Contraction of the UTERINE MUSCLE.
The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.
Drugs that prevent preterm labor and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions (TOCOLYSIS). Agents used to delay premature uterine activity include magnesium sulfate, beta-mimetics, oxytocin antagonists, calcium channel inhibitors, and adrenergic beta-receptor agonists. The use of intravenous alcohol as a tocolytic is now obsolete.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.
An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Period from the onset of true OBSTETRIC LABOR to the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is used in folk medicine (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).
Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).
Measurement or recording of contraction activity of the uterine muscle. It is used to determine progress of LABOR, OBSTETRIC and assess status of pregnancy. It is also used in conjunction with FETAL MONITORING to determine fetal response to stress of maternal uterine contractions.
Drugs that stimulate contraction of the myometrium. They are used to induce LABOR, OBSTETRIC at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (ABORTIFACIENTS). Oxytocics used clinically include the neurohypophyseal hormone OXYTOCIN and certain prostaglandins and ergot alkaloids. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p1157)
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter.
The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
Industrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. Each aroclor is a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (1200 series) or chlorinated terphenyls (5400 series) or a combination of both (4400 series).
An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.
The beginning of true OBSTETRIC LABOR which is characterized by the cyclic uterine contractions of increasing frequency, duration, and strength causing CERVICAL DILATATION to begin (LABOR STAGE, FIRST ).
A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.
A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
(9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Artificially induced UTERINE CONTRACTION. Generally, LABOR, OBSTETRIC is induced with the intent to cause delivery of the fetus and termination of pregnancy.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Muscle contraction with negligible change in the force of contraction but shortening of the distance between the origin and insertion.
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Graphic monitoring of labour. (1/659)

The parturograph is a composite record designed for the monitoring of fetal and maternal well-being and the progress of labour. It permits the early recognition of abnormalities and pinpoints the patients who would benefit most from intervention. Observations are made from the time of admission of the mother to the caseroom and recorded graphically. Factors assessed include fetal heart rate, maternal vital signs and urine, cervical dilatation, descent of the presenting fetal part, and frequency, duration and intensity of uterine contractions.  (+info)

Nitric oxide in the endometrium. (2/659)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of paracrine interactions, especially within the vascular system. It is a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a potent vasodilator. NO is also a neurotransmitter and it plays a role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NO-generating enzymes (nitric oxide synthases, NOS) have been described in the endometrium of a number of species, suggesting that NO might be involved in endometrial function. In human endometrium, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS have been localized to glandular epithelium in the non-pregnant uterus. Weak inducible NOS immunoreactivity has been observed in decidualized stromal cells. NO might participate in the initiation and control of menstrual bleeding. Furthermore, it may play a part in the inhibition of platelet aggregation within the endometrium, where menstrual haemostasis is thought to occur primarily by vasoconstriction rather than clot organization. Endometrially derived NO could also suppress myometrial contractility. Recent attention has focused on the part that NO might play in maintaining myometrial quiescence during pregnancy. NO also appears to relax the non-pregnant myometrium, an action which could be exploited for the medical treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.  (+info)

Antagonistic effects of trifluoperazine, imipramine, and chlorpromazine against acetylcholine-induced contractions in isolated rat uterus. (3/659)

AIM: To examine the effects and affinity of some phenothizines (trifluoperazine, Tri and chlorpromazine, Chl) and antidepressant (imipramine, Imi) drugs on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced uterine contraction. METHODS: Isotonic contractions of rat uterine strips were recorded. ACh was administrated to induce maximal contraction before exchange of nutrient solution. ACh was added 5 min after the testing drugs. The nutrient solution was exchanged 4 times after each agonist (ACh or other agents) to produce maximal contraction. RESULTS: Atropine (Atr, 0.029-2.9 mumol.L-1), 4-DAMP (3.6-360 nmol.L-1), pirenzepine (Pir, 0.23-23.5 mumol.L-1), and AF-DX 116 (0.7-35.6 mumol.L-1) competitively antagonized the muscular uterine concentration induced by ACh (0.068-36068 mumol.L-1). The Schild plot was linear (r = 1.00). The pKB and slopes values (95% confidence limits) were 9.28 +/- 0.12 and 1.00 +/- 0.10 to Atr, 9.06 +/- 0.10 and 1.10 +/- 0.08 to 4-DAMP, 7.03 +/- 0.15 and 0.99 +/- 0.12 to Pir, and 5.60 +/- 0.08 and 1.00 +/- 0.19 to AF-DX 116. Tri 0.01-2 mumol.L-1 (pKB = 8.39 +/- 0.04) and Imi 94-940 nmol.L-1 (pKB = 7.21 +/- 0.10) produced also a competitive antagonism of the muscular uterine contraction induced by ACh (r = 1.00), but the slope was only 0.60 +/- 0.03 to Tri or 0.83 +/- 0.16 to Imi. Chl 2.8-5.6 mumol.L-1 produced a weak antagonism on amplitude of muscular contraction induced by the cholinomimetic. CONCLUSION: The muscarinic receptors on uterus behaved as M3 subtype. Tri and Imi, but not Chl, were competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors of uterus. Imi behaved a simple competitive antagonist at a single site on myometrium, but Tri was not a simple competitive agent at a single site.  (+info)

Interleukin-8 potentiates the effect of interleukin-1-induced uterine contractions. (4/659)

The aim of this research was to study the effect of exogenous interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1 and IL-8 + IL-1 on uterine contractions in rabbits. Four equal groups of non-pregnant rabbits (n = 24) were investigated using either placebo or experimental drugs in the form of vaginal suppositories. The suppositories contained human recombinant IL-8 (200 ng), IL-1 (200 ng), IL-8 (200 ng) + IL-1 (200 ng) or vehicle Witepsol base, 500 microliters). Subsequently, the plasma concentration of prostaglandin (PG) E2 was estimated 3 h after the last dose of treatment. Neutrophil infiltration in the endometrial tissue was studied with anti-rabbit RT2 staining. Suppositories with IL-1 and IL-8 + IL-1 produced contractile responses with increased frequency (P < 0.003, P < 0.0005) and amplitude (P < 0.0001) in vivo, compared with vehicle. IL-1 and IL-8 + IL-1 also caused similar contractile effects with increased frequency (P < 0.01, P < 0.0007) and amplitude (P < 0.0001) in an in-vitro experiment than vehicle. The frequency and amplitude of uterine contractions were more significant with IL-8 + IL-1 than that of IL-1, both in vivo (P < 0.002, P < 0.05) and in vitro (P < 0.005, P < 0.01). IL-8 did not induce any contractions. Prostaglandin concentration was increased approximately 8-fold with IL-8 + IL-1 (P < 0.0001) and 2.5-fold with IL-1 treatment (P < 0.0001). Neutrophil numbers were significantly increased with IL-8 + IL-1 > IL-8 > IL-1 (P < 0.002, P < 0.0003 and P < 0.008) compared with vehicle. Our data suggest that IL-8 stimulates IL-1-induced uterine contractions through PGE2 production and could be an important process during labour and delivery.  (+info)

A tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, regulated by calcium entry and dissociated from tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma-1, is involved in inositol phosphate production by activated G protein-coupled receptors in myometrium. (5/659)

Our experiments were conducted to evaluate, in rat myometrium, the potential contribution of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) pathway in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate mediated by bombesin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and carbachol. The production of inositol phosphates (InsP) by agonists and AlF4- was partly inhibited (35-40%) by genistein and tyrphostins, two PTK inhibitors. Genistein attenuated uterine contractions elicited by the stimulation of muscarinic and bombesin receptors, whereas pervanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, potentiated receptor-mediated contraction. Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were detected in detergent extracts from agonist- and pervanadate-stimulated myometrium. The amount of InsP produced in response to pervanadate was related to the tyrosine phosphorylation status of phospholipase C-gamma1. In contrast, with ET-1 and bombesin, phosphorylated phospholipase C-gamma1 made a minor contribution. Additional findings were rather consistent with a role for Ca2+. In fura-2-loaded cells, genistein partly decreased both the transient and sustained intracellular Ca2+ concentration phases induced by bombesin. The removal of extracellular Ca2+ or the addition of nifedipine inhibited (35%) InsP production due to bombesin and ET-1. The inhibitory effects of genistein and tyrphostins were abolished in Ca2+-depleted medium, were not additive with that of nifedipine, and (as for nifedipine) were counteracted by the Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644. The data are consistent with a PTK-mediated process in the activation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ influx that is involved in the production of InsP by stimulated G protein-coupled receptors.  (+info)

Stimulation of pregnant rat uterine contraction by the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture aroclor 1242 may be mediated by arachidonic acid release through activation of phospholipase A2 enzymes. (6/659)

The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1242 (A1242) increases frequency of contractions of pregnant rat uteri, suggesting a possible mechanism for decreased gestational age and increased spontaneous abortion in women and animals exposed to PCBs. In the present study, we hypothesized that A1242-induced stimulation of uterine contraction is mediated by arachidonic acid released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. Isometric uterine contraction was measured in longitudinal uterine strips isolated from gestation day 10 rat. Pretreatment of uterine strips with the PLA2 inhibitor (E)-6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (HELSS) or manoalide, or an inhibitor of the G protein of PLA2, isotetrandrine, completely prevented the increase of contractile frequency induced by 50 microM A1242. However, the phospholipase C inhibitors 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC) and neomycin were unable to block stimulation of uterine contraction by A1242. In accordance, A1242 (100 microM) did not release inositol phosphates from myo-[3H]inositol-labeled myometrial cells, whereas myometrial cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid released arachidonic acid in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure to A1242 (10-100 microM). A1242 significantly stimulated arachidonic acid release in the absence of extracellular calcium, although the release was attenuated. Analysis of the eicosanoids released by A1242 indicated that only 0.83% of released [3H]arachidonic acid was metabolized to eicosanoids and 99.07% remained as free arachidonate. Uterine contraction increased in strips exposed to exogenous arachidonic acid (1-100 microM). This study suggests that A1242 stimulates contraction in pregnant rat uterus by a mechanism involving PLA2-mediated arachidonic acid release, and that arachidonic acid, rather than eicosanoids, may mediate A1242 uterotonic action in the uterus.  (+info)

The mode of action of contractile effects induced by external calcium and its related bivalent cations in the KCl-depolarized rat uterus. (7/659)

The cumulative log dose-response curve (DRC) isometrically produced by CaCl2 on depolarized uteri of rats in Ca2+-free KCl Ringer's solution (pH 7.8) showed a plateau-shaped type, when responses were plotted as a percent of the maximal tension of 50 micrometer acetylcholine, whereas those produced by BaCl2 or SrCl2 were a simple sigmoid type with the maximal response near the height of the plateau induced by Ca2+. The plateau phase of Ca2+ was inhibited competitively by Mg2+ (0.5--50 mM) and non-competitively by Mn2+ (30 micrometer--1 mM), whereas the maximal contraction of Ca2+ was not inhibited by either ion. Dantrolene (0.1 mM) inhibited both the plateau and the maximal contraction of Ca 2+ and retained the plateau-shaped type. EGTA (2mM) potentiated the plateau to the maximal response level and changed the DRC induced by Ca2+ to the simple sigmoid type. From these results, the plateau of DRC induced by Ca2+ seems to be mainly due to actions of external Ca2+ on the calcium binding of internal surface of cell membrane, suggesting that the internal surface is the site of the bivalent cations tested.  (+info)

The effect of indomethacin on uterine contractility and luteal regression in pregnant rats at term. (8/659)

Treatment of pregnant rats with 1 mg indomethacin/kg twice daily i.m. beginning on Day 20 delayed the onset of parturition by about 21 hr and prolonged the duration of spontaneous parturition by 4 hr. Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were determined in daily samples of peripheral blood, and uterine contractions were recorded before and during parturition by means of small, chronically implanted intrauterine balloons which were connected to pressure transducers via fluid-filled catheters. Indomethacin treatment did not inhibit or suppress spontaneous or oxytocin-induced contractions, which were of the same intensity in indomethacin-treated as in control rats. Parturition was induced with oxytocin in the same proportion of treated and control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in controls. The onset of parturition was always related to the plasma progesterone level, which declined at a slower rate in indomethacin-treated than in control rats, reaching baseline values approximately 1 day later in the treated animals. The appearance of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the CL of pregnant rats normally occurs on Day 21 of gestation, but activity was not observed until about 1 (0-3) day later in the indomethacin-treated rats, indicating that luteolysis was retarded. Prostaglandin F-2alpha infusions given on Day 21 reversed the effects of indomethacin treatment on plasma progesterone, luteal 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the timing and duration of parturition, and reduced the high perinatal mortality associated with indomethacin treatment, suggesting that the effects of indomethacin were related to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthetase activity. It is concluded that, in rats, indomethacin exerts its effects on parturition through inhibition of luteal regression which was significantly retarded but not prevented, and that indomethacin does not have a direct effect on myometrial contractility.  (+info)

A uterine contraction is a rhythmic, involuntary muscle tightening that occurs in the uterus. These contractions are primarily caused by the activation of smooth muscle cells within the uterine wall, known as myometrial cells. They play a crucial role in various reproductive processes, including menstruation, implantation of a fertilized egg, and childbirth (labor).

During labor, strong and frequent uterine contractions help to dilate the cervix and efface (thin) the lower part of the uterus. As the contractions become more intense and regular, they assist in moving the baby down through the birth canal, ultimately resulting in delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, ensuring proper coordination and timing throughout the reproductive process.

The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of the uterine wall, composed mainly of smooth muscle cells. It is responsible for the strong contractions during labor and can also contribute to bleeding during menstruation or childbirth. The myometrium is able to stretch and expand to accommodate a growing fetus and then contract during labor to help push the baby out. It also plays a role in maintaining the structure and shape of the uterus, and in protecting the internal organs within the pelvic cavity.

Tocolytic agents are a type of medication used in obstetrics to suppress premature labor. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle of the uterus, thereby reducing contractions and delaying delivery. Commonly used tocolytic agents include beta-adrenergic agonists (such as terbutaline), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (such as indomethacin). It's important to note that the use of tocolytic agents is typically reserved for specific clinical situations, and their benefits must be weighed against potential risks to both the mother and fetus.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including social bonding, childbirth, and breastfeeding. During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to facilitate labor and delivery. After giving birth, oxytocin continues to be released in large amounts during breastfeeding, promoting milk letdown and contributing to the development of the maternal-infant bond.

In social contexts, oxytocin has been referred to as the "love hormone" or "cuddle hormone," as it is involved in social bonding, trust, and attachment. It can be released during physical touch, such as hugging or cuddling, and may contribute to feelings of warmth and closeness between individuals.

In addition to its roles in childbirth, breastfeeding, and social bonding, oxytocin has been implicated in other physiological functions, including regulating blood pressure, reducing anxiety, and modulating pain perception.

Ritodrine is a medication that was previously used to prevent or delay premature labor in women at high risk. It is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, which works by relaxing uterine muscles and slowing down contractions. However, its use in clinical practice has been largely discontinued due to the availability of more effective and safer alternatives for tocolysis (the suppression of premature labor). It's important to note that Ritodrine is not currently a commonly used medication in obstetrics.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

An abortifacient agent is a substance or drug that causes abortion by inducing the uterus to contract and expel a fetus. These agents can be chemical or herbal substances, and they work by interfering with the implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterine lining or by stimulating uterine contractions to expel the developing embryo or fetus.

Examples of abortifacient agents include misoprostol, mifepristone, and certain herbs such as pennyroyal, tansy, and black cohosh. It is important to note that the use of abortifacient agents can have serious health consequences, including infection, bleeding, and damage to the reproductive system. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any abortifacient agent.

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The first stage of labor is the period of time when the cervix dilates (opens) and effaces (thins out). This stage is further divided into two phases: the latent phase and the active phase. During the latent phase, the cervix begins to dilate and may progress slowly or stop and start. Contractions are often mild and irregular during this time. The active phase is characterized by more intense and regular contractions that cause the cervix to dilate more rapidly, typically at a rate of 1 cm per hour in first-time mothers.

The first stage of labor ends when the cervix is fully dilated (10 cm) and effaced, which signals the transition to the second stage of labor. During this stage, the mother begins pushing efforts to deliver the baby. It's important to note that the duration of each phase and the overall length of the first stage of labor can vary widely among individuals.

Coix is the medical term for a genus of plants commonly known as Job's tears. The seeds of this plant have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures, including Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. They are believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties, among others. However, it is important to note that the use of Coix as a medical treatment should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as its effectiveness and safety have not been fully studied in clinical trials.

Premature obstetric labor, also known as preterm labor, is defined as regular contractions leading to cervical changes that begin before 37 weeks of gestation. This condition can result in premature birth and potentially complications for the newborn, depending on how early the delivery occurs. It's important to note that premature labor requires medical attention and intervention to try to stop or delay it, if possible, to allow for further fetal development.

Uterine monitoring is a medical procedure that involves the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of uterine activity, typically during labor. This is usually done to assess the strength and frequency of uterine contractions, as well as the fetal response to those contractions. There are various methods for uterine monitoring, including:

1. External tocodynamometry: A device that measures the tension on the abdominal wall, which can provide an estimate of the strength and frequency of uterine contractions.
2. Internal uterine pressure catheter: A thin tube that is inserted through the cervix into the uterus to measure the actual pressure generated by uterine contractions.
3. Cardiotocography (CTG): A method that combines both electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and uterine contraction monitoring, providing a continuous record of both the fetal heart rate and uterine activity.

Uterine monitoring is essential for evaluating labor progression, detecting potential complications such as fetal distress or abnormal uterine activity, and guiding clinical decision-making during childbirth.

Oxytocics are a class of medications that stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth muscle. They are primarily used in obstetrics to induce or augment labor, and to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin is the most commonly used oxytocic and is naturally produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Synthetic forms of oxytocin, such as Pitocin, are often used in medical settings to induce labor or reduce postpartum bleeding. Other medications with oxytocic properties include ergometrine and methylergometrine. It's important to note that the use of oxytocics should be monitored carefully as overuse can lead to excessive uterine contractions, which may compromise fetal oxygenation and increase the risk of uterine rupture.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Oxytocin receptors are specialized protein structures found on the surface of cells, primarily in the uterus and mammary glands. They bind to the hormone oxytocin, which is produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland.

When oxytocin binds to its receptor, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to various physiological responses. In the uterus, oxytocin receptors play a crucial role in promoting contractions during labor and childbirth. In the mammary glands, they stimulate milk letdown and ejection during breastfeeding.

Oxytocin receptors have also been identified in other tissues, including the brain, heart, and kidneys, where they are involved in a variety of functions such as social bonding, sexual behavior, stress response, and cardiovascular regulation. Dysregulation of oxytocin receptor function has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and hypertension.

Parturition is the process of giving birth, or the act of delivering newborn offspring. In medical terms, it refers to the expulsion of the products of conception (such as the fetus, placenta, and membranes) from the uterus of a pregnant woman during childbirth. This process is regulated by hormonal changes and involves complex interactions between the mother's body and the developing fetus. Parturition typically occurs after a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 40 weeks in humans.

Aroclors are a series of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures that were manufactured by the Monsanto Company. They were widely used as cooling and insulating fluids in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and electrical insulating properties.

The term "Aroclor" is followed by a four-digit number that indicates the specific mixture and its average degree of chlorination. For example, Aroclor 1242 contains approximately 42% chlorine by weight, while Aroclor 1260 contains approximately 60% chlorine by weight.

Because of their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to humans and wildlife, the production and use of PCBs, including Aroclors, were banned in the United States in 1979 under the Toxic Substances Control Act. However, due to their widespread historical use, PCBs continue to be a significant environmental pollutant and can still be found in many older electrical equipment, building materials, and soil and water samples.

Lindane is defined in medical terms as an agricultural and pharmaceutical compound that contains thegamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). It has been used as a topical treatment for scabies and lice infestations, although its use is now limited due to concerns about toxicity and environmental persistence. Lindane works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. However, it can also have similar effects on mammals, including humans, at high doses or with prolonged exposure. Therefore, its use is restricted and alternatives are recommended for the treatment of scabies and lice.

Isometric contraction is a type of muscle activation where the muscle contracts without any change in the length of the muscle or movement at the joint. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle matches the external force opposing it, resulting in a balanced state with no visible movement. It is commonly experienced during activities such as holding a heavy object in static position or trying to push against an immovable object. Isometric contractions are important in maintaining posture and providing stability to joints.

Labor onset, also known as the start of labor, refers to the beginning of regular and coordinated uterine contractions that ultimately result in the delivery of a baby. This is usually marked by the presence of regular contractions that increase in intensity and frequency over time, along with cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening of the cervix).

There are two types of labor onset: spontaneous and induced. Spontaneous labor onset occurs naturally, without any medical intervention, while induced labor onset is initiated by medical professionals using various methods such as medication or mechanical dilation of the cervix.

It's important to note that the onset of labor can be a challenging concept to define precisely, and different healthcare providers may use slightly different criteria to diagnose the start of labor.

Vasotocin is not generally recognized as a medical term or a well-established physiological concept in human medicine. However, it is a term used in comparative endocrinology and animal physiology to refer to a nonapeptide hormone that is functionally and structurally similar to arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in mammals.

Vasotocin is found in various non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles, where it plays roles in regulating water balance, blood pressure, social behaviors, and reproduction. In these animals, vasotocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the circulation to exert its effects on target organs.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, vasotocin can be defined as a neuropeptide hormone that regulates various physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates, with structural and functional similarities to mammalian arginine vasopressin.

Dinoprost is a synthetic form of prostaglandin F2α, which is a naturally occurring hormone-like substance in the body. It is used in veterinary medicine as a uterotonic agent to induce labor and abortion in various animals such as cows and pigs. In human medicine, it may be used off-label for similar purposes, but its use must be under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks.

It is important to note that Dinoprost is not approved by the FDA for use in humans, and its availability may vary depending on the country or region. Always consult with a licensed healthcare professional before using any medication, including Dinoprost.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

Prostaglandin F (PGF) is a type of prostaglandin, which is a group of lipid compounds that are synthesized in the body from fatty acids and have diverse hormone-like effects. Prostaglandin F is a naturally occurring compound that is produced in various tissues throughout the body, including the uterus, lungs, and kidneys.

There are two major types of prostaglandin F: PGF1α and PGF2α. These compounds play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including:

* Uterine contraction: Prostaglandin F helps to stimulate uterine contractions during labor and childbirth. It is also involved in the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation.
* Bronchodilation: In the lungs, prostaglandin F can help to relax bronchial smooth muscle and promote bronchodilation.
* Renal function: Prostaglandin F helps to regulate blood flow and fluid balance in the kidneys.

Prostaglandin F is also used as a medication to induce labor, treat postpartum hemorrhage, and manage some types of glaucoma. It is available in various forms, including injections, tablets, and eye drops.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.

Myocardial contraction refers to the rhythmic and forceful shortening of heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the myocardium, which is the muscular wall of the heart. This process is initiated by electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial node, causing a wave of depolarization that spreads throughout the heart.

During myocardial contraction, calcium ions flow into the myocytes, triggering the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, which are the contractile proteins in the muscle cells. This interaction causes the myofilaments to slide past each other, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscle contraction) and ultimately leading to the contraction of the heart muscle.

Myocardial contraction is essential for pumping blood throughout the body and maintaining adequate circulation to vital organs. Any impairment in myocardial contractility can lead to various cardiac disorders, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by relaxing the muscles of the blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow to the heart. Diltiazem may also be used to reduce the risk of heart attack in patients with coronary artery disease.

The medication is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and extended-release capsules. It is usually taken orally, one to three times a day, depending on the formulation and the individual patient's needs. Diltiazem may cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and constipation.

It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you have, before starting diltiazem.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Extraembryonic membranes are specialized structures that form around the developing embryo in utero and provide vital support and protection during fetal development. There are three main extraembryonic membranes: the amnion, the chorion, and the allantois.

The amnion is the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo itself, forming a fluid-filled sac known as the amniotic cavity. This sac provides a protective cushion for the developing embryo and helps to regulate its temperature and moisture levels.

The chorion is the outermost of the extraembryonic membranes, and it forms the boundary between the developing fetus and the mother's uterine wall. The chorion contains blood vessels that exchange nutrients and waste products with the mother's circulation, allowing for the growth and development of the fetus.

The allantois is a small membranous sac that arises from the developing fetal gut and eventually becomes part of the umbilical cord. It serves as a reservoir for fetal urine and helps to exchange waste products between the fetal and maternal circulations.

Together, these extraembryonic membranes play a critical role in supporting fetal development and ensuring a healthy pregnancy.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Nifedipine is an antihypertensive and calcium channel blocker medication. It works by relaxing the muscles of the blood vessels, which helps to lower blood pressure and improve the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Nifedipine is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), angina (chest pain), and certain types of heart rhythm disorders.

In medical terms, nifedipine can be defined as: "A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and Raynaud's phenomenon. It works by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, which results in relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle and decreased workload on the heart."

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used in the medical termination of pregnancy (also known as medication abortion or RU-486). It works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Mifepristone is often used in combination with misoprostol to cause uterine contractions and expel the products of conception from the uterus.

It's also known as an antiprogestin or progesterone receptor modulator, which means it can bind to progesterone receptors in the body and block their activity. In addition to its use in pregnancy termination, mifepristone has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-dependent cancers.

It is important to note that Mifepristone should be administered under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional and it is not available over the counter. Also, it has some contraindications and potential side effects, so it's essential to have a consultation with a doctor before taking this medication.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Prostaglandins are naturally occurring, lipid-derived hormones that play various important roles in the human body. They are produced in nearly every tissue in response to injury or infection, and they have diverse effects depending on the site of release and the type of prostaglandin. Some of their functions include:

1. Regulation of inflammation: Prostaglandins contribute to the inflammatory response by increasing vasodilation, promoting fluid accumulation, and sensitizing pain receptors, which can lead to symptoms such as redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
2. Modulation of gastrointestinal functions: Prostaglandins protect the stomach lining from acid secretion and promote mucus production, maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa. They also regulate intestinal motility and secretion.
3. Control of renal function: Prostaglandins help regulate blood flow to the kidneys, maintain sodium balance, and control renin release, which affects blood pressure and fluid balance.
4. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction: Prostaglandins can cause both relaxation and contraction of smooth muscles in various tissues, such as the uterus, bronchioles, and vascular system.
5. Modulation of platelet aggregation: Some prostaglandins inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots from forming too quickly or becoming too large.
6. Reproductive system regulation: Prostaglandins are involved in the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and labor induction by promoting uterine contractions.
7. Neurotransmission: Prostaglandins can modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability, affecting pain perception, mood, and cognition.

Prostaglandins exert their effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found on the surface of target cells. There are several distinct types of prostaglandins (PGs), including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2 (prostacyclin), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Each type has unique functions and acts through specific receptors. Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from membrane phospholipids, by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit COX activity, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and providing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects.

Estrus is a term used in veterinary medicine to describe the physiological and behavioral state of female mammals that are ready to mate and conceive. It refers to the period of time when the female's reproductive system is most receptive to fertilization.

During estrus, the female's ovaries release one or more mature eggs (ovulation) into the fallopian tubes, where they can be fertilized by sperm from a male. This phase of the estrous cycle is often accompanied by changes in behavior and physical appearance, such as increased vocalization, restlessness, and swelling of the genital area.

The duration and frequency of estrus vary widely among different species of mammals. In some animals, such as dogs and cats, estrus occurs regularly at intervals of several weeks or months, while in others, such as cows and mares, it may only occur once or twice a year.

It's important to note that the term "estrus" is not used to describe human reproductive physiology. In humans, the equivalent phase of the menstrual cycle is called ovulation.

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:

1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.

Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that allow for the direct exchange of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals between adjacent cells. They are composed of arrays of channels called connexons, which penetrate the cell membranes of two neighboring cells and create a continuous pathway for the passage of materials from one cytoplasm to the other. Each connexon is formed by the assembly of six proteins called connexins, which are encoded by different genes and vary in their biophysical properties. Gap junctions play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including the coordination of electrical activity in excitable tissues, the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Mutations or dysfunctions in gap junction channels have been implicated in various human diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, skin disorders, and cancer.

Albuterol is a medication that is used to treat bronchospasm, or narrowing of the airways in the lungs, in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a short-acting beta-2 agonist, which means it works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe. Albuterol is available in several forms, including an inhaler, nebulizer solution, and syrup, and it is typically used as needed to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm. It may also be used before exercise to prevent bronchospasm caused by physical activity.

The medical definition of Albuterol is: "A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe."

Ultrasonography, Doppler refers to a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the movement of blood flow through vessels, tissues, or heart valves. The Doppler effect is used to measure the frequency shift of the ultrasound waves as they bounce off moving red blood cells, which allows for the calculation of the speed and direction of blood flow. This technique is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, heart valve abnormalities, and fetal heart development during pregnancy. It does not use radiation or contrast agents and is considered safe with minimal risks.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of 209 individual compounds, known as congeners. The congeners are formed by the combination of two benzene rings with varying numbers and positions of chlorine atoms.

PCBs were widely used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and insulating properties. They were also used in other applications, including coolants and lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, and copy oils. Although PCBs were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s due to their toxicity and environmental persistence, they still pose significant health and environmental concerns because of their continued presence in the environment and in products manufactured before the ban.

PCBs are known to have various adverse health effects on humans and animals, including cancer, immune system suppression, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and endocrine disruption. They can also cause neurological damage and learning and memory impairment in both human and animal populations. PCBs are highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, leading to higher concentrations in animals at the top of the food chain, including humans.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

An isotonic contraction in physiology and medicine refers to a type of muscle contraction where the muscle shortens while maintaining a constant tension. "Isotonic" comes from two Greek words: "iso," meaning equal, and "tonos," meaning tone or tension. During an isotonic contraction, the force generated by the muscle remains constant even as it changes length.

In the context of exercise and physiology, isotonic contractions are often discussed in relation to weightlifting or resistance training exercises. For example, when you lift a dumbbell and then lower it in a controlled manner, your muscles are performing isotonic contractions. The tension in the muscle remains relatively constant throughout the range of motion, even though the length of the muscle changes as you lift and lower the weight.

It's worth noting that there is some debate among experts about the precise definition and classification of different types of muscle contractions, including isotonic contractions. Some sources may use slightly different definitions or terminology depending on the context and their specific area of expertise.

Vasoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. This process decreases the diameter of the lumen (the inner space of the blood vessel) and reduces blood flow through the affected vessels. Vasoconstriction can occur throughout the body, but it is most noticeable in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, which control the amount of blood that flows into the capillary network.

The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, plays a significant role in regulating vasoconstriction through the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Various hormones and chemical mediators, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and serotonin, can also induce vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction is a vital physiological response that helps maintain blood pressure and regulate blood flow distribution in the body. However, excessive or prolonged vasoconstriction may contribute to several pathological conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases.

Ovariectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. It is also known as "ovary removal" or "oophorectomy." This procedure is often performed as a treatment for various medical conditions, including ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic pain. Ovariectomy can also be part of a larger surgical procedure called an hysterectomy, in which the uterus is also removed.

In some cases, an ovariectomy may be performed as a preventative measure for individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is known as a prophylactic ovariectomy. After an ovariectomy, a person will no longer have menstrual periods and will be unable to become pregnant naturally. Hormone replacement therapy may be recommended in some cases to help manage symptoms associated with the loss of hormones produced by the ovaries.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

Uterine contractions are muscle contractions of the uterine smooth muscle that occur during the menstrual cycle and labour. ... Uterine contractions are part of the process of natural childbirth (i.e., not by Caesarean section). During labor, uterine ... Uterine contractions occur throughout the menstrual cycle in the non-pregnant state and throughout gestation. Uterine ... Uterine contractions can be monitored by cardiotocography, in which a device is affixed to the skin of the mother or directly ...
... uterine contraction in childbirth; and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses including those contributing to ... In animal models and human tissues, they act through TP to promote platelet responses and stimulate blood vessel contraction. ... Along with PGF2α acting through its FP receptor, TXA2 acting through TP contracts uterine smooth muscle preparations from ... deletion of TBXA2R prevented the development of airways contraction and pulmonary eosinophilia responses to allergen. Another ...
Uterine contraction assists in delivering the placenta. Uterine contraction reduces the placental surface area, often forming a ... and through physical mechanisms uterine massage (the fundus) also causes uterine contractions. Controlled cord traction (CCT) ... Methods of active management include umbilical cord clamping, stimulation of uterine contraction and cord traction. Active ... A hand is inserted through the vagina into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then ...
During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine ... This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring. Uterine activity is ... is used to stimulate uterine contractions. This is a procedure that relies on endogenous release of oxytocin following nipple ... to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor ...
It also produces uterine contractions. Due to cervical softening and contraction of the uterine muscles, it helps to expel the ... Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a "safe and effective method of abortion that involves evacuation of the uterine contents by ... often running the risk of hemorrhage or uterine infections. WHO and FIGO issued a joint recommendation which stated that ...
... is also expressed in fetal membranes and the uterine tissue. Uterine contractions are inhibited by leptin. Leptin plays ... Moynihan AT, Hehir MP, Glavey SV, Smith TJ, Morrison JJ (August 2006). "Inhibitory effect of leptin on human uterine ... IL-6 is released in response to muscular contractions). Thus, it is speculated that leptin responds specifically to adipose- ...
... , also known as practice contractions or false labor, are sporadic uterine contractions that may ... On a physical exam, some uterine muscle tightening may be palpable, but there should be no palpable contraction in the uterine ... He examined the prevalence of uterine contractions throughout pregnancy and determined that contractions that do not lead to ... Dunn PM (1999). "John Braxton Hicks (1823-97) and painless uterine contractions". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 81 (2): ...
Women also experience uterine and vaginal contractions. Orgasms in females can vary widely from individual to individual. They ... Thereafter, each contraction is associated with a diminishing volume of semen and a milder sensation of pleasure. ... Orgasm is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surround both the anus and the ... and muscles at the base of the penis begin a steady rhythmic contraction. Males may start to secrete seminal fluid or pre- ...
During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine ... This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring. Uterine activity is ... to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor ... A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy (34 weeks' gestation) ...
With further uterine contractions the baby suffocates. The uterus continues to try to expel the impacted fetus and as its ... Diab AE (2005). "Uterine ruptures in Yemen". Saudi Medical Journal. 26 (2): 264-9. PMID 15770303. Chamiso B (October 1995). " ... Other factors are a lax abdominal musculature, uterine overdistension (i.e., polyhydramnios), multiple gestation, placenta ... uterine rupture and bleeding. On occasion, if the baby was macerated and small, it collapsed sufficiently to be delivered. The ...
The hospital administered Pitocin to induce uterine contractions. Anesthesiologist Dmitry Anatolevich Shelchkov improperly ...
... promotion of maternal behaviors and stimulations of uterine contractions, among others roles. Uterine muscle contractions are ... contraction occurs in the upper uterine segment while relaxation occurs in the lower uterine segment. Not as efficacious for ... Tachysystole is an increased rate of uterine contractions. If this occurs, it can be managed by lowering the dosage of oxytocin ... There are multiple techniques available to stimulate uterine contractions including mechanical, pharmacological, and ...
Prostaglandins also cause uterine contractions in pregnant women. Indometacin is an effective tocolytic agent, able to delay ... premature labor by reducing uterine contractions through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the uterus and possibly ...
"Alfeld's sign": Irregular uterine contraction after the third month of pregnancy. Die Technik der Schwangerenuntersuchung, 1873 ...
Vaginal contractions should not be confused with uterine contractions. Muscle tone Pelvic floor muscles Bohlen, JG; Held, JP; ... Vaginal contractions are contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina, especially the pubococcygeus muscle. ... Vaginal contractions are caused by both the activity of certain brain regions and the release of the hormone oxytocin. It has ... Involuntary vaginal contractions may arise from non-sexual causes. Involuntary spasm of the muscles around the vagina, usually ...
Menstruation may be accompanied by a series of uterine contractions; these help expel the menstrual endometrium. If there is ... Organisms from the vaginal microbiota could enter the uterus during uterine contractions in the menstrual cycle. Further ... It is possible to identify the phase of the menstrual cycle by reference to either the ovarian cycle or the uterine cycle by ... The functional layer is adjacent to the uterine cavity. This layer is built up after the end of menstruation during the first ...
However, PGE2 is not feticidal, and only induces abortion by stimulating uterine contractions. It is recommended that 20 mg of ... Common side effects of PGE2 include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and excessive uterine contraction. In babies there may ... Dinoprostone has important effects in labor by inducing softening of the cervix and causing uterine contraction, and also ... PGE2 achieves cervical ripening and softening by stimulating uterine contractions as well as directly acting on the collagenase ...
Other symptoms include strong uterine contractions, nausea, seizures, and unconsciousness. Since the Middle Ages, controlled ...
The midwife does regular assessments for uterine contraction, fundal height, and vaginal bleeding. Throughout labor and ... such as stronger and more efficient uterine contractions aiding cervical dilatation, increased pelvic inlet and outlet ... Just like the contractions in the first stage of labour they may experience one or two of these. The midwife may assist the ... Contractions gradually become stronger, more frequent, and longer lasting. Second stage of labor During the second stage the ...
The most prominent sign of labour is strong repetitive uterine contractions. Pain in contractions has been described as feeling ... During a contraction, uterine muscles contract causing shortening of the upper segment and drawing upwards of the lower segment ... Braxton Hicks contractions are the uterine muscles preparing to deliver the infant. Cervical effacement, which is the thinning ... Definitions of the onset of labour include: Regular uterine contractions at least every six minutes with evidence of change in ...
In human preterm labour, atosiban, at the recommended dosage, antagonises uterine contractions and induces uterine quiescence. ... uterine contractions being significantly reduced within 10 minutes to achieve stable uterine quiescence. Atosiban is useful in ... Wu MY, Chen SU, Yang YS (December 2011). "Using atosiban in uterine contractions of early pregnancies after assisted ... From 2004 to 2010, 33 first-trimester pregnancies with vaginal bleeding after ART with evident uterine contractions, when using ...
Uterine contractions and maternal muscle tone encourage the head to flex. Oxygen deprivation may occur from either cord ... The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions causes the baby's head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back ... As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and ...
A 95% ethanol extract of C. comosa decreased uterine smooth muscle contraction in rats. An ethyl acetate extract of the rhizome ... on the contraction of intact and isolated rat uterus. Chulalongkorn University. MSc Thesis Abstract. Piyachaturawat, P., N. ...
Uterine contractions are sometimes painful and comfort can be provided by suggesting different positions. Walking around, with ... The sensation and strength of postpartum uterine contractions can be stronger in women who have previously delivered a child or ... Pain can come from possible lacerations, incisions, uterine contractions and sore nipples. Appropriate medications are usually ... It begins its contractions and by twelve hours after the birth it can be felt to be at the level of the umbilicus. The uterus ...
These substances promote uterine contractions and cervical ripening, causations of premature birth. The risk of developing ... uterine tenderness and preterm rupture of membranes. Causes of chorioamnionitis stem from bacterial infection as well as ...
Oxytocin functions to induce uterine contractions, stimulate lactation, and allows for ejaculation. Thyroid gland follicular ...
Pain can come from possible lacerations, incisions, uterine contractions and sore nipples. Appropriate medications are usually ... Instead, it is caused by contractions of the uterus that are pushing the baby down and out of the birth canal. In other words, ... the strength of the contractions, and her outlook. Tension increases pain during labor. Virtually all women worry about how ... which may help stimulate contractions and facilitate cervical dilatation. Various types of massage may also help soothe and ...
Pain can come from possible lacerations, incisions, uterine contractions and sore nipples. Appropriate medications are usually ... Slow delivery of the head in between contractions will result in the least perineal damage. Studies in 2010 based on interviews ...
They cause powerful uterine contractions, leading to the expulsion of the fetus. When taken clandestinely, pregnant people do ...
... is a condition of excessively frequent uterine contractions during pregnancy. It is most often seen in ... Oxytocin is suspected to be a contributor to abnormally increased uterine contractions and uterine tachysystole, but further ... or uterine pressure. During a contraction, uterine blood flow becomes disrupted as myometrial pressure elevates to a higher ... Uterine tachysystole is defined as more than 5 contractions in 10 minutes, averaged over a 30-minute period. Excessive ...
Uterine contractions are muscle contractions of the uterine smooth muscle that occur during the menstrual cycle and labour. ... Uterine contractions are part of the process of natural childbirth (i.e., not by Caesarean section). During labor, uterine ... Uterine contractions occur throughout the menstrual cycle in the non-pregnant state and throughout gestation. Uterine ... Uterine contractions can be monitored by cardiotocography, in which a device is affixed to the skin of the mother or directly ...
Control of uterine contraction: role of interstitial cells. *Parkington, Helena (Primary Chief Investigator (PCI)) ...
Also known as: Hypertonicity of the uterus / Uterine hypertonus / Cervical spasm / Uterine hyperstimulation ...
Fetal tracing with uterine contraction. by Marcus Boston , Apr 15, 2021 , 0 comments ...
Drug # 2. Uterine Stimulants: Apart from prostaglandin, the other drugs which stimulate uterine contractions are oxytocin and ... These are the drugs that inhibit uterine contractions. β2 agonists salbutamoi, terbutaline and ritodrine diminish uterine ... Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterine muscle. This effect is not marked until the later stages of pregnancy. At ... PGE2 is synthesized by many tissues and causes contraction of the uterine muscle and is concerned with menstruation and child ...
Electromyometrial Imaging of Uterine Contractions in Pregnant Women. Hui Wang, Zichao Wen, Wenjie Wu, Zhexian Sun, Qing Wang, ... to noninvasively map uterine electrical activity onto the three-dimensional uterine surface during contractions. The first step ... "Electromyometrial Imaging of Uterine Contractions in Pregnant Women",. abstract = "During normal pregnancy, the uterine smooth ... to noninvasively map uterine electrical activity onto the three-dimensional uterine surface during contractions. The first step ...
Synchronization can be an important indicator for the quantification of uterine contractions. The spatialtermporal myometrial ... These results show that synchronization indices and their spatial distributions depict uterine contractions and relaxations. ... show that the spatial patterns of the synchronization indices change and follow the periodic pattern of the uterine contraction ... and then filtered in the band of 0.1-0.2 Hz to study the primary magnetic activity of the uterus related to contractions. The ...
... and premature uterine contractions. The independent adjudication committee considered none of the events to berelated to the ... E delivery, gestational hypertension, and premature uterine contractions. The independent adjudication. Post date. August 21, ... PatrickBed on E delivery, gestational hypertension, and premature uterine contractions. The independent adjudication committee ... Ihbxnj on E delivery, gestational hypertension, and premature uterine contractions. The independent adjudication committee ...
uterine contractions. Medically reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD. Date reviewed: January 2023 ...
... on the basis of electronic recording of intra-uterine pressure two type of contraction pattern has been identified.  In ... knowledge of uterine behaviour during this con­dition is meager, ... type I uterine tonus has values below 30mmHg  with ... ... So uterine tonus and contraction frequency appear to be a good ... In type I uterine tonus has values below 30mmHg with a frequency of 4-9 contractions per 10 minutes. In type II uterine tonus ...
Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It is released by the pituitary gland and plays a ... Oxytocin plays a role in childbirth and breastfeeding, as it stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and helps with ... Oxytocin helps to strengthen and coordinate the contractions of the uterus, allowing for the progression of labor and the ...
Channels in the Spontaneous Phasic Contraction of Pregnant Rat Uterine Smooth Muscle 의 이용 수, 등재여부, 발행기관, 저자, 초록, 목차, 참고문헌 등 논문에 ... Role of T-type Ca,SUP,2+,/SUP, Channels in the Spontaneous Phasic Contraction of Pregnant Rat Uterine Smooth Muscle Role of T- ... type Ca,SUP,2+,/SUP, Channels in the Spontaneous Phasic Contraction of Pregnant Rat Uterine Smooth Muscle ... Channels in the Spontaneous Phasic Contraction of Pregnant Rat Uterine Smooth Muscle ...
... and then perform uterine massage. Care must be taken to tease out the membranes. Once uterine contraction is established, ... At this point, uterine massage is reasonable, especially if concern exists regarding uterine tone. Uterine massage can be ... may also inhibit uterine contractions. Nitroglycerin and some inhalational anesthetic agents also decrease uterine ... Although uterine contraction is initially responsible for controlling blood loss at the placental site, clot formation and ...
Contraction stress test. This measures fetal heart rate along with uterine contractions. Contractions are started with medicine ... During labor, your healthcare provider will watch your uterine contractions and your babys heart rate. Your provider will note ... The catheter will send uterine pressure readings to a monitor. Why might I need fetal heart monitoring? Fetal heart rate ... Because the fetal heart rate and contractions are recorded at the same time, these results can be looked at together and ...
Uterine contractions. *A noticeable decrease in fetal movement. Learn more:. *Pregnancy safety at home and work ... the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall) or other complications. Let your doctor know if you do take a tumble or ... or other activities where balance is important and theres a potential for a big spill, especially in the third trimester. ... Heres how to manage and stay safe. ...
Problems with uterine contractions during delivery. GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY. *High cholesterol. *Osteoporosis ... Heres how you know Official websites use .gov. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United ...
This study examined the effect on uterine contraction frequency (UCF), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), fetal heart rate ( ... Effect of Structured Bed Exercise on Uterine Contractions, Fetal Heart Rate Patterns, and Maternal Psychophysical Symptoms of ... Effect of Structured Bed Exercise on Uterine Contractions, Fetal Heart Rate Patterns, and ...
Şeker ve E. Şahna , "The effect of melatonin in rats with uterine torsion on uterus contractions, and the levels of ADMA, SDMA ... Şahna E. The effect of melatonin in rats with uterine torsion on uterus contractions, and the levels of ADMA, SDMA, arginine, ... Şahna E. The effect of melatonin in rats with uterine torsion on uterus contractions, and the levels of ADMA, SDMA, arginine, ... Şahna, E. (2019). The effect of melatonin in rats with uterine torsion on uterus contractions, and the levels of ADMA, SDMA, ...
Uterine contractions. * A racing heartbeat. Eating well and moving often can help build a stronger mom and a healthier baby. ...
You will also receive the hormone oxytocin to help stimulate uterine contractions. If you encounter problems delivering your ...
Frequent or Prolonged Uterine Contractions Inform women that the use of CERVIDIL may cause frequent or prolonged contractions [ ... 5.4 Uterine Tachysystole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity. The use of CERVIDIL may cause uterine tachysystole with or ... Uterine Tachysystole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity: Monitor uterine activity; remove vaginal insert. (5.4) ... Uterine Tachysytole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience ...
Mifepristone blocks the hormones that sustain pregnancy; misoprostol triggers uterine contractions that expel the fetus.) But ... has endorsed its use with RU-486 and recognizes its off-label use by obstetricians to induce contractions in routine deliveries ...
Inhibition of uterine contractions.. Side-effects of Epinephrine. Side-effects include anxiety, headache, fear and palpitations ...
Uterine contractions.. *Abdominal pain or cramping.. *Dull lower backache.. *Changes in vaginal discharge like a bloody show or ... However, theres a risk of a false-positive result. This is especially the case if you place anything inside your vagina in the ... Theres fetal fibronectin in your vaginal fluid.. *Youre at risk for premature labor and delivery within the next one to two ... It helps keep the amniotic sac attached to your uterine lining during pregnancy. A fetal fibronectin test checks a persons ...
Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth, milk ejection//sperm ejection (throught posterior ... Porgesterone - stimulates devfelopment of uterine lining and formation of placenta. 6. Testes. 6.1. Testosterone - stimulates ...
Frequent or Prolonged Uterine Contractions Inform women that the use of CERVIDIL may cause frequent or prolonged contractions [ ... 5.4 Uterine Tachysystole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity. The use of CERVIDIL may cause uterine tachysystole with or ... Uterine Tachysystole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity: Monitor uterine activity; remove vaginal insert. (5.4) ... 5.4 Uterine Tachysystole and Uterine Hypersystole/Hypertonicity 5.5 Glaucoma 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience ...
... , Uterine Scar Disruption, Rupture of Gravid Uterus, Rupture of Uterus During Labor. ... Findings not related to Uterine Rupture. *Oxytocin at high infusion rates. *Five or more contractions in 10 minutes ... Uterine Rupture. Uterine Rupture Aka: Uterine Rupture, Uterine Scar Disruption, Rupture of Gravid Uterus, Rupture of Uterus ... Uterine scar risk: Up to 0.3 to 1.7% of all deliveries with prior cesarean. *Low transverse scar (VBAC, Vaginal Birth after ...
Fetal heart rate and uterine contractions should be continuously monitored. Fetal bradycardia is common following the eclamptic ... How are the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions monitored in patients with eclampsia? ... These abnormalities are most likely due to the decrease in uterine blood flow caused by the intense vasospasm and uterine ... This positioning decreases the risk of aspiration and will help to improve uterine blood flow by relieving obstruction of the ...
Most of the drugs that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction do so by regulating the concentration of intracellular ... calcium, which is involved in initiating the process of contraction. But other intracellular messengers such as cyclic ... often rhythmic contractions that are not dependent on outside nerve impulses, generally shows a broad sensitivity to drugs ... Most prostaglandins cause uterine contraction, and they are sometimes administered to initiate labour. ...
  • For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of contractions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxytocin, in therapeutic doses, induces contractions in the fundus and body of the uterus only without affecting the lower segment and full relaxation occurs in between the contractions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Small doses cause rhythmic contractions of uterus,but with larger doses they become more or less continuous. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Finally, the EMMI data processing pipeline is performed to combine the body-uterus geometry with body surface electrical data to reconstruct and image uterine electrical activities on the uterine surface. (wustl.edu)
  • Conditions under which prolonged contraction of the uterus may be detrimental to fetal safety. (drugs.com)
  • The abdominal distention due to uterine enlargement and the displacement of the viscera from the gravid uterus may alter the typical signs of the acute abdomen. (hindawi.com)
  • When the protein is deactivated, the uterus begins the contractions culminating in labor. (nih.gov)
  • Tissue from a preterm laboring uterus had the least Piezo1 of all the uterine samples. (nih.gov)
  • Finding Piezo1 in the muscular layer of the uterus where there are no nerves controlling contraction and relaxation means the uterus is controlled locally and is coordinated by a stretch-activated mechanism, rather than hormonal influence from the ovaries or the placenta, which has been the assumption," Dr. Buxton said. (nih.gov)
  • Uterine and vaginal contractions usually take place during female sexual stimulation, including sexual arousal, and orgasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxytocin is contraindicated in conditions where vaginal delivery is inadvisable including the presence of uterine scar from major surgery, fetal distress, severe pre-eclamptic toxemia and severe CVS disease. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • There's fetal fibronectin in your vaginal fluid. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Uterine activity is a sensitive marker of abruption and, in the absence of vaginal bleeding, should suggest the possibility of an abruption, especially after some form of trauma or in a patient with multiple risk factors. (medscape.com)
  • During normal pregnancy, the uterine smooth muscle, the myometrium, begins to have weak, uncoordinated contractions at late gestation to help the cervix remodel. (wustl.edu)
  • Although premature separation of normally implanted placenta is considered the most serious complication of pregnancy, knowledge of uterine behaviour during this con-dition is meager, on the basis of electronic recording of intra-uterine pressure two type of contraction pattern has been identified. (ac.ir)
  • Cervical insufficiency (cervical incompetence) is defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) as the inability of the uterine cervix to retain a pregnancy in the second trimester, in the absence of uterine contractions. (medscape.com)
  • It helps keep the amniotic sac attached to your uterine lining during pregnancy. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Evaluation of the pregnancy did not show uterine contractions. (hindawi.com)
  • Meanwhile, misoprostol induces very severe uterine contractions, imitating pregnancy. (healthnews.com)
  • In ectopic pregnancy , a fertilized egg implants itself outside the uterine cavity. (healthnews.com)
  • In pregnancy, black cohosh may theoretically cause uterine contractions and thus result in miscarriage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Uterine contractions that occur throughout the menstrual cycle, also termed endometrial waves or contractile waves, appear to involve only the sub-endometrial layer of the myometrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In labor, the myometrium has strong, coordinated contractions to deliver the fetus. (wustl.edu)
  • channel in the spontaneous phasic contractions of the rat myometrium. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • channels are expressed in the pregnant rat myometrium and may play a key role for the regulation of the frequency of spontaneous phasic contractions. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • The contraction-relaxation responses of the myometrium were also determined in the organ baths. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • 2001): Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions of rat myometrium in vitro. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • The uterine myometrium is a type of smooth muscle-muscle not under voluntary control-that contracts to push out the baby during labor. (nih.gov)
  • So uterine tonus and contraction frequency appear to be a good indicator of the functional status of uterine mmcle in abruptic placenta and its reactivity to oxytocic agents. (ac.ir)
  • Severe PPH, retained placenta, and uterine inversion may require emergency anesthetic services. (medscape.com)
  • misoprostol triggers uterine contractions that expel the fetus. (motherjones.com)
  • The protein Dooku1 deactivates Piezo 1 and triggers uterine contractions. (nih.gov)
  • Subsequently, medical options that interfere with the progesterone support (mifepristone) and induce uterine contractions (misoprostol) became available. (medscape.com)
  • The hormone oxytocin has been identified as inducing uterine contractions, and labour in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to accelerate the process of childbirth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carboprost (PGF 2a ) is given by deep intramuscular injection in postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony, when ergometrine and oxytocin have failed to control bleeding. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Apart from prostaglandin, the other drugs which stimulate uterine contractions are oxytocin and ergometrine. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterine muscle. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • At parturition, extremely small amounts of oxytocin cause powerful uterine contractions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Oxytocin may cause uterine over stimulation leading to fetal distress, asphyxia, death and uterine rupture. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Uterine tissue treated with the hormone oxytocin-which causes uterine tissue to contract, relaxed after increasing doses of Yoda1. (nih.gov)
  • Prostaglandins (PG) are the only autacoids that are used in therapy because of their cytoprotective activity in the GIT mucosa, antiplatelet activity, and uterine stimulant and vasodilator actions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Most prostaglandins cause uterine contraction, and they are sometimes administered to initiate labour . (britannica.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-1β infusion alone without infection causes the release of cytokines and prostaglandins into amniotic fluid with uterine contractions, but it does not cause preterm delivery. (cdc.gov)
  • Dexamethasone and interleukin-10 infused into amniotic fluid together with IL-1β inhibit intrauterine IL-1β and prostaglandins and reduce uterine contractions. (cdc.gov)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Uterine Rupture. (fpnotebook.com)
  • It might be that your risk of uterine rupture or scar separation is a little higher than it is after just one C-section. (today.com)
  • puerpera is awake, can cooperate childbirth and do not affect uterine contraction, and do not affect labor course progress. (scirp.org)
  • 2003): Effect of melatonin on estrogen and progesterone receptors in relation to uterine contraction in rats. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • E delivery, gestational hypertension, and premature uterine contractions. (axlinhibitor.com)
  • In that study, a single dose of a monovalent 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine was administrated to pregnant women, and a high seroprotection rate was reported.E delivery, gestational hypertension, and premature uterine contractions. (axlinhibitor.com)
  • In this article we will discuss about the drugs that stimulate uterine contractions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Most of the drugs that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction do so by regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium , which is involved in initiating the process of contraction. (britannica.com)
  • If there is a scar on the uterine wall, there are no blood vessels. (healthnews.com)
  • Mild bowel sounds were present with high frequency and there was no uterine tenderness. (hindawi.com)
  • Smooth muscle , which is found primarily in the internal body organs and undergoes involuntary, often rhythmic contractions that are not dependent on outside nerve impulses, generally shows a broad sensitivity to drugs relative to striated muscle. (britannica.com)
  • The frequency of contractions increases to 3-4 per minute towards ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the fibers stretch in response to a contraction, the threads function like an antenna, and send the signals they pick up to an embedded RFID (radio-frequency identification device) chip that reports the data. (wikipedia.org)
  • In type I uterine tonus has values below 30mmHg with a frequency of 4-9 contractions per 10 minutes. (ac.ir)
  • In type II uterine tonus has a value of 30 mm Hg or more and a higher frequency. (ac.ir)
  • transients and contractions with no significant change in frequency. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • This study examined the effect on uterine contraction frequency (UCF), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and psychophysical symptoms (physical discomfort, anxiety , and depression ) of structured bed exercise (SBE) in hospitalized high- risk pregnant women prescribed bed rest . (bvsalud.org)
  • mCTG is a low-cost portable solar rechargeable device that measures duration, frequency and intensity of maternal uterine contractions along with fetal heart rate. (who.int)
  • Contractions and uterine hypertonus are part of the classic triad observed with placental abruption. (medscape.com)
  • Contractions progress as the abruption expands, and uterine hypertonus may be noted. (medscape.com)
  • During labor, your healthcare provider will watch your uterine contractions and your baby's heart rate. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • It involves the continuous or periodic measurement and recording of key fetal parameters such as the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions to ensure the baby's health and detect any signs of distress or abnormalities. (gminsights.com)
  • Uterine contractions occur throughout the menstrual cycle in the non-pregnant state and throughout gestation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Uterine contractions are muscle contractions of the uterine smooth muscle that occur during the menstrual cycle and labour. (wikipedia.org)
  • A shift in the myosin expression of the uterine smooth muscle has been hypothesized as arising for changes in the directions of uterine contractions during the menstrual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The resting membrane potential (Vrest) of uterine smooth muscle has been recorded to be between −35 and −80 mV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among their most important sites of action are bronchial and uterine smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
  • Orgasm close to your due date may start uterine contractions. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Uterine contractions are part of the process of natural childbirth (i.e., not by Caesarean section). (wikipedia.org)
  • Carefully monitor for uterine activity, fetal status and the progression of cervical dilatation and effacement. (drugs.com)
  • Monitor uterine activity, fetal status, and the progression of cervical dilatation and effacement with the use of CERVIDIL. (drugs.com)
  • These contractions may be uncomfortable or even painful, but they are generally significantly less painful than contractions during labour. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some women may experience contractions before labour is due. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are Braxton Hicks contractions, which are sometimes referred to as "false labour. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is given by intravenous infusion, total dose not exceeding 5 units for induction of labour for medical reasons (hypotonic uterine inertia) and in incomplete, inevitable or missed abortion. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Its main use is to promote a strong uterine contraction immediately after labour, thus reducing the likelihood of bleeding. (britannica.com)
  • Various methods have been developed to monitor uterine contraction patterns to predict labor onset. (wustl.edu)
  • Effect of Structured Bed Exercise on Uterine Contractions, Fetal Heart Rate Patterns, and Maternal Psychophysical Symptoms of Hospitalized High-Risk Pregnant Women: A Randomized Control Trial. (bvsalud.org)
  • A primate experimental model of infection and preterm delivery indicates that bacteria experimentally placed into amniotic fluid elicit an almost immediate cytokine response, a fetal cortisol response, little or no maternal effects of infection, and a delay in uterine contractions for 30-40 hours, after which labor ensues. (cdc.gov)
  • The device uses a modified semiconductor based ultrasound and external tocometry transducers to measure fetal heart rate and maternal contractions respectively. (who.int)
  • The FDA has endorsed its use with RU-486 and recognizes its off-label use by obstetricians to induce contractions in routine deliveries, a practice that remains controversial due to the risk of serious hemorrhaging in the mother and harm to the baby. (motherjones.com)
  • Having had uterine surgery that cuts through the muscle. (today.com)
  • Infection can cause scarring of uterine tissue and damage the endometrial cavity. (healthnews.com)
  • but at menstruation the intensity increases dramatically to between 50 and 200 mmHg producing labor-like contractions. (wikipedia.org)
  • PGE 2 is synthesized by many tissues and causes contraction of the uterine muscle and is concerned with menstruation and child birth. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Your provider will note how often you are having contractions and how long each lasts. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • During labor, uterine contractions changes from episodic and uncoordinated to highly coordinated. (wikipedia.org)
  • These inflammatory mediators encourage myometrial contractions to induce labor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body becomes rigid, leading to generalized muscular contractions. (medscape.com)
  • Because this mechanism is relatively insensitive to drug action, the most important group of drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction act on (1) acetylcholine release, (2) acetylcholine receptors, or (3) the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (which normally inactivates acetylcholine to terminate muscle fibre contraction). (britannica.com)
  • Stevenson's research has focused on the 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines, which are selective antagonists of the alpha-4, beta-2 and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and the pumiliotoxins, which cause contraction of striated muscle, in the case of allopumiliotoxin with very high potency. (soci.org)
  • 2013): Incidence, management and outcomes of uterine torsion in dairy cows. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • In the early follicular phase, uterine contractions in the non-pregnant woman occur 1-2 times per minute and last 10-15 seconds with a low intensity of usually 30 mmHg or less. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study was aimed at reducing uterine damage and increasing fertility after uterine torsion in pregnant animals. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • With this aim, uterine torsion was experimentally formed in 35 rats that were between 18-19 days pregnant. (ankara.edu.tr)