Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS.
A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.
This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.
Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.
Veins which drain the liver.
A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the PULMONARY VALVE. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the PULMONARY ARTERY. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.
Flaps within the VEINS that allow the blood to flow only in one direction. They are usually in the medium size veins that carry blood to the heart against gravity.
Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE.
Tumors in any part of the heart. They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. Their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including HEART FAILURE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; or EMBOLISM.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases.
A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
Narrowing below the PULMONARY VALVE or well below it in the infundibuluar chamber where the pulmonary artery originates, usually caused by a defective VENTRICULAR SEPTUM or presence of fibrous tissues. It is characterized by restricted blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the PULMONARY ARTERY, exertional fatigue, DYSPNEA, and chest discomfort.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.
The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).
The blood pressure in the VEINS. It is usually measured to assess the filling PRESSURE to the HEART VENTRICLE.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
A congenital heart defect characterized by the narrowing or complete absence of the opening between the RIGHT VENTRICLE and the PULMONARY ARTERY. Lacking a normal PULMONARY VALVE, unoxygenated blood in the right ventricle can not be effectively pumped into the lung for oxygenation. Clinical features include rapid breathing, CYANOSIS, right ventricle atrophy, and abnormal heart sounds (HEART MURMURS).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Surgery performed on the heart.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
The muscular structure separating the right and the left lower chambers (HEART VENTRICLES) of the heart. The ventricular septum consists of a very small membranous portion just beneath the AORTIC VALVE, and a large thick muscular portion consisting of three sections including the inlet septum, the trabecular septum, and the outlet septum.
The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
A type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the AORTIC VALVE, anywhere between the aortic valve and the MITRAL VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right HEART VENTRICLE.
A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.

Biventricular repair approach in ducto-dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal left ventricle. (1/351)

OBJECTIVES: Increased afterload and multilevel LV obstruction is constant. We assumed that restoration of normal loading conditions by relief of LV obstructions promotes its growth, provided that part of the cardiac output was preoperatively supported by the LV, whatever the echocardiographic indexes. BACKGROUND: Whether to perform uni- or biventricular repair in ducto dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal LV (hypoplastic left heart syndrome classes II & III) remains unanswered. Echocardiographic criteria have been proposed for surgical decision. METHODS: Twenty ducto dependent neonates presented with this anomaly. All had aortic coarctation associated to multilevel LV obstruction. Preoperative echocardiographic assessment showed: mean EDLW of 12.4 +/- 3.03 ml/m2 and mean Rhodes score of -1.73 +/-0.8. Surgery consisted in relief of LV outflow tract obstruction by coarctation repair in all associated to aortic commissurotomy in one and ASD closure in 2. RESULTS: There were 3 early and 2 late deaths. Failure of biventricular repair and LV growth was obvious in patients with severe anatomic mitral stenosis. The other demonstrated growth of the left heart. At hospital discharge the EDLVV was 19.4+/-3.12 ml/m2 (p = 0.0001) and the Rhodes score was -0.38+/-1.01 (p = 0.0003). Actuarial survival and freedom from reoperation rates at 5 years were 72.5% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Biventricular repair can be proposed to ducto dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal LV provided that all anatomical causes of LV obstruction can be relieved. Secondary growth of the left heart then occurs; however, the reoperation rate is high.  (+info)

Correlation of ventricular mechanosensory neurite activity with myocardial sensory field deformation. (2/351)

The mechanosensory activity generated by ventricular epicardial sensory neurites associated with afferent axons in thoracic sympathetic nerves was correlated with sensory field deformation (long axis, short axis, and transmural dimension changes), regional intramyocardial pressure, and ventricular chamber pressure in anesthetized dogs. Ventricular mechanosensory neurites generated activity that correlated best with strain developed along either the long or short axis of their epicardial sensory fields in most instances. Activity did not correlate normally to local wall thickness or to regional wall or chamber pressure development in most cases. During premature ventricular contractions, the activity generated by these sensory neurites correlated best with maximum strain developed along at least one sensory field epicardial vector. Identified sensory neurites were also activated by local application of the chemical bradykinin (10 microM) or by local ischemia. These data indicate that the activity generated by most ischemia-sensitive ventricular epicardial sensory neurites associated with afferent axons in sympathetic nerves is dependent on not only their local chemical milieu but on local mechanical deformation along at least one epicardial vector of their sensory fields.  (+info)

Prenatal diagnosis of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with intact ventricular septum, and detection of ventriculocoronary connections. (3/351)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PAIVS), and pulmonary stenosis, including prenatal detection of ventriculocoronary connections, to evaluate heart size during the prenatal period, and to evaluate the outcome. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Medical records of 20 cases with prenatally diagnosed PAIVS and pulmonary stenosis were reviewed retrospectively. Prenatal and postnatal echocardiography were also reviewed and dimensions of the ventricles and vessels were measured retrespectively. RESULTS: Of 20 prenatal diagnoses (15 PAIVS and five pulmonary stenosis), 16 were confirmed as correct. One critical pulmonary stenosis case had been diagnosed as PAIVS prenatally; three had no confirmation. Eight pregnancies were terminated, three had no active treatment, and nine were treated; all survived. Of 13 assessed with ventriculocoronary connections prenatally, seven were diagnosed correctly (four with, three without ventriculocoronary connections), but one was falsely positive; five had no confirmation. The more prominent hypoplasia of the main pulmonary artery and the tricuspid valve annulus, and the sigmoid shape of the ductus arteriosus, seemed to be associated with the presence of ventriculocoronary connections. CONCLUSIONS: Current prenatal echocardiography can accurately diagnose right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventriculocoronary connections. Prenatal detection of this constellation of abnormalities aids in family counselling and decisions on postnatal management.  (+info)

Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly. (4/351)

BACKGROUND: Although aortic-valve stenosis is clearly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, it is unclear whether valve sclerosis increases the risk of cardiovascular events. METHODS: We assessed echocardiograms obtained at base line from 5621 men and women 65 years of age or older who were enrolled in a population-based prospective study. On echocardiography, the aortic valve was normal in 70 percent (3919 subjects), sclerotic without outflow obstruction in 29 percent (1610), and stenotic in 2 percent (92). The subjects were followed for a mean of 5.0 years to assess the risk of death from any cause and of death from cardiovascular causes. Cardiovascular morbidity was defined as new episodes of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, or stroke. RESULTS: There was a stepwise increase in deaths from any cause (P for trend, <0.001) and deaths from cardiovascular causes (P for trend, <0.001) with increasing aortic-valve abnormality; the respective rates were 14.9 and 6.1 percent in the group with normal aortic valves, 21.9 and 10.1 percent in the group with aortic sclerosis, and 41.3 and 19.6 percent in the group with aortic stenosis. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes among subjects without coronary heart disease at base line was 1.66 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.23 to 2.23) for those with sclerotic valves as compared with those with normal valves, after adjustment for age and sex. The relative risk remained elevated after further adjustment for clinical factors associated with sclerosis (relative risk, 1.52; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.12 to 2.05). The relative risk of myocardial infarction was 1.40 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.83) among subjects with aortic sclerosis, as compared with those with normal aortic valves. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic sclerosis is common in the elderly and is associated with an increase of approximately 50 percent in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and the risk of myocardial infarction, even in the absence of hemodynamically significant obstruction of left ventricular outflow.  (+info)

Dynamic outflow obstruction due to the transient extensive left ventricular wall motion abnormalities caused by acute myocarditis in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: reduction in ventricular afterload by disopyramide. (5/351)

A 65-year-old woman was admitted to the coronary care unit because of acute pulmonary edema. Immediate 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms revealed extensive left ventricular wall motion abnormalities and left ventricular hypertrophy with extreme outflow obstruction. Although an ECG showed ST-segment elevation in the anterolateral leads, a coronary arteriogram revealed normal epicardial arteries. Heart failure was relieved after diminishing the dynamic outflow obstruction with disopyramide administration. An endomyocardial biopsy from the right ventricle on the 8th hospital day showed borderline myocarditis. Wall motion abnormalities gradually normalized within 2 weeks. It is speculated that her pulmonary edema would not have been relieved so readily without the immediate reduction in ventricular afterload by disopyramide. These clinical changes over time were observed with serial echo-Doppler examinations.  (+info)

Echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after mitral valve reconstruction for myxomatous valve disease. (6/351)

OBJECTIVE: To determine predictors of systolic anterior motion and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (SAM/LVOTO) after mitral valve repair (MVRep) in patients with myxomatous mitral valve disease. BACKGROUND: Mechanisms for the development of SAM/LVOTO after MVRep have been described; however, predictors of this complication have not been explored. We hypothesize that pre-MVRep transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can predict postrepair SAM/ LVOTO. METHODS: Using TEE, the lengths of the coapted anterior (AL) and posterior (PL) leaflets and the distance from the coaptation point to the septum (C-Sept) were measured before and after MVRep in 33 patients, including 11 who developed SAM/LVOTO (Group 1) and 22 who did not (Group 2). RESULTS: Group 1 patients had smaller AL/PL ratios (0.99 vs. 1.95, p < 0.0001) and C-Sept distances (2.53 vs. 3.01 cm, p = 0.012) prior to MVRep than those in Group 2. Resolution of SAM/LVOTO was associated with increases in AL/PL ratio and C-Sept distance. This reflects a more anterior position of the coaptation point in those who developed SAM/ LVOTO. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that TEE analysis of the mitral apparatus can identify patients likely to develop SAM/LVOTO after MVRep for myxomatous valve disease. The findings are consistent with the concept that SAM of mitral leaflets is due to anterior malposition of slack mitral leaflet portions into the LVOT. The position of the coaptation point of the mitral leaflets is dynamic and a potential target and end point for surgical designs to prevent SAM/LVOTO post MVRep.  (+info)

Gender differences in the presentation of adult obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with resting gradient: a study of 122 patients. (7/351)

The present study investigated gender differences among adult patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OHCM) and resting gradient. Using outflow gradients >10 mmHg and the presence of asymmetrical septal hypertrophy of the left ventricle as inclusion criteria, 122 patients were identified among patients referred for echocardiographic examinations between May 1990 and October 1996. Clinical, echocardiographical and follow-up data were compared between male and female patients. The female patients were significantly older than male patients (mean age +/-SD 66.7+/-10.5 vs 54.8+/-12.5 years). The female patients had a smaller interventricular septal wall thickness, less frequent systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve, more frequent association with hypertension, and less frequent association with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and giant T wave inversion. In this study population, adult female patients presented with OHCM 12 years later than males. Whether this represents female patients' reluctance to seek medical attention early, a different disease process that affects predominantly elderly females, or a gender-specific end organ response to aging, hypertension, IHD and other processes, or the protective effects of estrogen remains to be determined.  (+info)

Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with pheochromocytoma. (8/351)

Symmetric left ventricular hypertrophy or asymmetric septal hypertrophy associated with pheochromocytoma simulating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy have been rarely reported. In this report, we present a case with pheochromocytoma that had dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction without asymmetric septal hypertrophy. A surface echo revealed resolution of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and all Doppler evidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction following removal of the tumor. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen in this patient was probably due to excessive secretion of cathecolamines by the tumor.  (+info)

Ventricular outflow obstruction is a term used in cardiology to describe a condition where there is an obstruction or narrowing in the flow of blood as it exits the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This obstruction can occur due to various reasons such as congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or calcification of the aortic valve.

In a normal heart, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonic valve. Any obstruction in these outflow tracts can lead to increased pressure within the ventricles, which can result in various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or fatigue.

The severity of the obstruction and the resulting symptoms can vary depending on the location and extent of the narrowing. Treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, or catheter-based interventions to alleviate the obstruction and improve blood flow.

Tripelennamine is not typically referred to as a "medical definition" in and of itself, but it is a medication with specific pharmacological properties. Tripelennamine is an older antihistamine drug that works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. It is primarily used to treat symptoms associated with allergies, such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy or watery eyes.

Tripelennamine may also be used for its sedative properties to help manage anxiety or promote sleep. However, it is not commonly used in modern medical practice due to the availability of newer antihistamines with fewer side effects.

It's important to note that Tripelennamine can cause significant drowsiness and should be used with caution when operating heavy machinery or driving. It may also interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the drugs you are taking before starting Tripelennamine.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body). This thickening can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, HCM can also cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.

The thickening of the heart muscle in HCM is caused by an overgrowth of the cells that make up the heart muscle, known as cardiomyocytes. This overgrowth can be caused by mutations in any one of several genes that encode proteins involved in the structure and function of the heart muscle. These genetic mutations are usually inherited from a parent, but they can also occur spontaneously in an individual with no family history of the disorder.

HCM is typically diagnosed using echocardiography (a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to create images of the heart) and other diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for HCM may include medications to help manage symptoms, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical procedures or implantable devices to help prevent or treat arrhythmias.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.

Urethral obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a blockage in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as scar tissue, stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate gland in men. Symptoms may include difficulty in urinating, painful urination, frequent urination, and urinary retention. If left untreated, urethral obstruction can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage or infection.

The heart septum is the thick, muscular wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart. It consists of two main parts: the atrial septum, which separates the right and left atria (the upper chambers of the heart), and the ventricular septum, which separates the right and left ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). A normal heart septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood from the lungs does not mix with oxygen-poor blood from the body. Any defect or abnormality in the heart septum is called a septal defect, which can lead to various congenital heart diseases.

Urinary bladder neck obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a partial or complete blockage at the bladder neck, which is the area where the bladder connects to the urethra. This obstruction can be caused by various factors such as prostate enlargement, bladder tumors, scar tissue, or nerve damage.

The bladder neck obstruction can lead to difficulty in urinating, a weak urine stream, and the need to strain while urinating. In severe cases, it can cause urinary retention, kidney failure, and other complications. Treatment for this condition depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures.

The hepatic veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver back to the heart. There are typically three major hepatic veins - right, middle, and left - that originate from the posterior aspect of the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm. These veins are responsible for returning the majority of the blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the heart. It's important to note that the hepatic veins do not have valves, which can make them susceptible to a condition called Budd-Chiari syndrome, where blood clots form in the veins and obstruct the flow of blood from the liver.

Aortic stenosis, subvalvular is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or obstruction of the outflow tract below the aortic valve in the heart. This abnormal narrowing can be caused by various factors such as a congenital heart defect, a tissue growth, or scarring from previous procedures. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed opening, which can lead to thickening of the heart muscle (hypertrophy) and decreased cardiac output. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness or fainting spells. Severe subvalvular aortic stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure or even sudden death, and may require surgical intervention to correct the problem.

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the obstruction of the hepatic veins, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the liver to the heart. This obstruction can be caused by blood clots, tumors, or other abnormalities, and it can lead to a backflow of blood in the liver, resulting in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, and liver enlargement. In severe cases, Budd-Chiari syndrome can cause liver failure and other complications if left untreated. The diagnosis of this condition typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and treatment may include anticoagulation therapy, thrombolytic therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the obstruction.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is a cardiac condition where the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, has a narrowed opening. This stenosis (narrowing) can cause obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. The narrowing can be caused by a fusion of the valve leaflets, thickened or calcified valve leaflets, or rarely, a dysplastic valve.

The severity of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is classified based on the gradient pressure across the valve, which is measured during an echocardiogram. A mild stenosis has a gradient of less than 30 mmHg, moderate stenosis has a gradient between 30-59 mmHg, and severe stenosis has a gradient of 60 mmHg or higher.

Mild Pulmonary Valve Stenosis may not require treatment, while more severe cases may need to be treated with balloon valvuloplasty or surgical valve replacement. If left untreated, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and other complications.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect that consists of four components: ventricular septal defect (a hole between the lower chambers of the heart), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract), overriding aorta (the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricular muscle). This condition results in insufficient oxygenation of the blood, leading to cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes) and other symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. Treatment typically involves surgical repair, which is usually performed during infancy or early childhood.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. This defect allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, leading to inefficient oxygenation of the body's tissues. The size and location of the hole can vary, and symptoms may range from none to severe, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that is able to shunt between the ventricles. Small VSDs may close on their own over time, while larger defects usually require medical intervention, such as medication or surgery, to prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Ureteral obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the partial or complete blockage of the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This blockage can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, or scar tissue, leading to a backup of urine in the kidney (hydronephrosis). Ureteral obstruction can cause pain, infection, and potential kidney damage if not treated promptly.

Venous valves are one-way flaps made of thin, flexible tissue that lie inside your veins. They allow blood to flow towards the heart but prevent it from flowing backward. These valves are especially important in the veins of the legs, where they help to counteract the force of gravity and ensure that blood flows back up to the heart. When venous valves become damaged or weakened, blood can pool in the veins, leading to conditions such as varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency.

Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency, also known as Pulmonary Regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the pulmonary valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery does not close properly. This leads to the backward leakage or regurgitation of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole, causing an increased volume load on the right ventricle.

The severity of Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency can vary from mild to severe and may be caused by congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, or as a result of aging, or following certain cardiac procedures such as pulmonary valvotomy or ventriculostomy.

Mild Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency may not cause any symptoms and may only require periodic monitoring. However, severe Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency can lead to right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency include medication, surgical repair or replacement of the pulmonary valve, or a combination of these approaches.

Heart neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the heart tissue. They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as myxomas and rhabdomyomas, are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, but they can still cause serious complications if they obstruct blood flow or damage heart valves. Malignant tumors, such as angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, are fast-growing and have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. Symptoms of heart neoplasms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Ventricular Premature Complexes (VPCs), also known as Ventricular Extrasystoles or Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs), are extra heartbeats that originate in the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. These premature beats disrupt the normal sequence of electrical impulses in the heart and cause the ventricles to contract earlier than they should.

VPCs can result in a noticeable "skipped" or "extra" beat sensation, often followed by a stronger beat as the heart returns to its regular rhythm. They may occur occasionally in healthy individuals with no underlying heart condition, but frequent VPCs could indicate an underlying issue such as heart disease, electrolyte imbalance, or digitalis toxicity. In some cases, VPCs can be harmless and require no treatment; however, if they are frequent or associated with structural heart problems, further evaluation and management may be necessary to prevent potential complications like reduced cardiac output or heart failure.

The iliac veins are a pair of large veins in the human body that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic area back to the heart. They are formed by the union of the common iliac veins, which receive blood from the lower abdomen and legs, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

The combined iliac vein is called the inferior vena cava, which continues upward to the right atrium of the heart. The iliac veins are located deep within the pelvis, lateral to the corresponding iliac arteries, and are accompanied by the iliac lymphatic vessels.

The left common iliac vein is longer than the right because it must cross the left common iliac artery to join the right common iliac vein. The external and internal iliac veins are the two branches of the common iliac vein, with the external iliac vein carrying blood from the lower limbs and the internal iliac vein carrying blood from the pelvic organs.

It is essential to maintain proper blood flow in the iliac veins to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition that can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Phlebography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize and assess the veins, particularly in the legs. It involves the injection of a contrast agent into the veins, followed by X-ray imaging to capture the flow of the contrast material through the veins. This allows doctors to identify any abnormalities such as blood clots, blockages, or malformations in the venous system.

There are different types of phlebography, including ascending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a foot vein and travels up the leg) and descending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a vein in the groin or neck and travels down the leg).

Phlebography is an invasive procedure that requires careful preparation and monitoring, and it is typically performed by radiologists or vascular specialists. It has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound and CT angiography in many clinical settings.

Pulmonary subvalvular stenosis is a rare cardiac condition that refers to the narrowing or obstruction of the pulmonary valve or the outflow tract below it, within the right ventricle of the heart. This results in restricted blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery and subsequently to the lungs.

The narrowing can be caused by various factors such as a membranous shelf-like structure (dysplasia), a fibrous ring, or a tunnel-like narrowing of the outflow tract (tunneling). The severity of the stenosis may vary from mild to severe, and symptoms can range from shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain to more serious complications like heart failure or arrhythmias.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options depend on the severity of the stenosis and may include monitoring, medications, or invasive procedures such as balloon dilation or surgical repair.

Venous insufficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the veins, particularly in the legs, have difficulty returning blood back to the heart due to impaired valve function or obstruction in the vein. This results in blood pooling in the veins, leading to symptoms such as varicose veins, swelling, skin changes, and ulcers. Prolonged venous insufficiency can cause chronic pain and affect the quality of life if left untreated.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), also known as postphlebitic syndrome, is a chronic complication that can occur after deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It's characterized by a combination of symptoms including pain, swelling, cramping, itching, and skin changes in the affected limb. PTS happens when the damaged valves in the veins are unable to properly move blood back to the heart, leading to venous hypertension and fluid accumulation in the lower extremities.

The symptoms of PTS can vary in severity, but they often worsen with prolonged standing or sitting. In some cases, patients may develop open sores (ulcers) on the skin, particularly around the ankles. The risk of developing PTS is higher in individuals who have experienced a recurrent DVT, those with more extensive clotting, and those who do not receive appropriate anticoagulation therapy after their initial DVT diagnosis.

Preventive measures such as early mobilization, use of compression stockings, and maintaining adequate anticoagulation can help reduce the risk of developing PTS following a DVT.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Aortic valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) from the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body). This narrowing or stiffening prevents the aortic valve from opening fully, resulting in reduced blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The narrowing can be caused by several factors, including congenital heart defects, calcification (hardening) of the aortic valve due to aging, or scarring of the valve due to rheumatic fever or other inflammatory conditions. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to thickening and enlargement of the left ventricular muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy).

Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting, and heart palpitations. Severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention such as aortic valve replacement.

Transposition of the Great Vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the two main vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body are switched in position. Normally, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body, while the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In transposition of the great vessels, the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. This results in oxygen-poor blood being pumped to the body and oxygen-rich blood being recirculated back to the lungs, which can lead to serious health problems and is often fatal if not corrected through surgery soon after birth.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.

During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.

ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rhythm that originates from the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. It is defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate of 120 beats per minute or greater in a resting adult. This abnormal heart rhythm can cause the heart to pump less effectively, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body and potentially life-threatening conditions such as hypotension, shock, or cardiac arrest.

VT can be classified into three types based on its duration, hemodynamic stability, and response to treatment:

1. Non-sustained VT (NSVT): It lasts for less than 30 seconds and is usually well tolerated without causing significant symptoms or hemodynamic instability.
2. Sustained VT (SVT): It lasts for more than 30 seconds, causes symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest pain, and may lead to hemodynamic instability.
3. Pulseless VT: It is a type of sustained VT that does not produce a pulse, blood pressure, or adequate cardiac output, requiring immediate electrical cardioversion or defibrillation to restore a normal heart rhythm.

VT can occur in people with various underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, congenital heart defects, and electrolyte imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain medications, substance abuse, or electrical abnormalities in the heart. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of VT are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Catheter ablation is a medical procedure in which specific areas of heart tissue that are causing arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) are destroyed or ablated using heat energy (radiofrequency ablation), cold energy (cryoablation), or other methods. The procedure involves threading one or more catheters through the blood vessels to the heart, where the tip of the catheter can be used to selectively destroy the problematic tissue. Catheter ablation is often used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and other types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's upper chambers (atria). It may also be used to treat certain types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), such as ventricular tachycardia.

The goal of catheter ablation is to eliminate or reduce the frequency and severity of arrhythmias, thereby improving symptoms and quality of life. In some cases, it may also help to reduce the risk of stroke and other complications associated with arrhythmias. Catheter ablation is typically performed by a specialist in heart rhythm disorders (electrophysiologist) in a hospital or outpatient setting under local anesthesia and sedation. The procedure can take several hours to complete, depending on the complexity of the arrhythmia being treated.

It's important to note that while catheter ablation is generally safe and effective, it does carry some risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures, and the possibility of recurrent arrhythmias. Patients should discuss the potential benefits and risks of the procedure with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the human body that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities, pelvis, and abdomen to the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the union of the left and right common iliac veins at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is a retroperitoneal structure, meaning it lies behind the peritoneum, the lining that covers the abdominal cavity. It ascends through the posterior abdominal wall and passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity.

The inferior vena cava is composed of three parts:

1. The infrarenal portion, which lies below the renal veins
2. The renal portion, which receives blood from the renal veins
3. The suprahepatic portion, which lies above the liver and receives blood from the hepatic veins before draining into the right atrium of the heart.

The inferior vena cava plays a crucial role in maintaining venous return to the heart and contributing to cardiovascular function.

Urinary retention is a medical condition in which the bladder cannot empty completely or at all, resulting in the accumulation of urine in the bladder. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and difficulty in passing urine. Urinary retention can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term). Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention, while chronic urinary retention may be managed with medications or surgery. The causes of urinary retention include nerve damage, bladder muscle weakness, prostate gland enlargement, and side effects of certain medications.

Venous pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of a vein, which varies depending on several factors such as the volume and flow of blood within the vein, the contractile state of the surrounding muscles, and the position of the body. In clinical settings, venous pressure is often measured in the extremities (e.g., arms or legs) to assess the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Central venous pressure (CVP) is a specific type of venous pressure that refers to the pressure within the large veins that enter the right atrium of the heart. CVP is an important indicator of right heart function and fluid status, as it reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump it forward. Normal CVP ranges from 0 to 8 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) in adults.

Elevated venous pressure can be caused by various conditions such as heart failure, obstruction of blood flow, or fluid overload, while low venous pressure may indicate dehydration or blood loss. Accurate measurement and interpretation of venous pressure require specialized equipment and knowledge, and are typically performed by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Pathological constriction refers to an abnormal narrowing or tightening of a body passage or organ, which can interfere with the normal flow of blood, air, or other substances through the area. This constriction can occur due to various reasons such as inflammation, scarring, or abnormal growths, and can affect different parts of the body, including blood vessels, airways, intestines, and ureters. Pathological constriction can lead to a range of symptoms and complications depending on its location and severity, and may require medical intervention to correct.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital heart defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. This includes the mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta. The left ventricle is too small or absent, and the aorta is narrowed or poorly formed. As a result, blood cannot be adequately pumped to the body. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the heart, and the body does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. HLHS is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention and often surgical intervention.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

Doppler echocardiography is a type of ultrasound test that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels. It measures the direction and speed of blood flow in the heart and major blood vessels leading to and from the heart. This helps to evaluate various conditions such as valve problems, congenital heart defects, and heart muscle diseases.

In Doppler echocardiography, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the chest, which emits sound waves that bounce off the heart and blood vessels. The transducer then picks up the returning echoes, which are processed by a computer to create moving images of the heart.

The Doppler effect is used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow. This occurs when the frequency of the sound waves changes as they bounce off moving objects, such as red blood cells. By analyzing these changes, the ultrasound machine can calculate the velocity and direction of blood flow in different parts of the heart.

Doppler echocardiography is a non-invasive test that does not require any needles or dyes. It is generally safe and painless, although patients may experience some discomfort from the pressure applied by the transducer on the chest. The test usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes to complete.

Pulmonary atresia is a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, doesn't form properly and instead of being open, there is a membranous obstruction or atresia. This results in an absence of communication between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

The right ventricle is often small and underdeveloped due to this condition, and blood flow to the lungs can be severely limited. In some cases, there may be additional heart defects present, such as a ventricular septal defect (a hole between the two lower chambers of the heart) or patent ductus arteriosus (an abnormal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta).

Pulmonary atresia can range from mild to severe, and treatment options depend on the specific anatomy and physiology of each individual case. Treatment may include medications, catheter-based procedures, or open-heart surgery, and in some cases, a heart transplant may be necessary.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

The ventricular septum is the thick, muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. Its main function is to prevent the oxygen-rich blood in the left ventricle from mixing with the oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle.

A congenital heart defect called a ventricular septal defect (VSD) can occur when there is an abnormal opening or hole in the ventricular septum, allowing blood to flow between the two ventricles. This can result in various symptoms and complications, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that passes through it. VSDs are typically diagnosed and treated by pediatric cardiologists or cardiac surgeons.

The Sinus of Valsalva are three pouch-like dilations or outpouchings located at the upper part (root) of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. They are named after Antonio Maria Valsalva, an Italian anatomist and physician. These sinuses are divided into three parts:

1. Right Sinus of Valsalva: It is located to the right of the ascending aorta and usually gives rise to the right coronary artery.
2. Left Sinus of Valsalva: It is situated to the left of the ascending aorta and typically gives rise to the left coronary artery.
3. Non-coronary Sinus of Valsalva: This sinus is located in between the right and left coronary sinuses, and it does not give rise to any coronary arteries.

These sinuses play a crucial role during the cardiac cycle, particularly during ventricular contraction (systole). The pressure difference between the aorta and the ventricles causes the aortic valve cusps to be pushed into these sinuses, preventing the backflow of blood from the aorta into the ventricles.

Anatomical variations in the size and shape of the Sinuses of Valsalva can occur, and certain conditions like congenital heart diseases (e.g., aortic valve stenosis or bicuspid aortic valve) may affect their structure and function. Additionally, aneurysms or ruptures of the sinuses can lead to severe complications, such as cardiac tamponade, endocarditis, or stroke.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Discrete subaortic stenosis is a medical condition that refers to a narrowing (stenosis) in the outflow tract below the aortic valve of the heart. This narrowing is usually caused by a fibrous ring or a discrete ridge of tissue that partially obstructs the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.

Discrete subaortic stenosis can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and syncope (fainting). In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure or even sudden death. The condition is often diagnosed using echocardiography, which can help evaluate the severity of the narrowing and any associated abnormalities.

Treatment for discrete subaortic stenosis typically involves surgical intervention to remove the obstructive tissue and relieve the obstruction. In some cases, a mechanical valve may be implanted to replace the damaged aortic valve. Regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for any potential complications or recurrence of the narrowing.

Right Ventricular Function refers to the ability of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart to receive and eject blood during the cardiac cycle. The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart and is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for re-oxygenation.

Right ventricular function can be assessed by measuring various parameters such as:

1. Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction (RVEF): It is the percentage of blood that is ejected from the right ventricle during each heartbeat. A normal RVEF ranges from 45-75%.
2. Right Ventricular Systolic Function: It refers to the ability of the right ventricle to contract and eject blood during systole (contraction phase). This can be assessed by measuring the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) or tissue Doppler imaging.
3. Right Ventricular Diastolic Function: It refers to the ability of the right ventricle to relax and fill with blood during diastole (relaxation phase). This can be assessed by measuring the right ventricular inflow pattern, tricuspid valve E/A ratio, or deceleration time.
4. Right Ventricular Afterload: It refers to the pressure that the right ventricle must overcome to eject blood into the pulmonary artery. Increased afterload can impair right ventricular function.

Abnormalities in right ventricular function can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Right ventricular dysfunction is a condition characterized by the impaired ability of the right ventricle (one of the two pumping chambers in the heart) to fill with blood during the diastolic phase or eject blood during the systolic phase. This results in reduced cardiac output from the right ventricle, which can lead to various complications such as fluid accumulation in the body, particularly in the abdomen and lower extremities, and ultimately congestive heart failure if left untreated.

Right ventricular dysfunction can be caused by various factors, including damage to the heart muscle due to a heart attack, high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension), chronic lung diseases, congenital heart defects, viral infections, and certain medications. Symptoms of right ventricular dysfunction may include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen, and a decreased tolerance for physical activity.

Diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or CT scan, and other diagnostic procedures such as electrocardiogram (ECG) or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce fluid buildup, improve heart function, and manage symptoms, as well as lifestyle modifications such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity levels. In severe cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery or implantable devices like pacemakers or ventricular assist devices may be necessary.

A ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a heart condition in which either the right or left ventricular outflow tract is ... A right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) may be due to a defect in the pulmonic valve, the supravalvar region, the ... Thus, both of these contribute to the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen in some cases of this disease. If severe ... Gaynor JW, Elliott MJ (1993). "Congenital left ventricular outflow tract obstruction". Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 2 (1): ...
... and Ventricular septal defect (VSD); and Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO): pulmonary atresia; or pulmonary ... Conduit blockage, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and arrhythmia, on the other hand, are linked to significant late ... 44 patients underwent reoperations for conduit stenosis, 11 for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and 28 for ... and involves using a pulmonary or aortic homograft conduit to relieve pulmonary obstruction in double outlet right ventricle ...
"Membranous septal aneurysm causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction". Clin Cardiol. 32 (12): E87. doi:10.1002/clc. ... Love, BA; Whang, B; Filsoufi, F (July 2011). "Perventricular device closure of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal ... November 2003). "Staged repair of tetralogy of Fallot and diminutive pulmonary arteries with a fenestrated ventricular septal ... "Transcatheter closure of recurrent postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect facilitated by percutaneous left ...
As a result, this decreases left ventricular filling. With HOCM, the outflow obstruction increases with a decrease in preload. ... This will decrease the distance of the chest wall to the left ventricular outflow tract. By doing so this will help find the ... It has association with a fixed, split S2 and a right ventricular heave. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) will present as a ... Heart murmur Ventricular septal defect murmur in 14 year old female's heart, heard from the mitral valve area. Problems playing ...
"Relief of Congenital obstruction to left ventricular outflow with ventricular-aortic prothesis". Journal of Thoracic and ... In 1987, after ten years of continued work, Bernhard went on to work to develop a left ventricular heart pump, manufactured by ... 1978 he announced that two people had survived for several days with the left ventricular heart assist device Ventricular ... see Ventricular Assist Device) manufactured while working with a group of scientists from Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA. ...
ECHO assesses cardiac ventricular size, wall thickness, systolic and diastolic function, and outflow obstruction. Thus, ECHO ... Surgical septal myectomy uniformly decreases left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and improves symptoms, and in ... outflow tract obstruction is usually made by echocardiographic assessment and is defined as a peak left ventricular outflow ... Although the dual-chamber pacemaker has shown to decrease ventricular outflow tract obstruction, experimental trials have found ...
Apical left ventricular abdominal aortic composite conduits for left ventricular outflow obstructions. In: Cohn LH. Modern ... Cooley DA, Norman JC, Apical Left Ventricular-Abdominal Aortic Composite Conduits For Left Ventricular Outflow Obstructions. ... Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is caused by narrowing of the aortic valve (aortic stenosis) and other valve ... The procedure was also developed in the late 1970s as a way to treat complex left ventricular outflow tract obstructions (LVOTO ...
Pulmonic stenosis* is a congenital heart disease in dogs characterized by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Most ... is a congenital disease in dogs characterized by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a discrete ring or tunnel of ... Doberman Pinschers more commonly have ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., premature ventricular complexes; ventricular tachycardia) ... a ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. Keeshonds and Bulldogs are predisposed. ...
This risk is higher in left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, heterotaxy, and atrioventricular septal defects. Congenital ... It is also involved in the development of the ventricular wall and the connection of the outflow tract to the great vessels. ... is designed to treat congenital heart disease patients with a dysfunctional conduit in their right ventricular outflow tract ( ... Ventricular septal defects are collectively the most common type of CHD, although approximately 30% of adults have a type of ...
... and the pulmonary root is inspected for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). If a ventricular septal defect (VSD ... Older age at time of ASO, presence of ventricular septal defect, and previous PA banding have been found to be risk factors for ... Rapid, two-stage arterial switch for transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum beyond the neonatal ... and shunt construction may be used to increase the left ventricular mass sufficiently to make an arterial switch possible later ...
... degree of outflow tract obstruction, and systolic anterior wall motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, which can exacerbate outflow ... Before progression to a dilated phenotype, mechanical obstruction of the outflow tract can occur, leading to reduced cardiac ... Electrical abnormalities are commonly found in individuals with LVH, both ventricular and super-ventricular tachycardia. ... Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is more common, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), as well as concurrent ...
... most commonly ventricular septal defect and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It is sometimes considered a variant ...
Mid-ventricular obstruction, apical stunning: It has been suggested that a mid-ventricular wall thickening with outflow ... For people with cardiogenic shock, medical treatment is based on whether a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is ... mid-ventricular type for mid-ventricular ballooning accompanied by basal and apical hyperkinesia, and localised type for any ... Even when ventricular systolic function is heavily compromised at presentation, it typically improves within the first few days ...
It may be associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or may not be associated with it in 75% of the cases. ECG ... together with ST segment depression in left ventricular thickening. For right ventricular thickening, T waves are inverted from ... Both the abnormalities of the ST segment and T wave represents the abnormalities of the ventricular repolarization or secondary ... the height of S wave in V1 more than 35 mm would be suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy. Both right and left bundle ...
... the obstruction in the left ventricular outflow of blood in the heart. Other examples include: Some cancers 1q21.1 deletion ...
... namely those of dynamic subvalvular left ventricular outflow obstruction. At the same time, the Valsalva maneuver (phase II) ... Underwater diving portal Barostriction - Obstruction of pressure equalization passages Ear clearing - Equalising of pressure in ...
The other three findings are right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction (most often subpulmonary stenosis), right ... An overriding aorta is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect (VSD ... ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and ventricular septal defect (VSD). "Overriding aorta (Concept Id: C0265886) - MedGen - NCBI". ...
... this were linked to a higher risk of having children with septal defects and/or obstruction of the left ventricular outflow ... The condition consists of atresia affecting the pulmonary valve and a hypoplastic right ventricular outflow tract. The ... "Pulmonary artesia with ventricular septal defect". www.isuog.org. Retrieved 2022-09-08. "Pulmonary atresia with ventricular ... The ventricular septal defect associated with PAVSD lets the right ventricule form. In some cases of PAVSD, major ...
... by in noncomunnicating hydrocephalus where there is an obstruction to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular ... The obstruction creates a rise in the intraventricular pressure and causes CSF to flow through the wall of the ventricles into ... position in persons with cerebral edema is necessary to avoid compression of the jugular vein and obstruction of venous outflow ... restrictive neck dressings or garments as these may lead to compression of the internal jugular veins and reduce venous outflow ...
... right ventricular dysfunction, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction may affect life expectancy and increase the need for ... residual outflow tract obstruction, complete atrioventricular block, arrhythmias, aneurysm of right ventricular outflow patch, ... right ventricular aneurysm from outflow patch or ventriculotomy, distal pulmonary artery obstruction, ventricular hypertrophy, ... As a result, the hunt for surgical procedures to relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction while minimizing pulmonary ...
... outflow obstruction. A forceful apex beat indicates left ventricular pressure overload, while a right ventricular heave ... Any obstruction to the outflow of one of the chambers of the heart can lead to pressure overload. Aortic stenosis Hypertension ... "Left Heart Volume and Mass Quantification in Children with Left Ventricular Pressure Overload". Circulation. 41 (2): 203-12. ... suggests right ventricular pressure overload. Other signs provide evidence for specific causes of pressure overload. ...
... and in patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It is also contraindicated during pregnancy and in women who ...
Stent fractures leading to obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is the most common reason for repeat intervention ... Ventricular function and size are assessed with an echocardiogram. The right ventricle and the anatomy of the outflow tract, ... PPVI can be used to repair congenital defects in the pulmonary valve or right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction, such as ... For those not experiencing any symptoms, PPVI is indicated if there is severe right ventricular outflow tract narrowing and/or ...
... thereby causing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Alkyl nitrites are a source of nitric oxide, which signals for relaxation ... patients with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to cause vasodilation and thereby reduce afterload and provoke obstruction ...
... bare metal stenting and percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation for treatment of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ...
... when there is a large VSD with no significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction), initial symptoms may go unnoticed, ... Finally, the right ventricular outflow tract is reconstructed with a pericardial patch. This is a technically challenging ... Differences in the shape of the atrial septum and/or ventricular outflow tracts affect the relative positions of the aorta and ... ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Stenosis of valves or vessels may also be present. When no ...
... right ventricular inflow or outflow obstruction, e.g. superior vena cava obstruction and pulmonary embolism, and decreased ... This results in a reduction in left ventricular stroke volume and will be noted as a reduction in systolic blood pressure in ... Lower left atrial compliance reduces the left atrium venous return and as a consequence causes a reduction in left ventricular ... However, in situations where the left ventricular pressure remains higher than the pericardial sac (most frequently from ...
... particularly those that cause symptomatic obstruction of left ventricular outflow (LVOT). Most often a type of dystrophic ... It is also associated with conditions that cause Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, likely because the resulting mechanical stress ...
... of cases of isolated levocardia have associated cardiac deformities like right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, ... He was diagnosed to have isolated levocardia, a pulmonic stenosis with a ventricular septal defect and an overriding aorta. ... and neonate or infant with isolated levocardia may be complicated by bowel obstruction and cardiac anomalies. It is estimated ...
... severe ventricular filling or outflow obstruction, very low blood pressure and fast heart rate, and/or history of the abnormal ... ventricular tachycardia), myocardial ischaemia, hypokalaemia and/or nausea (Rossi, 2006). Levosimendan is marketed as a 2.5 mg/ ...
A ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a heart condition in which either the right or left ventricular outflow tract is ... A right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) may be due to a defect in the pulmonic valve, the supravalvar region, the ... Thus, both of these contribute to the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen in some cases of this disease. If severe ... Gaynor JW, Elliott MJ (1993). "Congenital left ventricular outflow tract obstruction". Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 2 (1): ...
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduits or bioprosthetic valve in the news ... Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduits or bioprosthetic valve On the Web ... Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduits or bioprosthetic valve. ... FDA on Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduits or bioprosthetic valve ...
... three different clinical scenarios which led to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Initially, this man ... three different clinical scenarios which led to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Initially, this man ...
Keywords: Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, mitral valve replacement, systolic anterior motion. Justin Shipman, ... Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to residual native valve following mitral valve replacement. Justin Shipman1, ... Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to residual native valve following mitral valve replacement. Anatol J Cardiol. ...
... valve annulus in the neonate Progressive stenosis of the aortic valve in infants and children Multilevel left ventricular ... Left ventricular outflow obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999 Apr. 46(2):369-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Multilevel left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in association with aortic valve stenosis not amenable to aortic valve ... The left ventricular incision to enlarge the outflow tract during a Ross-Konno procedure. LV = left ventricle; RV = right ...
... the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve apparatus results in an obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract ( ... We observed a severely impaired left ventricular function due to a combination of a thrombotic LVOT obstruction and distinctive ... Hypothetically, a pathological obstruction of the LVOT of a different etiology would result in a comparable hemodynamic ... Two thrombi were attached to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, resulting in a predominantly systolic obstruction. ...
... right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a child with severe post-subclavian coarctation of aorta and ventricular septal ...
Alnabelsi T, Shafii AE, Gurley JC, Dulnuan K, Harris DD, Guglin M. Left ventricular assist device outflow graft obstruction: A ... Left ventricular assist device outflow graft obstruction: A complication specific to polytetrafluoroethylene covering. A word ... Left ventricular assist device outflow graft obstruction : A complication specific to polytetrafluoroethylene covering. A word ... Left ventricular assist device outflow graft obstruction: A complication specific to polytetrafluoroethylene covering. A word ...
... and ventricular outflow obstruction. H. Kaku, M. Masuda, H. Fukae, M. Suzuki, Y. Kanegae, T. Matsumoto, E. Murayama, A. Shiose ... and ventricular outflow obstruction. / Kaku, H.; Masuda, M.; Fukae, H. et al. In: The Japanese journal of thoracic and ... and ventricular outflow obstruction",. author = "H. Kaku and M. Masuda and H. Fukae and M. Suzuki and Y. Kanegae and T. ... and ventricular outflow obstruction. The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the ...
Provocation of clinically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by postural change in patients with sigmoid ... Provocation of clinically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by postural change in patients with sigmoid ...
... obstruction that occurs as a localized or diffuse narrowing of the ascending aorta beyond the superior margin of the sinuses of ... is a fixed form of congenital left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) ... Relation between left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and left ventricular shape in patients with hypertrophic ... Ayoub C, Ranasinghe I, Yiannikas J. Successful negative inotropic treatment of acute left ventricular outflow tract obstruction ...
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. *Ebstein anomaly. *Tetralogy of Fallot. *Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal ... Right Ventricular Function Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases Working Group on Myocardial Function Working ...
Dynamic change of mitral apparatus as potential cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic ... Due to a left ventricular wall motion abnormalities (i.e., ischemic cardiomyopathy) or left ventricular remodeling (i.e., ... ventricular remodeling, and contractility in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. ... Ideal site for ventricular anchoring of artificial chordae in mitral regurgitation.. Weber A, Hurni S, Vandenberghe S, Wahl A, ...
... is the most common heritable cardiovascular disorder and is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is ... and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO); the latter may occur in more than 50% of the patients [7]. HCM ... Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is Predominantly a Disease of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction. Circulation 2006, 114, ... Surgical Management of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in a Specialized Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy ...
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: past, present and future ...
There is always a risk of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after TAMVI or SRMVR, due to interference from the ... There were no indications of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in either group. There were no significant ... Bapat V, Pirone F, Kapetanakis S, Rajani R, Niederer S. Factors influencing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction ... We also excluded the patients with a measured new-left ventricular outflow tract area (new-LVOT) ,150 cm2 at end-systolic phase ...
Long mitral valve leaflets determine left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ... Association of right ventricular myocardial blood flow with pulmonary pressures and outcome in cardiac amyloidosis ... ATTR cardiac amyloidosis versus hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy ...
Pulmonary and systemic venous anomalies and right ventricular outflow obstructions are also detected with high sensitivity. ... Velocity-encoded CMR was used to obtain velocity information in the aorta and left ventricular outflow tract. From this flow ... More patients from Group II had a right ventricular outflow or transannular patch repair compared to Group I (12/26 [46%] ... The intra-ventricular flow was sampled with a radial stack of six acquisition planes parallel to the long-axis of the left ...
... ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, left ventricular outflow obstruction ...
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects were associated with benzene (OR=2.54; 95% CI=1.04-6.35), an association ... Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RYOTO) defects were associated with Stoddard solvent (OR=1.74; 95% CI=1.06-2.85), ...
... left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, or aortic stenosis. Neurologic testing*. Suspected seizures, cerebrovascular event ... Diagnostic if ventricular pause is more than three seconds or if systolic blood pressure decreases by more than 50 mm Hg; ... The maneuver is positive when it produces an asystolic or ventricular pause longer than three seconds or a decrease in systolic ... Ventricular pause or decreased systolic blood pressure after carotid sinus massage; may coincide with syncope. ...
In some cases there is left ventricular outflow obstruction. The goals of anesthesia are to maintain a normal heart rate and ... Doppler echocardiographic effects of medetomidine on dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats. J Am Vet Med ... Acepromazine can cause vasodilation and worsen outflow obstruction. Opioids should be utilized and bradycardia is beneficial. ... The primary problem may be electrical in origin (e.g., atrio-ventricular conduction blocks and ventricular tachycardia) or ...
The implant should conform to ventricular cavities without causing geometric distortion or obstruction of ventricular outflow ... Membranous-type ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) accounts for over two thirds of ventricular septal defects, and approximately ... A design specifically to achieve occlusion of membranous-type ventricular septal defects in children and newborn infants. ... Ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect. ...
... while ventricular septal masses can result in outflow tract obstruction [24]. Ultimately, direct cardiac metastases correlate ... ventricular strain determined by echocardiographic speckle tracking has demonstrated reduced ventricular function that is ... One case series reported a 3.8% incidence of metastases, with most tumors found on the ventricular septum [23]. The location of ... Treatment of valvular disease and heart failure from CHD follows current guidelines [53, 54]. Carcinoid-induced ventricular ...
... without dilation and outflow obstruction.. ...Adult carriers should be monitored by a cardiologist. Many will never develop ... Echocardiography in symptomatic adults usually reveals hypertrophy of ventricular walls, especially the left, ...
In approximately 25% of patients there is a narrowing (obstruction) of the left ventricular outflow tract. The estimated ... Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy The disease is characterised by a replacement of cardiac muscle tissue by ... Congenital ion channel diseases (long QT or short QT syndromes, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular ... myocardial ischemia may occur and trigger ventricular arrhythmias. Competitive sport may be continued after successful surgical ...
LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract; MR = mitral regurgitation.. Poststress imaging shows worsened LVOT obstruction and MR. ... left ventricular outflow tract; LVSP = left ventricular systolic pressure; MR = mitral regurgitation; PG = pressure gradient; ... left ventricular outflow tract; LVSP = left ventricular systolic pressure; MR = mitral regurgitation; PG = pressure gradient; ... Measuring Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Signal Gradient in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Apr 13, 2022 , Sohaib Ahmad Basharat, ...
  • A ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a heart condition in which either the right or left ventricular outflow tract is blocked or obstructed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) may be due to a defect in the pulmonic valve, the supravalvar region, the infundibulum, or the pulmonary artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary atresia Pulmonary valve stenosis Hypoplastic right heart syndrome Tetralogy of Fallot A left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) may be due to a defect in the aortic valve, or a defect located at the subvalvar or supravalvar level. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aortic valve stenosis Supravalvar aortic stenosis Coarctation of the aorta Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy A ventricular outflow tract obstruction means there is a limitation in the blood flow out of either the right or left ventricles of the heart, depending on where the obstruction is. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, both of these contribute to the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen in some cases of this disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Triple left ventricular outflow tract obstruction" by J. Chen, R. Shimony et al. (hofstra.edu)
  • In cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve apparatus results in an obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which is known as the SAM [systolic anterior motion] phenomenon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dynamic obstruction of the left-ventricular outflow tract is a rare condition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The known common causes of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction include hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), dehydration, sepsis, cardiac surgical treatment after valve repair, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this condition, the anterior leaflet (cusp) moves towards the LVOT and obstructs the outflow tract. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Relation between left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and left ventricular shape in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO). (medscape.com)
  • The pulmonary annulus and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) may be narrowed as well. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic and pulmonic valves develop from the outflow tract of the endocardial cushion, also believed to have neural crest cell migration from the brachial crest during development. (medscape.com)
  • In approximately 25% of patients there is a narrowing (obstruction) of the left ventricular outflow tract. (uni-saarland.de)
  • Radiofrequency ablation came up short for preventing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, a feared complication of transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI), researchers reported. (medpagetoday.com)
  • SCORPION failed to change predicted neo-LVOT area enough to avoid adjunctive intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet to prevent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at the time of TMVI," they wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It is characterized by a large ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (Pulmonic stenosis), right ventricular hypertrophy and overriding of aorta. (ispub.com)
  • Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is frequent in patients with takotsubo. (mhmedical.com)
  • The thickening is most marked in the outflow tract. (medscape.com)
  • The study found an association between tobacco exposure and certain types of defects such as those that obstruct the flow of blood from the right side of the heart into the lungs (right ventricular outflow tract obstructions) and openings between the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defects). (cdc.gov)
  • Based on the findings of this and other studies, eliminating smoking before or very early in pregnancy could prevent as many as 100 cases of right ventricular outflow tract obstructions and 700 cases of atrial septal defects each year in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • It is estimated that right ventricular outflow tract obstructions affect approximately 2,500 infants per year and atrial septal defects affect approximately 5,600 infants per year in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • According to Kaski, there have several innovations in HCM since the previous guidelines, such as when to consider cardiac myosin inhibitors for symptomatic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • It has been reported that left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is observed in 70% patients with HCM. (techscience.com)
  • Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (MV) is the dominant cause of dynamic outflow tract obstruction in most patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). (techscience.com)
  • In addition to this insufficient valve, some patients also have a partly obstructed right ventricular outflow tract. (rug.nl)
  • Tetralogy of Fallot consists of 4 features: a large ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and pulmonic valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and over-riding of the aorta. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Level of arterial desaturation is related to severity of the RV outflow tract obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This displaced septum protrudes into the pulmonary outflow tract, often resulting in obstruction and hypoplasia of the downstream structures, including the pulmonary valve, main pulmonary artery, and branch pulmonary arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our results suggest that mothers who gave birth to infants with a congenital heart defect (including any heart defect, conotruncal defects, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and septal defects) were roughly 3 times more likely than mothers of infants with no birth defect to have worked as a nail technician during early pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the infantile form, clinically significant storage occurs in the heart, resulting in progressive cardiomegaly with left ventricular (LV) thickening that eventually leads to outflow tract obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable cardiovascular disorder and is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is unexplained by abnormal loading conditions. (mdpi.com)
  • In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), the severity of obstruction can be highly variable depending on multiple factors such as BP, preload, and HR, among others. (acc.org)
  • Left Ventricular out flow track obstruction like aortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy can also cause classic angina as may anemia. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
  • Surgical management of congenital obstruction of the left main coronary artery with supravalvular aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial endocarditis in patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect. (medscape.com)
  • The primary problem may be electrical in origin (e.g., atrio-ventricular conduction blocks and ventricular tachycardia) or mechanical (e.g., mitral insufficiency and pulmonic stenosis). (vin.com)
  • LVOT obstruction is a stubborn, life-threatening complication of TMVI, a percutaneous technique that goes beyond the mere clipping of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair to treat severe mitral valve regurgitation or stenosis in people ill-suited for surgery. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Membranous-type ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) accounts for over two thirds of ventricular septal defects, and approximately half require repair. (sbir.gov)
  • A design specifically to achieve occlusion of membranous-type ventricular septal defects in children and newborn infants. (sbir.gov)
  • 10] Mutations in germlines PTPN1 and RAF1 associated tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are also associated with a uni- or bicuspid pulmonic valve, which may or may not cause an independent obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • Babaliaros and colleagues had hoped that SCORPION -- the technique of septal bipolar ablation of a noncoronary segment of ventricular myocardium to prevent outflow obstruction -- could selectively ablate the region of the interventricular septum enough to increase the predicted neo-LVOT area and avoid intentional leaflet laceration. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The technique is a standalone radiofrequency ablation procedure with the active ablation electrode inserted into the LVOT and a return electrode placed against the opposing right ventricular septum, a configuration that ensures "high current density on the septum," according to the investigators. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum, causing a shunt between ventricles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The ventricular septal defect in tetralogy of Fallot is often described as a malalignment type, since the conal septum is displaced anteriorly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1. After surgical relief of RVOT obstruction with a conduit or prosthetic valve , patients should be followed up on a 1- to 2-year basis with echocardiography Doppler assessment of RV systolic pressure and function, as well as a measurement of the gradient across the RVOT . (wikidoc.org)
  • Two thrombi were attached to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, resulting in a predominantly systolic obstruction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Massive transfusion with aggressive procoagulant therapy resulted in mitral valve leaflet thrombosis with dynamic, predominantly systolic LVOT obstruction, comparable to the SAM phenomenon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The thrombotic structures situated at the mitral valve caused a severe systolic obstruction of the LVOT comparable to the so-called SAM [systolic anterior motion] phenomenon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This can affect either ventricle, though it is most commonly seen (or echo-reported) with the left ventricle, and simply reflects a loss of normal ventricular wall relaxation as the ventricle re-fills after the previous systolic contraction. (homedialysis.org)
  • ECG showed right axis deviation with right ventricular hypertrophy. (ispub.com)
  • X-ray chest was suggestive of right ventricular hypertrophy with oligemic lung fields. (ispub.com)
  • But the first true description of takotsubo cardiomyopathy was published 3 from Hiroshima City Hospital delineating a mysterious stunned myocardium consisting of reversible, left ventricular (LV) apical wall-motion abnormalities without coronary artery disease (CAD), often associated with emotional or physical stress. (mhmedical.com)
  • Congenital ion channel diseases (long QT or short QT syndromes, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) are a group of rare cardiac arrhythmia syndromes caused by genetic changes in certain ion channels in the heart muscle. (uni-saarland.de)
  • His clinical research has primarily been directed toward surgical issues in complex congenital heart care and cardiac transplantation (focusing on advances with operative techniques, outcomes research and transplantation for congenital heart disease), with a particular emphasis on the development of mechanical ventricular assist devices for children, as well as stem-cell based valved conduits for pediatric application. (chop.edu)
  • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a transient cardiac syndrome that involves left ventricular apical akinesis and mimics acute coronary syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • In this set of patients, the outflow graft was obstructed by a thrombus which formed between the outflow graft and its external PTFE covering, leading to impingement of the outflow graft. (uky.edu)
  • Of the four remaining patients, three had successful TMVI with intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet (another technique to prevent LVOT obstruction) at 51 to 334 days post-SCORPION -- one still showing an increase in LVOT gradient despite the operators' efforts. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Their study also has implications for adjunctive intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was performed in three out of four patients as a TMVI adjunct for reducing LVOT obstruction. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This property accounts for the ability of verapamil hydrochloride to slow the ventricular rate in patients with chronic atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. (nih.gov)
  • This thesis investigated the influence of several methods to measure right ventricular volumes, as well as how to interpret right ventricular volumes and function in patients with different congenital heart diseases. (rug.nl)
  • Patients with this obstruction have smaller right ventricular volumes, but exercise capacity is lower. (rug.nl)
  • Patients with TCM are found to shift toward the glucose pathway despite relatively normal myocardial perfusion and lack of ischemia in left ventricular segments. (medscape.com)
  • Although the endocardium is thickened, the ventricular wall (myocardium) thickness is within the reference range. (medscape.com)
  • a severe obstruction causes a right-to-left shunt, resulting in low systemic arterial saturation (cyanosis) that is unresponsive to supplemental oxygen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pathology of CHD is characterized by plaque-like deposition of fibrous tissue on valvular cusps, leaflets, papillary muscles, chordae, and ventricular walls. (karger.com)
  • Papillary muscles arise more superiorly on the ventricular wall with thickened and shortened chordae tendineae, the characteristic rolled-free edge of mitral leaflets. (medscape.com)
  • Papillary muscles and trabeculae, which are the muscles connected to the heart valves and small muscles on the inside of the heart, are often considered to be part of the blood volume because it is difficult to separate these muscles from blood when measuring right ventricular volumes. (rug.nl)
  • The term "takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction" was proposed, referring to Japanese ceramic containers used by the Japanese to catch octopus, 4 which have a bulbous bottom and narrow neck. (mhmedical.com)
  • In diastolic dysfunction, the basic problem is an increase in ventricular wall stiffness. (homedialysis.org)
  • Some authors have proposed a unifying hypothesis stating that in susceptible individuals, notably women, neurohormonal stimulation results in acute myocardial dysfunction, as reflected by the characteristic left ventricular wall-motion abnormality of TCM. (medscape.com)
  • The complication occurs when the valve implant intrudes on the LVOT or pushes the anterior mitral leaflet into the outflow. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Pump thrombosis is an established complication of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). (uky.edu)
  • Outflow graft obstruction has been previously described as one cause of LVAD thrombosis. (uky.edu)
  • We observed a severely impaired left ventricular function due to a combination of a thrombotic LVOT obstruction and distinctive mitral regurgitation in a 56-year-old Caucasian, female patient after massive transfusion with aggressive procoagulant therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present the case of a rare thrombus formation attached to the mitral valve under procoagulant therapy, massive transfusion and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy despite continued anticoagulation, which resulted in a unique dynamic obstruction of the LVOT similar to a SAM phenomenon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In five TMVI candidates considered at risk of LVOT obstruction, a SCORPION ablation planned months in advance was technically successful, but associated with complete heart block and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in all five cases, reported Vasilis Babaliaros, MD, of Emory Structural Heart & Valve Center in Atlanta, and colleagues. (medpagetoday.com)
  • LVOT obstruction is especially common in valve-in-mitral annular calcification implants and is associated with high mortality. (medpagetoday.com)
  • From my point of view, the key innovations include a diagnostic workup that starts with a detailed phenotypic description, including the new phenotype of nondilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy, that then triggers a multiparametric, systematic evaluation," said Kaski, co-chair of the task force. (medscape.com)
  • Etiologic prediction models have been incorporated into the guidelines, including genotyping for dilated cardiomyopathies and nondilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy, said both Arbelo and Kaski, interviewed separately. (medscape.com)
  • Left ventricular assist device outflow graft obstruction: A complication specific to polytetrafluoroethylene covering. (uky.edu)
  • When the heart has to pump against increased resistance, or afterload, as in the case of a ventricular obstruction, it compensates by growing in size. (wikipedia.org)
  • This adaptation is beneficial to pump blood past the obstruction, but eventually this hypertrophy can lead to other problems including arrhythmias, ischemia, and heart failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect. (sbir.gov)
  • This may lead to a dynamic compression of the left vessel wall during increased heart activity - myocardial ischemia may occur and trigger ventricular arrhythmias. (uni-saarland.de)
  • Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) refers to a pronounced, diffuse thickening of the ventricular endocardium and presents as unexplained heart failure in infants and children. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings indicate that PTFE graft covering of the LVAD outflow graft can lead to graft occlusion and should be reconsidered as a potentially harmful modification to the approved device implant technique. (uky.edu)
  • Treatments included surgical LVAD replacement as well as percutaneous intraluminal stenting of the outflow graft. (uky.edu)
  • No left ventricular outflow obstruction was present, and no intracavitary thrombus was observed. (medscape.com)
  • Management is based in very little evidence: anticoagulants, beta-blockers (in case of obstruction), levosimendan, and mechanical hemodynamical support have been advocated. (mhmedical.com)