Vicia sativa
Vicia
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Oryza sativa
Fabaceae
Plant Roots
Symbiosis
Rhizobium
Nigella sativa
Salicylic acid inhibits indeterminate-type nodulation but not determinate-type nodulation. (1/12)
LCOs (lipochitin oligosaccharides, Nod factors) produced by the rhizobial symbiote of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (vetch, an indeterminate-type nodulating plant) are mitogenic when carrying an 18:4 acyl chain but not when carrying an 18:1 acyl chain. This suggests that the 18:4 acyl chain specifically contributes to signaling in indeterminate-type nodulation. In a working hypothesis, we speculated that the 18:4 acyl chain is involved in oxylipin signaling comparable to, for example, signaling by derivatives of the 18:3 fatty acid linolenic acid (the octadecanoid pathway). Because salicylic acid (SA) is known to interfere with oxylipin signaling, we tested whether nodulation of vetch could be affected by addition of 10(-4) M SA. This concentration completely blocked nodulation of vetch by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and inhibited the mitogenic effect of 18:4 LCOs but did not affect LCO-induced root-hair deformation. SA did not act systemically, and only biologically active SA derivatives were capable of inhibiting nodule formation. SA also inhibited R. leguminosarum bv. viciae association with vetch roots. In contrast, addition of SA to Lotus japonicus (a determinate-type nodulating plant responding to 18:1 LCOs) did not inhibit nodulation by Mesorhizobium loti. Other indeterminate-type nodulating plants showed the same inhibiting response toward SA, whereas SA did not inhibit the nodulation of other determinate-type nodulating plants. SA may be a useful tool for studying fundamental differences between signal transduction pathways of indeterminate- and determinate-type nodulating plants. (+info)Visual representation of database search results: the RHIMS Plot. (2/12)
SUMMARY: An algorithm and software are described that provide a fast method to produce a novel, function-oriented visualization of the results of a sequence database search. Text mining of sequence annotations allows position specific plots of potential functional similarity to be compared in a simple compact representation. AVAILABILITY: The application can be accessed via a web server at http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk. The RHIMS software may be obtained by request to the authors. (+info)Karyotype analysis of four Vicia species using in situ hybridization with repetitive sequences. (3/12)
Mitotic chromosomes of four Vicia species (V. sativa, V. grandiflora, V. pannonica and V. narbonensis) were subjected to in situ hybridization with probes derived from conserved plant repetitive DNA sequences (18S-25S and 5S rDNA, telomeres) and genus-specific satellite repeats (VicTR-A and VicTR-B). Numbers and positions of hybridization signals provided cytogenetic landmarks suitable for unambiguous identification of all chromosomes, and establishment of the karyotypes. The VicTR-A and -B sequences, in particular, produced highly informative banding patterns that alone were sufficient for discrimination of all chromosomes. However, these patterns were not conserved among species and thus could not be employed for identification of homologous chromosomes. This fact, together with observed variations in positions and numbers of rDNA loci, suggests considerable divergence between karyotypes of the species studied. (+info)Identical accumulation and immobilization of sulfated and nonsulfated Nod factors in host and nonhost root hair cell walls. (4/12)
Nod factors are signaling molecules secreted by Rhizobium bacteria. These lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are required for symbiosis with legumes and can elicit specific responses at subnanomolar concentrations on a compatible host. How plants perceive LCOs is unclear. In this study, using fluorescent Nod factor analogs, we investigated whether sulfated and nonsulfated Nod factors were bound and perceived differently by Medicago truncatula and Vicia sativa root hairs. The bioactivity of three novel sulfated fluorescent LCOs was tested in a root hair deformation assay on M. truncatula, showing bioactivity down to 0.1 to 1 nM. Fluorescence microscopy of plasmolyzed M. truncatula root hairs shows that sulfated fluorescent Nod factors accumulate in the cell wall of root hairs, whereas they are absent from the plasma membrane when applied at 10 nM. When the fluorescent Nod factor distribution in medium surrounding a root was studied, a sharp decrease in fluorescence close to the root hairs was observed, visualizing the remarkable capacity of root hairs to absorb Nod factors from the medium. Fluorescence correlation microscopy was used to study in detail the mobilities of sulfated and nonsulfated fluorescent Nod factors which are biologically active on M. truncatula and V. sativa, respectively. Remarkably, no difference between sulfated and nonsulfated Nod factors was observed: both hardly diffuse and strongly accumulate in root hair cell walls of both M. truncatula and V. sativa. The implications for the mode of Nod factor perception are discussed. (+info)Accumulation of lipochitin oligosaccharides and NodD-activating compounds in an efficient plant--Rhizobium nodulation assay. (5/12)
During legume plant--Rhizobium spp. interactions, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules, the two major determinants of host plant-specificity are plant-produced nod gene inducers (NodD protein activating compounds) and bacterial lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs or Nod factors). In a time course, we describe the accumulation of LCOs in an efficient nodulation assay with Vicia sativa subsp. nigra and Rhizobium leguminosarum, in connection with the presence of NodD-activating compounds in the exudate of V. sativa roots. Relatively small amounts of both LCOs and NodD-activating compounds were found to be required for initiation of nodulation during the first days after inoculation. A strong increase in the amount of NodRlv-V[18:4,Ac] LCOs preceded root infection and nodule primordium formation. In contrast to the situation with non-nodulating rhizobia and nonmitogenic LCOs, the amount of NodD-activating compounds in the culture medium remained small after addition of nodulating rhizobia or mitogenic LCOs. Furthermore, addition of nodulating rhizobia or mitogenic LCOs resulted in nearly complete inhibition of root hair formation and elongation, whereas nonmitogenic LCOs stimulated root hair growth. Retention of NodD-activating compounds in the root may inhibit root hair growth. (+info)Involvement of exo5 in production of surface polysaccharides in Rhizobium leguminosarum and its role in nodulation of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra. (6/12)
Analysis of two exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum, RBL5808 and RBL5812, revealed independent Tn5 transposon integrations in a single gene, designated exo5. As judged from structural and functional homology, this gene encodes a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase responsible for the oxidation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid. A mutation in exo5 affects all glucuronic acid-containing polysaccharides and, consequently, all galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharides. Exo5-deficient rhizobia do not produce extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) or capsular polysaccharide (CPS), both of which contain glucuronic acid. Carbohydrate composition analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance studies demonstrated that EPS and CPS from the parent strain have very similar structures. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules produced by the mutant strains are deficient in galacturonic acid, which is normally present in the core and lipid A portions of the LPS. The sensitivity of exo5 mutant rhizobia to hydrophobic compounds shows the involvement of the galacturonic acid residues in the outer membrane structure. Nodulation studies with Vicia sativa subsp. nigra showed that exo5 mutant rhizobia are impaired in successful infection thread colonization. This is caused by strong agglutination of EPS-deficient bacteria in the root hair curl. Root infection could be restored by simultaneous inoculation with a Nod factor-defective strain which retained the ability to produce EPS and CPS. However, in this case colonization of the nodule tissue was impaired. (+info)Role of cellulose fibrils and exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum in attachment to and infection of Vicia sativa root hairs. (7/12)
Infection and subsequent nodulation of legume host plants by the root nodule symbiote Rhizobium leguminosarum usually require attachment of the bacteria to root-hair tips. Bacterial cellulose fibrils have been shown to be involved in this attachment process but appeared not to be essential for successful nodulation. Detailed analysis of Vicia sativa root-hair infection by wild-type Rhizobium leguminosarum RBL5523 and its cellulose fibril-deficient celE mutant showed that wild-type bacteria infected elongated growing root hairs, whereas cellulose-deficient bacteria infected young emerging root hairs. Exopolysaccharide-deficient strains that retained the ability to produce cellulose fibrils could also infect elongated root hairs but infection thread colonization was defective. Cellulose-mediated agglutination of these bacteria in the root-hair curl appeared to prevent entry into the induced infection thread. Infection experiments with V sativa roots and an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)- and cellulose-deficient double mutant showed that cellulose-mediated agglutination of the EPS-deficient bacteria in the infection thread was now abolished and that infection thread colonization was partially restored. Interestingly, in this case, infection threads were initiated in root hairs that originated from the cortical cell layers of the root and not in epidermal root hairs. Apparently, surface polysaccharides of R. leguminosarum, such as cellulose fibrils, are determining factors for infection of different developmental stages of root hairs. (+info)Exopolysaccharide structure is not a determinant of host-plant specificity in nodulation of Vicia sativa roots. (8/12)
Exopolysaccharide (EPS)-deficient strains of the root nodule symbiote Rhizobium leguminosarum induce formation of abortive infection threads in Vicia sativa subsp. nigra roots. As a result, the nodule tissue remains uninfected. Formation of an infection thread can be restored by coinoculation of the EPS-deficient mutant with a Nod factor-deficient strain, which produces a similar EPS structure. This suggests that EPS contributes to host-plant specificity of nodulation. Here, a comparison was made of i) coinoculation with heterologous strains with different EPS structures, and ii) introduction of the pRL1JI Sym plasmid or a nod gene-encoding fragment in the same heterologous strains. Most strains not complementing in coinoculation experiments were able to nodulate V. sativa roots as transconjugants. Apparently, coinoculation is a delicate approach in which differences in root colonization ability or bacterial growth rate easily affect successful infection-thread formation. Obviously, lack of infection-thread formation in coinoculation studies is not solely determined by EPS structure. Transconjugation data show that different EPS structures can allow infection-thread formation and subsequent nodulation of V. sativa roots. (+info)"Vicia sativa" is the scientific name for a type of plant commonly known as "Spring Vetch" or "Garden Vetch." It belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae) and is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwest Africa. The plant can grow up to 1 meter tall and has pinnate leaves with 8-14 oval leaflets. Its pea-like flowers are typically pink or purple.
While "Vicia sativa" has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions and respiratory issues, it is not commonly recognized as a medical term or treatment in modern Western medicine. As with any plant or herbal remedy, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using it for medicinal purposes, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications.
"Vicia" is a genus of plants, commonly known as vetch or faba beans. It's not a medical term, but rather a term used in botany to describe a group of leguminous plants that are part of the Fabaceae family. Some species of Vicia have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions and respiratory issues. However, I am an assistant and do not have real-time access to databases or medical resources, so please consult a reliable medical source for more detailed and accurate information.
'Rhizobium leguminosarum' is a species of bacteria that can form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of certain leguminous plants, such as clover, peas, and beans. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can use for growth. This process, known as biological nitrogen fixation, benefits both the bacteria and the host plant, as the plant provides carbon sources to the bacteria, while the bacteria provide fixed nitrogen to the plant. The formation of this symbiotic relationship is facilitated by a molecular signaling process between the bacterium and the plant.
It's important to note that 'Rhizobium leguminosarum' is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in microbiology, botany, and agriculture.
"Oryza sativa" is the scientific name for Asian rice, which is a species of grass and one of the most important food crops in the world. It is a staple food for more than half of the global population, providing a significant source of calories and carbohydrates. There are several varieties of Oryza sativa, including indica and japonica, which differ in their genetic makeup, growth habits, and grain characteristics.
Oryza sativa is an annual plant that grows to a height of 1-2 meters and produces long slender leaves and clusters of flowers at the top of the stem. The grains are enclosed within a tough husk, which must be removed before consumption. Rice is typically grown in flooded fields or paddies, which provide the necessary moisture for germination and growth.
Rice is an important source of nutrition for people around the world, particularly in developing countries where it may be one of the few reliable sources of food. It is rich in carbohydrates, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals, including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and magnesium. However, rice can also be a significant source of arsenic, a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the grain during growth.
In medical terms, Oryza sativa may be used as a component of nutritional interventions for individuals who are at risk of malnutrition or who have specific dietary needs. It may also be studied in clinical trials to evaluate its potential health benefits or risks.
Fabaceae is the scientific name for a family of flowering plants commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family. This family includes a wide variety of plants that are important economically, agriculturally, and ecologically. Many members of Fabaceae have compound leaves and produce fruits that are legumes, which are long, thin pods that contain seeds. Some well-known examples of plants in this family include beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, clover, and alfalfa.
In addition to their importance as food crops, many Fabaceae species have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on their roots. This makes them valuable for improving soil fertility and is one reason why they are often used in crop rotation and as cover crops.
It's worth noting that Fabaceae is sometimes still referred to by its older scientific name, Leguminosae.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).
Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.
It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.
Rhizobium is not a medical term, but rather a term used in microbiology and agriculture. It refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, which can then be used by plants as a nutrient. These bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants (such as beans, peas, and clover) and form a symbiotic relationship with them.
The host plant provides Rhizobium with carbon sources and a protected environment within the root nodule, while the bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen. This mutualistic interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility and promoting plant growth.
While Rhizobium itself is not directly related to human health or medicine, understanding its symbiotic relationship with plants can have implications for agricultural practices, sustainable farming, and global food security.
"Nigella sativa," also known as black cumin, is not a medical term but a botanical name for a plant that has been used in traditional medicine. The seeds of this plant are used as a spice and have been used in various traditional medicinal systems for their potential health benefits. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest possible health benefits, more research is needed before any definitive medical claims can be made.
The seeds contain thymoquinone, which has been studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties. However, these studies have primarily been conducted in vitro or on animals, and more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of Nigella sativa in humans for these purposes.
Therefore, it's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, including the use of Nigella sativa seeds or oil.
'Medicago sativa' is the scientific name for a plant species more commonly known as alfalfa. In a medical context, alfalfa is often considered a herbal supplement and its medicinal properties include being a source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as kidney problems, asthma, arthritis, and high cholesterol levels. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of alfalfa for these uses is not conclusively established by scientific research and its use may have potential risks or interactions with certain medications. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.