Injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. Symptoms vary by site and mode of injuries and may include bleeding, bruising, swelling, pain, and numbness. It does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).
A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A strand of primary conductive plant tissue consisting essentially of XYLEM, PHLOEM, and CAMBIUM.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A system of organs and tissues that process and transport immune cells and LYMPH.
The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.
Tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of LYMPH and LYMPHOCYTES.
The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
The formation of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.
General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.
Neuropilins are 140-kDa vertebrate cell surface receptors that bind neuronal guidance molecules during neural development and axonal outgrowth, and modulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. NEUROPILIN-1 and NEUROPILIN-2 differ in their binding specificities, and are distributed complementarily in regions of the developing nervous system. Neuropilins are receptors for secreted CLASS 3 SEMAPHORINS as well as for vascular endothelial growth factors, and may form hetero- or homodimers. They may also interact synergistically with plexins and with VEGF RECEPTORS to form receptor complexes with distinct affinities and specificities. Neuropilin binding specificity is determined by CUB and coagulation-factor-like domains in the extracellular portion of the molecule, while a MAM domain is essential for SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces.
Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Vascular injuries after blunt chest trauma: diagnosis and management. (1/189)

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Right-sided "trapdoor" incision provides necessary exposure of complex cervicothoracic vascular injury: a case report. (2/189)

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Is the obturator artery safe when performing ischial osteotomy during periacetabular osteotomy? (3/189)

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Early events in vascular injury in the rat induced by the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor SCH 351591. (4/189)

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Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase reduces inflammation after coronary vascular injury in humans. (5/189)

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Can microRNAs control vascular smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and the response to injury? (6/189)

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RGS/Gi2alpha interactions modulate platelet accumulation and thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury. (7/189)

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Traumatic internal carotid artery injury treated with overlapping bare metal stents under intravascular ultrasound guidance. (8/189)

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Vascular system injuries refer to damages or disruptions to the body's vascular system, which is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, disease, or surgical complications. They may result in bleeding, blockage of blood flow, or formation of blood clots, leading to serious consequences like tissue damage, organ failure, or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Traumatic injuries to the vascular system can include cuts, tears, or bruises to the blood vessels, which can lead to internal or external bleeding. Blunt trauma can also cause damage to the blood vessels, leading to blockages or aneurysms.

Diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and inflammatory conditions can weaken the blood vessels and make them more prone to injury. Surgical complications, such as accidental cuts to blood vessels during operations, can also lead to vascular system injuries.

Treatment for vascular system injuries may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Nervous system trauma, also known as neurotrauma, refers to damage or injury to the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. This type of trauma can result from various causes, such as vehicular accidents, sports injuries, falls, violence, or penetrating traumas. Nervous system trauma can lead to temporary or permanent impairments in sensory, motor, or cognitive functions, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common form of nervous system trauma that occurs when an external force causes brain dysfunction. TBIs can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe, based on factors such as loss of consciousness, memory loss, and neurological deficits. Mild TBIs, also known as concussions, may not cause long-term damage but still require medical attention to ensure proper healing and prevent further complications.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are another form of nervous system trauma that can have severe consequences. SCI occurs when the spinal cord is damaged due to a sudden, traumatic blow or cut, causing loss of motor function, sensation, or autonomic function below the level of injury. The severity and location of the injury determine the extent of impairment, which can range from partial to complete paralysis.

Immediate medical intervention is crucial in cases of nervous system trauma to minimize secondary damage, prevent complications, and optimize recovery outcomes. Treatment options may include surgery, medication, rehabilitation, or a combination of these approaches.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

Blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. They form a network of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart, lungs, and other organs. The main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between the blood and the body's tissues.

Corrosion casting is a specialized technique used in anatomy and pathology to create detailed casts or molds of biological specimens, particularly vascular systems. This method is also known as "acid etching" or "corrosive casting." Here's the medical definition:

Corrosion casting is a process that involves injecting a special resin or plastic material into the vasculature or other hollow structures of a biological specimen, such as an organ or tissue. The injected material thoroughly fills the cavity and then hardens once it has set. After hardening, the surrounding tissues are corroded or dissolved using strong acids or bases, leaving behind only the cast or mold of the internal structures.

This technique results in a detailed three-dimensional representation of the complex internal networks, like blood vessels, which can be used for further study, research, and education. Corrosion casting is particularly useful in visualizing the intricate branching patterns and structural relationships within these systems.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Neuroprotective agents are substances that protect neurons or nerve cells from damage, degeneration, or death caused by various factors such as trauma, inflammation, oxidative stress, or excitotoxicity. These agents work through different mechanisms, including reducing the production of free radicals, inhibiting the release of glutamate (a neurotransmitter that can cause cell damage in high concentrations), promoting the growth and survival of neurons, and preventing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Neuroprotective agents have been studied for their potential to treat various neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and to develop effective therapies.

Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.

Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues, leading to further tissue damage. This phenomenon can occur in various clinical settings such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, or peripheral artery disease after an intervention aimed at restoring perfusion.

The restoration of blood flow leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, which can cause oxidative stress, cellular damage, and activation of the immune system. This results in a cascade of events that may lead to microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage, and tissue edema, further exacerbating the injury.

Reperfusion injury is an important consideration in the management of ischemic events, as interventions aimed at restoring blood flow must be carefully balanced with potential harm from reperfusion injury. Strategies to mitigate reperfusion injury include ischemic preconditioning (exposing the tissue to short periods of ischemia before a prolonged ischemic event), ischemic postconditioning (applying brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion after restoring blood flow), remote ischemic preconditioning (ischemia applied to a distant organ or tissue to protect the target organ), and pharmacological interventions that scavenge ROS, reduce inflammation, or improve microvascular function.

Xylem is a term used in the field of botany and plant anatomy, but I understand you're asking for a medical definition. In human anatomy, there isn't a direct structure equivalent to xylem. However, I can provide the general definition of xylem from its botanical context:

Xylem is one of the two types of vascular tissues in plants (the other being phloem). It is responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Xylem consists of several types of cells, including vessels, tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. The transportation in xylem occurs due to the cohesion-tension mechanism, where water is pulled up through the plant via transpiration pull.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

A plant vascular bundle is not a medical term, but rather a term used in botany to describe the arrangement of specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars within plants. Here's a brief overview of its anatomy:

A vascular bundle typically consists of two types of conducting tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water transportation from the roots to other parts of the plant, while phloem translocates sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. These tissues are encased in a protective sheath called the bundle sheath, which may contain additional supportive cells.

In some plants, vascular bundles can also include meristematic tissue (cambium) that facilitates secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem cells. The arrangement of these tissues within a vascular bundle varies among plant species, but the primary function remains consistent: to provide structural support and enable long-distance transport of essential resources for plant survival and growth.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

The lymphatic system is a complex network of organs, tissues, vessels, and cells that work together to defend the body against infectious diseases and also play a crucial role in the immune system. It is made up of:

1. Lymphoid Organs: These include the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer's patches (in the intestines). They produce and mature immune cells.

2. Lymphatic Vessels: These are thin tubes that carry clear fluid called lymph towards the heart.

3. Lymph: This is a clear-to-white fluid that contains white blood cells, mainly lymphocytes, which help fight infections.

4. Other tissues and cells: These include bone marrow where immune cells are produced, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) which are types of white blood cells that help protect the body from infection and disease.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph throughout the body, collecting waste products, bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from the tissues, and filtering them out through the lymph nodes. The lymphatic system also helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food in the digestive tract.

Physiologic neovascularization is the natural and controlled formation of new blood vessels in the body, which occurs as a part of normal growth and development, as well as in response to tissue repair and wound healing. This process involves the activation of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, and their migration, proliferation, and tube formation to create new capillaries. Physiologic neovascularization is tightly regulated by a balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, ensuring that it occurs only when and where it is needed. It plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and wound healing.

Lymphatic vessels are thin-walled, valved structures that collect and transport lymph, a fluid derived from the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells, throughout the lymphatic system. They play a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body. The primary function of lymphatic vessels is to return excess interstitial fluid, proteins, waste products, and immune cells to the bloodstream via the subclavian veins near the heart.

There are two types of lymphatic vessels:

1. Lymphatic capillaries: These are the smallest lymphatic vessels, found in most body tissues except for the central nervous system (CNS). They have blind ends and are highly permeable to allow the entry of interstitial fluid, proteins, and other large molecules.
2. Larger lymphatic vessels: These include precollecting vessels, collecting vessels, and lymphatic trunks. Precollecting vessels have valves that prevent backflow of lymph and merge to form larger collecting vessels. Collecting vessels contain smooth muscle in their walls, which helps to propel the lymph forward. They also have valves at regular intervals to ensure unidirectional flow towards the heart. Lymphatic trunks are large vessels that collect lymph from various regions of the body and eventually drain into the two main lymphatic ducts: the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.

Overall, lymphatic vessels play a vital role in maintaining fluid balance, immune surveillance, and waste removal in the human body.

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a biological system responsible for pumping and transporting blood throughout the body in animals and humans. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (comprising arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The main function of this system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body to maintain homeostasis and support organ function.

The heart acts as a muscular pump that contracts and relaxes to circulate blood. It has four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body, pumps it through the lungs for oxygenation, and then sends it back to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart then pumps the oxygenated blood through the aorta and into the systemic circulation, reaching all parts of the body via a network of arteries and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood is collected by veins and returned to the right atrium, completing the cycle.

The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in regulating temperature, pH balance, and fluid balance throughout the body. It also contributes to the immune response and wound healing processes. Dysfunctions or diseases of the cardiovascular system can lead to severe health complications, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.

Lymphangiogenesis is the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones. It is a complex biological process that involves the growth, differentiation, and remodeling of lymphatic endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of lymphatic vessels. Lymphangiogenesis plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, including tissue drainage, immune surveillance, and lipid absorption. However, it can also contribute to pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, inflammation, and fibrosis when it is dysregulated.

The process of lymphangiogenesis is regulated by a variety of growth factors, receptors, and signaling molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, and their receptor VEGFR-3, as well as other factors such as angiopoietins, integrins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Understanding the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis has important implications for developing novel therapies for a range of diseases associated with abnormal lymphatic vessel growth and function.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Endothelial cells are the type of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. They play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by controlling vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, and inflammation. Endothelial cells also regulate the transport of molecules between the blood and surrounding tissues, and contribute to the maintenance of the structural integrity of the vasculature. They are flat, elongated cells with a unique morphology that allows them to form a continuous, nonthrombogenic lining inside the vessels. Endothelial cells can be isolated from various tissues and cultured in vitro for research purposes.

Neck injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in any part of the neck, including soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, tendons), nerves, bones (vertebrae), and joints (facet joints, intervertebral discs). These injuries can result from various incidents such as road accidents, falls, sports-related activities, or work-related tasks. Common neck injuries include whiplash, strain or sprain of the neck muscles, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and pinched nerves, which may cause symptoms like pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, or hands. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. They have a lower pressure than arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins have a thin, flexible wall with a larger lumen compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate more blood volume. The color of veins is often blue or green due to the absorption characteristics of light and the reduced oxygen content in the blood they carry.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Arm injuries refer to any damage or harm sustained by the structures of the upper limb, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common arm injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, tendonitis, and nerve damage. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, limited mobility, numbness, or weakness in the affected area. Treatment varies depending on the type and severity of the injury, and may include rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Blast injuries are traumas that result from the exposure to blast overpressure waves, typically generated by explosions. These injuries can be categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries.

1. Primary Blast Injuries: These occur due to the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, which can cause barotrauma to organs with air-filled spaces such as the lungs, middle ear, and gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to conditions like pulmonary contusion, traumatic rupture of the eardrums, or bowel perforation.

2. Secondary Blast Injuries: These result from flying debris or objects that become projectiles due to the blast, which can cause penetrating trauma or blunt force injuries.

3. Tertiary Blast Injuries: These occur when individuals are thrown by the blast wind against solid structures or the ground, resulting in blunt force trauma, fractures, and head injuries.

4. Quaternary Blast Injuries: This category includes all other injuries or illnesses that are not classified under primary, secondary, or tertiary blast injuries. These may include burns, crush injuries, inhalation of toxic fumes, or psychological trauma.

It is important to note that blast injuries can be complex and often involve a combination of these categories, requiring comprehensive medical evaluation and management.

Hand injuries refer to any damage or harm caused to the structures of the hand, including the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, and skin. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Examples of hand injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, cuts, burns, and insect bites. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, but they often include pain, swelling, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or loss of function in the hand. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Thoracic injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the thorax, which is the part of the body that contains the chest cavity. The thorax houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Thoracic injuries can range from blunt trauma, caused by impacts or compressions, to penetrating trauma, resulting from stabbing or gunshot wounds. These injuries may cause various complications, including but not limited to:

1. Hemothorax - bleeding into the chest cavity
2. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung due to air accumulation in the chest cavity
3. Tension pneumothorax - a life-threatening condition where trapped air puts pressure on the heart and lungs, impairing their function
4. Cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
5. Rib fractures, which can lead to complications like punctured lungs or internal bleeding
6. Tracheobronchial injuries, causing air leaks and difficulty breathing
7. Great vessel injuries, potentially leading to massive hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability

Immediate medical attention is required for thoracic injuries, as they can quickly become life-threatening due to the vital organs involved. Treatment may include surgery, chest tubes, medications, or supportive care, depending on the severity and type of injury.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Knee injuries refer to damages or harm caused to the structures surrounding or within the knee joint, which may include the bones (femur, tibia, and patella), cartilage (meniscus and articular cartilage), ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL), tendons (patellar and quadriceps), muscles, bursae, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes, such as trauma, overuse, degeneration, or sports-related activities. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, reduced range of motion, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected knee. Common knee injuries include fractures, dislocations, meniscal tears, ligament sprains or ruptures, and tendonitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Neuropilins are single-pass transmembrane proteins that function as coreceptors for class 3 semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including axonal guidance during development, angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and immune cell migration. Neuropilins exist in two isoforms, neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2, which share structural similarities but have distinct expression patterns and functions.

Neuropilin-1 primarily interacts with semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) to regulate axonal guidance and collapse of growth cones in the developing nervous system. Additionally, it serves as a receptor for VEGF-A isoforms, contributing to vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. Neuropilin-2 mainly binds to Sema3F and Sema3E, influencing axonal guidance and immune cell migration. It also acts as a coreceptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, promoting lymphangiogenesis.

Neuropilins have been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, and vascular diseases. Their diverse functions make them attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in various disease contexts.

Vascular diseases are medical conditions that affect the circulatory system, specifically the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). These diseases can include conditions such as:

1. Atherosclerosis: The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the walls of the arteries, which can restrict blood flow.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): A condition caused by atherosclerosis where there is narrowing or blockage of the peripheral arteries, most commonly in the legs. This can lead to pain, numbness, and cramping.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain. This can increase the risk of stroke.
5. Cerebrovascular Disease: Conditions that affect blood flow to the brain, including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA or "mini-stroke").
6. Aneurysm: A weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge outward and potentially rupture.
7. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, which can cause pain, swelling, and increased risk of pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs.
8. Varicose Veins: Swollen, twisted, and often painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood, usually appearing in the legs.
9. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause damage and narrowing, leading to reduced blood flow.
10. Raynaud's Phenomenon: A condition where the small arteries that supply blood to the skin become narrowed, causing decreased blood flow, typically in response to cold temperatures or stress.

These are just a few examples of vascular conditions that fall under the umbrella term "cerebrovascular disease." Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many of these conditions.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

The endothelium is a thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic endothelium, specifically, is the type of endothelial cell that forms the walls of lymphatic vessels. These vessels are an important part of the immune system and play a crucial role in transporting fluid, waste products, and immune cells throughout the body.

The lymphatic endothelium helps to regulate the movement of fluids and cells between the tissues and the bloodstream. It also contains specialized structures called valves that help to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymph fluid towards the heart. Dysfunction of the lymphatic endothelium has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer metastasis.

The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is a standardized system used by healthcare professionals to classify the severity of traumatic injuries. The scale assigns a score from 1 to 6 to each injury, with 1 indicating minor injuries and 6 indicating maximal severity or currently untreatable injuries.

The AIS scores are based on anatomical location, type of injury, and physiological response to the injury. For example, a simple fracture may be assigned an AIS score of 2, while a life-threatening head injury may be assigned a score of 5 or 6.

The AIS is used in conjunction with other scoring systems, such as the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS), to assess the overall severity of injuries sustained in a traumatic event. These scores can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care, triage, and resource allocation.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

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He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1927 "for his researches on the vascular system, following upon his earlier ... In 1917 he had shown that capillaries had independent contractions and he now investigated the response of the skin to injury, ... In 1925 he switched his focus from cardiography to vascular reactions of the skin. ... work on the mammalian heart-beat." Next, he switched his focus to peripheral vascular disease, especially Raynaud's disease, ...
Neurogenic shock is caused by the loss of vascular tone normally supported by the sympathetic nervous system due to injury to ... the central nervous system especially spinal cord injury. Rupture of a hollow organ, with subsequent evacuation of contents in ... Control of inflammation, vascular function and coagulation to correct pathological differences in blood flow and microvascular ... Class V: widespread hyperdynamic flow in the microcirculatory system. According to the cause, there are 4 types of distributive ...
VEGF-A and the corresponding receptors are rapidly up-regulated after traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS). ... Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, /vɛdʒˈɛf/), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal ... Vascular endothelial growth factor-C can stimulate lymphangiogenesis (via VEGFR3) and angiogenesis via VEGFR2. Vascular ... Ribatti D (2005). "The crucial role of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis: a ...
... es stimulate numerous effector organs including the endocrine, vascular and circulatory systems depending on the ... The body responds to multiple types of trauma including infection, physical injury, or toxic tissue damage through inflammation ... mainly via the sympathetic nervous system with negligible influences from the parasympathetic nervous system. Heat sensitive ... One example is laser Doppler studies which uses laser doppler imaging to observe the skin blood flow to determine vascular ...
... due to his injuries in "The Dead Man", in the years 2112 when he was 46). His entire epidermis, vascular system, and muscular ... Disillusioned with the system, Dredd assesses his younger clone-brother Kraken, a former Judda who is now a Cadet. During the ... The rules system was innovative and the game was well-received by fans and collectors alike, but various issues unrelated to ... The Judge System has spread world-wide, with various super-cities possessing similar methods of law enforcement. As such, this ...
... s are susceptible to ischemic injury because mammals lack a renal-portal system, and as a result, vascular ... Vascular system of the kidney is also developed with the development of nephrons, with large vessels branching from the dorsal ... the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In the walls of the afferent arterioles at the ... The cause of acute kidney injury in most cases is ischemic or toxic injury. ...
Some products of the coagulation system can contribute to non-specific defenses via their ability to increase vascular ... When host cells die, either by apoptosis or by cell injury due to an infection, phagocytic cells are responsible for their ... The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants, fungi, ... The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps, or "complements", the ability of antibodies to ...
... "acute failure of heart and respiration as a result of shock and multiple injuries in the vascular nervous system" and that she ...
... medicine Tourniquet test Hair tourniquet Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system Vascular ... More recently the silicone ring tourniquet has been used in the fields of emergency medicine and vascular procedures. After ... The Journal of Vascular Access. 14 (2): 116-9. doi:10.5301/jva.5000107. PMC 6159822. PMID 23080335. "Trauma medicine has ... "Distributed manufacturing of an open-source tourniquet testing system". HardwareX. 15: e00442. doi:10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00442. ...
Lesions of the Vascular System, Diseases of the Rectum, and other surgical complaints by Guillaume Dupuytren (1854) (CS1: ... Baron Guillaume Dupuytren History of Surgeons - surgeons.org.uk On the injuries and diseases of bones by Guillaume Dupuytren ( ...
While this bleeding can result in further injury, it is itself a marker for injury that has already occurred. Most ... Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), also known as intraventricular bleeding, is a bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, ... vascular malformations, or tumors, particularly of the choroid plexus. However 70% of IVH are secondary in nature, resulting ... Grades III and IV are the most serious and may result in long-term brain injury to the infant. After a grade III or IV IVH, ...
... fascia of arm and leg fascial compartments after repair of a proximal vascular injury.[citation needed] Pneumatic / Surgical ... Zager, R.A. & A.C. Johnson (2009). "Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury upregulates histone-modifying enzyme systems and alters ... and face injury themselves (e.g., acute kidney injury).[citation needed] Tissue swelling and fasciotomy Following ischemia, ... IR injury contributes to disease and mortality in a variety of pathologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, ...
If these microemboli are 0.1 mm in diameter, they might pass into the small branches of the vascular system. There they may be ... used to identify specific areas of resulting injury. A CT scan of the brain is then used to identify any cerebral hemorrhaging ... between the deep and the superficial arterial systems of the MCA, or between the superficial systems of the MCA and ACA. ... In this diagnostic system, a stroke is classified as being due to Thrombosis or embolism due to atherosclerosis of a large ...
In October 2019, Flex underwent amputation of his right leg below the knee due to circulatory vascular system problems. Wheeler ... leg injuries he received in his martial arts training, his car crash in 1994, and his kidney transplant in 2003, which together ...
Rejection of the xenograft in hyperacute and acute vascular rejection is due to the response of the humoral immune system, ... This allows the xenograft to up-regulate and express protective genes, which aid in resistance to injury, such as heme ... Acute vascular rejection requires de novo protein synthesis and is driven by interactions between the graft endothelial cells ... They have re-emerged because of the lack of organs available and the constant battle to keep immune systems from rejecting ...
Based on the pioneering work of Anderson and Parrish in the early 1980s, several vascular-specific laser systems have been ... Laser treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions has progressed significantly over the past 30 years. ... Sharps Injuries Are Common Among Mohs Surgeons, Survey Finds * Ready to Start Engaging on Social Media? A Dermatologist Shares ... The Laser Systems. Argon laser. The CW argon laser was the first laser system used to treat telangiectasias. It emits blue- ...
The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular ... vascular remodeling and renal fibrosis. Development of novel therapeutic approaches to bolster kinin activity in the vascular ... Here, these new findings are brought together to illustrate the potential for manipulation of the kallikrein-kinin system to ... biochemical and clinical data from studies that have examined the importance of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in ...
Topics: Endocannabinoids in the vascular system; Leukotrienes and atherosclerosis. Prostanoids and nociceptor sensitisation by ... Cannabinoids in nociception and neuroimmune interaction and nerve injury. Crash Course - Basics in Molecular and Clinical ... Hypoactive immune system: Immune Deficiencies ; Tumour, immune therapy and NK cells and stem cell transplantation ... Viruses as gene transfer vehicles and expression systems, Immune reactions to viruses. Vaccinia virus, Hepadna viruses, herpes ...
In stalk infections, injury to the vascular system disrupts translocation and, thus, reduces grain size. S. maydis overwinters ... Diplodia rot is most severe for mono cropping systems, or when wet weather occurs shortly after silking, particularly for ... "Incidence of Stenocarpella maydis Ear Rot of Corn Under Crop Rotation Systems". Plant Disease. 85 (1): 92-94. doi:10.1094/pdis. ...
Erratum: Characterization of frequency-dependent responses of the vascular system..... Keywords. Vibration; Vibration-disease; ... Hand-injuries; Neurophysiological-effects; Physiological-effects; Repetitive-work ... Vibration-effects; Vibration-exposure; Injury-prevention; Animal-studies; Laboratory-animals; Exposure-assessment; Exposure- ...
Work in the Lewis Romer Lab focuses on the responses of vascular systems to disease and injury.... Using cultured human ... Research Areas: critical care medicine, acute lung injury, lung disease, COPD, vascular biology, hypoxia ... Research Areas: critical care medicine, acute lung injury, lung disease, vascular biology, apoptosis ... Work in the Rachel Damico Lab explores topics within the fields of vascular biology and pulmona...ry medicine, with a focus on ...
Briefly discusses what happens when diseases or injuries affect the nervous system. Covers emergency symptoms like loss of ... Blood supply problems (vascular disorders).. *Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord. ... A sudden nervous system problem can cause many different symptoms. It depends on the area of the nervous system involved. ... Some serious conditions, diseases, and injuries that can cause nervous system problems include:. * ...
The more severe the injury, the higher the risk. *Stroke or conditions that affect the blood vessels (vascular system) in the ... For example, there is a risk of head injury, broken bones, and other injuries when you fall during a seizure. ... A seizure follows a head injury.. *Someone who is pregnant or who recently had a baby has a seizure. This could be a sign of ... It may develop as a result of a head injury or a condition that causes damage to the brain, like a tumor or stroke. Genes may ...
Conclusions-A varying extent of vascular injury was observed after renal denervation in all systems; however, different ... As new systems are introduced, the incidence of acute renal artery wall injury with relation to the denervation method is ... imaging assessment of the vascular trauma induced by balloon-based and nonballoon-based renal denervation systems. Publication ... imaging assessment of the vascular trauma induced by balloon-based and nonballoon-based renal denervation systems. Circulation ...
Cardio-cerebral-vascular system. Rhizoma coptidis has significant effects on the main pathogenic factors of cardiovascular ... Ischemic-reperfusion injury. Rhizoma coptidis has therapeutic effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulation of Akt/AMPK/ ... Berberine attenuates vascular remodeling and inflammation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Biol Pharm Bull. 2015;38(6):862 ... It has been studied from the point of network pharmacology and revealed some mechanisms from the body system. But the ...
Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Target Genes in Central Nervous System Radiation Injury: A Role for Vascular Endothelial ... Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Target Genes in Central Nervous System Radiation Injury: ,subtitle,A Role for Vascular ... Open the PDF for Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Target Genes in Central Nervous System Radiation Injury: ,subtitle,A ...
... injury is the principal cause of acute kidney injury. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and hypertension also may be ... The renal vascular responses to graded Ang II (30, 100, 300, and 1000 ng kg,sup,−1,/sup,.min,sup,−1,/sup,) infusion using A779 ... No significant differences were detected between the groups in renal blood flow (RBF) or renal vascular resistance (RVR) ... the renal vascular responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) administration in two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats were ...
Traditional PA imaging systems employ expensive and bulky class IV lasers with low pulse repetition rate, due to which its ... In this study, we evaluated the capability of a Light-Emitting Diode (LED)-based PA and ultrasound (US) imaging system for ... disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products ... In Vivo Tumor Vascular Imaging with Light Emitting Diode-Based Photoacoustic Imaging System by Marvin Xavierselvan ...
These observations highlight the importance of the endogenous NO system in control of normal vascular tone and suggest that ... Chronically NO-blocked rats also develop proteinuria and glomerular sclerotic injury compared to controls. These studies ... Tonic basal release of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells controls blood pressure (BP) in the basal state. In ...
The companys patented Early Bird Bleed Monitoring System for vascular access procedures enables physicians to mitigate ... It is designed to measure changes in bioimpedance to detect and monitor bleeding from vessel injury during endovascular ... Bleed Monitoring System. The Early Bird Bleed Monitoring System is the first and only FDA-approved bleed detection system. It ... About the Early Bird Bleed Monitoring System The Early Bird Bleed Monitoring System includes a bleed detection array with ...
... offering treatment for conditions affecting the veins and arteries of the vascular system as well as the lymphatic system. ... Learn about Brigham and Womens Division of Vascular and Endovascular surgery, ... medical and surgical services-from interventions that prevent stroke to life-saving treatments for traumatic injuries and ... Vascular and Endovascular Surgery #iw_comp1501754685398{}. Vascular and endovascular surgeons in the Brigham and Womens ...
ICD is that it does not occupy the patients vascular system. Infective endocarditis is a concern associated with systems ... As the subcutaneous device is located far from the heart and outside the rib cage, the risk of endocarditis and injury to the ... The Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter‑Defibrillator System Post Approval Study (S‑ICD PAS), which observed patients with ... may be exciting strategies for preserving the patency of vascular access and reducing the incidence of endocarditis. ...
It has been proposed that the local renin-angiotensin system is activated in the adventitia after vascular injury. However, the ... Engagement of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Interleukin-8 in Human Rheumatoid Synovial ... Neuropilin 1 (NP1) is a part of essential receptor complexes mediating both semaphorin3A (SEMA3A) and vascular endothelial ... 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We investigated... ...
The system of vessels which carry blood to the retina (retinal vasculature) is susceptible to injury. Understanding the normal ... way the blood vessel system is regulated, will help identify any abnormal changes in vascular disease. ...
These findings indicated that mesenteric lymph drainage could relieve kidney injury caused by sustained hypotension, and its ... This study aimed to investigate the effect of mesenteric lymph drainage on the acute kidney injury induced by hemorrhagic shock ... mechanisms involve the decrease in trypsin activity, suppression of inflammation, alleviation of free radical injury, and ... The distribution of RAGE exhibits tissue heterogeneity and is mainly located in the monocyte-macrophage system of peripheral ...
The scans offer detailed images of the vascular system and major organs. The system at Lakeview Regional can do vascular exams ... cysts or brain injuries, are suspected but not readily detectable from an external exam. The scans offer detailed images of the ... vascular system and major organs. The system at Lakeview Regional can do vascular exams without contrast media, making it safer ... hi-def MRI system in the state - and one of only three in the entire Southeast. The center is also one of the first in the ...
... vascular system, which may result in non-freezing injuries or hasten the onset of actual freezing of tissues (frostbite).9 ... medical event reporting system in July 2017, the type of RMEs for cold injury (i.e., frostbite, immersion injury, hypothermia) ... Cold injury rates were much higher among members of the Marine Corps and Army. The number of cold injuries associated with ... Cold injuries during deployments. During the 5-year surveillance period, a total of 72 cold injuries were diagnosed and treated ...
Cardiovascular System - Infrequent: Deep thrombophlebitis, Heart failure, Hypotension, Postural hypotension, Retinal vascular ... pain from damaged nerves (neuropathic pain) that follows spinal cord injury It is not known if pregabalin capsules is safe and ... Body System Preferred Term. 150 mg/d [N = 185] % 300 mg/d [N = 90] % 600 mg/d [N = 395] % All PGB* [N = 670]† % Placebo [N = ... Body system Preferred term. 75 mg/d [N=84] % 150 mg/d [N=302] % 300 mg/d [N=312] % 600 mg/d [N=154] % All PGB* [N=852] % ...
Cold injuries are of significant military concern because of their adverse impact on operations and the high financial costs of ... vascular system, which may result in non-freezing injuries or hasten the onset of actual freezing of tissues (frostbite).9 ... The term cold injuries is used to describe injuries that have a central effect, such as hypothermia, as well as injuries that ... medical event reporting system in July 2017, the type of RMEs for cold injury (i.e., frostbite, immersion injury, hypothermia) ...
Cardiovascular System - Infrequent: Deep thrombophlebitis, Heart failure, Hypotension, Postural hypotension, Retinal vascular ... pain from damaged nerves (neuropathic pain) that follows spinal cord injury. LYRICA has not been studied in children under 18 ... Body System Preferred Term 150 mg/d [N = 185] % 300 mg/d [N = 90] % 600 mg/d [N = 395] % All PGB * [N = 670] † % Placebo [N = ... System Organ Class Preferred term 150 mg/d 300 mg/d 450 mg/d 600 mg/d All PGB *. Placebo. ...
Cardiovascular System & Vascular Biology Career options Cell Cycle, Growth & Proliferation Cell Death & Injury ... Modelling the nervous system. Part of our dedicated Biochemistry Focus Early Career Researcher (ECR) series, this webinar gave ... two ECR members of the Society the opportunity to share their developments in modelling the nervous system. ...
Trust our experts at Goshen Heart & Vascular Center works together to treat a variety of vascular diseases. ... Causes of vascular disease. Your heart beats to pump blood through your system. That system carries blood and oxygen to every ... When a vascular emergency occurs, time and experience matter most. You need fast, expert care to help prevent serious injury or ... Serving patients across northern Indiana and southern Michigan, Goshen Heart & Vascular Center offers expertise in vascular ...
Cardiovascular System & Vascular Biology Career options Cell Cycle, Growth & Proliferation Cell Death & Injury ...
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications (Common: Fall). Primary hyperhidrosis of the axillae: Nervous system disorders ( ... Vascular disorders (Uncommon: Orthostatic hypotension). Gastrointestinal disorders (Uncommon: Nausea and paraesthesia oral). ... central nervous system and gastroenterology. As part of its approach to delivering innovation for better patient care, Allergan ... Nervous system disorders (Uncommon: Dizziness, facial paresis and facial palsy). Eye Disorders (Very common: Eyelid ptosis. ...
... strengthen the cardio-vascular system and improve the immune system. Bikrum yoga, or in general, any other form of yoga, is ... When you follow Bikrum yoga, you find that all forms of chronic pain are relieved and all injuries, healed. It is also possible ... With this, the cardiovascular system is flushed out and the endocrine and nervous systems stimulated. It is a known fact that ... provides for greater flexibility and reduces the chances of any injury. Moreover, a heated room minimizes muscle strain and ...
  • That's why our team of cardiologists, radiologists, surgeons and neurologists at Goshen Heart & Vascular Center works together to treat a variety of vascular diseases. (goshenhealth.com)
  • Diseases of the arteries, veins and lymph vessels, as well as blood disorders that affect circulation, are considered vascular diseases. (goshenhealth.com)
  • We treat a variety of vascular diseases. (goshenhealth.com)
  • The vascular diseases refer to any pathological condition that affects natural blood circulatory system, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD). (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The vascular diseases include stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), carotid artery disease (CAD), arteriovenous malformation (AVM), critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), pulmonary embolism (blood clots), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), and varicose veins. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The incidence of vascular diseases has increased significantly over the last few years. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Increase in prevalence of vascular diseases worldwide, drive the growth of the vascular disease devices market. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The nanoparticle we developed is a powerful new delivery system for genome editing in vascular endothelial cells, and could be used to treat many diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome from severe COVID-19," said senior author Dr. Zhao from Lurie Children's. (eurekalert.org)
  • It does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hamilton Physician Group - Gastroenterology offers a full range of screenings, colonoscopies , diagnostics and medical treatments for digestive diseases, including illness or injuries affecting the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and colon . (hamiltonhealth.com)
  • These observations highlight the importance of the endogenous NO system in control of normal vascular tone and suggest that hypertensive states may result from relative NO deficiency. (jci.org)
  • Surgical intervention can be as minor as operative visualization of normal vascular anatomy for diagnostic purposes or as extensive as reconstruction and replacement of entire segments of injured vessels. (medscape.com)
  • Case report normal vascular structures. (who.int)
  • Approximately 30 million Americans are at risk for vascular disease, which includes stroke , peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and aortic aneurysms . (goshenhealth.com)
  • In the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock induced by trauma, operative accidents, traffic accidents, and earthquakes, the kidney is one of the organs, in which hypoperfusion initially occurs after hemorrhage because the sympathetic-adrenal medulla system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated. (hindawi.com)
  • Our studies showed that the mesenteric lymph duct ligation (MLDL) could alleviate kidney injury following two-hit of hemorrhage and lipopolysaccharide and hemorrhagic shock with fluid resuscitation [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the case of severe hemorrhage, a vascular clamp can be placed at the takeoff of these vessels and allows for proximal control of the vessel at the aorta without entering the hematoma. (medicosecuador.com)
  • should be done to determine the grade of renal injury and identify accompanying intra-abdominal trauma and complications, including retroperitoneal hemorrhage and urinary extravasation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gunshot wounds accounted for 73% (n = 341) of all penetrating injuries. (usuhs.edu)
  • however, in contrast to the military experience, penetrating trauma in the civilian setting is usually due to knife wounds or low-velocity handgun injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Penetrating injuries usually result from gunshot wounds and are usually associated with multiple injuries, including to the chest, liver, intestine, and spleen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The system of vessels which carry blood to the retina (retinal vasculature) is susceptible to injury. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Conclusion: NOX2-generated ROS produced by both bone marrow-derived cells and resident retinal cells contribute importantly to retinal vascular injury in the diabetic retina. (utmb.edu)
  • Targeting NOX2 in bone marrow and/or retinal cells may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment/prevention of vascular injury in the diabetic retina. (utmb.edu)
  • As new systems are introduced, the incidence of acute renal artery wall injury with relation to the denervation method is unknown. (eur.nl)
  • For example, the implantation of permanent pacemakers in patients who had previously had an S‑ICD, or even the implantation of leadless pacemakers, may be exciting strategies for preserving the patency of vascular access and reducing the incidence of endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • The crude overall incidence rate of cold injury for all active component service members in 2020-2021 (35.4 per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) was higher than the rate for the 2019-2020 cold season (27.5 per 100,000 p-yrs). (health.mil)
  • The crude overall incidence rate of cold injury for all active component service members in 2021-2022 (33.1 per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) was slightly lower than the rate for the 2020-2021 cold season (35.5 per 100,000 p-yrs). (health.mil)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Although much of the current state-of-the-art information is the result of wartime observations, the incidence of civilian extremity vascular trauma is significant. (medscape.com)
  • Understanding the normal way the blood vessel system is regulated, will help identify any abnormal changes in vascular disease. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Emergencies caused by vascular disease can hit without warning. (goshenhealth.com)
  • Serving patients across northern Indiana and southern Michigan, Goshen Heart & Vascular Center offers expertise in vascular disease in Goshen, IN. (goshenhealth.com)
  • Venous endothelial injury in neuroinflammatory disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The global vascular disease devices market was valued at $26,522.24 million in 2020, and is projected to reach $ 51,802.14 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 6.50% from 2021 to 2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • In addition, increase in diabetes and hypertension propels the growth of the vascular disease devices market. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The older people are more susceptible to vascular disease. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Thus, rise in the geriatric population further contributed in the growth of vascular disease devices market. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The vascular disease devices market is segmented on the basis of product, end-user and region. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global vascular disease devices market size along with the current trends and future estimations to elucidate the imminent investment pockets. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • More recently classifications, such as the Society for Vascular Surgery "Wound, Ischemia and Foot Infection" (WIFI) classification, take into account that ischemia and angiographic disease patterns are not the only determinants of amputation risk. (medicalcriteria.com)
  • A few days of bed rest or immobilization following injury, disease, or surgery steroid, is frequently abused in human sports. (sideload.com)
  • Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two health sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations. (who.int)
  • Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord. (healthwise.net)
  • Analysis included quantitative angiography and morphometric intravascular ultrasound measurements pre and post procedure and assessment of vascular trauma (dissection, edema, or thrombus) by OCT after denervation. (eur.nl)
  • BACKGROUND Vascular trauma data have been submitted to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Trial (PROOVIT) database since 2013. (usuhs.edu)
  • We present data to describe current use of endovascular surgery in vascular trauma. (usuhs.edu)
  • All trauma patients who had an injury to a named artery, except the forearm and lower leg, were included. (usuhs.edu)
  • Endovascular techniques were used least often in limb trauma and most commonly in patients with blunt injuries to more than one region. (usuhs.edu)
  • Patients with extremity vascular trauma present daily in emergency departments (EDs) and trauma centers worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Medical therapy alone is rarely an option in penetrating or blunt trauma to the extremity vasculature when hard signs of injury are present. (medscape.com)
  • Most renal injuries (85 to 90% of cases) result from blunt trauma, typically due to motor vehicle crashes, falls, or assaults, and are low grade. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with only microscopic hematuria who are hemodynamically stable after blunt trauma do not require imaging for diagnosis of renal injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • With this, the cardiovascular system is flushed out and the endocrine and nervous systems stimulated. (personalpowertraining.net)
  • The impact of compromised sinusoidal perfusion is complicated by the extent of transhepatic circulatory disruption, severity of the causal disorder, antecedent liver injury, and presence of hepatic functional insufficiency. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. (bvsalud.org)
  • A careful inspection for penetrating injury either from a laceration from the rib or a direct penetration should be performed. (medicosecuador.com)
  • These lasers did not restrict damage to the targeted vascular structures, and, consequently, their use resulted in a high prevalence of scarring. (medscape.com)
  • A number of important vascular structures are contained in Zone I. They include the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, the renal pedicle vessels, the aorta, and the vena cava. (medicosecuador.com)
  • This zone is only explored if there is a penetrating injury usually a transpelvic gunshot wound which may have involved the vascular structures, the ureter, and the colon. (medicosecuador.com)
  • It is designed to measure changes in bioimpedance to detect and monitor bleeding from vessel injury during endovascular procedures, such as a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device placement, or other complex endovascular interventions, where the femoral artery or vein is used to obtain vascular access. (businesswire.com)
  • It may develop as a result of a head injury or a condition that causes damage to the brain, like a tumor or stroke. (peacehealth.org)
  • Stroke or conditions that affect the blood vessels (vascular system) in the brain. (peacehealth.org)
  • We offer proven and effective diagnostic, medical and surgical services-from interventions that prevent stroke to life-saving treatments for traumatic injuries and ruptured aneurysms. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • This allows the doctor to treat blood vessel disorders that can affect the nervous system, such as stroke. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infective endocarditis is a concern associated with systems inserted in the intravascular space. (medscape.com)
  • Partial kidney ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is the principal cause of acute kidney injury. (hindawi.com)
  • In two models of partial renal IR with and without ischemia preconditioning (IPC) and using Mas receptor (MasR) blockade, A779 or its vehicle, the renal vascular responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) administration in two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats were determined. (hindawi.com)
  • Kidney partial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is defined as a reduction of the renal blood flow (RBF) followed by the recovery of RBF and reoxygenation [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • IPC is described as short, transient, and nonlethal ischemia periods and subsequent reperfusion which is performed before IR injury and can protect the kidney against long-term ischemia [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • With the development of fluid resuscitation based on microcirculation disturbance theory, the cases of kidney injury induced directly by ischemia following shock decline gradually [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Head injury (for example, a penetrating wound or skull fracture) with amnesia or loss of consciousness for more than 24 hours. (peacehealth.org)
  • The greatest benefit of the S‑ICD is that it does not occupy the patient's vascular system. (medscape.com)
  • This multispecialty collaboration of oncology, urology, and radiology is vital to increasing tumor-free survival while decreasing renal injury, thus optimizing each patient's individualized care. (chop.edu)
  • From July 2020 through June 2021, a total of 539 members of the active (n=469) and reserve (n=70) components had at least 1 medical encounter with a pri-mary diagnosis of cold injury. (health.mil)
  • In 2020-2021, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active component service members in all 4 services. (health.mil)
  • Among active component members during the 2016-2021 cold seasons, overall rates of cold injuries were generally highest among male service members, non-Hispanic Black service members, the youngest (less than 20 years old), and those who were enlisted. (health.mil)
  • Immersion foot accounted for half (n=5) of the cold weather injuries diagnosed and treated in service members deployed outside of the U.S. during the 2020-2021 cold season. (health.mil)
  • For all active component service mem-bers, the rate of cold weather injuries in 2020-2021 increased compared to the previous cold year. (health.mil)
  • The number of cold injuries associated with deploy-ment during 2020-2021 was the same as last cold year and lower than the preceding cold years. (health.mil)
  • From July 2021 through June 2022, a total of 482 members of the active (n=435) and reserve (n=47) components had at least 1 cold injury. (health.mil)
  • The number of cold injuries associated with overseas deployments during the 2021-2022 cold season (n=13) was similar to the two previous cold seasons (10 in 2019-2020 and 11 in 2020-2021). (health.mil)
  • Frostbite accounted for more than half (n=9) of the cold injuries identified in service members deployed outside of the U.S. during the 2021-2022 cold season. (health.mil)
  • For all active component service members, the rate of cold injuries in 2021-2022 decreased slightly compared to the previous cold year. (health.mil)
  • The number of cold injuries associated with deployment during 2021-2022 was similar to the two preceding cold years. (health.mil)
  • Normal pregnancies can occur unbending worth of sincere system. (sideload.com)
  • A basic understanding of both blunt and penetrating injuries to the extremities and the resultant vascular abnormalities that occur with these injuries helps minimize mortality and morbidity in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • Lightning injuries are obvious if they occur in a group setting where witnesses are present. (medscape.com)
  • Because lightning injuries occur most commonly outdoors, often in wilderness or where the person may lie exposed for a period, hypothermia should be ruled out. (medscape.com)
  • In some cases, respiratory arrest may last longer than the initial cardiac arrest and a secondary cardiac arrest from hypoxia, from more serious brain injury prolonging the respiratory arrest, or from other unknown causes may occur. (medscape.com)
  • In the most severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory center may occur and cause sudden death or significant anoxic brain injury if the person is resuscitated. (medscape.com)
  • Neuropilin 1 (NP1) is a part of essential receptor complexes mediating both semaphorin3A (SEMA3A) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which is one of important mediators involved in the pathogenesis. (koreamed.org)
  • BACKGROUND/AIMS: Angiogenesis, which is a critical step in the initiation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), involves pro-angiogenic factors, including interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (koreamed.org)
  • Objective: Diabetic retinopathy, a major cause of blindness, is characterized by increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leukocyte attachment to the vessel walls and increased vascular permeability. (utmb.edu)
  • After 4 weeks of diabetes, early signs of retinopathy were examined by measuring ROS, expression of VEGF and ICAM-1, leukocyte attachment to the vessel wall and vascular permeability. (utmb.edu)
  • These diabetes-induced alterations were correlated with increases in expression of VEGF and ICAM-1, leukocyte adhesion and vascular permeability. (utmb.edu)
  • The brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). (healthwise.net)
  • neurogenic detrusor overactivity with urinary incontinence due to subcervical spinal cord injury (traumatic or non-traumatic), or multiple sclerosis. (acnr.co.uk)
  • The peripheral nervous system consists of all your nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including those in your arms, legs, and trunk of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Together, your brain and spinal cord serve as the main "processing center" for the entire nervous system, and control all the functions of your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In order to rule out spinal cord pathol- lar immune derangements that potentially ogy, craniospinal magnetic resonance imag- result in neuronal injury and demyelina- ing (MRI) was obtained immediately. (who.int)
  • Cutaneous vascular lesions are categorized according to pathology and age of onset. (medscape.com)
  • Previous work has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the superoxide generating enzyme NOX2/NADPH oxidase play a crucial role in the vascular pathology. (utmb.edu)
  • recent studies have explored misanalysis of urinalysis results, urinary fractional excretion indices in the evaluation of acute kidney injury and nocturnal enuresis as a risk factor for falls in older women. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • IR promotes a cascade of molecular events that lead to renal vascular and tubular damage and, ultimately, acute kidney injury (AKI) [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The insights from SAFE-MCS will offer significant insight and guidance on how continuous monitoring can improve clinical outcomes by actively addressing bleeding events," said Dr. Babar Basir, Director of Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support, at Henry Ford Health System and co-principal investigator of SAFE-MCS. (businesswire.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the effect of mesenteric lymph drainage on the acute kidney injury induced by hemorrhagic shock without resuscitation. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, acute kidney injury (AKI) following hemorrhagic shock remains a serious problem. (hindawi.com)
  • An allergy & immunology specialist is a physician who is specially trained in matters pertaining to chronic and acute allergies, as well as deficiencies of the immune system. (vitals.com)
  • On multivariate analysis, admission low hemoglobin concentration and abdominal injury were independent predictors of mortality. (usuhs.edu)
  • CT is important in order to characterize and grade the renal injury, identify collecting system involvement or a ureteropelvic junction disruption, and identify any associated intra-abdominal injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A thorough knowledge of basic medical-school anatomy of the extremities is essential in the evaluation and management of extremity vascular injuries. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, we evaluated the capability of a Light-Emitting Diode (LED)-based PA and ultrasound (US) imaging system for monitoring heterogeneous microvasculature in tumors (up to 10 mm in depth) and quantitatively compared the PA images with gold standard histology images. (mdpi.com)
  • MRI, which stands for "magnetic resonance imaging," exams are generally ordered by a physician when medical problems, such as tumors, cysts or brain injuries, are suspected but not readily detectable from an external exam. (myneworleans.com)
  • In partnership with the Department of Radiology, 3D models of RL's kidneys were created so Kolon could visualize the condition of the tumors and their proximity to critical renal vascular supply and collecting system. (chop.edu)
  • They can recommend treatment for sleep disorders, head injuries and headaches, but they also specialize in issues such as epilepsy, seizures and brain tumors. (vitals.com)
  • Laser treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions has progressed significantly over the past 30 years. (medscape.com)
  • Early laser technology used continuous-wave (CW) mode lasers for treating cutaneous vascular lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Pulsed laser systems, such as the 585- or 595-nm pulsed dye laser (PDL), subsequently were developed and have become the mainstays of therapy for both congenital and acquired vascular lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanisms of injury were 49% (n = 561) blunt, 41% (n = 464) penetrating, and 1.8% (n = 21) of mixed aetiology. (usuhs.edu)
  • The most common indication for endovascular treatment was blunt noncompressible torso injuries. (usuhs.edu)
  • In blunt injuries to the area, it is not necessary to explore the retroperitoneum. (medicosecuador.com)
  • In blunt injuries to the pelvis, with a retroperitoneal hematoma, the appropriate management is to apply an external fixation device. (medicosecuador.com)
  • Later, they may develop disabling neurocognitive deficits similar to those of people with concussive or blunt brain injury, which may not be apparent until survivors attempt to return to their previous work and are unable to process new information, organize their activities, and multitask. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in the kidney (inappropriate salt retention despite elevated blood pressure). (nature.com)
  • The consequences of yolk sac injuries include impairment of nutrient transportation because of vasculopathy. (edu.au)
  • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and hypertension also may be influenced by renal IR injury. (hindawi.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • As part of our academic medical center, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery in the Heart & Vascular Center employs board certified surgeons-Harvard Medical Center faculty who are engaged in life-changing cardiac research while also training future surgeons through our fellowship programs . (brighamandwomens.org)
  • One of the largest heart and vascular centers in the United States, the Heart & Vascular Center-nationally ranked in the specialty of cardiology and heart surgery by U.S. News & World Report - treats over 47,000 outpatients and 7,000 inpatients and performs more than 1,100 procedures annually. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Vascular and endovascular surgery services are also available at Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital , Brigham Health and Brigham and Women's/Mass General Health Care Centers in Foxborough and Brigham and Women's Surgical Associates at South Shore Hospital . (brighamandwomens.org)
  • These patients had higher Injury Severity Scores and longer associated hospital stays, but required less packed red blood cells, and had lower in hospital mortality than those treated with open surgery. (usuhs.edu)
  • Civilian clinicians expecting to render aid and services in these areas can refer to references such as Husum and colleagues' War Surgery Field Manual to augment their knowledge of civilian wartime injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Operative identification of arterial and venous injury as a prelude to repair often requires proximal and distal control of the artery or vein, which may require extending the wound in both directions or making counterincisions. (medscape.com)
  • SB 189, also known as the Louisiana Youth Concussion Act, aims to make youth sports safer by making parents and coaches more aware of the symptoms and long-term effects of head injuries. (myneworleans.com)
  • In addition to all of this, Bikrum yoga is also known to help strengthen the cardio-vascular system and improve the immune system. (personalpowertraining.net)
  • The doctor will determine whether an allergy, which attacks our immune system, is present. (vitals.com)
  • Our vascular and endovascular surgeons work with a multidisciplinary team of vascular specialists, offering patients holistic and compassionate care within the Heart & Vascular Center's state-of the-art Shapiro Cardiovascular Center . (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The system at Lakeview Regional can do vascular exams without contrast media, making it safer for patients. (myneworleans.com)
  • It is important for us to always be aware of our patient needs, and this new system assists our patients that may present special challenges when undergoing [MRI procedures]," John Gerhold, associate administrator, said in a press release. (myneworleans.com)
  • With our new CinemaVision Virtual Reality System, we are able to bring a relaxing multimedia experience and entertainment inside the MRI while patients are being imaged, helping them to tolerate the exams better. (myneworleans.com)
  • This review focused on patients with noncompressible transection, partial transection, or flow-limiting defect injuries. (usuhs.edu)
  • And many people share that experience, and many doctors share that experience of the conventional medical system and patients too, of it being so dissatisfying to only have those 15 minutes together, and sometimes it is seven minutes. (drtalks.com)
  • Organ system failure. (healthwise.net)
  • posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph return is a major factor causing multiple-organ injury [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is essential that the surgeon is familiar with the anatomy of this area and has a well thought out plan for the management of each injury to a particular organ or vascular structure. (medicosecuador.com)
  • In a penetrating injury to Zone II, it is appropriate to explore the area to identify which vascular structure or organ has been injured. (medicosecuador.com)
  • Lead has been shown to affect virtually every organ and system in the body in both humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Lead can affect virtually every organ or system in the body through mechanisms that involve fundamental biochemical processes. (cdc.gov)
  • Experimental and clinical evidence implicate an imbalance between endogenous vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in the development and maintenance of hypertension. (nature.com)
  • This article is a review of exciting, recently generated genetic, biochemical and clinical data from studies that have examined the importance of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in protection from hypertension, vascular remodeling and renal fibrosis. (nature.com)
  • Development of novel therapeutic approaches to bolster kinin activity in the vascular wall and in specific compartments in the kidney might be a highly effective strategy for the treatment of hypertension and its complications, including cardiac hypertrophy and renal failure. (nature.com)
  • Improved Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems, faster transport times, availability of interventional radiologic techniques, improved surgical technique, and newer vascular conduits may further reduce the morbidity and mortality of extremity vascular injury. (medscape.com)
  • Although it is often possible to visualize an arterial injury directly through an open wound, obtaining proximal and distal control for vascular reconstruction requires intimate knowledge of vascular, muscular, and bony anatomy to allow rapid access to the arterial tree proximally and distally while incision length and surgical tissue dissection are minimized. (medscape.com)
  • Blood supply problems (vascular disorders). (healthwise.net)
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery may be needed for certain types of nervous system disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most headaches aren't caused by serious central nervous system problems. (healthwise.net)
  • It focuses on diagnosing and treating nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • ASCs are present in a number of posnatal tissues and are responsible for normal tissue renewal as well as for regeneration and healing after injuries. (bvsalud.org)
  • On the other hand, if at the end of the exploration, the hematoma has expanded, then in all likelihood is from an arterial injury and needs to be further explored. (medicosecuador.com)
  • Diplodia rot is most severe for mono cropping systems, or when wet weather occurs shortly after silking, particularly for susceptible corn varieties with upright ears and tight husks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The more severe the injury, the higher the risk. (peacehealth.org)
  • No significant differences were detected between the groups in renal blood flow (RBF) or renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to Ang II infusion when MasR was not blocked. (hindawi.com)
  • Tonic basal release of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells controls blood pressure (BP) in the basal state. (jci.org)
  • Your heart beats to pump blood through your system. (goshenhealth.com)
  • That system carries blood and oxygen to every part of your body. (goshenhealth.com)
  • The extra-embryonic mesoderm differentiates to form both blood and blood vessels of the vitelline system. (edu.au)
  • Vascular and endovascular surgeons in the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Heart & Vascular Center are uniquely trained to evaluate and treat a wide spectrum of conditions affecting the veins and arteries of the vascular system as well as the lymphatic system. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The future of limiting the morbidity and mortality of these injuries probably lies with advances in other areas, such as motor vehicle safety, worldwide control and cleanup of antipersonnel mines, and injury prevention programs. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence, including from the Afghanistan mortality survey (AMS), identifies the increasing mortality due tothe major NCDs and injuries, which have a major impact on the health of, community mortality and morbidity and the economy of Afghanistan, as a major challenge. (who.int)
  • Military training and combat operations will require continued emphasis on effective cold weather injury prevention strategies and adherence to the policies and procedures in place to protect service members against such injuries. (health.mil)
  • The symptoms depend on which area of the nervous system is involved. (healthwise.net)
  • A sudden nervous system problem can cause many different symptoms. (healthwise.net)
  • Under the new law, schools, clubs and any other organizations that participate in youth sports will have to give parents and young athletes information about concussions and the potential effects of continuing to play after an injury, and coaches and officials must undergo annual training to learn how to spot symptoms of a concussion. (myneworleans.com)
  • Each system grades PVD from no symptoms to major tissue loss and can be used at diagnosis and to evaluate the progression or improvement of symptoms. (medicalcriteria.com)
  • In many parts of the world, regional conflicts in which antipersonnel mines are used has given rise to a large population of children and civilian adults with extremity vascular and soft-tissue injuries resulting in amputations. (medscape.com)
  • PVD can be categorized using the Fontaine or Rutherford classification system. (medicalcriteria.com)
  • The hypothesis was further verified in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced lung injury mouse model. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the LPS‑induced lung injury mouse model, the LPS group presented with a significant loss of pulmonary vessels and smaller vessel diameters, which were ameliorated in the Angptl7 treatment group. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 9 Moreover, the response includes constriction of the peripheral (superficial) vascular system, which may result in non-freezing injuries or hasten the onset of actual freezing of tissues (frostbite). (health.mil)
  • The term cold weather injuries is used to describe injuries that have a central effect, such as hypothermia, as well as injuries that primarily affect the peripheries of the body, such as frostbite and immersion injuries. (health.mil)
  • These findings indicated that mesenteric lymph drainage could relieve kidney injury caused by sustained hypotension, and its mechanisms involve the decrease in trypsin activity, suppression of inflammation, alleviation of free radical injury, and improvement of energy metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • Hence, related mechanisms should be elucidated to develop intervention treatment for kidney injury caused by sustained hypotension. (hindawi.com)
  • However, further studies should be conducted to determine whether or not the blockage of mesenteric lymph return can decrease kidney injury after hemorrhagic shock without resuscitation. (hindawi.com)
  • The kidney, adrenal glands, the ureter, and the hilum of the vascular pedicle of the kidney reside in this area. (medicosecuador.com)
  • If there is extravasation of urine, the kidney needs to be carefully evaluated for function and an injury to the collecting system. (medicosecuador.com)
  • The injured collecting system is then repaired and a drain is placed close to the kidney. (medicosecuador.com)
  • Overall about 65% of genitourinary (GU) injuries involve the kidney. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Erratum: Characterization of frequency-dependent responses of the vascular system. (cdc.gov)
  • The renal vascular responses to graded Ang II (30, 100, 300, and 1000 ng kg −1 .min −1 ) infusion using A779 or its vehicle were measured at constant renal perfusion pressure. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast to the negative effects of Ang II on the renal circulation, Ang1-7 as a renoprotective agent improves endothelial function, which increases RBF and decreases renal vascular resistance (RVR) [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Traditional PA imaging systems employ expensive and bulky class IV lasers with low pulse repetition rate, due to which its availability for preclinical cancer research is hampered. (mdpi.com)