Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.
The region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
A genus of the family SALMONIDAE (salmons and trouts). They are named for their hooked (onco) nose (rhynchus). They are usually anadromous and occasionally inhabit freshwater. They can be found in North Pacific coastal areas from Japan to California and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean. Salmon and trout are popular game and food fish. Various species figure heavily in genetic, metabolism, and hormone research.
Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)
A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA. Its organisms are found in the stomachs of marine animals and birds. Human infection occurs by ingestion of raw fish that contain larvae.
The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.
A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
Nutritional physiology of animals.
The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.
Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans.
The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of congenital or traumatic defects in the respiratory DIAPHRAGM.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
Veins which drain the liver.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.
The consumption of edible substances.
The outer margins of the ABDOMEN, extending from the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage to the PELVIS. Though its major part is muscular, the abdominal wall consists of at least seven layers: the SKIN, subcutaneous fat, deep FASCIA; ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and the parietal PERITONEUM.
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.
BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body.

Effect of meat (beef, chicken, and bacon) on rat colon carcinogenesis. (1/832)

High intake of red meat or processed meat is associated with increased risk of colon cancer. In contrast, consumption of white meat (chicken) is not associated with risk and might even reduce the occurrence of colorectal cancer. We speculated that a diet containing beef or bacon would increase and a diet containing chicken would decrease colon carcinogenesis in rats. One hundred female Fischer 344 rats were given a single injection of azoxymethane (20 mg/kg i.p.), then randomized to 10 different AIN-76-based diets. Five diets were adjusted to 14% fat and 23% protein and five other diets to 28% fat and 40% protein. Fat and protein were supplied by 1) lard and casein, 2) olive oil and casein, 3) beef, 4) chicken with skin, and 5) bacon. Meat diets contained 30% or 60% freeze-dried fried meat. The diets were given ad libitum for 100 days, then colon tumor promotion was assessed by the multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci [number of crypts per aberrant crypt focus (ACF)]. The ACF multiplicity was nearly the same in all groups, except bacon-fed rats, with no effect of fat and protein level or source (p = 0.7 between 8 groups by analysis of variance). In contrast, compared with lard- and casein-fed controls, the ACF multiplicity was reduced by 12% in rats fed a diet with 30% bacon and by 20% in rats fed a diet with 60% bacon (p < 0.001). The water intake was higher in bacon-fed rats than in controls (p < 0.0001). The concentrations of iron and bile acids in fecal water and total fatty acids in feces changed with diet, but there was no correlation between these concentrations and the ACF multiplicity. Thus the hypothesis that colonic iron, bile acids, or total fatty acids can promote colon tumors is not supported by this study. The results suggest that, in rats, beef does not promote the growth of ACF and chicken does not protect against colon carcinogenesis. A bacon-based diet appears to protect against carcinogenesis, perhaps because bacon contains 5% NaCl and increased the rats' water intake.  (+info)

Ruminally undegraded intake protein in sheep fed low-quality forage: effect on weight, growth, cell proliferation, and morphology of visceral organs. (2/832)

To determine the influence of increasing levels of supplemental ruminally undegraded intake protein (UIP) on visceral organ weights, growth, cell proliferation, and morphology, 20 mature ewes of mixed breeding were fed a 6.55% CP grass hay:straw mixture (40:60) and assigned to one of four supplemental treatments. Supplements were control (no supplement) and low, medium, and high levels of UIP. After 42 to 46 d on treatment, ewes were infused i.v. with 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU, a thymidine analog used to provide an index of the rate of intestinal cell proliferation) and slaughtered 1 h later. Visceral organs were weighed, and subsamples were obtained to evaluate visceral DNA, RNA, and protein contents (frozen samples) as well as intestinal morphology (fixed samples). Final BW; eviscerated BW (EBW); total visceral weight; and liver fresh, dry, and dry fat-free weights were increased (P<.10) in protein-supplemented ewes compared with controls, but were not influenced by increasing levels of UIP. Tissue weights of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were not greatly influenced by treatment. There were no differences among treatments in intestinal DNA and protein concentrations and the ratios RNA:DNA and protein:DNA. Jejunal RNA concentration and content was increased (P<.10) in low compared with medium and high treatments. Jejunal RNA content also was decreased (P<.10) in high compared with the medium UIP treatment. Liver RNA and protein contents were increased (P<.10) with protein supplementation. In contrast, contents of RNA, DNA, and protein in duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon were not influenced by treatment. In addition, neither the rate of intestinal proliferation (BrdU labeling) nor intestinal morphology (crypt depth, villus length, or villus width) were affected by treatment. These data indicate that the influence of protein supplementation on visceral growth involves primarily the liver and not the intestines. These data also indicate that visceral growth, except in jejunum, are not altered by differing levels of UIP supplementation.  (+info)

BDNF is a target-derived survival factor for arterial baroreceptor and chemoafferent primary sensory neurons. (3/832)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports survival of 50% of visceral afferent neurons in the nodose/petrosal sensory ganglion complex (NPG; Ernfors et al., 1994a; Jones et al., 1994; Conover et al., 1995; Liu et al., 1995; Erickson et al., 1996), including arterial chemoafferents that innervate the carotid body and are required for development of normal breathing (Erickson et al., 1996). However, the relationship between BDNF dependence of visceral afferents and the location and timing of BDNF expression in visceral tissues is unknown. The present study demonstrates that BDNF mRNA and protein are transiently expressed in NPG targets in the fetal cardiac outflow tract, including baroreceptor regions in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, and right subclavian artery, as well as in the carotid body. The period of BDNF expression corresponds to the onset of sensory innervation and to the time at which fetal NPG neurons are BDNF-dependent in vitro. Moreover, baroreceptor innervation is absent in newborn mice lacking BDNF. In addition to vascular targets, vascular afferents themselves express high levels of BDNF, both during and after the time they are BDNF-dependent. However, endogenous BDNF supports survival of fetal NPG neurons in vitro only under depolarizing conditions. Together, these data indicate two roles for BDNF during vascular afferent pathway development; initially, as a target-derived survival factor, and subsequently, as a signaling molecule produced by the afferents themselves. Furthermore, the fact that BDNF is required for survival of functionally distinct populations of vascular afferents demonstrates that trophic requirements of NPG neurons are not modality-specific but may instead be associated with innervation of particular organ systems.  (+info)

A function of CBP as a transcriptional co-activator during Dpp signalling. (4/832)

CBP/p300 is a transcriptional co-activator that is recruited to enhancers by various DNA-binding proteins, including proteins whose activity is controlled by extracellular signals. Here, we report that Drosophila CBP loss-of-function mutants show specific defects which mimic those seen in mutants that lack the extracellular signal Dpp or its effector Mad. Furthermore, we find that CBP loss severely compromises the ability of Dpp target enhancers to respond to endogenous or exogenous Dpp. Finally, we show that CBP binds to the C-terminal domain of Mad. Our results provide evidence that CBP functions as a co-activator during Dpp signalling, and they suggest that Mad may recruit CBP to effect the transcriptional activation of Dpp-responsive genes during development.  (+info)

Detection of human retrovirus 5 in patients with arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (5/832)

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether human retrovirus 5 (HRV-5) infection is associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease. METHODS: DNA from patients with various disorders including inflammatory diseases and from normal subjects was tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HRV-5 proviral DNA. Positive results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: HRV-5 proviral DNA was detected in 53% of synovial samples from arthritic joints, in 12% of blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in 16% of blood samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, it was not detectable by PCR of affected tissues from patients with several other autoimmune diseases and was found in only 1 of >200 tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from non-RA patients. Sequence analysis of the amplified viral segment showed genetic variation between samples with maintenance of the open reading frame, typical of a replicating infectious retrovirus. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the frequent detection of HRV-5 in any disease. We propose that the possible involvement of HRV-5 in autoimmune and rheumatic disease should be investigated further.  (+info)

RVLM and raphe differentially regulate sympathetic outflows to splanchnic and brown adipose tissue. (6/832)

To determine whether neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) specifically control the sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT SNA), thereby regulating adipocyte metabolism and BAT thermogenesis, the responses in BAT SNA to disinhibition of RPa neurons and to disinhibition of neurons in the vasomotor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were compared with those in splanchnic (Spl) SNA, which primarily regulates visceral vasoconstriction. In urethan-chloralose-anesthetized ventilated rats, both acute hypothermia and microinjection of bicuculline into RPa produced significantly larger increases in BAT SNA (542 and 1,949% of control) than in Spl SNA (19 and 24% of control). The enhanced burst discharge in BAT SNA was not coherent with that in Spl SNA or with the arterial pressure (AP) at any frequency except the central respiratory frequency. Microinjections of bicuculline into RVLM evoked increases in Spl SNA (86% of control) and AP (32 mmHg), but reduced BAT SNA to low, normothermic levels. Microinjections of muscimol into RVLM reduced Spl SNA (-82% of control) and AP (-59 mmHg), but did not prevent the increase in BAT SNA after disinhibition of RPa neurons. These results indicate that the neural networks generating BAT SNA in response to disinhibition of RPa neurons are independent of those generating basal Spl SNA and support a model in which sympathetic outflow to tissues involved in thermoregulation and metabolism is regulated by central pathways, including neurons in RPa, that are distinct from those involved in the sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system.  (+info)

Role of adipocytokines on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in visceral obesity. (7/832)

Obesity which is defined as accumulation of excess body fat, is a major cause of atherosclerotic vascular disease in industrial countries. Recent advances in the biology of adipose tissue have revealed that adipose tissue is not simply an energy storage organ but it also secretes a variety of molecules which affect the metabolism of the whole body. Through a systematic search of active genes in adipose tissue, we found that adipose tissue, especially visceral fat expressed numerous genes for secretory proteins (about 30% of total genes analyzed). Among them, plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1), which is a regulator of the fibrinolytic system, was overexpressed in the visceral fat in an animal model of obesity. Plasma levels of PAI-1 were closely correlated with visceral fat adiposity. Thus, PAI-1 secreted from visceral fat may play some role in thrombotic vascular disease in visceral obesity. Adiponectin, a novel adipose-specific gene product, which has a matrix-like structure, is abundantly present in the bloodstream. Dysregulated secretion of adiponectin may be related to vascular disease in obesity. Biologically active molecules secreted from adipose tissue (adipocytokines) may have important roles in the development of atherosclerotic disease in obesity.  (+info)

Effects of corn processing and dietary fiber source on feedlot performance, visceral organ weight, diet digestibility, and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. (8/832)

In Exp. 1, early-weaned Targhee and Polypay crossbred lambs (60 ewes and 66 rams; initial BW 24 +/- 1.0 kg) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment to determine the effects of corn processing (whole shelled corn [WSC] or ground and pelleted corn [GC]) in combination with supplemental fiber (none [control]; soybean hulls, SBH [highly digestible]; or peanut hulls, PH [highly indigestible]) on DMI, ADG, feed efficiency, and visceral organ weight. For the total trial, WSC resulted in a 4% increase (P < .01) in ADG vs GC, and supplemental fiber resulted in increased (P < .01) DMI and ADG vs the control diet. Experiment 2 was conducted using 12 Targhee and Polypay crossbred wether lambs (initial BW 25 +/- 7 kg) to determine the effects of corn processing and fiber source in high-concentrate diets on diet digestibility and N retention using the same diets as in Exp. 1. Lambs fed WSC had greater (P < .001) apparent N digestion, true N digestion, and N retention (P < .01) than those fed GC. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and NDF were greater (P < .001) for WSC than for GC diets. Peanut hulls resulted in decreased (P < .01) DM, OM, and NDF apparent digestibilities compared with the control and SBH diets. Starch digestion was not affected (P > .10) by diet. Whole corn resulted in improved DM, OM, NDF, and N digestibility compared with GC. Overall, both the SBH and PH diets resulted in greater DMI and ADG than the control diet, which lacked supplemental fiber.  (+info)

Viscera is a medical term that refers to the internal organs of the body, specifically those contained within the chest and abdominal cavities. These include the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. In some contexts, it may also refer to the reproductive organs. The term viscera is often used in anatomical or surgical descriptions, and is derived from the Latin word "viscus," meaning "an internal organ."

A portal system in medicine refers to a venous system in which veins from various tissues or organs (known as tributaries) drain into a common large vessel (known as the portal vein), which then carries the blood to a specific organ for filtration and processing before it is returned to the systemic circulation. The most well-known example of a portal system is the hepatic portal system, where veins from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and stomach merge into the portal vein and then transport blood to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing. Other examples include the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and the renal portal system found in some animals.

Pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of free air or gas within the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the internal organs. This accumulation of air can occur due to various reasons such as perforation of an organ (e.g., stomach, intestine, or esophagus), recent surgery, or medical procedures involving the introduction of air into the abdomen.

The presence of pneumoperitoneum is often diagnosed through imaging techniques like X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can reveal the presence of free gas in the peritoneal cavity. The condition may require prompt medical attention, depending on the underlying cause and the patient's symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as repairing a perforation or managing an infection.

Splanchnic circulation refers to the blood flow to the visceral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, and liver. These organs receive a significant portion of the cardiac output, with approximately 25-30% of the total restingly going to the splanchnic circulation. The splanchnic circulation is regulated by a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that help maintain adequate blood flow to these vital organs while also allowing for the distribution of blood to other parts of the body as needed.

The splanchnic circulation is unique in its ability to vasodilate and increase blood flow significantly in response to meals or other stimuli, such as stress or hormonal changes. This increased blood flow helps support the digestive process and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the body must carefully regulate this blood flow to prevent a significant drop in blood pressure or overloading the heart with too much work.

Overall, the splanchnic circulation plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the body's vital organs, and dysregulation of this system can contribute to various diseases, including digestive disorders, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

The abdominal cavity is the portion of the abdominothoracic cavity that lies between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet. It contains the stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, and associated blood vessels and nerves. The abdominal cavity is enclosed by the abdominal wall, which consists of muscles, fascia, and skin. It is divided into several compartments by various membranes, including the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the walls of the cavity and covers many of the organs within it. The abdominal cavity provides protection and support for the organs it contains, and also serves as a site for the absorption and digestion of food.

The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.

Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:

* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)

Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

"Oncorhynchus" is a genus of fish that includes several species of salmon and trout. These are primarily freshwater fish that are native to the northern Pacific Ocean and its surrounding rivers and streams, but some species have been introduced widely throughout the world. They are known for their distinctive life cycle, which involves migrating from fresh water to the ocean and then returning to fresh water to spawn. Many Oncorhynchus species are highly valued as food fish and are also popular game fish.

The mesenteric veins are a set of blood vessels that are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the small and large intestines. There are two main mesenteric veins: the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein. The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the majority of the small intestine, as well as the ascending colon and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon. The inferior mesenteric vein drains blood from the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. These veins ultimately drain into the portal vein, which carries the blood to the liver for further processing.

Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.

Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.

Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.

Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.

The abdominal muscles, also known as the abdominals or abs, are a group of muscles in the anterior (front) wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. They play a crucial role in maintaining posture, supporting the trunk, and facilitating movement of the torso. The main abdominal muscles include:

1. Rectus Abdominis: These are the pair of long, flat muscles that run vertically along the middle of the anterior abdominal wall. They are often referred to as the "six-pack" muscles due to their visible, segmented appearance in well-trained individuals. The primary function of the rectus abdominis is to flex the spine, allowing for actions such as sitting up from a lying down position or performing a crunch exercise.

2. External Obliques: These are the largest and most superficial of the oblique muscles, located on the lateral (side) aspects of the abdominal wall. They run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (the upper part of the pelvis) and the pubic tubercle (a bony prominence at the front of the pelvis). The external obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in side-bending and exhalation.

3. Internal Obliques: These muscles lie deep to the external obliques and run diagonally downward and backward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba (the strong band of connective tissue that runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen). The internal obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in forced exhalation and increasing intra-abdominal pressure during actions such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.

4. Transversus Abdominis: This is the deepest of the abdominal muscles, located inner to both the internal obliques and the rectus sheath (a strong, fibrous covering that surrounds the rectus abdominis). The transversus abdominis runs horizontally around the abdomen, attaching to the lower six ribs, the thoracolumbar fascia (a broad sheet of connective tissue spanning from the lower back to the pelvis), and the pubic crest (the front part of the pelvic bone). The transversus abdominis helps maintain core stability by compressing the abdominal contents and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Together, these muscles form the muscular "corset" of the abdomen, providing support, stability, and flexibility to the trunk. They also play a crucial role in respiration, posture, and various movements such as bending, twisting, and lifting.

Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can infect marine mammals, fish, and squid. Humans can become accidentally infected when they consume raw or undercooked seafood that contains Anisakis larvae. This type of infection is known as "anisakiasis" or "herring worm disease."

The infection can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In some cases, the larvae may penetrate the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to more severe symptoms such as allergic reactions, eosinophilic granulomas, or intestinal obstruction.

Preventing anisakiasis involves cooking or freezing fish and seafood thoroughly before consumption. Freezing fish at -20°C (-4°F) for at least 7 days can kill the larvae, making it safe to eat raw. Proper handling and storage of seafood can also help reduce the risk of infection.

The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach chamber in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is often referred to as the "true" stomach because its structure and function are most similar to the stomachs of non-ruminant animals, including humans.

In the abomasum, gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are secreted, which help to break down proteins and fats in the ingested feed. The abomasum also serves as a site for nutrient absorption and further mechanical breakdown of food particles before they enter the small intestine.

The term "abomasum" is derived from Latin, where "ab-" means "away from," and "omassum" refers to the "stomach." This name reflects its location away from the other three stomach chambers in ruminants.

Urea is not a medical condition but it is a medically relevant substance. Here's the definition:

Urea is a colorless, odorless solid that is the primary nitrogen-containing compound in the urine of mammals. It is a normal metabolic end product that is excreted by the kidneys and is also used as a fertilizer and in various industrial applications. Chemically, urea is a carbamide, consisting of two amino groups (NH2) joined by a carbon atom and having a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the carbon atom. Urea is produced in the liver as an end product of protein metabolism and is then eliminated from the body by the kidneys through urination. Abnormal levels of urea in the blood, known as uremia, can indicate impaired kidney function or other medical conditions.

The hypogastric plexus is a complex network of nerves located in the lower abdomen, near the aortic bifurcation. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, primarily controlling the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera, including the descending colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs. The hypogastric plexus is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior hypogastric nerves, which originate from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord levels, respectively. Damage to this plexus can lead to various pelvic autonomic dysfunctions, such as urinary and fecal incontinence or sexual impairment.

Liver circulation, also known as hepatic circulation, refers to the blood flow through the liver. The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.

The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, accounting for about 25% of the liver's blood supply. The remaining 75% comes from the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.

In the liver, these two sources of blood mix in the sinusoids, small vessels with large spaces between the endothelial cells that line them. This allows for efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which merge into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the heart.

The unique dual blood supply and extensive sinusoidal network in the liver enable it to perform various critical functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis, storage, and secretion of numerous substances, maintaining body homeostasis.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

The abdomen refers to the portion of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. It is a musculo-fascial cavity containing the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity is divided into several regions and quadrants for medical description and examination purposes. These include the upper and lower abdomen, as well as nine quadrants formed by the intersection of the midline and a horizontal line drawn at the level of the umbilicus (navel).

The major organs located within the abdominal cavity include:

1. Stomach - muscular organ responsible for initial digestion of food
2. Small intestine - long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs
3. Large intestine - consists of the colon and rectum; absorbs water and stores waste products
4. Liver - largest internal organ, involved in protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism
5. Pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin
6. Spleen - filters blood and removes old red blood cells
7. Kidneys - pair of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
8. Adrenal glands - sit atop each kidney, produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response

The abdomen is an essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste materials, as well as various metabolic processes.

"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:

1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.

Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.

Visceral afferents are specialized nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the internal organs (viscera) to the central nervous system. These afferent neurons detect and transmit information about various visceral stimuli, such as pain, temperature, touch, pressure, chemical changes, and the state of organ distension or fullness. The information they relay helps regulate physiological functions, including digestion, respiration, and cardiovascular activity, and contributes to the perception of bodily sensations and visceral pain. Visceral afferents are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system and have their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia or nodose ganglia.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Situs Inversus is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are situated in mirror-image positions to their normal locations. Instead of being on the left side, the heart and its large blood vessels are on the right side, while the liver is on the left side and the lungs are reversed. The stomach, spleen, and pancreas may also be affected. It's important to note that this condition is generally asymptomatic and often goes unnoticed unless there are complications or associated abnormalities.

There are two types of Situs Inversus: total (complete reversal of all organs) and partial (reversal of only some organs). Total Situs Inversus is also sometimes referred to as "mirror-image dextrocardia" because the heart, which is usually on the left side, is located on the right side in a mirrored position.

While Situs Inversus itself does not typically cause health problems, people with this condition may have an increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as congenital heart defects or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which can lead to chronic respiratory infections and infertility.

"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.

In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

Food preservation, in the context of medical and nutritional sciences, refers to the process of treating, handling, and storing food items to reduce the risk of foodborne illness and to extend their shelf life. The goal is to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, as well as to slow down the oxidation process that can lead to spoilage.

Common methods of food preservation include:

1. Refrigeration and freezing: These techniques slow down the growth of microorganisms and enzyme activity that cause food to spoil.
2. Canning: This involves sealing food in airtight containers, then heating them to destroy microorganisms and inactivate enzymes.
3. Dehydration: Removing water from food inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
4. Acidification: Adding acidic ingredients like lemon juice or vinegar can lower the pH of food, making it less hospitable to microorganisms.
5. Fermentation: This process involves converting sugars into alcohol or acids using bacteria or yeasts, which can preserve food and also enhance its flavor.
6. Irradiation: Exposing food to small doses of radiation can kill bacteria, parasites, and insects, extending the shelf life of certain foods.
7. Pasteurization: Heating food to a specific temperature for a set period of time can destroy harmful bacteria while preserving the nutritional value and taste.

Proper food preservation is crucial in preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are a type of fatty acid that have a low molecular weight and are known for their ability to evaporate at room temperature. They are produced in the body during the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins in the absence of oxygen, such as in the digestive tract by certain bacteria.

The most common volatile fatty acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These compounds have various roles in the body, including providing energy to cells in the intestines, modulating immune function, and regulating the growth of certain bacteria. They are also used as precursors for the synthesis of other molecules, such as cholesterol and bile acids.

In addition to their role in the body, volatile fatty acids are also important in the food industry, where they are used as flavorings and preservatives. They are produced naturally during fermentation and aging processes, and are responsible for the distinctive flavors of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and wine.

The celiac artery, also known as the anterior abdominal aortic trunk, is a major artery that originates from the abdominal aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the foregut, which includes the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and upper part of the duodenum. It branches into three main branches: the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery. The celiac artery plays a crucial role in providing blood to these vital organs, and any disruption or damage to it can lead to serious health consequences.

A diaphragmatic hernia is a type of hernia that occurs when the abdominal organs (such as the stomach, intestines, or liver) protrude through an opening in the diaphragm, the thin muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. This condition can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired due to injury or surgery.

There are two main types of diaphragmatic hernias:

1. Bochdalek hernia: This is a congenital defect that occurs when the posterior portion of the diaphragm fails to close properly during fetal development, creating an opening through which abdominal organs can move into the chest cavity. It is more common on the left side and can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia (underdevelopment of the lungs) and other complications if not detected and treated early.
2. Morgagni hernia: This is a less common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia that occurs when there is an opening in the anterior portion of the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity near the sternum. It tends to be asymptomatic and may not be discovered until adulthood.

Acquired diaphragmatic hernias can result from trauma, such as a car accident or penetrating injury, which causes a tear in the diaphragm. In some cases, surgical procedures involving the abdomen or chest can also lead to a diaphragmatic hernia.

Symptoms of a diaphragmatic hernia may include difficulty breathing, chest pain, vomiting, and bowel obstruction. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect in the diaphragm and return the abdominal organs to their proper position.

'Medicago sativa' is the scientific name for a plant species more commonly known as alfalfa. In a medical context, alfalfa is often considered a herbal supplement and its medicinal properties include being a source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as kidney problems, asthma, arthritis, and high cholesterol levels. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of alfalfa for these uses is not conclusively established by scientific research and its use may have potential risks or interactions with certain medications. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The hepatic veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver back to the heart. There are typically three major hepatic veins - right, middle, and left - that originate from the posterior aspect of the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm. These veins are responsible for returning the majority of the blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the heart. It's important to note that the hepatic veins do not have valves, which can make them susceptible to a condition called Budd-Chiari syndrome, where blood clots form in the veins and obstruct the flow of blood from the liver.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.

Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.

It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.

Propionates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to a group of medications that are used as topical creams or gels to treat fungal infections of the skin. Propionic acid and its salts, such as propionate, are the active ingredients in these medications. They work by inhibiting the growth of fungi, which causes the infection. Common examples of propionate-containing medications include creams used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch.

It is important to note that there are many different types of medications and compounds that contain the word "propionate" in their name, as it refers to a specific chemical structure. However, in a medical context, it most commonly refers to antifungal creams or gels.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

The abdominal wall refers to the group of muscles, fascia (sheaths of connective tissue), and skin that make up the front and sides of the abdomen, extending from the thorax (chest) to the pelvis. It provides protection to the abdominal organs, supports the trunk, and allows for movement of the torso.

The main muscles of the anterior abdominal wall include:

1. Rectus sheaths (Rectus Abdominis): paired vertical muscles running from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7.
2. External obliques: thin, irregular muscles that lie over the lower part of the abdomen and run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (pelvic bone) and pubic tubercle.
3. Internal obliques: thicker muscles that lie under the external obliques, running diagonally upward and forward from the iliac crest to the lower ribs.
4. Transverse abdominis: deepest of the abdominal muscles, lying horizontally across the abdomen, attaching from the lower ribs to the pelvis.

These muscles are interconnected by various layers of fascia and aponeuroses (flat, broad tendons), forming a complex structure that allows for both stability and mobility. The linea alba, a fibrous band, runs down the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, connecting the rectus sheaths.

Damage to the abdominal wall can occur due to trauma, surgery, or various medical conditions, which may require surgical intervention for repair.

Glutamine is defined as a conditionally essential amino acid in humans, which means that it can be produced by the body under normal circumstances, but may become essential during certain conditions such as stress, illness, or injury. It is the most abundant free amino acid found in the blood and in the muscles of the body.

Glutamine plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, energy production, and acid-base balance. It serves as an important fuel source for cells in the intestines, immune system, and skeletal muscles. Glutamine has also been shown to have potential benefits in wound healing, gut function, and immunity, particularly during times of physiological stress or illness.

In summary, glutamine is a vital amino acid that plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of various tissues and organs in the body.

Mechanoreceptors are specialized sensory receptor cells that convert mechanical stimuli such as pressure, tension, or deformation into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by the nervous system. They are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and internal organs. Mechanoreceptors can detect different types of mechanical stimuli depending on their specific structure and location. For example, Pacinian corpuscles in the skin respond to vibrations, while Ruffini endings in the joints detect changes in joint angle and pressure. Overall, mechanoreceptors play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interact with our environment through touch, proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of body parts), and visceral sensation (awareness of internal organ activity).

3-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as β-hydroxybutyric acid, is a type of ketone body that is produced in the liver during the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a colorless, slightly water-soluble compound with a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor.

In the body, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is produced when there is not enough glucose available to meet the body's energy needs, such as during fasting, starvation, or prolonged intense exercise. It can also be produced in large amounts in people with uncontrolled diabetes, particularly during a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid is an important source of energy for the brain and other organs during periods of low glucose availability. However, high levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood can lead to a condition called ketosis, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion. If left untreated, ketosis can progress to diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Essential amino acids are a group of 9 out of the 20 standard amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. They include: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. These amino acids are essential for various biological processes such as protein synthesis, growth, and repair of body tissues. A deficiency in any of these essential amino acids can lead to impaired physical development and compromised immune function. Foods that provide all nine essential amino acids are considered complete proteins and include animal-derived products like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, as well as soy and quinoa.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

A ventral hernia is a type of hernia that occurs in the abdominal wall, specifically in the anterior (front) aspect. It can occur due to a weakness or defect in the abdominal wall muscles and fascia, which allows the internal organs or tissues to push through and create a bulge or swelling.

Ventral hernias can be classified into several types based on their location, size, and cause. Some of the common types include:

1. Incisional Hernia - occurs at the site of a previous surgical incision, where the abdominal wall has not healed properly or has become weakened over time.
2. Epigastric Hernia - located in the upper middle part of the abdomen, between the breastbone and the navel.
3. Umbilical Hernia - occurs around the belly button, most commonly seen in infants but can also affect adults.
4. Spigelian Hernia - a rare type of hernia that occurs lateral to the rectus sheath, usually at the level of the semilunar line.
5. Diastasis Recti - a separation of the abdominal muscles in the midline, which can lead to a ventral hernia if not treated.

Symptoms of a ventral hernia may include pain or discomfort, especially when lifting heavy objects, straining, coughing, or during physical activity. In some cases, a hernia may become incarcerated or strangulated, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment options for ventral hernias typically involve surgical repair, either through open surgery or laparoscopic techniques.

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of different components that make up a person's body, including fat mass, lean muscle mass, bone mass, and total body water. It is an important measure of health and fitness, as changes in body composition can indicate shifts in overall health status. For example, an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean muscle mass can be indicative of poor nutrition, sedentary behavior, or certain medical conditions.

There are several methods for measuring body composition, including:

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This method uses low-level electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage based on the conductivity of different tissues.
2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This method uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density and body composition, including lean muscle mass and fat distribution.
3. Hydrostatic weighing: This method involves submerging a person in water and measuring their weight underwater to estimate body density and fat mass.
4. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP): This method uses air displacement to measure body volume and density, which can be used to estimate body composition.

Understanding body composition can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and fitness goals, as well as provide valuable information for healthcare providers in the management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Lactates, also known as lactic acid, are compounds that are produced by muscles during intense exercise or other conditions of low oxygen supply. They are formed from the breakdown of glucose in the absence of adequate oxygen to complete the full process of cellular respiration. This results in the production of lactate and a hydrogen ion, which can lead to a decrease in pH and muscle fatigue.

In a medical context, lactates may be measured in the blood as an indicator of tissue oxygenation and metabolic status. Elevated levels of lactate in the blood, known as lactic acidosis, can indicate poor tissue perfusion or hypoxia, and may be seen in conditions such as sepsis, cardiac arrest, and severe shock. It is important to note that lactates are not the primary cause of acidemia (low pH) in lactic acidosis, but rather a marker of the underlying process.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions such as abdominal trauma, tumors, infections, or inflammatory diseases. The size of the incision can vary depending on the reason for the surgery and the extent of the condition being treated. Once the procedure is complete, the incision is closed with sutures or staples.

The term "laparotomy" comes from the Greek words "lapara," which means "flank" or "side," and "tome," which means "to cut." Together, they describe the surgical procedure that involves cutting into the abdomen to examine its contents.

Physical stimulation, in a medical context, refers to the application of external forces or agents to the body or its tissues to elicit a response. This can include various forms of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, or electrical currents. The purpose of physical stimulation may be therapeutic, as in the case of massage or physical therapy, or diagnostic, as in the use of reflex tests. It is also used in research settings to study physiological responses and mechanisms.

In a broader sense, physical stimulation can also refer to the body's exposure to physical activity or exercise, which can have numerous health benefits, including improving cardiovascular function, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Afferent pathways, also known as sensory pathways, refer to the neural connections that transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for carrying various types of sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, hearing, vision, and taste, to the CNS for processing and interpretation.

The afferent pathways begin with sensory receptors located throughout the body, which detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, to the spinal cord or brainstem. Within the CNS, the information is further processed and integrated with other neural inputs before being relayed to higher cognitive centers for conscious awareness and response.

Understanding the anatomy and physiology of afferent pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions that affect sensory function, such as neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, and brain disorders.

"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.

Some common examples of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).

2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).

3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).

4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).

5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.

It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has an important role in protecting the abdominal organs and providing a smooth surface for them to move against each other.

Peritonitis can occur as a result of bacterial or fungal infection, chemical irritation, or trauma to the abdomen. The most common cause of peritonitis is a rupture or perforation of an organ in the abdominal cavity, such as the appendix, stomach, or intestines, which allows bacteria from the gut to enter the peritoneal cavity.

Symptoms of peritonitis may include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased bowel movements. In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation throughout the body.

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical intervention to repair any damage to the abdominal organs and remove any infected fluid or tissue from the peritoneal cavity. In some cases, a temporary or permanent drain may be placed in the abdomen to help remove excess fluid and promote healing.

Digestion is the complex process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions that occur in the digestive system, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs such as the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

The different stages of digestion are:

1. Ingestion: This is the first step in digestion, where food is taken into the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing, churning, and mixing with digestive enzymes.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves breaking down food molecules into simpler forms using various enzymes and chemicals produced by the digestive system.
4. Absorption: Once the food is broken down into simple molecules, they are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream and transported to different parts of the body.
5. Elimination: The undigested material that remains after absorption is moved through the large intestine and eliminated from the body as feces.

The process of digestion is essential for maintaining good health, as it provides the necessary nutrients and energy required for various bodily functions.

After Viscera gave Lillian the Samoan slam, both men laughed about the incident, in the process turning Viscera heel once again ... At WrestleMania 22, Viscera won an 18-man interpromotional battle royal. Viscera then teamed with Val Venis to form V-Squared. ... After Lillian declared she wanted to be just friends, Haas seemingly raked Viscera in the eye, with Viscera feigning to ... Viscera used to be known as Mabel. [...] He started as a friendly rapping giant Then Mabel shocks everyone by winning King of ...
Viscera is the best yet from My Epic." Nicholas Senior believes, "Viscera is a great example of a good band evolving into a ... Viscera is a rewarding listen." David Craft states, "don't let this gem pass you by." Fryberger opines, "Viscera is an EP that ... "Viscera EP" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved May 5, 2016. O'Connor, Dylan (April 15, 2016). "My Epic, "Viscera EP" ... Viscera is the third extended play from My Epic. Facedown Records released the EP on May 6, 2016. Christopher Smith writes, " ...
Look up viscera, visceral, or viscus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Viscera (SG: viscus) are an organism's internal organs ... Viscera may also refer to: Viscera (wrestler), American professional wrestler Viscera (Byla + Jarboe album) (2007) Viscera (God ... Module album) (2005) Viscera (Jenny Hval album) (2011) Viscera (EP), a 2016 EP by My Epic Visceral may also refer to: Visceral ... album), by Getter (2018) Visceral: The Poetry of Blood, book by RJ Arkhipov (2018) Viscera Film Festival, a horror film ...
"Viscera 2007 - Viscera Film Festival". Bloody Disgusting. November 11, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2023. "Viscera winners ... Viscera Award Winner). The 2010 Viscera Film Festival Selections included "The Date" (Viscera Award Winner) by Natasia ... The 2007 Viscera Film Festival Selections included "Go Ask Alice" by Shannon Lark, "I'm a Little Teapot" by Sallie Smith, "The ... The Viscera Film Festival was an annual Los Angeles based horror film festival for women filmmakers. Originally an online ...
"Viscera Cleanup Detail on Steam". Steam. Valve. Retrieved 31 October 2015. "Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior on Steam". ... "Viscera Cleanup Detail - House of Horror on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Retrieved 8 April 2020. "Viscera Cleanup Detail - ... "Viscera Cleanup Detail: Santa's Rampage on Steam". Steam. Valve. Retrieved 31 October 2015. "Viscera Cleanup Detail - ... Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior is set in the first chapter of Flying Wild Hog's Shadow Warrior, cleaning up the mess Lo ...
Viscera is an album by Norwegian singer Jenny Hval, the first released under her own name. She previously released two albums ... 54 Black Morning/Viscera - 6:00 "Uncut's Top 50 Albums of 2011". 29 November 2011. "Year in Review 2011 - Top 15 Albums". ...
Viscera is a 2005 album by God Module. The Source Inside Out False Pretense Still So Strange Lucid A Night Like This Sections ...
Viscera is a collaborative album by Byla and Jarboe, released on October 16, 2007 by Translation Loss Records. All tracks are ... Adapted from the Viscera liner notes. Musicians Kevin Hufnagel - guitar Jarboe - lead vocals Colin Marston - guitar, recording ... Viscera (booklet). Byla + Jarboe. Harleysville, Pennsylvania: Translation Loss Records. 2007.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint ...
The fifth match was between Shelton Benjamin and Viscera. Momma Benjamin attacked Viscera with her loaded purse twice and ... Viscera". WWE. January 8, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2007. "Ashley def. Victoria, Candice, Torrie Wilson and Maria (Bra & ... Chris Masters qualified after defeating Viscera and finally Kane qualified after defeating Triple H with help from his partner ...
She incorporates elements of pop culture; viscera, fashion; graffiti; low brow art; hot rod, skate, street and snowboard ...
Drake, R. L.; Vogl, A.W.; Mitchell, A.W. (4 April 2009). "Abdominal Viscera". Gray's Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia, PA: ... showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera Horizontal disposition of the ...
"13 Times Pop Culture Referenced Jason Voorhees". Camera Viscera. February 25, 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-07. Kid Safe: The Video ...
"Viscera (review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2014. "New Single Out By God Module In August". Peek-a-boo Music Magazine. 6 ... Guest vocals on Artificial, Empath, Viscera, Let's Go Dark, Séance, Prophecy and The Unsound records) Jon Siren (Live drums on ... Viscera (2005) Let's Go Dark (2007) The Magic In My Heart Is Dead (2010) Rituals (EP) (2011) Séance (2011) Doppelganger (EP) ( ...
ISBN 0-521-31938-2. viscera sympathectomy. Sihoe, A. D.; Liu, R. W.; Lee, A. K.; Lam, C. W.; Cheng, L. C. (September 2007). "Is ...
Viscera (Television production). The Vow. HBO. "The stripe path: How to make your way up in NXIVM". Canadian Broadcasting ...
"Wrestler Profiles: Viscera". Wrestling Information Archive. Retrieved September 22, 2007. "WWE: History of the World Tag Team ...
A tortoise's viscera. A hawk's claws. The palms of a tiger. A cow's ears. And it hears through its horns, its ears being ...
"Jenny Hval - Viscera". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-04-19. "Elastics - Ole Mathisen, Paolo Vinaccia, Per Mathisen". Musical ... 18 - Eldbjørg Raknes was awarded the 2011 Buddyprisen 7 - Glossolalia by Sigbjørn Apeland (Hubro Music) 18 - Viscera by Jenny ...
In the tomb were found remains of viscera wrapped in linen. Ranefer's body is the best representation of what mummification ... ". "Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt". Preservation of the viscera. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty ,url= (help) Ikram ...
A dark feminist superheroine, Viscera is an anti-rape culture paranormal thriller. In addition to the graphic novel, Viscera is ... In 2013, Massengill released the first graphic novel in his creator-owned series, Viscera: Epic Frail. For this project, he is ... 1] Viscera, Epic Frail. " Massengill, Nathan Massengill, Nathan. The INKING FAQs". nathanmassengill.com. Retrieved June 2, 2012 ... Nathan Massengill at the Big Comic Book DataBase Official website Official website of Viscera Original Art at Comic Art Fans ...
In the study of anatomy, viscera (SG: viscus) refers to the internal organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities. ... In the study of anatomy, viscera (singular viscus) refers to the internal organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic ... Historically, viscera of animals were examined by Roman pagan priests like the haruspices or the augurs in order to divine the ... Bell, Daniel J. "Viscera , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Bell, Daniel J. "Solid and hollow ...
"Viscera and Bloodletting Man". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 August 2021. von Gersdorff, Hans (1517). Feldbuch der ...
"Viscera and Bloodletting Man". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 August 2021. "A Tour of Ptolemy's Maps". University of ...
... and the Different Viscera". W. Clowes for T. Kelly. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019 ...
My viscera was wrong." In Kopf's own opinion, "Hopwood proves that my sentencing instincts suck." Hopwood served his prison ...
Moss would later be awarded the Best Writer and Director Awards at the Viscera Film Festival. Of Pearson's performance as Jess ... James, Jonathan (3 June 2013). "Viscera Film Festival Lineup Announced". Daily Dead. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Dickson, Evan (18 ...
I Viscera played a show in Los Angeles with Penis Flytrap in the summer of 2000, as well as some Bakersfield shows. I Viscera ... "No Exceptions, I Viscera Rocks to Own Rhythm - Their Own." The Bakersfield Californian 5 Dec. 2003. "XXIII Questions with ... Adame continued to play in Bakersfield with several bands while starting up a new band called I Viscera in 1996, with Burch ...
"viscera (Vol. 1 - Winter 2012)". 3 January 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2017. "Quintero-Flores". www.acentosreview.com. Retrieved ...
"Viscera of the Urogenital Triangle". University of Arkansas Medical School. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved ...
3. Viscera, brain, nerves, sense-organs. Other noteworthy written efforts by Spalteholz are: Die Vertheilung der Blutgefässe im ...
After Viscera gave Lillian the Samoan slam, both men laughed about the incident, in the process turning Viscera heel once again ... At WrestleMania 22, Viscera won an 18-man interpromotional battle royal. Viscera then teamed with Val Venis to form V-Squared. ... After Lillian declared she wanted to be just friends, Haas seemingly raked Viscera in the eye, with Viscera feigning to ... Viscera used to be known as Mabel. [...] He started as a friendly rapping giant Then Mabel shocks everyone by winning King of ...
Buy Viscera by Strigoi (CD) now from Rough Trade - independent purveyors of great music, since 1976. ...
We present another update of the free VCD alpha today! This one is all about fixes and stability. Multiplayer co-op is now far more stable and usable, object dont get stuck as easily anymore and punching out is also behaving. Read on for more!
1. Chicago activist and former Weatherman Bill Ayers has written a post-election apologia for the New York Times. I find his position reasonable enough, though Little Green Footballs is characteristically unimpressed. A belated thought occurred to me: Bill Ayers may have been one of the models (the Weathermen were certainly the aggregate model) for Eat The Document, Dana Spiottas 2006 novel about 1960s fugitives co-existing with younger hipsters in Seattle. I liked this novel when I first read it, and have come to like it even more in retrospect. 2. Youre getting tired of hearing about Roberto Bolano? Imagine how Gabriel Garcia Marquez feels. Bolanos "visceral realism" appears to mock Marquezs magical variety, but the elder statesman will be bouncing back with a new novel. Meanwhile, heres Bud Parrs report on last weeks Words Without Borders event honoring Bolano (who, truth be told, is good enough to earn most of the hype).. 3. Maud Newton considers recent developments in e-books for ...
... : guarda il trailer di "City Of Dope And Violence" comments are off for this post. ... VISCERA/// - 2: As Zeitgeist Becomes Profusion of the I comments are off for this post. ... SATORI JUNK: una data a Milano con VISCERA e THE RED COIL comments are off for this post. ... VISCERA///, ABATON: i dettagli dello split album comments are off for this post. ...
This time, Viscera Cleanup Detail [official site].. Viscera Cleanup Detail is a game about cleaning. Youll wash blood and ... Viscera Cleanup Detail hinges on that very idea, while also being based on what happens after that attempt to clean up. Arn ... Viscera Cleanup Details bin was where this issue found a particularly terrible focus. "Unreal Engine 3s physics engine was ... Though blood and grime on the walls is rendered with decals, the same way it usually is in games, in Viscera Cleanup Detail ...
Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and ... Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera Responses in Health and Disease By Roy J. Shephard Copyright 2017 ... Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and ... Working systematically through the viscera, the book first identifies the response to exercise and pathologies of the liver, ...
Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and ... Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera Responses in Health and Disease By Roy J. Shephard Copyright 2017 ... Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and ... Working systematically through the viscera, the book first identifies the response to exercise and pathologies of the liver, ...
Jon Stewart Literally Eviscerates Sean Hannity, With Literal Viscera Everywhere (Video). www.wonkette.com ... Jon Stewart Literally Eviscerates Sean Hannity, With Literal Viscera Everywhere (Video). www.wonkette.com ... Jon Stewart Literally Eviscerates Sean Hannity, With Literal Viscera Everywhere (Video). www.wonkette.com ...
Viscera Cleanup Detail. Cheatbook is the resource for the latest Cheats, tips, cheat codes, unlockables, hints and secrets to ... Viscera Cleanup Detail Cheat Codes: ------------ Submitted by: David K. To activate the console, press the tilde ~ ( located ... To view your achievements and stats in Steam, select "Community", then search for the game hub that corresponds to [Viscera ...
Viscera by Gabriel Squailia available from Rakuten Kobo. [Viscera] is dark, weird, and wonderfully human, and I cannot ... Viscera] is dark, weird, and wonderfully human, and I cannot recommend it enough. Its far and away the weirdest, most original ... Darkly comic and viciously original, Viscera is an unforgettable journey through swords-and-sorcery fantasy where strangeness ...
Economic Effect of Confiscation of Cattle Viscera Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis, Huancayo Province, Peru J. Raúl Lucas. ... Economic Effect of Confiscation of Cattle Viscera Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis, Huancayo Province, Peru. ...
Jharaphula Death Mystery: Post-Mortem & Viscera Report To Unravel Truth By PragativadiNews On Jan 31, 2021. ... Crime News LatestJharaphula Death MysteryJharaphula NayakPost-MortemRama Devi varsityViscera Report To Unravel Truth ... Sources said that the post mortem and viscera report might throw some light on the mysterious death of Jharaphula. ...
":"Veil Of Maya - Viscera Blue Dye Hoodie - X-Large","public_title":"X-Large","options":["X-Large"],"price":6500,"weight":567," ... ":"Veil Of Maya - Viscera Blue Dye Hoodie - 2X-Large","public_title":"2X-Large","options":["2X-Large"],"price":6500,"weight": ... ":"Veil Of Maya - Viscera Blue Dye Hoodie - 3X-Large","public_title":"3X-Large","options":["3X-Large"],"price":6500,"weight": ... ":"Veil Of Maya - Viscera Blue Dye Hoodie - Small","public_title":"Small","options":["Small"],"price":6500,"weight":425," ...
Viscera 3 Review - The Secret to Weight Loss in Your Gut!. The weight loss struggle is an epidemic that effects a large portion ...
The heart is one of fhe five viscera, or five Zang organs (i.e. along with the kidneys, liver, spleen, and lungs). ...
Home / Anatomy Trains Store / Courses / Dissection Livestream Module 6 - Fascial Dissection of the Abdomen and Viscera - ... Dissection Livestream Module 6 - Fascial Dissection of the Abdomen and Viscera - Registration Closed. $80.00. ... Fascial Dissection of the Abdomen and Viscera - of Dissection Livestream with Tom Myers and Todd Garcia: A Regional and Layered ...
The preparation method of the herbal cuisine duck or the herbal cuisine meat for moistening and nourishing the viscera which ... and a herbal cuisine duck or a herbal cuisine meat for moistening and nourishing the viscera, as well as a preparation method ... so that the dietetic therapy effect for moistening and nourishing the viscera is achieved. ... The invention relates to a herbal cuisine composite for moistening and nourishing viscera, ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck. ... Viscera of the neck Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ...
Royal Ballet - Viscera, Infra, Fools Paradise - London Gallery - Royal Ballet in Carmen, Viscera, Afternoon of a Faun and ... Royal Ballet - Carmen, Viscera, Afternoon of a Faun, Tchaikovsky pas de deux - London Royal Ballet - The Unknown Soldier ( ... Christopher Wheeldon Fools Paradise Infra Liam Scarlett London Nehemiah Kish Royal Opera House The Royal Ballet Viscera Wayne ...
Viscera music and merchandise on the Season of Mist shop! Cheap prices, fast shipping and serious customer service. ... Viscera. This devastating brand of death metal pulls sludge and crust elements while lyrically, the album explores themes of ...
Extremely dangerous, a perforated viscus can be fatal if... ... A perforated viscus is an abnormal opening in a hollow internal ... The term viscus is a singular form, often used in referring to only one organ involved. Its plural term, viscera, generally is ... Perforated viscus commonly occurs in severe auto accidents where blunt abdominal trauma can occur. A hollow viscus perforation ... Open surgery is necessary to repair a perforated viscus. Perforated viscus symptoms generally range from moderate to severe ...
On behalf of Viscera, Feature.fm would like permission to set cookies in order to track campaign performance and show ads based ... On behalf of Viscera, Feature.fm sets cookies that can identify you as a visitor. The cookie is used to personalize your user ...
Viscera affectum anno: the gut beyond eating behaviours One of the most pleasurable, yet dangerous, activities of our daily ...
Host is a modern guide to eating, drinking and entertaining from W&P Design co-founders Eric Prum and Josh Williams. From intimate weeknight dinners to festive large-scale gatherings, Eric and Josh show how to be a better host with inspired-yet-approachable recipes and advice for creating delicious meals and unforg
GREEN SHORTS Green summer shorts with slant pockets. This piece is an easy piece to wear yet is quite premium because of the soft fabric feel. Stylised gingham inner waist band trim fabric adds to the overall look of the shorts. It also has an extended waist band in front opening for a stylised look. Style Tip: The pie
Set: Commander Legends Type: Creature - Vampire Wizard Rarity: Common Cost: {B} Sacrifice a creature: Scry 1. (Look at the top card of your library. You may put that card on the bottom of your library.) In matters of life and death, he trusts his gut.
  • This four part teaching film shows on a cadavar the anatomy of abdominal viscera. (nih.gov)
  • Pre-ordering the full 'Viscera Cleanup Detail' gets you a Steam key for both VCD: Santa's Rampage, and VCD: Shadow Warrior! (runestorm.com)
  • 19 Dec 2017 To play Viscera Cleanup Detail is to be an enemy of environmental storytelling. (web.app)
  • Automatically test your computer against Viscera Cleanup Detail system requirements. (web.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail : Shadow Warrior sur PC - jeuxvideo.com Viscera Cleanup Detail - Free Download Download latest version of Viscera Cleanup Detail for Windows. (web.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail - Free Download Download latest version of Viscera Cleanup Detail for Windows. (web.app)
  • Buy Viscera Cleanup Detail sur HRK Game. (web.app)
  • 12/12/2013 · Viscera Cleanup Detail : Santa's Rampage est un jeu vidéo en téléchargement uniquement, sur PC, de genre simulation, développé par RuneStorm et édité par RuneStorm. (web.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup 0.15 - Descargar Viscera Cleanup es un videojuego muy peculiar en el que los jugadores asumen el papel del bedel de una nave espacial que, casualmente, es el único superviviente de una masacre alienígena producida en la nave. (web.app)
  • Today you're on Viscera Cleanup Detail. (web.app)
  • Jeux PC Viscera Cleanup Detail Version Complète Telecharger Torrent Cpasbien. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Détail Telecharger Jeu Complet - fissure - multilangues - RELOADED Informations sur l'encart Viscera Cleanup Détail Telecharger Nom de la. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail (2015) скачать торрент Название: Viscera Cleanup Detail Год выпуска: 23 окт, 2015 Жанр: Simulator, Аction, Horror Parody Разработчик: RuneStorm Издательство: RuneStorm Платформа: PC Тип издания: Лицензия Язык интерфейса: Английский Язык oзвучки: Английский Таблетка: Присутствует (CODEX). (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail - PC Game Trainer Cheat. (netlify.app)
  • PC : : STEAM (Digital Download) : Cover Target.Game Fixes: Viscera Cleanup Detail: The Vulcan Affair v20181211 - v1.135 [ENGLISH] Fixed Files. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail sur PC - jeuxvideo.com Viscera Cleanup Detail est un jeu indépendant sur PC. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail : House of Horror - CODEX « 4PLAYERS Jeux Téléchargement directPC PS4 PS3 XBOX360 RGH ISO DLC [Jeux Téléchargement directfr/] Viscera Cleanup Detail sur Steam - store.steampowered.com In Viscera Cleanup Detail, you step into the boots of a space-station janitor tasked with cleaning up after various horrific sci-fi horror events. (netlify.app)
  • Best Steam games only on Indiegala… Viscera Cleanup Detail. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail (USA) PC Download - Nitroblog Game Title: Viscera Cleanup Detail. (netlify.app)
  • Release DateScreenshots: Viscera Cleanup Detail PC Download. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail - Sporadic crashes or frequent freezing… Viscera Cleanup Detail frequent freezing, game crashes to desktop, black screen when play the game, graphics spikes, stuttering, video lagViscera Cleanup Detail video game for PC version. (netlify.app)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent. (iigg-games.org)
  • Viscera Cleanup Detail is a science fiction simulation game. (iigg-games.org)
  • Nelson Frazier Jr., better known by his ring names Viscera, Mabel and Big Daddy V., was a professional wrestler who rose to prominence in the mid-1990s. (thefamousbirthdays.com)
  • The medical term for the body's internal organs is 'viscera. (farrellpt.com)
  • A perforated viscus or a ruptured viscus, is often used to denote any rupturing or tearing of these organs of the abdomen. (healthhearty.com)
  • However, in case of a perforated viscus, these materials leak out of the organs into the body cavity, thus endangering the life of a person. (healthhearty.com)
  • Typhoid fever and certain infections and illnesses affecting the organs of the abdomen, can cause a perforated abdominal viscus. (healthhearty.com)
  • We then estimated the economic losses by multiplying the number of condemned organs by the average viscera weight and the selling price. (cdc.gov)
  • Part 1 inspects the viscera and their mesenteries such as liver, faliform ligament, coecum duodenojejunal flexure, etc. (nih.gov)
  • We are extremely happy to announce that the Viscera Film Festival will finally have its premiere this summer! (horrorhype.com)
  • It's our great pleasure to announce that My Epic "Viscera" is out now! (facedownrecords.com)
  • CHILD (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by birth defects of several organ systems, including the skin, viscera, musculoskeletal system, and central nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • In medical terms, viscus refers to a hollow organ that is present inside the body. (healthhearty.com)
  • In the second phase, initiated in January 2015, we determined the average weight of infected viscera. (cdc.gov)
  • Primrose Path's latest music video release, Viscera , is a macabre follow-up to their previously successful Irrelevance , which has garnered almost 40,000 YouTube views and counting. (xpressmag.com.au)
  • People with gastric ulcers, biliary colic and women with certain gynecological problems like an ectopic pregnancy, a ruptured ovarian cyst or a ruptured uterus are at a greater risk of experiencing a rupturing in their viscus. (healthhearty.com)
  • The first annual all female-directed and/or produced horror film festival 'Viscera' comes to Los Angeles on July 17th, 2010! (horrorhype.com)
  • Review by Sarah "Fatally Yours" Jahier The Viscera Film Festival returns! (horrorhype.com)
  • You can check out Viscera on all major DSPs here and the video below for your viewing pleasure. (xpressmag.com.au)
  • I also love Viscera NY' s collection of jewelry so bold and unique that pairing them with even a simple wrap dress would be perfect. (glamazondiaries.com)
  • which is why, as soon as a perforated viscus occurs, the person should be rushed to a hospital for medical treatment. (healthhearty.com)
  • Genre-wise, Viscera defies easy categorisation, incorporating elements of death metal, nu-metal, and the trademark Primrose Path prog style. (xpressmag.com.au)
  • People suffering from cardiac diseases may experience a necrotic bowel, followed by rupturing of the viscus. (healthhearty.com)
  • Viscera New York City's fall collection is on that same trend with an evening collection of cocktail and evening frocks inspired by the Jazz Age and Old Hollywood. (glamazondiaries.com)