Urination Disorders
Generalization, Response
Urinary Bladder
Cystitis, Interstitial
Urinary Incontinence
Bipolar Disorder
Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Depressive Disorder, Major
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Comparison of the 5-year outcome and morbidity of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus transperineal permanent iodine-125 implantation for early-stage prostatic cancer. (1/379)
PURPOSE: To compare the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse-free survival outcome and incidence of late toxicity for patients with early-stage prostate cancer treated at a single institution with either three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) or transperineal permanent implantation (TPI) with iodine-125 seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer, defined as a pretreatment PSA of less than or equal to 10.0 ng/mL, Gleason score of 6 or lower, and stage less than or equal to T2b, were selected for this analysis. Between 1989 and 1996, 137 such patients were treated with 3D-CRT and 145 with TPI. The median ages of the 3D-CRT and TPI groups were 68 years and 64 years, respectively. The median dose of 3D-CRT was 70.2 Gy, and the median implant dose was 150 Gy. Prostate-specific antigen relapse was defined according to the American Society of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology Consensus Statement, and toxicity was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity scoring scale. The median follow-up times for the 3D-CRT and TPI groups were 36 and 24 months, respectively. RESULTS: Eleven patients (8%) in the 3D-CRT group and 12 patients (8%) in the TPI group developed a biochemical relapse. The 5-year PSA relapse-free survival rates for the 3D-CRT and the TPI groups were 88% and 82%, respectively (P = .09). Protracted grade 2 urinary symptoms were more prevalent among patients treated with TPI compared with 3D-CRT. Grade 2 urinary toxicity, which was manifest after the implant and persisted for more than 1 year after this procedure, was observed in 45 patients (31%) in the TPI group. In these 45 patients, the median duration of grade 2 urinary symptoms was 23 months (range, 12 to 70 months). On the other hand, acute grade 2 urinary symptoms resolved within 4 to 6 weeks after completion of 3D-CRT, and the 5-year actuarial likelihood of late grade 2 urinary toxicity for the 3D-CRT group was only 8%. The 5-year actuarial likelihood of developing a urethral stricture (grade 3 urinary toxicity) for the 3D-CRT and TPI groups was 2% and 12%, respectively (P<.0002). Of 45 patients who developed grade 2 or higher urinary toxicity after TPI, the likelihood of resolution or significant improvement of these symptoms at 36 months from onset was 59%. The 5-year likelihood of grade 2 late rectal toxicity for the 3D-CRT and TPI patients was similar (6% and 11%, respectively; P = .97). No patient in either group developed grade 3 or higher late rectal toxicity. The 5-year likelihood of posttreatment erectile dysfunction among patients who were initially potent before therapy was 43% for the 3D-CRT group and 53% for the TPI group (P = .52). CONCLUSION: Both 3D-CRT and TPI are associated with an excellent PSA outcome for patients with early-stage prostate cancer. Urinary toxicities are more prevalent for the TPI group and subsequently resolve or improve in most patients. In addition to evaluating long-term follow-up, future comparisons will require detailed quality-of-life assessments to further determine the impact of these toxicities on the overall well-being and quality of life of the individual patient. (+info)Neurological disorders of micturition and their treatment. (2/379)
An overview of the current concepts of the neurological control of the bladder is given, based on laboratory experiments and PET scanning studies in human subjects. This is followed by a description of the various causes of the neurogenic bladder, discussed in a hierarchical order starting with cortical lesions and descending through the basal ganglia and brainstem, spinal cord, conus and cauda equina to disorders of peripheral innervation. Then follows a description of the condition of isolated urinary retention in young women. The article concludes with a review of the methods available for treating neurogenic bladder disorders. These are largely medical but brief mention of appropriate surgical procedures is made. (+info)Hormonal replacement therapy and urinary problems as evaluated by ultrasound and color Doppler. (3/379)
OBJECTIVE: To determine how hormone replacement therapy modifies bladder vascularization and urinary symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-eight postmenopausal women with urinary symptoms (day-time frequency > 8; nocturia > 1; urgency and/or dysuria) were analyzed before and after 1, 3 and 6 months of hormone replacement therapy. The patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound evaluation of the pelvic organs and endometrial and bladder wall thickness. Transvaginal color Doppler analysis of blood flow impedance of the uterine and intramural bladder wall arteries was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Hormone replacement therapy significantly increased bladder wall and endometrial thickness. This result was associated with significant improvements in uterine and bladder wall vascularization. Urinary symptoms also improved during therapy. CONCLUSION: The study of bladder wall thickness and vascularization provides additional information regarding the beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women. (+info)Predictors of outcome in cauda equina syndrome. (4/379)
This retrospective review examined the cause, level of pathology, onset of symptoms, time taken to treatment, and outcome of 19 patients with cauda equina syndrome (CES). The minimum time to follow up was 22 months. Logistical regression analysis was used to determine how these factors influenced the eventual outcome. Out of 19 patients, 14 had satisfactory recovery at 2 years post-decompression; 5 patients were left with some residual dysfunction. The mean time to decompression in the group with a satisfactory outcome was 14 h (range 6-24 h) whilst that of the group with the poor outcome was 30 h (range 20-72 h). There was a clear correlation between delayed decompression and a poor outcome (P = 0.023). Saddle hypoaesthesia was evident in all patients. In addition complete perineal anaesthesia was evident in 7/19 patients, 5 of whom developed a poor outcome. Bladder dysfunction was observed in 19/19 patients, with 12/19 regarded as having significant impairment. Of the five patients identified as having a poor overall outcome, all five presented with a significant sphincter disturbance and 4/5 were left with residual sphincter dysfunction. There was a clear correlation between the presence of complete perineal anaesthesia and significant sphincter dysfunction as both univariate and multivariate predictors of a poor overall outcome. The association between a slower onset of CES and a more favourable outcome did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.052). No correlation could be found between initial motor function loss, bilateral sciatica, level or cause of injury as predictors of a poor outcome (P>0.05). CES can be diagnosed early by judicious physical examination, with particular attention to perineal sensation and a history of urinary dysfunction. The most important factors identified in this series as predictors of a favourable outcome in CES were early diagnosis and early decompression. (+info)Evaluation of dysuria in men. (5/379)
Men with pain or a burning sensation on urination should be evaluated with a thorough history, a focused physical examination and urinalysis (both urine dipstick and microscopic examination of the urine specimen). Although dysuria may be caused by anything that leads to inflammation of the urethal mucosa, it is most often the result of urinary tract infection. In younger patients, the infectious agent is usually a sexually transmitted organism such as Chlamydia trachomatis. In patients over 35 years of age, coliform bacteria predominate. Infection in older men most often occurs as a result of urinary stasis secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Other conditions that may cause dysuria include renal calculus, genitourinary malignancy, spondyloarthropathy and medications. Successful treatment of dysuria depends on correct identification of its cause. (+info)Urinary function in elderly people with and without leukoaraiosis: relation to cognitive and gait function. (6/379)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate urinary function in the elderly with and without white matter lesion (leukoaraiosis) in relation to cognitive and gait function. METHODS: Sixty three subjects were examined, with mean age 73 (range 62 to 86 years). Subjects with brainstem stroke or with large hemispheric lesions were excluded. Spin echo 1.5 T MRI images were graded from 0 to 4 for severity of white matter lesions. Urinary function was assessed by detailed questionnaire and urodynamic studies were performed in 33 of the subjects, including measurement of postmicturition residuals, water cystometry, and sphincter EMG. A mini mental state examination (MMSE) and examination of gait was also performed and compared with urinary function. RESULTS: Urodynamic studies showed subjects with grade 1-4 white matter lesions to have detrusor hyperreflexia more commonly (82%) than those with grade 0 white matter lesions (9%) (p<0.05), indicating that leukoaraiosis was a factor associated with geriatric urinary dysfunction. Postmicturition residuals, low compliance, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, and uninhibited sphincter relaxation were also more common in grade 1-4 than in grade 0 white matter lesions, though the difference was not significant. In grade 1 white matter lesions urinary dysfunction (urge urinary incontinence) was more common than cognitive (MMSE<19) (p<0.05) and gait disorders (slowness, short step/festination, and loss of postural reflex) (p<0. 05), which increased together with the grade of white matter lesions (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary dysfunction is common and probably the early sign in elderly people with leukoaraiosis on MRI. (+info)Correlates of urinary symptom scores in men. (7/379)
OBJECTIVES: This study determined the prevalence of urinary symptoms and their relationship to characteristics of a cohort of men in Beaver Dam, Wis, from 1993 to 1995. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire concerning urinary symptoms (the American Urological Association Urinary Symptom Questionnaire) was administered. RESULTS: All outcomes were associated with age and history of enlarged prostate. Urinary frequency (57%) and nocturia (65%) were the most common individual symptoms. Diuretic usage, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, and smoking were related to specific symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: While urinary symptoms are associated with age and history of enlarged prostate, symptoms may also be attributable to other diseases and exposures. (+info)Urinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy: which is the more common and earlier manifestation? (8/379)
OBJECTIVES: Urinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension are the prominent autonomic features in multiple system atrophy (MSA). A detailed questionnaire was given and autonomic function tests were performed in 121 patients with MSA concerning both urinary and cardiovascular systems. METHODS: Replies to the questionnaire on autonomic symptoms were obtained from 121 patients including three clinical variants; olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) type in 48, striatonigral degeneration (SND) type in 17, and Shy-Drager type in 56. Urodynamic studies comprised measurement of postmicturition residuals, EMG cystometry, and bethanechol injection. Cardiovascular tests included head up tilt test, measurement of supine plasma noradrenaline (norepinephrine,NA), measurement of R-R variability (CV R-R), and intravenous infusions of NA and isoproterenol. RESULTS: Urinary symptoms (96%) were found to be more common than orthostatic symptoms (43%) (p<0.01) in patients with MSA, particularly with OPCA (p<0.01) and SND (p<0.01) types. In 53 patients with both urinary and orthostatic symptoms, patients who had urinary symptoms first (48%) were more common than those who had orthostatic symptoms first (29%), and there were patients who developed both symptoms simultaneously (23%). Post-micturition residuals were noted in 74% of the patients. EMG cystometry showed detrusor hyperreflexia in 56%, low compliance in 31%, atonic curve in 5%, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 45%, and neurogenic sphincter EMG in 74%. The cystometric curve tended to change from hyperreflexia to low compliance, then atonic curve in repeated tests. Bethanechol injection showed denervation supersensitivity of the bladder in 19%. Cardiovascular tests showed orthostatic hypotension below -30 mm Hg in 41%, low CV R-R below 1.5 in 57%, supine plasma NA below 100 pg/ml in 28%, and denervation supersensitivity of the vessels (alpha in 73%; beta2 in 60%) and of the heart (beta1 in 62%). CONCLUSION: It is likely that urinary dysfunction is more common and often an earlier manifestation than orthostatic hypotension in patients with MSA, although subclinical cardiovascular abnormalities appear in the early stage of the disease. The responsible sites seem to be central and peripheral for both dysfunctions. (+info)Urination, also known as micturition, is the physiological process of excreting urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a complex process that involves several systems in the body, including the urinary system, nervous system, and muscular system.
In medical terms, urination is defined as the voluntary or involuntary discharge of urine from the urethra, which is the final pathway for the elimination of waste products from the body. The process is regulated by a complex interplay between the detrusor muscle of the bladder, the internal and external sphincters of the urethra, and the nervous system.
During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to empty, while the sphincters relax to allow the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. The nervous system plays a crucial role in coordinating these actions, with sensory receptors in the bladder sending signals to the brain when it is time to urinate.
Urination is essential for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, as well as eliminating waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other metabolic byproducts. Abnormalities in urination can indicate underlying medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.
Urination disorders, also known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), refer to a range of clinical conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, resulting in abnormalities in the storage, transportation, and evacuation of urine. These disorders can be categorized into voiding symptoms, such as hesitancy, straining, slow stream, intermittency, and terminal dribble; and storage symptoms, including frequency, urgency, nocturia, and urge incontinence.
The causes of urination disorders are diverse, encompassing congenital abnormalities, neurological conditions, infections, inflammation, medications, and age-related changes. Common underlying pathologies include bladder overactivity, detrusor muscle instability, underactive bladder, and obstruction of the urethra.
Urination disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, causing physical discomfort, sleep disturbances, emotional distress, and social isolation. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management require a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, and urodynamic studies. Treatment options may include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medications, neuromodulation, and surgical interventions.
Toilet training, also known as potty training, is the process of teaching children to use the toilet for urination and defecation, rather than using diapers or pull-ups. It involves helping the child recognize the urge to go to the bathroom, learning how to communicate that need, and developing the physical skills necessary to use the toilet independently. The goal of toilet training is to help the child achieve continence during daytime hours, although some children may also learn to stay dry at night as well.
Toilet training typically begins when a child shows signs of readiness, such as staying dry for longer periods of time, showing interest in the toilet, or expressing discomfort with soiled diapers. Parents and caregivers can use a variety of techniques to help their child learn to use the toilet, including positive reinforcement, modeling, and gradual exposure to the bathroom and toilet.
It's important to note that every child is different, and some may take longer than others to master toilet training. It's essential to approach toilet training with patience and flexibility, avoiding punishment or negative reinforcement, which can lead to anxiety and setbacks. With time, support, and encouragement, most children will eventually learn to use the toilet successfully.
In the context of medical and clinical psychology, "generalization of response" refers to the phenomenon where an individual responds in a similar way to different but related stimuli, situations or conditions. This is a key concept in learning theories and behavioral psychology.
When a person learns a new response to a specific stimulus, they may eventually apply this same response to other similar stimuli. For example, if a person learns to associate a bell (stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus), they will salivate (response) to the sound of the bell alone. Over time, this conditioned response may generalize to other sounds that are similar to the bell.
Generalization of response is considered a natural and important part of learning and adaptation. However, in some cases, it can also lead to maladaptive behaviors or phobias, where an individual responds excessively or inappropriately to stimuli that are only remotely related to the original conditioned stimulus.
Defecation is the medical term for the act of passing stools (feces) through the anus. It is a normal bodily function that involves the contraction of muscles in the colon and anal sphincter to release waste from the body. Defecation is usually a regular and daily occurrence, with the frequency varying from person to person.
The stool is made up of undigested food, bacteria, and other waste products that are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. The process of defecation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
Difficulties with defecation can occur due to various medical conditions, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. These conditions can cause symptoms such as hard or painful stools, straining during bowel movements, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation. If you are experiencing any problems with defecation, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Urinary retention is a medical condition in which the bladder cannot empty completely or at all, resulting in the accumulation of urine in the bladder. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and difficulty in passing urine. Urinary retention can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term). Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention, while chronic urinary retention may be managed with medications or surgery. The causes of urinary retention include nerve damage, bladder muscle weakness, prostate gland enlargement, and side effects of certain medications.
The urinary bladder is a muscular, hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it is released from the body. It expands as it fills with urine and contracts when emptying. The typical adult bladder can hold between 400 to 600 milliliters of urine for about 2-5 hours before the urge to urinate occurs. The wall of the bladder contains several layers, including a mucous membrane, a layer of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle), and an outer fibrous adventitia. The muscles of the bladder neck and urethra remain contracted to prevent leakage of urine during filling, and they relax during voiding to allow the urine to flow out through the urethra.
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder health condition characterized by recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region. It is also known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS). The symptoms can vary from person to person and may include:
1. Pain or pressure in the bladder and pelvis
2. Frequent urination, often in small amounts
3. Urgent need to urinate
4. Persistent discomfort or pain, which may worsen with certain foods, menstruation, stress, or sexual activity
Interstitial cystitis is a complex and poorly understood condition, and its exact cause remains unknown. There is no known cure for IC, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These treatments may include lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, oral medications, bladder instillations, and nerve stimulation techniques. In some cases, surgery might be considered as a last resort.
It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you suspect you have interstitial cystitis for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.
Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.
There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).
Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:
* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.
Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.
These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.
Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).
Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.
Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.
Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.
The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.
It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:
1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking
In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).
It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.
Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.
Pediatric urology
Cranberry
Cranberry juice
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
List of adverse effects of paroxetine
SantaCon
Urinary tract infection
DSD
Frequent urination
Sleep disorder
Diving disorders
List of traditional Chinese medicines
BPS
Myelin
Urination
Nocturia
Treatment of bipolar disorder
Urology
Quality of life
List of mental disorders
Thirst
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome
Bladder
Ketamine
Glossary of medicine
Diurnal enuresis
Paruresis
Chronic pancreatitis
International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation
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Frequent19
- Some of the causes of increased urine volume differ from those of too-frequent urination. (msdmanuals.com)
- The doctors in China have concluded that this material affects the urinary system, despite some variation in its applications (e.g., cloudy urine, frequent urination). (itmonline.org)
- OAB is often coupled with frequent urination, nocturia (night-time urination), and incontinence. (ohsu.edu)
- A radiologist can use an IVP study to find the cause of a wide variety of disorders, including frequent urination, blood in the urine, or pain in the side or lower back. (apollohospitals.com)
- Overactive bladder is a common condition characterized by frequent urination, sudden urges to urinate, and in some cases, urinary incontinence. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Are you facing frequent urination, and even after that are you unable to empty the bladder? (urethraandpenilesurgery.com)
- Nettle root is another herb that is helpful to older men who have prostrate issues, which can include frequent nighttime urination. (earthclinic.com)
- I am 80 and bothered by frequent nocturnal urination (as often as every hour). (earthclinic.com)
- Urinary disorders: This can manifest itself as frequent urination, especially at night, difficulty in starting to urinate, or a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. (thempf.org)
- Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, unusual thirst and extreme hunger. (aidsmap.com)
- Frequent Urination Men - Are you constantly making trips to the restroom? (healthbeautyidea.com)
- When the cold air comes or the rainy season arrives, usually men will frequent urination to the toilet. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- If you often experience like this, try to identify the cause of frequent urination or overactive bladder disorders below. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- This results in frequent urination. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- Besides frequent urination, individuals with diabetes insipidus often experience extreme thirst, despite drinking large quantities of fluids. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- In excess, they can stimulate the kidneys to increase urine production, causing frequent urination. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- Apart from frequent urination, hyperthyroidism can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and heat intolerance. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- The cause of frequent urination or overactive bladder experienced by 11-16 percent males. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- Urinary disorders with frequent urination. (ayurtimes.com)
Thirst3
- such as, in diabetes insipidus (a disorder characterized by intense thirst and excessive urination). (wordinfo.info)
- 9. Cushing's Disease: This hormonal disorder can cause increased thirst, urination, and panting in dogs. (myeducationcity.com)
- Urination and thirst are. (msdmanuals.com)
Urine2
- Other symptoms include cloudy urine, strong-smelling urine, blood in the urine, and urgency or frequency of urination. (healthlabspartners.com)
- A disorder in which urine backs up through the ureters from the bladder. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
Bladder12
- Overview of Urinary Tract Symptoms Kidney and urinary tract disorders can involve one or both kidneys, one or both ureters, the bladder, or the urethra, and in men, the prostate, one or both testes, or the epididymis. (msdmanuals.com)
- Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a type of urological disorder that affects urination. (healthlabspartners.com)
- Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic urological disorder that affects the bladder. (healthlabspartners.com)
- We offer laparoscopy and laparoscopic-assisted surgery to correct disorders of the kidney, ureter, bladder, and gonads (both testes and ovaries). (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
- Department of Urology specialists in female pelvic medicine are highly experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of the wide spectrum of pelvic floor disorders, from overactive bladder and incontinence to pelvic organ prolapse and urethral diverticulum. (ohsu.edu)
- The oil's natural compounds may also positively affect bladder muscle function, reducing urgency and frequency of urination, making it a valuable aid in treating urinary disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The muscles allow control over when it's time to empty the bladder, called urination (peeing). (intermountainhealthcare.org)
- A new study concludes that acupuncture needling combined with moxibustion improves the condition of patients with refractory interstitial cystitis, a urination bladder disorder. (healthcmi.com)
- Interstitial cystitis involves chronic bladder region pain that is often accompanied by urinary urgency, frequency and the need to wake at night to urination. (healthcmi.com)
- If delaying urination, the bladder can grow and become inflamed. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- Well, if often urination continues to appear despite the hot weather, means there is a disturbance to the health of the bladder. (healthbeautyidea.com)
- One cause of urination is too often is because the bladder is overactive. (healthbeautyidea.com)
Symptoms7
- If you are experiencing any symptoms that could potentially be indicative of a urological disorder, it is important to see a medical professional as soon as possible so that you can get treatment. (healthlabspartners.com)
- They can be particularly helpful for managing the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder. (psychcentral.com)
- Abruptly stopping your medication can cause your bipolar disorder symptoms to worsen. (psychcentral.com)
- People often blame constipation for many symptoms (such as abdominal discomfort, nausea, fatigue, and poor appetite) that are actually the result of other disorders (such as irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] and depression). (merckmanuals.com)
- Other symptoms will depend on the specific disorder. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
- Many conditions and symptoms are associated with this disorder. (rarediseases.org)
- Kidney disorders often begin without displaying obvious symptoms and, consequently, are diagnosed too late, when the kidneys have already been irreversibly damaged. (hila.lt)
Diseases4
- This disorder may be caused by diseases, medications. (msdmanuals.com)
- The most common disorders treated by pediatric urologists involve disorders of urination, congenital and acquired diseases, and malformations and functional problems of the genitourinary system. (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in people with HIV co-infection is associated with an increased risk of liver disease and liver-related death and also several important non-liver related disorders, including kidney disease and osteoporosis and fractures, according to data from the Swiss HIV Cohort published in the online edition of Clinical Infectious Diseases . (aidsmap.com)
- Ashokarishta has benefits in ovarian diseases and uterine disorders. (ayurtimes.com)
Painful5
- Magnetized water can be useful for digestive, urinary and nervous problems, ailments like mastitis, pains and swellings, painful urination and many other disorders. (indianetzone.com)
- Urological disorders can be painful and debilitating, but they are also treatable with the help of a medical professional. (healthlabspartners.com)
- UB32 is indicated for the treatment of painful urination and urinary dysfunction. (healthcmi.com)
- UB33 is indicated for the treatment of difficulty with urination, painful urination and urinary retention. (healthcmi.com)
- Neurosis leads to a deterioration of blood circulation in the pelvic organs, which in turn causes problems with urination, painful sensations, and decreased sexual function. (thempf.org)
Excessive4
- Have electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia (low potassium in the blood), hypomagnesemia (low magnesium in the blood) or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood) or suffer from excessive vomiting or an eating disorder. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
- According to Jiao Shude (3), mantis egg case functions to restrain excessive urination by "securing the kidney," which refers to strengthening the kidney's function of "grasping" that is important for restraining fluids and maintaining the integrity of the body. (itmonline.org)
- But, what is the frequency of urination that is considered excessive? (healthbeautyidea.com)
- Conditions like Cushing's syndrome, characterized by excessive cortisol production, can lead to increased urination due to its effects on kidney function. (healthbeautyidea.com)
Hypospadias1
- Dr. Sutherland provides expertise in the micro and macro surgical correction of congenital disorders of male and female genitalia including hypospadias, epispadias, and disorders of sexual differentiation (also known as intersex disorders or sexual ambiguity). (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
Frequency1
- Some studies suggest that supplementing with pumpkin seed oil can reduce the frequency of urination at nighttime. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Diagnosis1
- Diabulimia does not have a separate diagnostic code so a person's specific diagnosis will depend on their eating disorder behaviors. (nationaleatingdisorders.org)
Kidneys3
- We offer comprehensive evaluation and management of all disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract that may affect infants, children, adolescents and young adults. (massgeneral.org)
- As excess urination persists and sodium is reabsorbed in the kidneys, the concentration of sodium increases in the blood. (livestrong.com)
- diabetes is also associated with excess urination because the concentration of blood glucose exceeds the kidneys' capacity for glucose reabsorption. (livestrong.com)
Pediatric3
- Pediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. (wikipedia.org)
- Pediatric Urology services at Kapiolani offer children and their families comprehensive treatment and support for everyday urinary problems as well as highly specialized care for less common disorders. (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
- Nevertheless, umbilical disorders are frequently encountered in pediatric surgery. (medscape.com)
Digestive1
- Indications of these points include disorders of the urinary, reproductive, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems and the running course of the channel. (chinesemed.com.cn)
Urogenital4
- What are Urogenital Disorders? (intermountainhealthcare.org)
- Urogenital disorders are problems that affect the urinary and genital tracts (reproductive organs). (intermountainhealthcare.org)
- There are many different urogenital disorders. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
- Some types of urogenital disorders are acquired, meaning the disorder develops over time or may be the result of an infection, illness, or injury. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
Reproductive1
- The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination, reproductive organs and testes. (wikipedia.org)
Prostate gland1
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous (benign) enlargement of the prostate gland that can make urination difficult. (msdmanuals.com)
Incontinence1
- Our urologists specialize in urinary infections and incontinence, prenatal urology disorders, genitourinary surgical reconstruction and minimally-invasive urological surgery. (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
Autoimmune disorder3
- What triggers an autoimmune disorder is not known. (msdmanuals.com)
- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II, also known as Schmidt syndrome, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which there is a steep drop in production of several essential hormones by the glands that secrete these hormones. (rarediseases.org)
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (i.e., antibodies, lymphocytes etc.) suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. (rarediseases.org)
Congenital disorders1
- These are known as congenital disorders and are sometimes seen before birth using ultrasound. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
Indications1
- The Advanced Textbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (4) lists indications for mantis egg case: "To nourish the kidney, promote yang, arrest seminal emission, and reduce urination. (itmonline.org)
Surgical3
- Surgical solutions to this disorder are available through a transvaginal approach, repairing and reconnecting the appropriate tissues and organs and restoring healthy function. (ohsu.edu)
- Experienced in medical management and surgical correction of many sexual disorders, our providers know that these issues can be particularly sensitive and uncomfortable, and take a personalized treatment approach to each patient's unique situation. (ohsu.edu)
- Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can. (msdmanuals.com)
Diagnostic and St1
- Encopresis, along with enuresis, is classified as an elimination disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5 ). (medscape.com)
Chronic4
- Urological disorders can be either acute or chronic. (healthlabspartners.com)
- Chronic urological disorders are those that develop over time and last for an extended period of time. (healthlabspartners.com)
- Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, a hereditary immunodeficiency disorder, is persistent or recurring infection with Candida (a fungus) due to malfunction of T cells (a type of white. (msdmanuals.com)
- Addison's disease is a rare disorder characterized by chronic and insufficient functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). (rarediseases.org)
Abnormal2
- Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is an older term used to describe a set of clinical signs associated with abnormal urination in cats. (vcahospitals.com)
- Some disorders are due to abnormal development of the baby during pregnancy. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
Urologists1
- Both types of urological disorders can be serious and should be treated by urologists in houston tx . (healthlabspartners.com)
Infections1
- These disorders range from the very common umbilical hernia to infections such as omphalitis, which can be life-threatening. (medscape.com)
Hereditary3
- Polyglandular deficiency syndromes are hereditary disorders in which several endocrine (hormone-producing) glands malfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most cases of this disorder are sporadic although some clinical researchers believe that there is a familial or hereditary trait associated with AIPS-II. (rarediseases.org)
- Hypothyroidism can be caused by disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary centers in the brain, disorders that affect control of the thyroid hormone, blockage in the metabolic process of transporting thyroid or iodine in the thyroid gland itself, or the result of a hereditary disorder called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (rarediseases.org)
Pituitary1
- Adrenal insufficiency may be caused by a disorder of the adrenal glands, a disorder of the pituitary gland. (msdmanuals.com)
Common1
- Do not consider such a problem during intercourse or urination as a common problem. (urethraandpenilesurgery.com)
Include disorders1
- However, over time, as more patients were studied, the scope of the disorder was expanded to include disorders of other underperforming endocrine glands. (rarediseases.org)