trophoblastic tumour Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour Teratoma, postpubertal ... tumor Leydig cell tumor Sertoli cell tumor Sertoli cell tumor Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor Granulosa cell tumor ... cord-stromal tumors Mixed sex cord-stromal tumor Signet ring stromal tumor Myoid gonadal stromal tumor Sex cord-stromal tumor ... and groin Benign tumors or lesions of the testicles Metastasis to the testicles from another, primary tumor site(s) The nature ...
... implantation site IT Placental site nodule (PSN): chorionic-type IT Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT): implantation ... "The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 20 (1): 31-47. doi:10.1097 ... at anchoring villi of trophoblastic column Implantation site intermediate trophoblast: at implantation site (or basal plate), ... site IT Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour (ETT): chorionic-type IT Shih IM, Kurman RJ (January 2001). " ...
... trophoblastic M9103/0 Partial hydatidiform mole M9104/1 Placental site trophoblastic tumor M9105/3 Trophoblastic tumor, ... NOS G cell tumor, NOS Gastrin cell tumor M8153/3 Gastinoma, malignant G cell tumor, malignant Gastrin cell tumor, malignant ... Hilar cell tumor M8670/0 Lipid cell tumor of ovary (C56.9) Lipoid cell tumor of ovary Steroid cell tumor, NOS ... primary site /6 Malignant, metastatic site Malignant, secondary site /9 Malignant, uncertain whether primary or metastatic site ...
In the ovary, the tumor is called a dysgerminoma, and in non-gonadal sites, particularly the central nervous system, it is ... These areas of hemorrhage usually correspond to trophoblastic cell clusters within the tumour. Microscopic examination shows ... Blood tests may detect the presence of placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) in fifty percent of cases. ... The cut surface of the tumour is fleshy and lobulated, and varies in colour from cream to tan to pink. The tumour tends to ...
The Rb tumor suppressor protein (pRb) binds to the E2F1 transcription factor preventing it from interacting with the cell's ... E2F6, E2F7, and E2F8 do not have pocket protein binding sites and their mechanism for gene silencing is unclear. Cdk4(6)/cyclin ... While the specific molecular pathways remain unknown, researchers have used placental and fetal lineage specific cre mice to ... Knockout mice, deplete of E2F7 and E2F8, result in abnormal trophoblastic proliferation accompanied by advanced cellular ...
Thus, NK cells recognize and kill tumor cells even if, due to a tumor-escape strategy on tumor cells, ligand expression for the ... In these sites, tissue-resident NK cells may act as reservoir for maintaining immature NK cells in humans throughout life. ... Bulmer JN, Williams PJ, Lash GE (2010). "Immune cells in the placental bed". The International Journal of Developmental Biology ... NK cells interact with HLA-C to produce cytokines necessary for trophoblastic proliferation. Some important cytokines they ...
Labs are also collected to evaluate leukocytes and tumor markers, such as beta-hCG and cancer antigen 125 (CA125). During ... In addition, pathologies such as infarctions and placental invasive disorders can be seen more clearly. MRI is especially ... Aghajanian P, Rimel BJ (2019). "Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases". In DeCherney AH, Nathan L, Laufer N, Roman AS (eds.). ... surgery is minimally invasive procedure where only a small incision is made and a small camera is inserted at the site of ...
The tumor microenvironment often produces high levels of CSF-1, creating a positive feedback loop in which the tumor stimulates ... Visvader J, Verma IM (March 1989). "Differential transcription of exon 1 of the human c-fms gene in placental trophoblasts and ... Exon 1 of CSF1R is specifically transcribed in trophoblastic cells whereas exon 2 is specifically transcribed in macrophages. ... "Identification of a second Grb2 binding site in the v-Fms tyrosine kinase". Oncogene. 15 (13): 1565-1572. doi:10.1038/sj.onc. ...
... has a conserved κB1 site enhancer bound by NF- κB, but the HLA-F gene is not induced by NF- κB without flanking ... It has been observed that all three non-classical HLA class I proteins are expressed in placental trophoblasts in contact with ... In the first trimester, HLA-F is weakly expressed in the trophoblastic elements residing outside the villi (extravillous ... For cancer and tumors, HLA-F expression has been found to be enhanced in gastric adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, esophageal ...
"Detection of early pregnancy factor-like activity in women with gestational trophoblastic tumors". American Journal of ... Di Trapani G, Orosco C, Perkins A, Clarke F (Mar 1991). "Isolation from human placental extracts of a preparation possessing ' ... The apical domain contains the binding sites for both GroES and the unfolded protein substrate. The equatorial domain contains ... EPF-like activity has also been detected in tumors of germ cell origin and in other types of tumors. Its utility as a tumour ...
The tumor may secrete human placental lactogen, and result in a false-positive pregnancy test. A placental site trophoblastic ... Placental site trophoblastic tumor is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease, which is thought to arise from intermediate ... Whitney KA (December 2009). "Placental site trophoblastic tumor". The American Journal of Nursing. 109 (12): 32-7, quiz 38. doi ... Shih IM, Kurman RJ (January 2001). "The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions". International ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare group of disorders, both benign and malignant, that affect women of child- ... Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor This is a rare, slow-growing form of GTD that has been proposed to arise from the ... Recent work has conclusively shown that partial moles can transform into choriocarcinoma and placental-site trophoblastic tumor ... It is important to differentiate from the benign placental-site nodule, which is also composed of intermediate trophoblast ...
Most women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) receive their diagnosis during their reproductive years. An important ... Treatment of placental site trophoblastic tumor. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is not as responsive to chemotherapy ... Placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors: Biology, natural history, and treatment modalities. ... Advances in the understanding of placental site trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2002 May. 47(5):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...
Introduction: The placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), is a rare tumor in the gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) ... PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR: A CASE REPORT FROM A 39 YEARS OLD WOMAN. Posted at 09:02h in by sogradm ... Matherials and Methods: The authors of this article are reporting a case of placental site trophoblastic tumor in 39 year old ... PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR: A CASE REPORT FROM A 39 YEARS OLD WOMAN. ...
Most women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) receive their diagnosis during their reproductive years. An important ... Treatment of placental site trophoblastic tumor. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is not as responsive to chemotherapy ... Placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors: Biology, natural history, and treatment modalities. ... Advances in the understanding of placental site trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2002 May. 47(5):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...
Coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus following a term pregnancy: ... Placental site trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: Clinical and pathological features, prognostic ... Ki-67 labeling index in the differential diagnosis of exaggerated placental site, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and ... A malignant placental site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus with multiple metastases: A case report of a rare tumor showing an ...
Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a tumor marker that may be used to follow women with placental site trophoblastic tumors ... Young RH, Scully RE (March 1984). "Placental-site trophoblastic tumor: current status". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 27 (1): 248-58. ... nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: Embryonal carcinoma - Endodermal sinus tumor / Yolk sac tumor - Teratoma/Fetus in fetu / ... Embryonic germ cell tumors include teratoma, and extraembryonic germ cell tumors include Choriocarcinoma and Yolk sac tumor. ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor are evacuated by ... except for placental site trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, which result in low beta-hCG levels) ... placental-site trophoblastic tumor, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, choriocarcinoma, and invasive mole. ...
... placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). The most common is invasive mole after a ... Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant tumor originating from placental tissue from a previous pregnancy. ... GTN develops from trophoblastic tissue, made of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus. A ... The content of our website is provided for general information only. It is not intended to amount to medical advice on which ...
This tumor consisted of typical morphologic and immunophenotypic features of ETT and choriocarcinoma. The tumor recurred ... Due to re-recurrence of the tumor, the following decisions had been made: total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy ... We present a complicated case of recurrence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms (GTN), mixed ETT and choriocarcinoma at an ... cesarean section placental site nodule into a coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor ...
Trophoblastic tumor placental site From NCATS Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ... How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? *Adobe PDF file ...
... is a group of conditions that originate from the abnormal hyperproliferation of trophoblastic cells, which derive from the ... placental-site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Of these, the most common is HM, and it is the only ... Pathology of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Kaur B. Kaur B. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Jul;74:3-28. ... This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! ...
Tumor,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C3757,Placental-Site_Gestational_Trophoblastic_Tumor,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C66796 ... Trophoblastic_Tumor,create,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C67510,MAC_Regimen,create,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C67511,EMA-CO_Regimen, ... Trophoblastic_Tumor,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C4899,Myeloid_Leukemia_in_Remission,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C4901, ... Trophoblastic_Tumor,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C4326,Anaplastic_Oligodendroglioma,modify,28-JUN-07,(null),(null) C6476, ...
Placental site trophoblastic tumour Current Synonym true false 355585012 Placental site trophoblastic tumor Current Synonym ... Placental site trophoblastic tumor (disorder). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (disorder ... Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (disorder) {609519004 , SNOMED-CT } Neoplastic disease of uncertain behavior (disorder) { ... How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? *Adobe PDF file ...
Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Previous Indexing. Trophoblastic Neoplasms (1980-1993). ... a large tumor may develop before the hCG can be detected.. Terms. Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site Preferred Term Term UI ... Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor Term UI T054528. Date03/29/1993. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1994). ... Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site Preferred Concept UI. M0027474. Scope Note. An uncommon variant of CHORIOCARCINOMA. It is ...
Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Previous Indexing. Trophoblastic Neoplasms (1980-1993). ... a large tumor may develop before the hCG can be detected.. Terms. Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site Preferred Term Term UI ... Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor Term UI T054528. Date03/29/1993. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1994). ... Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site Preferred Concept UI. M0027474. Scope Note. An uncommon variant of CHORIOCARCINOMA. It is ...
Placental-site trophoblastic tumor is a rare form of GTD caused by placental attachment to the lining of the uterus. These ... Gestational trophoblastic disease may also be called gestational trophoblastic tumors or gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ( ... Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of diseases in which abnormal growths of tissue or tumors occur in the ... Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is the rarest of all GTNs and is sometimes confused with cervical cancer. In some cases ...
EP-EMA may be an effective option for the treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in patients resistant to treatment ... EMA/cyclophosphamide and vincristine chemotherapy and patients presenting with metastatic placental site trophoblastic tumors. ... chemotherapy for patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors refractory to ... This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! ...
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor Placental Trophoblastic Tumor Placental Trophoblastic Tumors Placental-Site Trophoblastic ... Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumors Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumors, ... Trophoblastic Tumors, Placental-Site Tumor, Placental Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumors, Placental ... Placental Trophoblastic Tumors. Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor. Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumors. Trophoblastic Tumor, ...
Tumor trofoblástico del sitio placentario. Translated title of the contribution. : Placental site trophoblastic tumor. ... Update on neuroendocrine tumors. CARRILLO, DIEGO., MUÑOZ-MEDEL, MATÍAS., RETAMAL, IGNACIO., PINTO, MAURICIO., BRAVO, MARÍA. L. ... Turning adversity into opportunity: Small extracellular vesicles as nanocarriers for tumor-associated macrophages re-education ...
Tumor trofoblástico del sitio placentario. Translated title of the contribution. : Placental site trophoblastic tumor. ...
Placental site trophoblastic tumour. *Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour. An invasive mole is a hydatidiform mole which is ... The tumour appears as an irregular haemorrhagic growth in the uterine walls. It grows quickly and metastasises early. ... Its sometimes called just malignant gestational trophoblastic disease.. GTN may arise from a hydatidiform mole, abortion, or ... Gestational trophoblast neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant type of gestational trophoblastic disease, a condition caused by ...
... had placental site trophoblastic tumour. The median follow-up duration was 18·5 months (IQR 14·6-20·9). The objective response ... Tumor de Células da Granulosa , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Feminino , Adulto , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tumor de Células ... M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have an important effect on the OC tumor microenvironment (TME), which makes ... 76.3%, P = 0.039), especially in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.029) and tumor size of 2~4 cm with G2 ...
Placental site trophoblastic tumor: With features between an exaggerated placental site reaction and a placental site ... Preference of old age home residents for community-based end-of-life care in Hong Kong. Proceeding/Conference:1st Hong Kong ... Problems in the use of urinary hCG-beta-core as a tumor marker in gynecologic cancer. Journal:International Journal of ... Primary treatment with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide in nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumor of the ovary. ...
... and non-villous trophoblastic tumors (placental site nodule, exaggerated placental site, placental site tumor, epitheloid ... Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: a neoplasm distinct from choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor simulating ... Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: a neoplasm distinct from choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor simulating ... 8.1 Placental site nodules (PSN). Placental site nodules and placental site plaque present as nodular or plaque-like lesions of ...
Placental site trophoblastic tumors are particularly chemoresistant, not secreting hCG which needs specific management. ... Placental site trophoblastic tumors are particularly chemoresistant, not secreting hCG which needs specific management. ... It includes hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Most of those pathologies ... It includes hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Most of those pathologies ...
Primary Cervical Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor: A Rare Entity with an Unusual Presentation Marco Imbalzano* ... An uncommon tumor in a rare site: A case report Marco Imbalzano* ... Granular cell tumor of the breast: An unusual tumor of the ... Immunoprofi les of adult renal epithelial tumors: Immunohistochemistry is still essential for diagnosis of renal tumors (a ... Juvenile Granulosa cell tumor; a report of two cases for such a rare neoplasm in a pediatric age group Marco Imbalzano* ...
... and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Hydatidiform moles occur when abnormal fertilization results in proliferative ... Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) results from the proliferation of placental trophoblast cells. In the United States, ... Gestational trophoblastic disease I: Epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic ... Gestational Trophoblastic Disease-induced Thyroid Storm. * June 6, 2020. * Case Report , Clinical Cases and Reports in EM , CPC ...
  • 26. Ki-67 labeling index in the differential diagnosis of exaggerated placental site, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and choriocarcinoma: a double immunohistochemical staining technique using Ki-67 and Mel-CAM antibodies. (nih.gov)
  • Embryonic germ cell tumors include teratoma , and extraembryonic germ cell tumors include Choriocarcinoma and Yolk sac tumor . (wikidoc.org)
  • These tumors include postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that develops after a molar pregnancy), placental-site trophoblastic tumor, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, choriocarcinoma, and invasive mole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Yes, there are different subtypes of GTN: invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). (isuog.org)
  • We present a complicated case of recurrence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms (GTN), mixed ETT and choriocarcinoma at an abdominal cesarean scar. (hindawi.com)
  • This tumor consisted of typical morphologic and immunophenotypic features of ETT and choriocarcinoma. (hindawi.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms (GTN) are a group of neoplasms from fetal trophoblastic cells including choriocarcinoma (CC), epithelioid trophoblastic tumors (ETT), and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • GTDs encompass hydatidiform mole (HM) (complete and partial), invasive mole, gestational choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. (nih.gov)
  • It includes hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor. (unime.it)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) refers to the subgroup of these trophoblastic or placental tumors with malignant behavior and includes postmolar GTN, invasive mole, gestational choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. (medscape.com)
  • The dataset has been developed for the pathology reporting of resection specimens for primary uterine gestational trophoblastic neoplasia which includes invasive hydatidiform mole of either complete or partial type, gestational choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour. (iccr-cancer.org)
  • These can range from traumas suffered by the mother, such as those from car accidents or falls ( 7,8) , to obstetrical procedures (such as antepartum umbilical cord blood sampling, external cephalic version, amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy) or obstetrical complications (placental abruption, placenta praevia , vasa praevia , choriocarcinoma, fetal death). (medichub.ro)
  • These tumors appear to arise from a pluripotent germ cell capable of differentiating into embryonic structures (teratoma and embryonal carcinoma), placental structures (yolk-sac tumor and choriocarcinoma) or seminoma (the most primitive germ cell tumor). (health.am)
  • Introduction: The placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), is a rare tumor in the gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) group, a heterogeneous group of interrelated lesions with a common factor: the abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast epithelium of the placenta. (sogr.ro)
  • 27. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT): a case report and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • 1) GTD: Gestational trophoblastic disease, (2) GTT: Gestational trophoblastic tumor, (3) GTN: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, (4) PSTT: Placental site trophoblastic tumor. (wjols.com)
  • Curability rate 100% was achieved in stage I & II and all placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTT), 98.3% in stage III and 50% stage IV. (cs-gynekologie.cz)
  • The incidence of other gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the same years was for PSTT one in 533 753 pregnancies and one in 372 422 deliveries, invasive mole one in 145 611 pregnancies and one in 101 569 deliveries, and persistent GTN one in 40 043 pregnancies and one in 27 932 deliveries. (cs-gynekologie.cz)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of conditions that originate from the abnormal hyperproliferation of trophoblastic cells, which derive from the trophectoderm, the outer layer of the blastocyst that would normally develop into the placenta during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • GTD tumors originate in the trophoblast, the cells surrounding the embryo that develop into a placenta during a pregnancy. (cumedicine.us)
  • Trophoblastic tissue is responsible for formation of the placenta during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Placental studies have shown a higher risk of high-volume hemorrhages associated with a less favorable clinical outcome for the fetus if the placenta presented villous edema, if nucleated red blood cells were found in the fetal vessels (nucleated erythrocytes can be found in fetal circulation normally, but are identified especially in growth restriction and fetal hypoxemia), and in the case of villous immaturity ( 4-6) . (medichub.ro)
  • Human placental proteins are proteins derived from the placenta, an organ that develops during pregnancy to support the growth and development of the fetus. (imarcgroup.com)
  • I have now exploited these peptides to create novel nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta, and novel placental-specific therapeutics. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • An invasive mole is a hydatidiform mole which is invasive and has excessive trophoblastic proliferation. (greek.doctor)
  • Invasive implants and postoperative residual tumors were significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival. (bvsalud.org)
  • Successful laparoscopic bipolar coagulation of a large arteriovenous malformation due to invasive trophoblastic disease: A case report. (wjols.com)
  • Secondly, we showed that the HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cell line's invasive ability was low in the presence of conditioned media from ESCs cultured with sPIF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Germ cell tumors develop due to the abnormal growth of the germ cells in the ovary , testis , brain , mediastinum , coccyx , or pelvis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Lab findings include abnormal serum tumor marker levels such as LDH , HCG ( seminoma ), lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ), human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ), CA-125 , and alpha-fetoprotein ( AFP ) ( ovarian germ cell tumors ), alpha fetoprotein ( AFP ) greater than 100 ng/ml ( Endodermal sinus tumor) . (wikidoc.org)
  • Abnormal serum tumor marker levels ( LDH , HCG ). (wikidoc.org)
  • The placental tissue is abnormal, and fetal tissue does not form. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A partial molar pregnancy may contain normal placental tissue with abnormal placental tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As a contrast, CC is a malignant tumor without chorionic villi, abnormal syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, necrosis, and hemorrhage [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of diseases in which abnormal growths of tissue or tumors occur in the uterus, specifically in the layer of cells surrounding an embryo called the trophoblast that joins the sperm and the egg. (cumedicine.us)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a collection of abnormal cell growths and tumors within the cells of a woman's uterus. (cumedicine.us)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a group comprising benign (hydatidiform moles) and malignant tumors, occurs when gestational trophoblastic tissue behaves in an abnormal manner. (medscape.com)
  • The placental tissue grows but is abnormal and contains fluid-filled cysts (or tumors). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Abnormal extrauterinre sites: implantation takes place outside the uterus, resulting in extrauterine pregnancy, or ectopic pregnancy. (slideshare.net)
  • 39. Diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease: 2021 update. (nih.gov)
  • The aim was to standardize diagnostic procedures and the management of gestational and non-gestational trophoblastic disease in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine, drawing on the current literature and the experience of the colleagues involved in compiling the guideline. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of minimal access surgical procedures like laparoscopy, hysteroscopy and robotic surgery in the management of gestational trophoblastic tumors. (wjols.com)
  • Place of surgery in the management of gestational trophoblastic tumours. (wjols.com)
  • The role of adjuvant surgery in the management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (wjols.com)
  • 21. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of extrauterine epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. (nih.gov)
  • 37. A Case Series of Five Patients With Pure or Mixed Gestational Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumors and a Literature Review on Mixed Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • After a complete hydatidiform mole, approximately 15 to 20% of patients are treated for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nica A, Bouchard-Fortier G, Covens A. Gestational trophoblastic disease: hydatidiform mole, nonmetastatic and metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor: diagnosis and management. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A molar pregnancy (also known as a hydatidiform mole) is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). (tobago-bay.de)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease is proliferation of trophoblastic tissue in pregnant or recently pregnant women. (msdmanuals.com)
  • General references Gestational trophoblastic disease is proliferation of trophoblastic tissue in pregnant or recently pregnant women. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant tumor originating from placental tissue from a previous pregnancy. (isuog.org)
  • GTN develops from trophoblastic tissue, made of trophoblast cells that normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus. (isuog.org)
  • In most cases, only placental tissue forms with gestational trophoblastic disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Due to an imbalance in the number of chromosomes supplied from the mother and the father, the placental tissue grows abnormally and forms a tumour, leading to a malignant cancer in approximately 15 to 20 per cent of cases. (rimuhc.ca)
  • The diagnosis of germ cell tumor of the testis requires histopathologic examination of tissue obtained from an orchiectomy specimen. (health.am)
  • Our study aimed to analyze the prognosis and reproductive outcomes of patients with advanced-stage serous borderline ovarian tumors (SBOTs) who underwent fertility-sparing surgery (FSS). (bvsalud.org)
  • The cytokeratin 17 expression in primary ovarian tumors has diagnostic but not prognostic significance. (patologia.ro)
  • Based on their location, germ cell tumors can be classified into intragonadal ( ovary and testis ) or extragonadal ( mediastinum , brain , retroperitoneum , coccyx ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Histologically , Germ cell tumors can be classified as germinomatous/ undifferentiated germ cell tumors which include, dysgerminoma and seminoma . (wikidoc.org)
  • and nongermminomatous/ differentiated which include embryonic and extra-embryonic germ cell tumors. (wikidoc.org)
  • The name of a germ cell tumor came from the word (germinate), which means to begin to grow. (wikidoc.org)
  • World health organization (WHO) classified germ cell tumors into 7 types based on histology . (wikidoc.org)
  • The cause of germ cell tumors development is not fully understood but some causes include, genetic mutations , cryptorchidism , undescended testes , trauma , mumps , maternal estrogen exposure. (wikidoc.org)
  • Common risk factors include Caucasian race , Family history or personal history of germ cell tumor, Klinefelter syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
  • Symptoms and signs of germ cell tumors depend on the type and location of the tumor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Common complications of germ cell tumors include recurrence, lymph node metastasis , distant metastasis , and secondary malignancies . (wikidoc.org)
  • CT , MRI , and ultrasound are used in combination with biopsy to distinguish between the types and subtypes of germ cell tumors and for diagnosis confirmation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Non-gestational trophoblastic tumours (germ cell or somatic origin) and metastatic tumours are excluded from this dataset. (iccr-cancer.org)
  • Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. (health.am)
  • Germ cell tumors of the testis represent greater than 90% of all tumors of the testis. (health.am)
  • Other malignancies of the testis include lymphoma (the most common non-germ cell cause of testicular malignancy in elderly men), metastatic cancer or leukemia, tumors of the testicular stroma, and other rare tumors. (health.am)
  • Because the tumor may contain histologic mixtures of several germ cell elements, it is essential that a total orchiectomy specimen plus a generous margin of spermatic cord be provided the pathologist. (health.am)
  • Occasionally extragonadal germ cell tumors may present within the mediastinum or retroperitoneum without an identifiable testicular tumor. (health.am)
  • Ultrasonography of the testes should be performed in the event that there is doubt about which testis may harbor the tumor, that bilateral tumors are suspected, or that there is an extragonadal presentation of a germ cell tumor. (health.am)
  • The availability of sensitive serum assays for α fetoprotein (AFP) and for the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) has markedly enhanced the accurate and aggressive management of patients with germ cell tumors. (health.am)
  • Advances in management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. (wjols.com)
  • According to prognostic scoring and staging system FIGO/WHO 56 (75%) patients had low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and 19 (25%) of patients had high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (cs-gynekologie.cz)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias are malignant placental tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A placental site trophoblastic tumor is a monophasic neoplasm of the implantation site intermediate trophoblast, and usually a benign lesion, which comprises less than 2% of all gestational trophoblastic proliferations. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is important to differentiate from the benign placental-site nodule, which is also composed of intermediate trophoblast cells. (medscape.com)
  • Hydatiform moles are benign placental tumors with malignant potential. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sampling and Definitions of Placental Lesions: Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement. (nih.gov)
  • Matherials and Methods: The authors of this article are reporting a case of placental site trophoblastic tumor in 39 year old woman, complaining of vaginal bleeding. (sogr.ro)
  • 40. Linear regression of postevacuation serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations predicts postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (nih.gov)
  • 24. Coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus following a term pregnancy: report of a case and review of literature. (nih.gov)
  • 31. A malignant placental site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus with multiple metastases: A case report of a rare tumor showing an aggressive behavior. (nih.gov)
  • GTD often involves a tumor forming in the uterus rather than a fetus. (cumedicine.us)
  • Placental-site trophoblastic tumor is a rare form of GTD caused by placental attachment to the lining of the uterus. (cumedicine.us)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of conditions that cause tumors to grow in your uterus . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a woman's uterus (womb). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) receive their diagnosis during their reproductive years. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions:Considering these results, the diagnosis of placental site trophoblastic tumor has been established. (sogr.ro)
  • Depending on the type, location, and the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis , the prognosis may vary. (wikidoc.org)
  • Placental site trophoblastic tumour presenting as an intramural mass with negative markers: An opportunity for novel diagnosis and treatment with robotic hysterectomy. (wjols.com)
  • Value of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in differential diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (wjols.com)
  • Squamous and Glandular Epithelial Tumors of the Cervix: A Pragmatical Review Emphasizing Emerging Issues in Classification, Diagnosis, and Staging. (patologia.ro)
  • Hysteroscopy provides proof of trophoblastic tumours in three cases with negative color Doppler images. (wjols.com)
  • A review of the management of hysterectomy of 25 cases of gestational trophoblastic tumours from March 1993 to january 2006. (wjols.com)
  • Current WHO/International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics prognostic scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Prior Charing Cross prognostic scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease. (medscape.com)
  • 38. Placental site trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: Clinical and pathological features, prognostic variables and treatment strategy. (nih.gov)
  • Horizontal tumor extent (HZTE) has limited prognostic significance in 2018 FIGO stage I endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA): a retrospective study of 416 cases. (patologia.ro)
  • Retrospective analysis results of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment according to prognostic scoring and staging system FIGO/WHO in Centre for gestational trophoblastic disease Ministry of Health the Slovak Republic Bratislava in the years 1993-2012. (cs-gynekologie.cz)
  • My postdoctoral research focused on how placental-derived trophoblast cells and uterine natural killer cells interact with and remodel the uterine spiral arteries during pregnancy. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Surgery along with chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment depending on the staging of the tumor . (wikidoc.org)
  • The tumor recurred despite the patient undergoing chemotherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • METHODS: This study recruited premenopausal women aged 15 to 45 with a newly diagnosed low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia needing actinomycin D. AMH was measured at baseline, during chemotherapy, and 1, 3, and 6 months after the last chemotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background: Synergistic antitumor effects of immunotherapy and chemotherapy have been demonstrated in several solid tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Braly, PS, Rettenmaier MA, DiSaia PJ: Depressed natural killer cell activity in tumor bearing rats: Effect of immunotherapy and cytoreductive chemotherapy. (scgynoncology.com)
  • 3. Stratton JA, Rettenmaier MA, Berman ML, DiSaia PJ: The response of gynecologic tumors to chemotherapy: Correlation of the chemosensitivity predicted by the subrenal capsule implant assay with the clinical response of the patients. (scgynoncology.com)
  • 20-38% of women with unexplained high MS-AFP (ie, in the absence of fetal abnormality) suffer adverse pregnancy outcomes (premature birth, preeclampsia, 2-4 x IUGR, 10 x perinatal mortality, 10 x placental abruption)! (radiologykey.com)
  • Spontaneous fetomaternal hemorrhage is defined as the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation that occurs without any trauma history and in the absence of clinical or histopathological evidence of placental abruption. (medichub.ro)
  • Women with GTN after a non-molar pregnancy usually experience vaginal bleeding or more rarely symptoms from metastatic sites, such as cough or headache. (isuog.org)
  • These tumors may be found on the uterine fundus, lower uterine segment, endocervix, and the broad ligament [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The tumour appears as an irregular haemorrhagic growth in the uterine walls. (greek.doctor)
  • Mutants of Ras are found in 25-30% of human tumors. (embl.de)
  • These technologies have facilitated the discovery of novel placental proteins with therapeutic potential, providing an impetus for the market growth. (imarcgroup.com)
  • I spent 2011 working as a Visiting Fellow in the laboratory of Professor Erkki Ruoslahti at The Sanford Burnham Institute, UC Santa Barbara USA, where I identified a series of novel placental homing peptides. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The tumor may secrete human placental lactogen, and result in a false-positive pregnancy test. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease can occur during or after an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Women with GTN are classified into low-risk and high-risk groups based on pre-treatment variables including tumor volume and activity, age, and type of antecedent pregnancy. (isuog.org)
  • A molar pregnancy occurs when an egg and sperm join incorrectly at fertilization and create a noncancerous tumor. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The tumor can't support a developing embryo and the pregnancy ends. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Molar pregnancy is the most common form of all placental diseases (or trophoblastic diseases). (rimuhc.ca)
  • This Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences aims at providing novel insights into the mechanisms of embryo implantation and placental development as well as at giving an overview of our current knowledge on the different signaling pathways regulating the early steps of implantation and placentation and on the pathological alterations which may impair the establishment of a physiological pregnancy. (mdpi.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease begins in the layer of cells surrounding an embryo called the trophoblast that joins the sperm and the egg. (cumedicine.us)
  • Human embryo implantation is a multistep process that begins with the apposition of trophoblastic cells from a competent blastocyst against the maternal endometrium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although about 90% of early-stage patients can be cured by surgery, advanced-stage patients still need new treatment methods to improve their efficacy, especially for those with recurrence and metastasis tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to histologic examination, tumour cells have been observed, that were large with polygonal or rounded shape, infiltrative into the myometrium in clusters or singly. (sogr.ro)
  • Due to re-recurrence of the tumor, the following decisions had been made: total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, right-sided inguinal lymph node biopsy. (hindawi.com)
  • Laparoscopic hysterectomy for persistent gestational trophoblastic noeplasia. (wjols.com)
  • Definition: Focal hydropic swelling of chorionic villi with trophoblastic hyperplasia and identifiable embryonic or fetal tissues. (ibis-birthdefects.org)
  • Gestational trophoblast neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant type of gestational trophoblastic disease, a condition caused by pathological proliferation of trophoblasts. (greek.doctor)
  • As a consequence, representative incisional biopsy rather than wholesale excision of these frequently bulky tumors is sufficient to guide therapeutic recommendations. (health.am)
  • Non-villous forms of gestational trophoblastic disease]. (nih.gov)
  • This is a rare, slow-growing form of GTD that has been proposed to arise from the intermediate trophoblasts at the implantation site. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis and epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment in the Slovak Republic in the years 1993-2012. (cs-gynekologie.cz)
  • This occurs when there is a discontinuity in the placental barrier, and there are multiple possible causes implicated. (medichub.ro)
  • A mouse homologue of the Drosophila tumor suppressor l(2)tid gene defines a novel Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP)-binding protein. (embl.de)
  • Here we report the cloning and characterization of a novel GAP-binding protein, mTid-1, a DnaJ chaperone protein that represents the murine homolog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor l(2)tid gene. (embl.de)
  • Instead they form a tumor that looks like a cluster of grapes. (cumedicine.us)
  • The tumor looks like tiny water-filled sacs, similar to a cluster of grapes. (clevelandclinic.org)