Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.
Aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS and is constitutively localized at the basolateral MEMBRANE.
Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.
The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.
A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of CATALASE activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present.
Aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. The translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical PLASMA MEMBRANE is regulated by VASOPRESSIN, and MUTATIONS in AQP2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including DIABETES INSIPIDUS.
A double-walled epithelial capsule that is the bulbous closed proximal end of the kidney tubular system. It surrounds the cluster of convoluted capillaries of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and is continuous with the convoluted PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE.
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS.
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.
A family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins that also transport organic ANIONS. They are low affinity phosphate transporters.
A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.
Spindle-shaped cells with characteristic CONTRACTILE PROTEINS and structures that contribute to the WOUND HEALING process. They occur in GRANULATION TISSUE and also in pathological processes such as FIBROSIS.
A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.
A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)
Radiography of any part of the urinary tract.
The internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces.
The ability of the kidney to excrete in the urine high concentrations of solutes from the blood plasma.
Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.
The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.
Tumors or cancer in the ILEUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Basic glycoprotein members of the SERPIN SUPERFAMILY that function as COLLAGEN-specific MOLECULAR CHAPERONES in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
A family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins with eight transmembrane domains. They are present primarily in the KIDNEY and SMALL INTESTINE and are responsible for renal and small intestinal epithelial transport of phosphate.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
The functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.
A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.
Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Temporary or permanent diversion of the flow of urine through the ureter away from the URINARY BLADDER in the presence of a bladder disease or after cystectomy. There is a variety of techniques: direct anastomosis of ureter and bowel, cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal, jejunal or colon conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, etc. (From Campbell's Urology, 6th ed, p2654)
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A naturally occurring phenomenon where terminally differentiated cells dedifferentiate to the point where they can switch CELL LINEAGES. The cells then differentiate into other cell types.

Obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis in male KK-Ay mice: a report of cases. (1/693)

Uropathy associated with hydronephrosis was observed frequently in our male KK-Ay mouse colony during a long-term study of diabetes. The lesion occurred in 24 of the 31 KK-Ay male mice and accounted for the greatest number of spontaneous deaths among them. It was observed after 4 months of age and involved about hard plugs of altered seminal material resembling the seminal vesicle secretion. The plugs became impacted in the urethral bulb and the bladder. The penile anatomy, with its flexure, pressure on the urethra from the bulbocavernosus muscle, and the characteristic ability of the seminal fluid to easily coagulate to form the vaginal plug may have contributed to the lesion. Correlation between development of the uropathy and diabetes has not been established.  (+info)

Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. (2/693)

BACKGROUND: Obstructive nephropathy is a primary cause of renal insufficiency in infants and children. This study was designed to distinguish the reversible and irreversible cellular consequences of temporary unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on the developing kidney. METHODS: Rats were subjected to UUO or sham operation in the first 48 hours of life, and the obstruction was removed five days later (or was left in place). Kidneys were removed for study 14 or 28 days later. In additional groups, kidneys were removed at the end of five days of obstruction. Immunoreactive distribution of renin was determined in arterioles, and the distribution of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, clusterin, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin was determined in tubules and/or interstitium. The number of glomeruli, glomerular maturation, tubular atrophy, and interstitial collagen deposition was determined by morphometry. Renal cellular proliferation and apoptosis were measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the TdT uridine-nick-end-label technique, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was measured by inulin clearance. RESULTS: Renal microvascular renin maintained a fetal distribution with persistent UUO; this was partially reversed by the relief of obstruction. Although glomerular maturation was also delayed and glomerular volume was reduced by UUO, the relief of obstruction prevented the reduction in glomerular volume. Although relief of obstruction did not reverse a 40% reduction in the number of nephrons, the glomerular filtration rate of the postobstructed kidney was normal. The relief of obstruction did not improve tubular cell proliferation and only partially reduced apoptosis induced by UUO. This was associated with a persistent reduction in the tubular epidermal growth factor. In addition, the relief of obstruction reduced but did not normalize tubular expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, clusterin, and vimentin, all of which are evidence of persistent tubular injury. The relief of obstruction significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin by interstitial fibroblasts, but not to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The relief of obstruction in the neonatal rat attenuates, but does not reverse, renal vascular, glomerular, tubular, and interstitial injury resulting from five days of UUO. Hyperfiltration by remaining nephrons and residual tubulointerstitial injury in the postobstructed kidney are likely to lead to deterioration of renal function later in life.  (+info)

Idiopathic cervical and retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of a case treated with steroids. (3/693)

Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a 12-year-old boy is reported. This was associated with a fibrotic mass in the neck which resolved spontaneously. Right-sided ureteric obstruction responded to treatment with steroids.  (+info)

Unilateral ureteral obstruction impairs renal antioxidant enzyme activation during sodium depletion. (4/693)

BACKGROUND: Obstructive nephropathy leads to progressive renal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis and is associated with sodium wasting and sodium depletion. Renal damage resulting from unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) may be aggravated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by a variety of processes. Ideally, deleterious effects of ROS are attenuated by antioxidant enzymes, including the superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferases. The general paradigm is that tissue damage occurs when ROS production is greater than the protective capacity of the antioxidant enzymes. METHODS: This study was designed to investigate the response of renal antioxidant enzymes to UUO and sodium depletion. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received normal-sodium or sodium-depleted siets and were subjected to UUO or sham operation. Obstructed (UUO), intact opposite, or sham-operated kidneys were harvested after 14 days, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured in kidney homogenates. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in these homogenates at 3 and 14 days after UUO or sham operation as an index of ROS production. RESULTS: Renal interstitial area, a measure of fibrosis, was increased by UUO and was doubled in sodium-depleted animals. Sodium depletion increased manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, and glutathione-S-transferase activities in sham-operated kidneys but not in UUO kidneys. Relative to intact opposite kidneys, UUO kidneys had reduced activities of catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase in normal-sodium animals and all antioxidant enzymes tested in sodium-depleted animals. Renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased by three days of UUO and were increased further by 14 days of sodium depletion. CONCLUSION: In summary, sodium depletion increased several renal antioxidant enzymes, consistent with a stress response to increased ROS production. Further, UUO not only reduced antioxidant enzyme activities but also inhibited increases seen with sodium depletion. We conclude that suppression of renal antioxidant enzyme activities by UUO contributes to the progression of renal injury in obstructive nephropathy, a process exacerbated by sodium depletion.  (+info)

The renal lesions that develop in neonatal mice during angiotensin inhibition mimic obstructive nephropathy. (5/693)

BACKGROUND: Inhibition of angiotensin action, pharmacologically or genetically, during the neonatal period leads to renal anomalies involving hypoplastic papilla and dilated calyx. Recently, we documented that angiotensinogen (Agt -/-) or angiotensin type 1 receptor nullizygotes (Agtr1 -/-) do not develop renal pelvis nor ureteral peristaltic movement, both of which are essential for isolating the kidney from the high downstream ureteral pressure. We therefore examined whether these renal anomalies could be characterized as "obstructive" nephropathy. METHODS: Agtr1 -/- neonatal mice were compared with wild-type neonates, the latter subjected to surgical complete unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO), by analyzing morphometrical, immunohistochemical, and molecular indices. Agtr1 -/- mice were also subjected to a complete UUO and were compared with wild-type UUO mice by quantitative analysis. To assess the function of the urinary tract, baseline pelvic and ureteral pressures were measured. RESULTS: The structural anomalies were qualitatively indistinguishable between the Agtr1 -/- without surgical obstruction versus the wild type with complete UUO. Thus, in both kidneys, the calyx was enlarged, whereas the papilla was atrophic; tubulointerstitial cells underwent proliferation and also apoptosis. Both were also characterized by interstitial macrophage infiltration and fibrosis, and within the local lesion, transforming growth factor-beta 1, platelet-derived growth factor-A and insulin-like growth factor-1 were up-regulated, whereas epidermal growth factor was down-regulated. Moreover, quantitative differences that exist between mutant kidneys without surgical obstruction and wild-type kidneys with surgical UUO were abolished when both underwent the same complete surgical UUO. The hydraulic baseline pressure was always lower in the pelvis than that in the ureter in the wild type, whereas this pressure gradient was reversed in the mutant. CONCLUSION: The abnormal kidney structure that develops in neonates during angiotensin inhibition is attributed largely to "functional obstruction" of the urinary tract caused by the defective development of peristaltic machinery.  (+info)

A case of ureteric obstruction, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and carcinoid tumour. (6/693)

We report the incidental finding at surgery for retroperitoneal fibrosis of a carcinoid tumour causing complete right ureteric obstruction. Retroperitoneal fibrosis is an uncommon inflammatory disease that leads to extensive fibrosis throughout the retroperitoneum. It can occur at any age, peak incidence being in patients between 40 and 60 years of age. Carcinoid tumours arise from enterochromaffin or amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells that occur in gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid tumours are an uncommon clinical entity and incidence varies with gender and age. No association between retroperitoneal fibrosis and carcinoid tumour has been previously reported in the English literature, although one case has been reported in a French journal.  (+info)

The value of intra-operative cystoscopy at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy. (7/693)

The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of routine intra-operative cystoscopy in documenting ureteral injury during total laparoscopic hysterectomy with vault suspension and to document the incidence of this complication in a large series. The charts of 118 patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy with vault suspension from January 1992 to January 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients underwent intra-operative cystoscopic evaluation to verify ureteral permeability and bladder integrity. Intra-operative ureteral obstruction occurred in four patients (3.4%). All complications were immediately fixed and there were no postoperative ureteral problems. No late ureteral complications were observed. Intra-operative cystoscopy allows for early recognition and treatment of obstructive ureteral injuries and may reduce the rate of late postoperative complications during advanced laparoscopic procedures.  (+info)

Quantitative SPECT of 99mTc-DMSA uptake in kidneys of infants with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction: assessment of structural and functional abnormalities. (8/693)

We evaluated individual renal function using quantitative SPECT of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) uptake by the kidneys (QDMSA) in infants with unilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and compared our findings with infants without obstruction. METHODS: QDMSA was performed on 13 infants (mean age of 2.8 +/- 2.8 mo) with unilateral UPJ obstruction and on 15 age-matched controls without obstruction. RESULTS: Control kidneys (n = 30) had a volume of 43.5 +/- 8.8 mL, a percentage injected dose (%ID)/mL 0.62 +/- 0.12 and uptake of 26.1% +/- 3.9%. Kidneys with UPJ obstruction (n = 13) had a volume of 61.2 +/- 19.3 mL, a %ID/mL of 0.42 +/- 0.11 and uptake of 25.4% +/- 8.2%. Contralateral kidneys (n = 13) had a volume of 44.0 +/- 11.9 mL, a %ID/mL of 0.57 +/- 0.16 and uptake of 24.2% +/- 4.6%. The uptake in obstructed kidneys was similar to that observed in contralateral and control kidneys (t = -0.77, P = 0.45; t = -0.37, P = 0.71; respectively). UPJ kidneys had a statistically significant increased volume and decreased %ID/mL, compared with contralateral kidneys (t = 3.35, P < 0.006 and t = 3.75, P < 0.003, respectively) and control kidneys (t = -4.2, P < 0.001 and t = 4.7, P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between contralateral kidneys and control kidneys regarding volume (t = -0.16, P = 0.87), %ID/mL (t = 0.98, P = 0.33) and uptake (t = -1.41, P = 0.16). Of 13 infants, 11 (85%) showed large kidneys with thinning of the renal cortex. In 1 infant, there was no difference between the obstructed and contralateral kidneys regarding volume, %ID/mL and uptake, and 1 infant showed significant decreased uptake in the UPJ kidney compared with the contralateral kidney. CONCLUSION: Although the overall renal function of the obstructed kidneys remained unchanged, there was a statistically significant decrease in the %ID/mL of renal tissue in UPJ kidneys, which may represent renal dysfunction. Increased functional volume with a thin cortex may represent a compensatory mechanism of the obstructed kidney. Such changes may contribute to the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms and may be an early sign of obstruction in infants with hydronephrosis. Further longitudinal studies with an extended number of infants and serial measurements of kidney volumes and %ID/mL are warranted to assess the significance of QDMSA in the management of infants with asymptomatic unilateral renal pelvic dilatation.  (+info)

Ureteral obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the partial or complete blockage of the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This blockage can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, or scar tissue, leading to a backup of urine in the kidney (hydronephrosis). Ureteral obstruction can cause pain, infection, and potential kidney damage if not treated promptly.

Hydronephrosis is a medical condition characterized by the swelling of one or both kidneys due to the accumulation of urine. This occurs when the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder is obstructed, causing urine to back up into the kidney. The obstruction can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to serious complications including kidney damage and infection. It is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by the excessive accumulation and/or altered deposition of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, in various tissues and organs. This results in the formation of fibrous scar tissue that can impair organ function and structure. Fibrosis can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, tissue injury, or abnormal repair mechanisms, and it is a common feature of many diseases, including liver cirrhosis, lung fibrosis, heart failure, and kidney disease.

In medical terms, fibrosis is defined as:

"The process of producing scar tissue (consisting of collagen) in response to injury or chronic inflammation in normal connective tissue. This can lead to the thickening and stiffening of affected tissues and organs, impairing their function."

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

A ureter is a thin, muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. In humans, there are two ureters, one for each kidney, and they are typically about 10-12 inches long. The ureters are lined with a special type of cells called transitional epithelium that can stretch and expand as urine passes through them. They are located in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The ureters play a critical role in the urinary system by ensuring that urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

Interstitial nephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation in the interstitium (the tissue between the kidney tubules) of one or both kidneys. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to certain toxins.

The inflammation may lead to symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in the urine), decreased urine output, and kidney dysfunction. In some cases, interstitial nephritis can progress to chronic kidney disease or even end-stage renal failure if left untreated.

The diagnosis of interstitial nephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (such as urinalysis and blood tests), and imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scan). A kidney biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the inflammation.

Treatment for interstitial nephritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or discontinuation of any offending medications. In some cases, supportive care such as dialysis may be necessary to manage kidney dysfunction until the inflammation resolves.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare and progressive condition characterized by the abnormal growth of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum (the lining that covers the abdominal cavity). This fibrous tissue can encase and compress vital structures such as the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves, leading to various symptoms.

RPF can be idiopathic (without a known cause) or secondary to other conditions like infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or medications. The exact pathogenesis of RPF is not fully understood, but it's believed that an abnormal immune response and inflammation play significant roles in its development.

Symptoms of RPF may include:

1. Flank pain or back pain
2. Renal insufficiency or kidney failure due to ureteral compression
3. Hydronephrosis (dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces)
4. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) due to vascular compression
5. Neurological symptoms due to nerve compression
6. Weight loss, fatigue, and fever (in some cases)

Diagnosis of RPF typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with laboratory tests and sometimes biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but generally involve immunosuppressive medications, corticosteroids, and surgical intervention in severe cases.

Kidney tubules are the structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of various substances. They are part of the nephron, which is the basic unit of the kidney's filtration and reabsorption process.

There are three main types of kidney tubules:

1. Proximal tubule: This is the initial segment of the kidney tubule that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus. It is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate, including water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
2. Loop of Henle: This U-shaped segment of the tubule consists of a thin descending limb, a thin ascending limb, and a thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to concentrate urine by creating an osmotic gradient that allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
3. Distal tubule: This is the final segment of the kidney tubule before it empties into the collecting duct. It is responsible for fine-tuning the concentration of electrolytes and pH balance in the urine by selectively reabsorbing or secreting substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Overall, kidney tubules play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating acid-base balance, and removing waste products from the body.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

A percutaneous nephrostomy is a medical procedure in which a tube (catheter) is inserted through the skin into the kidney to drain urine. "Percutaneous" means that the procedure is performed through the skin. The term "nephrostomy" refers specifically to the creation of an opening into the kidney.

This procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to ensure accurate placement of the catheter. It may be used in cases where there is a blockage in the urinary tract that prevents the normal flow of urine, such as a kidney stone or tumor. By creating a nephrostomy, urine can be drained from the kidney, helping to alleviate pressure and prevent further complications.

Percutaneous nephrostomy is generally a safe procedure, but like any medical intervention, it carries some risks. These may include bleeding, infection, injury to surrounding organs, or failure to properly place the catheter. Patients who undergo this procedure will typically require follow-up care to manage the catheter and monitor their kidney function.

Polyuria is a medical term that describes the production of large volumes of urine, typically defined as exceeding 2.5-3 liters per day in adults. This condition can lead to frequent urination, sometimes as often as every one to two hours, and often worsens during the night (nocturia). Polyuria is often a symptom of an underlying medical disorder such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, rather than a disease itself. Other potential causes include kidney diseases, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition are essential to manage polyuria effectively.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

Ureteral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the ureters, which are the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain in the side or back, fever, and changes in urinary patterns. Here are some examples of ureteral diseases:

1. Ureteral stricture: A narrowing of the ureter that can be caused by scarring, inflammation, or tumors. This can lead to a backup of urine, which can cause kidney damage or infection.
2. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine.
3. Ureteral cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and bloody urine.
4. Ureteral reflux: A condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection and kidney damage.
5. Ureteral trauma: Injury to the ureters can occur due to accidents, surgeries, or other medical procedures. This can lead to bleeding, scarring, or blockages in the ureters.

Treatment for ureteral diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures such as stenting or balloon dilation.

Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. It is a multifunctional protein involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. TGF-β1 plays crucial roles in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. It signals through a heteromeric complex of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, primarily the Smad-dependent pathway. TGF-β1 has context-dependent functions, acting as a tumor suppressor in normal and early-stage cancer cells but promoting tumor progression and metastasis in advanced cancers.

Ureteral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ureters, which are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign ureteral neoplasms are rare and usually do not pose a significant health risk, although they may need to be removed if they cause obstructions or other complications.

Malignant ureteral neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant ureteral neoplasm is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which arises from the cells that line the inside of the ureters. Other types of malignant ureteral neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma.

Symptoms of ureteral neoplasms may include hematuria (blood in the urine), flank pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as urine cytology and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a type of aquaglyceroporin, which is a subclass of aquaporins - water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water and small solutes across biological membranes. AQP3 is primarily expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues, including the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

In the skin, AQP3 plays a crucial role in maintaining skin hydration by facilitating water transport across the cell membrane. It also transports small neutral solutes like glycerol and urea, which contribute to skin moisturization and elasticity. In addition, AQP3 has been implicated in several physiological processes, such as wound healing, epidermal proliferation, and cutaneous sensory perception.

In the kidneys, AQP3 is involved in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, helping to regulate body fluid homeostasis. In the gastrointestinal tract, it facilitates water absorption and secretion, contributing to maintaining proper hydration and electrolyte balance. Dysregulation of AQP3 has been associated with various pathological conditions, such as skin disorders, kidney diseases, and cancer.

Urinary bladder neck obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a partial or complete blockage at the bladder neck, which is the area where the bladder connects to the urethra. This obstruction can be caused by various factors such as prostate enlargement, bladder tumors, scar tissue, or nerve damage.

The bladder neck obstruction can lead to difficulty in urinating, a weak urine stream, and the need to strain while urinating. In severe cases, it can cause urinary retention, kidney failure, and other complications. Treatment for this condition depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures.

Urethral obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a blockage in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as scar tissue, stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate gland in men. Symptoms may include difficulty in urinating, painful urination, frequent urination, and urinary retention. If left untreated, urethral obstruction can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage or infection.

Nasal obstruction is a medical condition that refers to any blockage or restriction in the normal flow of air through the nasal passages. This can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, swelling, or physical abnormalities in the nasal cavity. Common causes of nasal obstruction include allergies, sinusitis, deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, and nasal polyps. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing through the nose, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The kidney cortex is the outer region of the kidney where most of the functional units called nephrons are located. It plays a crucial role in filtering blood and regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the body. The kidney cortex contains the glomeruli, proximal tubules, loop of Henle, and distal tubules, which work together to reabsorb necessary substances and excrete waste products into the urine.

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical condition that refers to the blockage of the passage from the stomach to the small intestine, also known as the pylorus. This blockage can be caused by various factors, including tumors, scar tissue, or gallstones. As a result, food and digestive enzymes cannot pass through the pylorus into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, GOO can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for GOO depend on the underlying cause of the obstruction and may include medication, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.

Acatalasia is a very rare inherited disorder that affects the body's ability to break down and remove hydrogen peroxide, a byproduct produced during normal cellular metabolism. This condition is caused by a deficiency or complete lack of the enzyme catalase, which is responsible for converting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

The medical definition of Acatalasia can be described as:

1. An autosomal recessive genetic disorder: Acatalasia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. Individuals who inherit only one copy of the defective gene are carriers and do not typically show symptoms themselves.

2. Absence or deficiency of catalase enzyme: Acatalasia is characterized by a near-complete absence or significantly reduced levels of the catalase enzyme in the body, primarily in red blood cells and certain tissues such as the liver and spleen. This deficiency leads to an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide within cells.

3. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide: The buildup of hydrogen peroxide can cause damage to cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, potentially leading to various health issues over time.

4. Clinical manifestations: Although Acatalasia is a rare condition, when it does occur, it can lead to several health problems, such as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), which is characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections due to impaired immune function. Additionally, individuals with Acatalasia may have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, particularly those related to the hematopoietic system (blood cells and bone marrow).

5. Diagnosis: Acatalasia can be diagnosed through various methods, including blood tests that measure catalase enzyme activity, genetic testing to identify mutations in the CAT gene (which encodes for the catalase enzyme), and clinical evaluation of symptoms and medical history.

6. Treatment and management: Currently, there is no specific treatment or cure for Acatalasia. Management typically focuses on addressing individual symptoms as they arise and implementing strategies to reduce the risk of complications. This may include antibiotics or antifungal medications to treat infections, cancer surveillance and prevention measures, and regular monitoring of overall health.

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a type of aquaporin, which is a water channel protein found in the membranes of cells. Specifically, AQP2 is located in the principal cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption and urine concentration by facilitating the movement of water across the cell membrane in response to the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). When vasopressin binds to receptors on the cell surface, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signals that lead to the translocation of AQP2 water channels from intracellular vesicles to the apical membrane. This increases the permeability of the apical membrane to water, allowing for efficient reabsorption of water and concentration of urine. Dysfunction in AQP2 has been implicated in various kidney disorders, such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

The Bowman capsule is the initial component of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. It is a structural and functional part of the renal corpuscle, along with the glomerulus. The Bowman capsule surrounds the glomerulus and serves as a site for filtration, helping to separate small molecules from blood cells and large proteins in the process known as urine formation.

The Bowman capsule is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells called podocytes, which have foot-like processes that interdigitate with each other and form filtration slits. These slits are covered by a thin diaphragm, allowing for the passage of small molecules while retaining larger ones. The space within the Bowman capsule is called the urinary space or Bowman's space, where the filtrate from the blood collects before moving into the tubular system for further processing and eventual excretion as urine.

Flank pain is defined as discomfort or pain located in the area of the body between the lower ribcage and the pelvis, specifically in the region of the abdomen that lies posterior to the axillary line (the line drawn from the underarm down the side of the body). This region contains several vital organs such as the kidneys, ureters, pancreas, colon, and parts of the reproductive system. Flank pain can be a symptom of various medical conditions affecting these organs, including but not limited to kidney stones, pyelonephritis (kidney infection), musculoskeletal issues, or irritable bowel syndrome. The intensity and character of flank pain may vary depending on the underlying cause, ranging from a dull ache to sharp stabbing sensations.

Nephrosclerosis is a medical term that refers to the thickening and scarring (fibrosis) of the small arteries and arterioles in the kidneys, resulting in reduced blood flow and damage to the kidney tissue. This process can lead to decreased kidney function and ultimately result in chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal failure.

The two main types of nephrosclerosis are:

1. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: This type is caused by long-term high blood pressure (hypertension), which damages the small blood vessels in the kidneys over time, leading to scarring and thickening of the arterial walls.
2. Ischemic nephrosclerosis: This type results from reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to atherosclerosis or other vascular diseases that cause narrowing or blockage of the renal arteries.

Nephrosclerosis is often asymptomatic in its early stages, but as the condition progresses, it may lead to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), and hypertension. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment focuses on managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes, which can help slow or prevent further kidney damage.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Ventricular outflow obstruction is a term used in cardiology to describe a condition where there is an obstruction or narrowing in the flow of blood as it exits the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This obstruction can occur due to various reasons such as congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or calcification of the aortic valve.

In a normal heart, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonic valve. Any obstruction in these outflow tracts can lead to increased pressure within the ventricles, which can result in various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or fatigue.

The severity of the obstruction and the resulting symptoms can vary depending on the location and extent of the narrowing. Treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, or catheter-based interventions to alleviate the obstruction and improve blood flow.

Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.

Nephritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the kidneys, specifically affecting the glomeruli - the tiny filtering units inside the kidneys. The condition can cause damage to the glomeruli, leading to impaired kidney function and the leakage of protein and blood into the urine.

Nephritis can result from a variety of causes, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to certain medications or toxins. Depending on the severity and underlying cause, nephritis may be treated with medications, dietary modifications, or other therapies aimed at reducing inflammation and preserving kidney function. In severe cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins, type I (NaPi-I), are a group of membrane transport proteins that facilitate the active transport of sodium and phosphate ions across the cell membrane. These proteins play a crucial role in regulating phosphate homeostasis in the body by reabsorbing phosphate from the glomerular filtrate in the kidney back into the bloodstream.

The type I sodium-phosphate cotransporters are composed of two subtypes, NaPi-IA and NaPi-IB, which share a similar structure and function. They consist of 13 transmembrane domains, with both the N- and C-termini located in the cytoplasm. These proteins are primarily expressed in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney.

NaPi-I proteins function as sodium-phosphate symporters, meaning they transport both sodium and phosphate ions in the same direction. The energy required for this active transport process comes from the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions across the cell membrane, which is maintained by the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump.

Regulation of these proteins is critical for maintaining phosphate balance in the body. In response to changes in dietary phosphate intake or hormonal signals, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), the expression and activity of NaPi-I proteins can be modulated to adjust phosphate reabsorption in the kidney.

In summary, sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins, type I, are essential membrane transport proteins that regulate phosphate homeostasis by facilitating the active reabsorption of phosphate from the glomerular filtrate in the kidney. Their expression and activity are tightly regulated to maintain proper phosphate balance in the body.

Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) is a type of cytokine, which is a cell signaling protein involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). TGF-β plays a critical role in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and wound healing. It also has been implicated in several pathological conditions such as fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

TGF-β exists in multiple isoforms (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that are produced by many different cell types, including immune cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. The protein is synthesized as a precursor molecule, which is cleaved to release the active TGF-β peptide. Once activated, TGF-β binds to its receptors on the cell surface, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and cell behavior.

In summary, Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and wound healing. It has been implicated in several pathological conditions such as fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

Myofibroblasts are specialized cells that are present in various tissues throughout the body. They play a crucial role in wound healing and tissue repair, but they can also contribute to the development of fibrosis or scarring when their activation and proliferation persist beyond the normal healing process. Here is a medical definition of myofibroblasts:

Medical Definition of Myofibroblasts:
Myofibroblasts are modified fibroblasts that exhibit features of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, including the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin stress fibers. They are involved in the contraction of wounds, tissue remodeling, and the production of extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastin, and fibronectin. Myofibroblasts can differentiate from various cell types, including resident fibroblasts, epithelial cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), endothelial cells (endothelial-mesenchymal transition), and circulating fibrocytes. Persistent activation of myofibroblasts can lead to excessive scarring and fibrosis in various organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart.

Nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the subcutaneous fat tissue. The term "nonsuppurative" indicates that it does not involve pus formation or suppuration, unlike some other forms of panniculitis.

In nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis, multiple, firm, and occasionally tender nodules develop in the subcutaneous fat layer, usually on the lower extremities but can also occur on the abdomen, arms, and trunk. These nodules may vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.

The etiology of nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis is not well understood, although it has been associated with various conditions such as autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis), infections (e.g., hepatitis C, HIV), medications (e.g., bromocriptine, interferon), and malignancies (e.g., lymphoma).

Histologically, the condition is characterized by a lobular inflammatory infiltrate predominantly composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, with sparing of septa. The overlying skin may appear normal or show mild changes such as erythema or induration.

Treatment for nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis depends on the underlying cause. If an associated condition or medication is identified, addressing it may lead to resolution of the panniculitis. In cases where no specific cause is found, various treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and antimalarials have been used with varying success rates.

Chlorothiazide is a medication that belongs to a class of diuretics known as thiazide diuretics. It works by increasing the excretion of salt and water from the body through urine, which helps to reduce blood pressure and decrease edema (swelling). Chlorothiazide is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and edema caused by various medical conditions.

The medical definition of Chlorothiazide is:

A thiazide diuretic drug used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and edema. It acts by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, leading to increased excretion of salt and water in the urine. Chlorothiazide has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effect, making it useful for acute situations requiring prompt diuresis. It is available in oral and injectable forms.

Urography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It involves the use of a contrast material that is injected into a vein or given orally, which then travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys and gets excreted in the urine. This allows the radiologist to visualize the structures and any abnormalities such as tumors, stones, or blockages. There are different types of urography, including intravenous urography (IVU), CT urography, and retrograde urography.

The kidney medulla is the inner portion of the renal pyramids in the kidney, consisting of multiple conical structures found within the kidney. It is composed of loops of Henle and collecting ducts responsible for concentrating urine by reabsorbing water and producing a hyperosmotic environment. The kidney medulla has a unique blood supply and is divided into an inner and outer zone, with the inner zone having a higher osmolarity than the outer zone. This region of the kidney helps regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.

Kidney concentrating ability refers to the capacity of the kidneys to increase the concentration of solutes, such as urea and minerals, and remove waste products while reabsorbing water to maintain fluid balance in the body. This is primarily regulated by the hormone vasopressin (ADH), which signals the collecting ducts in the nephrons of the kidneys to absorb more water, resulting in the production of concentrated urine. A decreased kidney concentrating ability may indicate a variety of renal disorders or diseases, such as diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

Indigo Carmine is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is sometimes used in medical settings. Indigo Carmine is a type of dye that is often used as a marker in various medical tests and procedures. It can be used during surgeries to help identify structures or tissues within the body, such as the urinary tract or the gastrointestinal tract.

Indigo Carmine is also sometimes used as a diagnostic aid in urological procedures, such as cystoscopy, to help visualize the flow of urine and detect any abnormalities in the urinary tract. The dye is usually introduced into the body through a catheter or other medical device, and it is excreted in the urine, turning it blue or green.

It's important to note that Indigo Carmine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to adverse effects.

Lacrimal duct obstruction is a blockage in the lacrimal duct, which is the passageway that drains tears from the eye into the nose. This condition can cause excessive tearing, pain, and swelling in the affected eye. In some cases, it may also lead to recurrent eye infections or inflammation. The obstruction can be caused by various factors such as age-related changes, injury, infection, inflammation, or congenital abnormalities. Treatment options for lacrimal duct obstruction depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may include medications, minor surgical procedures, or more invasive surgeries.

Anuria is a medical condition characterized by the absence or near-absence of urine output, typically defined as less than 100 milliliters in 24 hours. This occurs when the kidneys are unable to produce urine due to a complete or nearly complete failure of both kidneys' function. Anuria can be caused by various underlying medical conditions such as severe dehydration, kidney damage, obstruction in the urinary tract, or certain medications that affect kidney function. It is considered a serious medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation and treatment to prevent further complications, including potential permanent kidney damage or even death.

The proximal kidney tubule is the initial portion of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. It is located in the renal cortex and is called "proximal" because it is closer to the glomerulus, compared to the distal tubule. The proximal tubule plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the filtrate that has been formed by the glomerulus. It also helps in the secretion of waste products and other substances into the urine.

The proximal tubule is divided into two segments: the pars convoluta and the pars recta. The pars convoluta is the curved portion that receives filtrate from the Bowman's capsule, while the pars recta is the straight portion that extends deeper into the renal cortex.

The proximal tubule is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium, and its cells are characterized by numerous mitochondria, which provide energy for active transport processes. The apical surface of the proximal tubular cells has numerous microvilli, forming a brush border that increases the surface area for reabsorption.

In summary, the proximal kidney tubule is a critical site for the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, contributing to the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Ileal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Common types of ileal neoplasms include:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that can develop in the ileum and have the potential to become cancerous over time if not removed.
2. Carcinoids: These are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors that typically start in the ileum. They can produce hormones that cause symptoms such as diarrhea, flushing, and heart problems.
3. Adenocarcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells lining the ileum. They are relatively rare but can be aggressive and require prompt treatment.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers that start in the immune system cells found in the ileum's lining. They can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that develop from the connective tissue of the ileum's wall. While most GISTs are benign, some can be malignant and require treatment.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of ileal neoplasms can significantly improve outcomes and prognosis. Regular screenings and check-ups with a healthcare provider are recommended for individuals at higher risk for developing these growths.

HSP47 (Heat Shock Protein 47) is a type of molecular chaperone that assists in the proper folding and assembly of collagen molecules within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. It is also known as SERPINH1, which stands for serine protease inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47).

HSP47 binds to procollagen molecules in a highly specific manner and helps facilitate their correct folding and assembly into higher-order structures. Once the collagen molecules are properly assembled, HSP47 dissociates from them and allows for their transport out of the ER and further processing in the Golgi apparatus.

HSP47 is upregulated under conditions of cellular stress, such as heat shock or oxidative stress, which can lead to an accumulation of misfolded proteins within the ER. This upregulation helps to enhance the protein folding capacity of the ER and prevent the aggregation of misfolded proteins, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Defects in HSP47 function have been implicated in various connective tissue disorders, such as osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which are characterized by abnormal collagen structure and function.

Sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins, type II (NPTII), are a group of membrane transport proteins that facilitate the active transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and sodium ions (Na+) across the cell membrane. They play a crucial role in maintaining intracellular phosphate homeostasis and regulating various physiological processes, including energy metabolism, signal transduction, and bone mineralization.

The type II sodium-phosphate cotransporters are further divided into three subtypes: NPT2a, NPT2b, and NPT2c. These subtypes differ in their tissue distribution, substrate affinity, and regulatory mechanisms. NPT2a is primarily expressed in the kidney proximal tubules and plays a major role in reabsorbing phosphate from the glomerular filtrate. NPT2b is predominantly found in the small intestine and contributes to phosphate absorption from the diet. NPT2c is widely distributed, with significant expression in the kidney, brain, and testis, although its specific functions are not as well understood as those of NPT2a and NPT2b.

Dysregulation of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins, type II, has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as renal phosphate wasting disorders, tumoral calcinosis, and certain forms of hyperparathyroidism.

A kidney glomerulus is a functional unit in the nephron of the kidney. It is a tuft of capillaries enclosed within a structure called Bowman's capsule, which filters waste and excess fluids from the blood. The glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and drains into an efferent arteriole.

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltration, where the pressure within the glomerular capillaries drives plasma fluid and small molecules (such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products) through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's space. Larger molecules, like proteins and blood cells, are retained in the blood due to their larger size. The filtrate then continues down the nephron for further processing, eventually forming urine.

A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing necessary substances, and excreting waste products into the urine. Each human kidney contains approximately one million nephrons.

The structure of a nephron includes a glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus filters blood, allowing small molecules like water and solutes to pass through while keeping larger molecules like proteins and blood cells within the capillaries.

The filtrate then passes through the tubular portion of the nephron, which includes the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The tubular portion reabsorbs necessary substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes back into the bloodstream while excreting waste products like urea and creatinine into the urine.

Overall, nephrons play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating blood pressure, and removing waste products from the body.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Smad3 protein is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway. When TGF-β binds to its receptor, it activates Smad3 through phosphorylation. Activated Smad3 then forms a complex with other Smad proteins and translocates into the nucleus where it regulates the transcription of target genes involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration.

Mutations in the SMAD3 gene or dysregulation of the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway have been implicated in several human diseases, including fibrotic disorders, cancer, and Marfan syndrome. Therefore, Smad3 protein is an important target for therapeutic interventions in these conditions.

Smad2 protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway, which regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Smad2 is primarily localized in the cytoplasm and becomes phosphorylated upon TGF-β receptor activation. Once phosphorylated, it forms a complex with Smad4 and translocates to the nucleus where it regulates the transcription of target genes. Mutations in the Smad2 gene have been associated with various human diseases, including cancer and fibrotic disorders.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. The glomeruli are the tiny fibers in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. A lower GFR number means that the kidneys aren't working properly and may indicate kidney disease.

The GFR is typically calculated using a formula that takes into account the patient's serum creatinine level, age, sex, and race. The most commonly used formula is the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation. A normal GFR is usually above 90 mL/min/1.73m2, but this can vary depending on the individual's age and other factors.

Collagen Type I is the most abundant form of collagen in the human body, found in various connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. It is a structural protein that provides strength and integrity to these tissues. Collagen Type I is composed of three alpha chains, two alpha-1(I) chains, and one alpha-2(I) chain, arranged in a triple helix structure. This type of collagen is often used in medical research and clinical applications, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

Clusterin is a protein that is widely expressed in many tissues and body fluids, including the tears, blood plasma, seminal fluid, milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. It is also known as apolipoprotein J or sulfated glycoprotein 2. Clusterin has diverse functions, including cell-cell communication, lipid transport, and protection against oxidative stress.

In the context of medicine and disease, clusterin has been studied for its potential role in several pathological processes, such as neurodegeneration, inflammation, cancer, and aging. In particular, clusterin has been implicated in the development and progression of various types of cancer, including prostate, breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. It is thought to contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by promoting cell survival, angiogenesis, and resistance to chemotherapy.

Therefore, clusterin has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment, and several strategies have been developed to inhibit its expression or activity. However, more research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of clusterin in health and disease, and to translate these findings into effective clinical interventions.

Collecting kidney tubules, also known as collecting ducts, are the final portion of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. They collect filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli and are responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the bloodstream under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. The collecting ducts then deliver the remaining filtrate to the ureter, which transports it to the bladder for storage until urination.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that involves the creation of a new way for urine to leave the body, bypassing the native urinary system. This is typically performed in individuals who have damaged or removed urinary systems due to conditions such as cancer, severe trauma, or congenital abnormalities.

There are several types of urinary diversions, including:

1. Ileal Conduit: A segment of the small intestine (ileum) is used to create a passageway for urine to flow from the ureters to an external collection bag or pouch worn on the abdomen.
2. Continent Urinary Reservoir: A pouch-like reservoir is created using a segment of the intestine, which is then connected to the ureters. The patient periodically empties the reservoir through a stoma (opening) in the abdominal wall using a catheter.
3. Orthotopic Neobladder: A pouch-like reservoir is created using a segment of the intestine, which is then connected to the urethra, allowing for normal urination through the native urethral opening.

These procedures can significantly improve the quality of life for patients with severe urinary system damage or disease, although they do come with potential complications such as infections, stone formation, and electrolyte imbalances.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that involves the renal pelvis and the kidney parenchyma. It's typically caused by bacterial invasion, often via the ascending route from the lower urinary tract. The most common causative agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli), but other bacteria such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas can also be responsible.

Acute pyelonephritis can lead to symptoms like fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. If left untreated, it can potentially cause permanent kidney damage, sepsis, or other complications. Chronic pyelonephritis, on the other hand, is usually associated with underlying structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, urinalysis, and imaging studies, while treatment often consists of antibiotics tailored to the identified pathogen and the patient's overall health status.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end (cystoscope) into the bladder through the urethra. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to examine the lining of the bladder and urethra for any abnormalities such as inflammation, tumors, or stones. Cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for therapeutic interventions like removing small bladder tumors or performing biopsies. It is typically performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and pain.

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are an essential part of the immune system. They are large, specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, as well as damaged or dead cells. Macrophages are found throughout the body, including in the bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and connective tissues. They play a critical role in inflammation, immune response, and tissue repair and remodeling.

Macrophages originate from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow. When monocytes enter the tissues, they differentiate into macrophages, which have a larger size and more specialized functions than monocytes. Macrophages can change their shape and move through tissues to reach sites of infection or injury. They also produce cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

Macrophages have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to recognize and respond to different types of foreign substances and signals from other cells. They can engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses through a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages also play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, which are another type of immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response.

Overall, macrophages are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, defending against infection, and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Dysregulation of macrophage function has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Cell transdifferentiation is a process in which one type of differentiated cell transforms into another type of differentiated cell, without going through the stage of pluripotent stem cells. This process involves a series of genetic and epigenetic changes that result in the activation of new genetic programs and repression of old ones, leading to the acquisition of a new cell identity.

Transdifferentiation is a rare event in nature, but it has been induced in the laboratory through various methods such as gene transfer, chemical treatment, or nuclear transplantation. This process has potential applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease modeling. However, it also raises ethical concerns related to the generation of chimeric organisms and the possibility of uncontrolled cell growth.

Inadequate ureteral length may also be encountered, leading to ureteral kinking and subsequent obstruction. If plastic tubes ... recurrence of disease with ureteral obstruction (one patient); and disease progression in a case of inflammation of blood ... Complications include common ureteral narrowing (one patient); subsequent kidney removal, or nephrectomy (one patient); ... These studies characterize the ureters, and define the surgery required to obtain adequate ureteral length. The quality, ...
... caused colonic ileus, ureteral obstruction and hypertension]. Läkartidningen (in Swedish). 98 (18): 2208-12. PMID ... Sarofim M, Attwell-Heap A, Trautman J, Kwok A, Still A (November 2019). "Unusual case of acute large bowel obstruction: ... Endometriosis may also involve the nearby colon which in rare situations may progress to partial obstruction requiring ... in late menopause or early menarche obstruction of menstrual outflow; for example, in Müllerian anomalies Several studies have ...
Albarran-Ormond syndrome at Who Named It? Ormond JK (1948). "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression ... "Retroperitoneal Fibrosis Presenting as Ureteral Obstruction Secondary to Sarcoidosis". Chest. 158 (4): A1200. doi:10.1016/j. ... In the absence of severe urinary tract obstruction (which generally requires surgery with omental wrapping), treatment is ...
433-4. ISBN 978-0-7020-7028-0. {{cite book}}: ,first4= has generic name (help) "Ureteral obstruction - Symptoms and causes". ... Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of ... Ureteral cancer is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the ureter, called transitional cell carcinoma, although it can ... Cancer of the ureters is known as ureteral cancer. It is usually due to cancer of the urothelium, the cells that line the ...
Badger WJ, De EJ, Kaufman RP (2008). "Robotically assisted excision of ovarian vein for intermittent ureteral obstruction". ... "Ureterolysis for extrinsic ureteral obstruction: a comparison of laparoscopic and open surgical techniques". J. Urol. 156 (4): ... Reducing outflow obstruction should always be the main objective.[citation needed] The entity was first described by Clark in ... Thus, these vessels can impinge on the ureter causing obstruction. The left ovarian vein ends in the renal vein whereas the ...
It provides a basic urinary diversion for preventing ureteral obstruction. Ureterocutaneostomy is usually preferred in infants/ ... In case of bilateral obstruction, two ureter lumens can be connected using transureteroureterostomy technique or two separate ...
This is typically done to treat a downstream obstruction of urine. Ureteral stent exchange: indwelling double-J type ureteral ... "Endourologic management of malignant ureteral obstruction: indications, results, and quality-of-life issues". Journal of ... If the patient's GI tract cannot be accessed due to the obstruction, the catheter can be placed to drain the bile duct system ... Miller Oren F.; Kane Christopher J. (1999-09-01). "Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient ...
Ormond, JK (1948). "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal ...
... or the release of ureteral obstruction. Therefore, a lack of ADH prevents water reabsorption and the osmolarity of the blood ...
The NYU technique Robotics in the management of mid ureteral obstruction. Robotic assisted re-implant and psoas hitch in the ... Ureteral Tissue Expansion Catheter; United States Patent 63648 Ureteral Stent and Retrieval Means, US Provisional Application ... Ureteral Rest is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction of Proximal and ... Ureteral Reimplantation, Psoas Hitch, and Boari Flap. J Endourol. 2020 May; 34(S1):S25-S30. doi: 10.1089/end.2018.0750. [PMID ...
Percutaneous nephrostomy or ureteral stent placement may be indicated to relieve obstruction caused by a stone. Children with ... ureteral stents or drainage procedures (e.g., nephrostomy), pregnancy, neurogenic bladder (e.g., due to spinal cord damage, ... especially in the setting of obstruction. A perinephric abscess (infection around the kidney) and/or pyonephrosis may develop ...
... inhibition ameliorates kidney fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction murine model". American Journal of Physiology. ...
"Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of ureteral obstruction". ...
Symptoms, less likely in chronic obstruction, are pain radiating to the T11 to T12 dermatomes, anuria, nocturia, or polyuria.[ ... Causes include urolithiasis, posterior urethral valves and ureteral herniation. Diagnosis is based on results of bladder ... 71 (9): 491-3. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70155-2. PMID 18818145.[dead link] Treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction ... Treatment of the obstruction at the level of the ureter: Open surgery. Less invasive treatment: laparoscopic correction. ...
"Erythropoietin Decreases Renal Fibrosis in Mice with Ureteral Obstruction: Role of Inhibiting TGF-beta-Induced Epithelial-to- ...
... thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor OKY-046 on renal function in rabbits following release of unilateral ureteral obstruction". ...
... of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells on renal interstitial fibrosis in a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction ... The same effect was observed in mouse models where human amniotic stem cells were used to treat uretral obstruction. The use of ...
... kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction. The word "renal" is an adjective meaning "relating to the ... Congenital hydronephrosis Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Duplex kidneys, or double kidneys, occur in approximately 1% ... Novick AC, Gill IS, Klein EA, Rackley R, Ross JH, Jones JS (2006). "Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction". Operative Urology at ... Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction ...
... ureteral obstruction, or kidney transplant can lead to the formation of an urinoma encapsulating extravasated urine. Gild, ... "Adult iatrogenic ureteral injury and stricture-incidence and treatment strategies". Asian Journal of Urology. 5 (2): 101-106. ...
Complications such as ureteral obstruction from a kidney stone may be considered if symptoms do not improve following two or ...
Other negative health outcomes that have been reported include colonic obstruction, urinary incontinence, ureteral stenosis, ... Duhamelle, Alexis; Tessier, Emilie; Larrat, Sylvain (2017-04-01). "Ureteral Stenosis Following Ovariohysterectomy in a Rabbit ( ... "Colonic Obstruction Following Ovariohysterectomy in Rabbits: 3 Cases". Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. Neurology. 24 (1): 112- ...
... activator activity ameliorates renal fibrosis in a rat unilateral ureteral obstruction model". PLOS One. 13 (8): e0201692. ...
Plain abdominal films may be useful for the detection of ureteral calculi, small bowel obstruction, or perforated ulcer, but ... Acute appendicitis seems to be the result of a primary obstruction of the appendix. Once this obstruction occurs, the appendix ... Elderly: diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, colonic carcinoma, mesenteric ischemia, leaking aortic aneurysm. The term " ... Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U (1982). "Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study ...
... activator activity ameliorates renal fibrosis in a rat unilateral ureteral obstruction model". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201692. ...
For example, when a tumefactive lesion causes obstruction of the bile duct, it may be necessary to insert a biliary stent to ... Similarly, ureteral or vascular stents, surgical resection or radiotherapy may be considered for various different presenting ... However, it may occur as a secondary effect, for example, due to either obstruction or compression. Laboratory levels of IGG4 ... "Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Peritoneal Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease Mimicking Carcinomatosis: Case Report". Korean ...
... gastric outflow obstruction) Lumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis Subglottic stenosis (SGS) Tracheal stenosis ... birth defects calcification diabetes headbanging iatrogenic infection inflammation ischemia neoplasm smoking ureteral urethral ... Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis) Bowel obstruction Phimosis Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal ...
... ureteral calculi MeSH C12.777.725.676 - ureteral neoplasms MeSH C12.777.725.776 - ureteral obstruction MeSH C12.777.725.876 - ... urethral obstruction MeSH C12.777.767.700.150 - bladder neck obstruction MeSH C12.777.767.700.700 - urethral stricture MeSH ... vesico-ureteral reflux MeSH C12.777.419.050 - aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C12.777.419.078 - anuria MeSH C12.777.419.135 - ... ureteral neoplasms MeSH C12.740.800.820.937 - urethral neoplasms MeSH C12.777.103.124 - bladder calculi MeSH C12.777.103.132 - ...
... ureteral obstruction causing hydronephrosis and renal exclusion, disorders such as urinary incontinence, pollakiuria, vesical ... The most important complications are ureteral, ureterovaginal, and vesicovaginal fistulae, appearing during the immediate ...
A ureteral stent (pronounced you-REE-ter-ul), or ureteric stent, is a thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat ... Major such conditions are: Actual or suspected urinary tract infection Obstruction of urine flow below the bladder (prostate ... Ureteral stents are used to ensure the openness of a ureter, which may be compromised, for example, by a kidney stone or a ... Self retained internal ureteral stents: Use and complications: Mardis HK: AUA update series, 1997, Lesson 29, Volume XVI. ...
Side effects of BCG therapy include cystitis, prostatitis, epididymo-orchitis, balanitis, ureteral obstruction, bladder ...
Ureteral obstruction care at Mayo Clinic. Your Mayo Clinic care team. Mayo Clinic urologists work with kidney specialists ( ... Mayo Clinic urologists have extensive experience in treating ureteral obstruction, including minimally invasive procedures and ... Mayo urologists treat more than 125 people each year who have ureteral obstruction. ... comprehensive care for people with ureteral obstruction.. Doctors at Mayo Clinic provide care for you as a whole person. ...
1. After bilateral ureteral obstruction there is an enhanced production of thromboxane A2 by the kidney which contributes to a ... 5. These data suggest that the increased renal production of thromboxane A2 after bilateral ureteral obstruction results from ... 3. Irradiation effectively prevented the leucocyte infiltrate after bilateral ureteral obstruction (1.2 ± 0.8 × 105 versus 27.1 ... 4. Glomerular macrophage numbers were decreased after bilateral ureteral obstruction (in contrast to the interstitium). However ...
Ureteral stricture often requires complex reconstruction to restore the ureter to its normal drainage ... Ureteral stricture often requires complex reconstruction to restore the ureter to its normal drainage pathway. Alternative ... Our reconstructive expertise emphasizes minimally invasive approaches, including laparoscopic surgery, ureteral re-implantation ... and many types of ureteral reconstruction techniques. We are particularly concerned with preserving long-term kidney function ...
Placing a ureteral stent in cats with benign ureteral obstruction may preserve renal function. ... Placing a ureteral stent in cats with benign ureteral obstruction may preserve renal function. ... Feline ureteral obstruction: Stent to save the kidneys?. March 22, 2017. Article ...
Imaging Diagnosis-Aortic Aneurysm And Ureteral Obstruction Secondary To Umbilical Artery Abscessation In A 5-Week-Old Foal. ...
Candesartan prevents long-term impairment of renal function in response to neonatal partial unilateral ureteral obstruction. ...
PKB/SGK-resistant GSK-3 signaling following unilateral ureteral obstruction. Jakob Voelkl, Sobuj Mia, Adrian Meissner, Mohamed ... Dive into the research topics of PKB/SGK-resistant GSK-3 signaling following unilateral ureteral obstruction. Together they ...
... unilateral ureteral obstruction.. *p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated control kidney, †p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated ureteral ... unilateral ureteral obstruction.. *p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated control kidney, †p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated ureteral ... unilateral ureteral obstruction.. *p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated control kidney, †p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated ureteral ... unilateral ureteral obstruction.. *p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated control kidney, †p , 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated ureteral ...
Ureteral Obstruction The ureter is the tube between the kidney and bladder ... Ureteral stents - recommended treatment for dogs. *Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass (SUB) - recommended treatment for cats (and ... Bilateral obstruction can be fatal within hours to days *Inability to eliminate potassium leads to fatal cardiac arrhythmia ( ... Ureterotomy - cutting into the ureter to remove obstruction. *Stricture or leakage in 20-40% of cases even in the most ...
Ureteral injury; Pre-renal failure - injury; Post-renal failure - injury; Kidney obstruction - injury ...
... centered over the anterior surface of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae and resulting in entrapment and obstruction of ... Ureterolysis for extrinsic ureteral obstruction: a comparison of laparoscopic and open surgical techniques. J Urol. 1996 Oct. ... Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal process. J Urol. 1948. 59: ... High failure rate of indwelling ureteral stents in patients with extrinsic obstruction: experience at 2 institutions. J Urol. ...
Ureteral injuries due to external trauma are rare. The ureter is well-protected in the retroperitoneum by the bony pelvis, ... The incidence of ureteral obstruction due to radiation is 0.04%, while the incidence of obstruction due to recurrent tumor is ... Ureteral obstruction and ureteral fistulas after aortofemoral or aortoiliac bypass surgery. J Urol. 1991 Feb. 145(2):237-42. [ ... Ureteral substitution using appendix for a ureteral defect caused by a retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma in a child. Korean J ...
... centered over the anterior surface of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae and resulting in entrapment and obstruction of ... Long-term ureteral stenting: Reasonable approach in high-risk and elderly patients to bypass ureteral obstruction ... Ureterolysis for extrinsic ureteral obstruction: a comparison of laparoscopic and open surgical techniques. J Urol. 1996 Oct. ... Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal process. J Urol. 1948. 59: ...
Bilateral Ureteral Obstruction: Cause of AKI in Pregnancy. 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM. ... Bilateral Ureteral Obstruction: Cause of AKI in Pregnancy. November 03, 2023 , 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM ...
An IV urogram in patients with endometriosis may show ureteral obstruction at or below the pelvic brim. [15] This obstruction ... Complications of endometriosis, such as bowel obstruction, are evident on CT scans. Ureteral obstruction may cause ... MRI can also demonstrate the complications of endometriosis, such as bowel implants and ureteral obstruction. [15] Since longer ... Ureteral endometriosis: a systematic review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, risk of malignant ...
Inadequate ureteral length may also be encountered, leading to ureteral kinking and subsequent obstruction. If plastic tubes ... recurrence of disease with ureteral obstruction (one patient); and disease progression in a case of inflammation of blood ... Complications include common ureteral narrowing (one patient); subsequent kidney removal, or nephrectomy (one patient); ... These studies characterize the ureters, and define the surgery required to obtain adequate ureteral length. The quality, ...
Dose-dependent nephroprotective effects of an ALK5 inhibitor in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model of kidney ...
... combination of Rho-kinase inhibitor and ACE inhibitor on tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction ...
Use of a shaving technique for surgical management of partial ureteral obstruction due to endometriosis. By The Giver on May 6 ... Use of a shaving technique for surgical management of partial ureteral obstruction due to endometriosis To illustrate the ... surgical management of advanced endometriosis causing extrinsic ureteral compression. Source: fertstert.org ...
Kidney fibrosis is independent of the amount of ascorbic acid in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. ...
Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in BALB/c mice and rhEPO (100 or 1000 U/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day) or ... Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in BALB/c mice and rhEPO (100 or 1000 U/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day) or ... Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in BALB/c mice and rhEPO (100 or 1000 U/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day) or ... Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in BALB/c mice and rhEPO (100 or 1000 U/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day) or ...
Intrinsic Form of Ureteral Endometriosis Causing Ureteral Obstruction and Partial Loss of Kidney Function ... Open the PDF for Intrinsic Form of Ureteral ,span class=search-highlight,Endometriosis,/span, Causing Ureteral Obstruction ... View article titled, Intrinsic Form of Ureteral ,span class=search-highlight,Endometriosis,/span, Causing Ureteral ... T.G. Maros; B. Terhorst Two cases of ureteral endometriosis and 1 case of vesical endometriosis are reported and a short review ...
Preliminary questions [11104] 11193 there is some evidence that a ureteral obstruction may be a factor in the development of ... 11194 the veteran has had a ureteral obstruction at some time. ... Ureteral obstruction Factor Last reviewed for CCPS 01 August ... 11194 the veteran has had a ureteral obstruction at some time.. 11405 the veteran has had a ureteral obstruction of side and ... 11199 - the ureteral obstruction of side and site of the body is causally related to operational service. ...
A Preliminary Study of the Longitudinal Changes in a Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rat Model using Intravoxel ... markers materials matrix measure medical medulla microscope model molecular motion mouse namely nine obstructed obstruction ...
Julie K. Byron on Ureteral Obstructions and Treatment Approaches. In this episode, we invite you to listen in as Ashley Saffire ... have an informative conversation about ureteral obstructions in cats and what to do when you encounter them in general practice ...
Hydronephrosis and Ureteral Obstruction in Crohns Disease (Articles) Robert Jansen, Stanley Zaslau ...
Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction / $75. Orthotopic kidney transplantation / $300. Tail vein injection or venipuncture (per ...
Has your physician raised the possibility of a ureteral stent? Helpful - 0 ... I was born with only 1 kidney and some yrs ago was diagnosed with Kidney stones and UPJ obstruction after 2 pyleoplasty ... Communities>Urology>How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic UPJ obstruction? ... basically thats a small lazer that is passed up the ureter to where the obstruction is and burns away the scar tissue but sadly ...
Quantitative Real-Time PCR Evaluation of microRNA Expressions in Mouse Kidney with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction, Detection ... Quantitative Real-Time PCR Evaluation of microRNA Expressions in Mouse Kidney with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Katsunori ... Catheter-related Obstruction of the Right Brachiocephalic Vein Following Hemodialysis in a Patient with Lupus Nephritis The ...
2016). Metformin prevents renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction and inhibits Ang II-induced ECM ... Rapamycin attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Kidney Int. 69 (11), 2029-2036. doi:10.1038/sj.ki. ...
  • Therefore, we investigated the effects of DIZE on the progression of renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a well-established model of chronic kidney disease. (krcp-ksn.org)
  • In rodents, the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model is widely used to study progressive renal fibrosis because pathological features of CKD, such as tubular dilation, interstitial expansion, loss of tubular mass, leukocyte infiltration, tubular epithelial cell death, and the accumulation of myofibroblasts, are present in this model [ 4 ]. (krcp-ksn.org)
  • Kidney fibrosis is independent of the amount of ascorbic acid in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
  • The inhibitory effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) were examined against (1) the progression of renal fibrosis in mice with complete unilateral ureteral obstruction and (2) the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MDCK cells. (korea.ac.kr)
  • Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced in BALB/c mice and rhEPO (100 or 1000 U/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day) or vehicle was administered from day 3 to day 14. (korea.ac.kr)
  • AXL targeting reduces fibrosis development in experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction. (uib.no)
  • The present study was performed using unilateral ureteral obstruction mice and HK‑2 cells in vivo and in vitro . (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a form of chronic periaortitis characterized by the development of extensive fibrosis throughout the retroperitoneum, typically centered over the anterior surface of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae and resulting in entrapment and obstruction of retroperitoneal structures, notably the ureters. (medscape.com)
  • However, single system ureteral ectopia is an uncommon anomaly more frequently noted in boys. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • We report on 6 boys with single system ureteral ectopia into the prostatic urethra above the verumontanum, whopresented with radiological and clinical findings of bladder outlet obstruction. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Bilateral single-system ureteral ectopia is rare and usually coexists with a multitude of other urinary tract abnormalities (eg, VUR, renal dysplasia, rudimentary bladder development). (medscape.com)
  • Slavis SA, Wilson RW, Jones RJ, Swift C. Long-term results of permanent indwelling wallstents for benign mid-ureteral strictures. (medscape.com)
  • Feline ureteral obstruction: Stent to save the kidneys? (dvm360.com)
  • Placing a ureteral stent in cats with benign ureteral obstruction may preserve renal function. (dvm360.com)
  • Has your physician raised the possibility of a ureteral stent? (medhelp.org)
  • Gradual taper at tip of stent promotes smooth insertion and atraumatic navigation around obstructions. (bd.com)
  • Ultra smooth surface may reduce the mechanical trauma at the tissue/stent interface and thus ureteral reactions such as ureteral ulcerations, epithelia hyperplasia, inflammation and edema. (bd.com)
  • 1. After bilateral ureteral obstruction there is an enhanced production of thromboxane A 2 by the kidney which contributes to a decline in renal function. (portlandpress.com)
  • The effects of both irradiation and subsequent administration of the thromboxane synthesis inhibitor OKY-046 on both thromboxane B 2 excretion and renal function were examined in rats with 24 h bilateral ureteral obstruction. (portlandpress.com)
  • Both sources of thromboxane A 2 contribute to altered renal function after bilateral ureteral obstruction. (portlandpress.com)
  • While ureteral surgery is not that common because many urinary tract problems go away on their own as your child grows or are not severe enough to damage the kidneys, the surgeons at Boston Children's have a lot of experience performing these types of procedures. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Ureteral surgery is a treatment option for children who have abnormalities of their ureter and/or urinary tract, such as a blockage in the ureter or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), a condition that causes urine to flow backward into the kidney. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Ureteral duplication is the most common anomaly of the urinary tract. (medscape.com)
  • Older boys presented with symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The distal ureter was dilated elevating the bladder neck causing outlet obstruction. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Symptoms are those of bladder outlet obstruction-weak stream, hesitancy, urinary. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Reflux that is secondary to high bladder pressures such as those occurring in patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV) or bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is frequently associated with renal injury. (medscape.com)
  • These studies characterize the ureters, and define the surgery required to obtain adequate ureteral length. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequent administration of OKY-046 to previously irradiated animals further reduced thromboxane B 2 excretion to 20% of the value in non-irradiated rats with bilateral obstruction and further increased inulin clearance to 3.34 ± 0.26 ml min −1 kg −1 body weight. (portlandpress.com)
  • 4. Glomerular macrophage numbers were decreased after bilateral ureteral obstruction (in contrast to the interstitium). (portlandpress.com)
  • 5. These data suggest that the increased renal production of thromboxane A 2 after bilateral ureteral obstruction results from both renal infiltration by metabolically active macrophages and enhanced prostanoid production by the glomeruli. (portlandpress.com)
  • Our reconstructive expertise emphasizes minimally invasive approaches, including laparoscopic surgery, ureteral re-implantation, and many types of ureteral reconstruction techniques. (ucsf.edu)
  • Are there different types of ureteral surgery? (childrenshospital.org)
  • A ureteral disease that is characterized_as a congenital anomaly in which the distal end of the ureter swells as it enters the bladder. (mcw.edu)
  • 3. Hydronephrosis (Dilatation of the kidneys due to stone or as a result of obstruction due to congenital ureteral stricture). (anadolumedicalcenter.com)
  • How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic(chronic) UPJ obstruction? (medhelp.org)
  • How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic UPJ obstruction? (medhelp.org)
  • In females, urethral obstruction may occur secondary to a primary or metastatic tumor or as a result of stricture formation after radiation therapy, surgery, or urologic instrumentation (usually repeated dilation). (msdmanuals.com)
  • If your doctor has recommended ureteral surgery, you may be wondering what exactly this procedure entails and how the Department of Urology at Boston Children's Hospital can help you. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Obstruction of the flow of urine through the ureter. (nih.gov)
  • Ureteral surgeries are procedures that fix problems with the flow of urine between the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) and the kidney. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Your child may need ureteral surgery if she has a blockage in her ureter or has severe vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), in which your child's urine backs up the ureter into the kidney. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Ureteral surgery is performed to correct problems that cause urine to get backed up in the ureter and sometimes flow backward, which can permanently damage your child's kidneys. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Alternative drainage methods may be used, such as tube drainage from the kidney (nephrostomy) and ureteral stenting, to protect the kidney. (ucsf.edu)
  • Surgical ureterolysis has been the preferred primary mode of treatment for RPF, because it allows biopsy specimens to be obtained while ureteral obstruction is relieved. (medscape.com)
  • To illustrate the surgical management of advanced endometriosis causing extrinsic ureteral compression. (embies.com)
  • We'll give you some background on common conditions that require this kind of surgery, talk about your experience at the hospital when your child comes in for his procedure, and discuss the long-term outlook for children who have ureteral surgical procedures. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Ureteral anomalies are a common cause of morbidity in children and frequently require surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • The IVP demonstrates an obstruction in the right ureter, along with a clinical presentation consistent with ureteral colic. (hawaii.edu)
  • Mayo Clinic urologists have extensive experience in treating ureteral obstruction, including minimally invasive procedures and newer robot-assisted surgery techniques, depending on your needs. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Ureteral surgery - whether performed laparascopically (a minimally invasive procedure ) or traditionally - is a fairly simple procedure with a high success rate. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Ureteroceles are often associated with obstruction and VUR. (medscape.com)
  • Ureteral stricture often requires complex reconstruction to restore the ureter to its normal drainage pathway. (ucsf.edu)
  • Materials and Methods: Antenatal ultrasound in 3 boys demonstrated renal abnormalities and postnatal studies suggested the diagnosis of posterior urethral valve obstruction. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In this episode, we invite you to listen in as Ashley Saffire, DVM, DABVP (Feline) and Julie Byron, DVM, MS, DACVIM, Clinical Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine at Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, have an informative conversation about ureteral obstructions in cats and what to do when you encounter them in general practice. (catvets.com)
  • The histopathological examination con- case, ultrasonography and tomography found several reports using the keywords firmed a hydatid cyst by demonstrating revealed a simple cyst with well-defined "ureteral obstruction" and "hydatid", but protoscolex within. (who.int)
  • The upper ureter is more likely to be associated with ectopic insertion, ureterocele, and/or obstruction, whereas the lower ureter is more frequently associated with VUR. (medscape.com)
  • How do I dilate the ureteral orifice? (imop.gr)
  • Caudal or medial ectopia describes the ureteral orifice when located at the proximal lip of the bladder neck or more distal. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms are typically absent until tumor growth causes hematuria and/or obstruction with pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the calcified density on her abdominal series appeared to be too large for a ureteral stone, this was assumed to be a large ureteral stone because of her clinical presentation. (hawaii.edu)
  • A urologist is consulted for her ureteral obstruction and a pediatric surgeon is consulted for the possibility of appendicitis. (hawaii.edu)
  • Many novel techniques for ureteral reconstruction after ureteral trauma have been used. (medscape.com)
  • Ureteral injuries due to external trauma are rare, as the ureter is well-protected in the retroperitoneum by the bony pelvis, psoas muscle, and vertebrae. (medscape.com)
  • Ureteral trauma was first reported in 1868 by Alfred Poland, when a 33-year-old woman died 6 days after being pinned between a platform and a railway carriage. (medscape.com)
  • Urinoma is usually caused by URETERAL OBSTRUCTION, renal trauma or perforation of the renal collecting system. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is suspected to be a ureteral stone since her symptoms are consistent with this. (hawaii.edu)
  • Symptoms, less likely in chronic obstruction, may include pain radiating to the T11 to T12 dermatomes and abnormal voiding (eg, difficulty voiding, anuria, nocturia, and/or polyuria). (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2011), which can subsequently cause obstruction, irritative symptoms, and difficulty voiding and urinary retention. (medscape.com)
  • Acúmulo encapsulado de ORINA en el espacio retroperitoneal. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you are scheduled for ureteral surgery and you've set up an appointment, you probably already have some ideas and questions on your mind. (childrenshospital.org)
  • I was born with only 1 kidney and some yrs ago was diagnosed with Kidney stones and UPJ obstruction after 2 pyleoplasty operations my body seems to make more scar tissue that causes UPJ obstructions. (medhelp.org)
  • [ 8 ] Henry Morris described the first ureteral procedure in 1904, when he performed an ureterectomy on a 30-year-old man who "fell from his van catching one of the wheels across his right loin. (medscape.com)
  • Much of the presentation and management of ureteral injuries are dictated by the severity and management of the associated injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Purpose: Ureteral ectopia is frequently associated with dysplasia of the associated renal segment in girls with ureteral duplication. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Incomplete ureteral duplication is observed in approximately 1 in 25 individuals. (medscape.com)
  • The delayed IVP (a slightly oblique view) shows delayed contrast excretion from the right kidney confirming an obstruction on the right. (hawaii.edu)
  • those obstructions were secondary to The patient's postoperative course Thisdescription,accordingtoWHO- renal hydatid disease [ 18 ]. (who.int)
  • Intraoperative complications (ureteric avulsion, hemorrhage, and ureteral perforations) occurred in 6(5.7%) patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • B. Terhorst Two cases of ureteral endometriosis and 1 case of vesical endometriosis are reported and a short review of the literature is presented. (karger.com)
  • the veteran had a ureteral obstruction of side and site of the body before the clinical onset of the condition under consideration. (dva.gov.au)
  • 11196 - the veteran has established the causal connection between the ureteral obstruction of side and site of the body and VEA service for the clinical onset of the condition under consideration. (dva.gov.au)
  • 11198 - the veteran has established the causal connection between the ureteral obstruction of side and site of the body and eligible service for the clinical onset of the condition under consideration. (dva.gov.au)