Wasting Syndrome
Circovirus
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Swine
Circoviridae
Weaning
Teschovirus
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Lymph Nodes
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Down Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome X
In Situ Hybridization
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Molecular Sequence Data
Sjogren's Syndrome
Open Reading Frames
Encyclopedias as Topic
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase
Self Medication
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
Obesity
Body Weight
Body Mass Index
A sustained rat model for studying the long-lasting catabolic state of sepsis. (1/270)
Most animal models of sepsis induced high mortality or early recovery and do not mimic the long-lasting catabolic state observed in patients. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of sepsis which reproduces these disorders, especially the long-lasting muscle wasting. This report summarizes our observations in a series of seven experiments using this model with rats to study the route of live Escherichia coli administration, dose of bacteria, reproducibility of the model, bacterial count in tissues, comparison of injection of live or dead bacteria, metabolic perturbations linked to infection, and potential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in muscle wasting. After intravenous infection, animals were anorexic and the catabolic state was long-lasting: body weight loss for 2 to 3 days followed by a chronic wasting state for several days. Liver, spleen, lung protein content, and plasma concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin were increased 2 and 6 days after infection. At 6 days, muscle protein content was substantially (-40%) reduced. The plasma TNF-alpha level measured 1.5 h after infection correlated with body weight loss observed 9 days later. The inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion by administration of pentoxifylline 1 h before infection reduced muscle wasting and activation of proteolysis at day 2 and abolished them at day 6. This septic model mimics in rats the prolonged protein metabolism alterations and muscle atrophy characteristics of infected patients and thus is useful for studying the impact of nutritional support on outcome. (+info)Wasting of the small hand muscles in upper and mid-cervical cord lesions. (2/270)
Four patients are described with destructive rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine and neurogenic wasting of forearm and hand muscles. The pathological connection is not immediately obvious, but a relationship between these two observations is described here with clinical, radiological, electrophysiological and necropsy findings. Compression of the anterior spinal artery at upper and mid-cervical levels is demonstrated to be the likely cause of changes lower in the spinal cord. These are shown to be due to the resulting ischaemia of the anterior part of the lower cervical spinal cord, with degeneration of the neurones innervating the forearm and hand muscles. These findings favour external compression of the anterior spinal artery leading to ischaemia in a watershed area as the likeliest explanation for this otherwise inappropriate and bizarre phenomenon. (+info)Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure. (3/270)
BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is one of a number of disorders associated with the development of a wasting syndrome. The precise mechanisms of this remain unknown, but previous studies have suggested a role for immune and neurohormonal factors. METHODS: We aimed to investigate in detail the differences in body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and the relationship to candidate biochemical factors of the immune, neurohormonal and metabolic systems in 15 healthy controls, 36 stable non-cachectic and 18 cachectic patients with chronic heart failure. RESULTS: Non-cachectic patients showed reduced leg lean tissue (-9.1%, P<0.01) compared to controls. Cachectic patients had significantly reduced lean (-21.0% vs controls, -19.9% vs non-cachectics), fat (-33.0% vs controls, -37. 0% vs non-cachectics) and bone tissue (-17.5% vs controls, -15.9% vs non-cachectics) (all P<0.0001). Cachectic patients showed a significantly increased cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio (+203% vs controls, P<0.0001; +89% vs non-cachectics, P=0.0011) and increased cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, soluble TNF-receptor 1, interleukin-6). The levels of catabolic hormones and cytokines correlated significantly with reduced muscle and fat tissue content and reduced bone mass. CONCLUSION: Peripheral loss of muscle tissue is a general finding in chronic heart failure. The wasting in cardiac cachexia affects all tissue compartments and is significantly related to neurohormonal and immunological abnormalities. (+info)IgA-gliadin antibodies, IgA-containing circulating immune complexes, and IgA glomerular deposits in wasting marmoset syndrome. (4/270)
BACKGROUND: Marmosets in captivity are highly susceptible to wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS), the aetiology of which is still not fully determined. METHODS: The level of IgA-gliadin antibodies (IgA-AGA), of IgA-containing circulating immune complexes (IgA-CIC), and the degree of glomerular IgA deposits were compared between marmosets suffering from WMS and animals not affected by the disorder. RESULTS: Both IgA-AGA and IgA-CIC were demonstrable in all groups of monkeys investigated. IgA-AGA and IgA-CIC were significantly higher in monkeys with WMS than in non-affected animals. There was a significant correlation between the glomerular IgA-deposition and titre of IgA-AGA. The group of marmosets strongly positive for glomerular IgA deposits comprised significantly more animals suffering from WMS than the group without deposits. In the diet of the animals a considerable amount of gliadin-like cereal proteins was assayed. CONCLUSIONS: There are several parallels between the human disorders (coeliac disease and IgA-nephropathy/Berger's disease) and the changes observed in WMS. It should be further investigated if WMS in marmosets is a suitable animal model for both human diseases. (+info)Impaired glucose homeostasis and neonatal mortality in hepatocyte nuclear factor 3alpha-deficient mice. (5/270)
Hepatocyte nuclear factors 3 (HNF-3) belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that are critical for diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, and metabolism. To study the physiological role of HNF-3alpha, we generated mice that lack HNF-3alpha by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Mice homozygous for a null mutation in the HNF-3alpha gene develop a complex phenotype that is characterized by abnormal feeding behavior, progressive starvation, persistent hypoglycemia, hypotriglyceridemia, wasting, and neonatal mortality between days 2 and 14. Hypoglycemia in HNF-3alpha-null mice leads to physiological counter-regulatory responses in glucocorticoid and growth hormone production and an inhibition of insulin secretion but fails to stimulate glucagon secretion. Glucagon-producing pancreatic alpha cells develop normally in HNF-3alpha-/- mice, but proglucagon mRNA levels are reduced 50%. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of neuropeptide Y are also significantly reduced shortly after birth, implying a direct role of HNF-3alpha in the expression of these genes. In contrast, mRNA levels were increased in HNF-3 target genes phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphophatase, insulin growth factor binding protein-1, and hexokinase I of HNF-3alpha-null mice. Mice lacking one or both HNF-3alpha alleles also show impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance after an intraperitoneal glucose challenge, indicating that pancreatic beta-cell function is also compromised. Our results indicate that HNF-3alpha plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and in pancreatic islet function. (+info)Lack of evidence of conserved lentiviral sequences in pigs with post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. (6/270)
In order to investigate the role of retroviruses in the recently described porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) serum and leukocytes were screened for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and tissues were examined for the presence of conserved lentiviral sequences using degenerate primers in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum and stimulated leukocytes from the blood and lymph nodes from pigs with PMWS, as well as from control pigs had RT activity that was detected by the sensitive Amp-RT assay. A 257-bp fragment was amplified from DNA from the blood and bone marrow of pigs with PMWS. This fragment was identical in size to conserved lentiviral sequences that were amplified from plasmids containing DNA from several lentiviruses. Cloning and sequencing of the fragment from affected pigs, however, did not reveal homology with the recognized lentiviruses. Together the results of these analyses suggest that the RT activity present in tissues from control and affected pigs is the result of endogenous retrovirus expression, and that a lentivirus is not a primary pathogen in PMWS. (+info)Bioelectrical impedance analysis in HIV-infected patients treated with triple antiretroviral treatment. (7/270)
BACKGROUND: Triple antiretroviral treatment including protease inhibitors (PIs) delays the clinical progression of HIV infection and may thus reduce the risk of malnutrition. However, fat redistribution (lipodystrophy) was recognized recently as a metabolic side effect of PIs. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the effect of triple antiretroviral treatment on body composition and on the prevalence of malnutrition. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional studies, 1 in 1996 (t96; n = 247) and 1 in 1997 (t97; n = 266), were conducted in HIV-infected outpatients. Among patients who participated in both studies, 111 patients started a new antiretroviral treatment including a PI between t96 and t97 and were studied longitudinally. Total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), and fat mass were estimated by monofrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS: Prevalence of malnutrition was reduced by 30-50% from t96 to t97, depending on the definition used. In the longitudinal study, TBW and the ratio between ICW and ECW increased and fat mass decreased (P < 0.001). BIA indicated a greater increase in ICW in 23 (21%) patients with clinically apparent fat redistribution than in patients without this syndrome, but estimates of fat mass changes were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Triple antiretroviral treatment may protect HIV-infected patients against the development of malnutrition. Whole-body BIA data suggest an increase in appendicular body cell mass associated with improved antiretroviral treatment. However, the method is unreliable in detecting fat redistribution, and current prediction equations will need to be recalibrated for HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment. (+info)Detection of porcine circovirus from lesions of a pig with wasting disease in Japan. (8/270)
A wasting disease characterized by progressive weight loss and dyspnea has been observed in weaning pigs on a farm in Yamagata Prefecture in 1998. Histopathologic findings in an affected pig were bronchointerstitial pneumonia and intracytoplasmic clusters of basophilic inclusions in macrophages of lymph nodes, which were similar to those in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) recently reported in North America and Europe. Porcine circovirus (PCV)-like particles were observed in bronchial lymph node of the pig by electron microscopy, and PCV antigens were detected in the lesions by immunohistochemical staining. PCV DNA was also detected in the lung and tonsil by PCR, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR products with HinfI showed the same type of the PCV associated with PMWS (pmws PCV). Homology of nucleotide sequences between the PCR product and corresponding regions of published pmws PCV genomes was very high. These results indicated that virus detected in this study was pmws PCV. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of pmws PCV in Japan. (+info)Wasting syndrome is a condition characterized by significant weight loss and muscle wasting, often accompanied by weakness and decreased appetite. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, and other chronic infections or diseases that cause chronic inflammation. In some cases, wasting syndrome can also result from severe malnutrition or gastrointestinal disorders that affect nutrient absorption.
The diagnostic criteria for wasting syndrome vary depending on the underlying cause, but generally, it is defined as a significant loss of body weight (typically more than 10% of body weight) and muscle mass over a period of several months. In addition to weight loss and muscle wasting, individuals with wasting syndrome may also experience fatigue, weakness, decreased immune function, and impaired physical functioning.
Wasting syndrome can have serious consequences on an individual's health and quality of life, and it is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the wasting syndrome, as well as providing nutritional support to help individuals regain weight and muscle mass.
Circoviruses are a type of small, non-enveloped viruses that belong to the family Circoviridae. They have a single-stranded, circular DNA genome and can infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some mammals. Circoviruses are associated with various diseases in animals, such as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in pigs and beak and feather disease in birds. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that circoviruses infect or cause disease in humans.
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PPWS) is not a widely recognized or officially established medical term in human healthcare. However, it is a significant disease in swine (pig) farming. Here's the definition of PPWS from a veterinary medicine perspective:
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PPWS) is a complex and poorly understood disease affecting piglets after weaning. The syndrome is characterized by wasting, diarrhea, and various secondary symptoms impacting multiple body systems. The primary cause of PPWS remains elusive, but it is believed to be associated with a combination of infectious agents (such as viruses and bacteria) and non-infectious factors (like management practices, environmental conditions, and genetics). The disease has a significant economic impact on the swine industry due to reduced growth rates, increased mortality, and decreased feed conversion efficiency in affected piglets.
Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including animals and birds. The infection caused by circoviruses in animals and birds can result in a variety of symptoms depending on the species infected and the particular circovirus involved.
In pigs, circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most well-known member of this family and is associated with a number of clinical conditions, collectively known as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). These conditions include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure.
In birds, circoviruses can cause various symptoms such as runting and stunting, feather abnormalities, and immunosuppression, leading to secondary infections. The most well-known avian circovirus is the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), which infects psittacine birds, including parrots, causing beak deformities, feather loss, and immune suppression.
However, it's important to note that circoviruses are also found in humans, but currently, there is no evidence that human circovirus infections cause disease.
In general, circoviridae infections can be diagnosed through various laboratory tests such as PCR, sequencing, and serology. Treatment typically involves supportive care and management of secondary infections, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for circovirus infections. Prevention strategies include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoidance of contact with infected animals or their feces.
HIV Wasting Syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness, which are associated with progressive HIV infection or AIDS. It is defined as the unintentional loss of more than 10% of body weight along with diarrhea or fever that lasts for more than 30 days, despite appropriate interventions. This condition can be caused by various factors including opportunistic infections, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and hormonal imbalances. It is an indicator of poor prognosis and increased mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
Parvovirus, Porcine (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is a small, non-enveloped virus that primarily infects the rapidly dividing cells of piglets, particularly those in the intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.
PPV infection can cause a variety of clinical signs, including diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite, which can lead to severe dehydration and death in young piglets. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through fecal-oral transmission or by ingesting infected material.
PPV infection is also associated with reproductive failure in sows, including stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak newborn piglets. This condition is known as Porcine Parvovirus Syndrome (PPVS). The virus can cross the placenta and infect developing fetuses, causing damage to their cardiovascular and nervous systems.
There are currently no specific treatments for PPV infection, but vaccination programs have been developed to prevent the spread of the virus in pig herds. Good biosecurity practices, such as isolating infected animals and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting facilities, can also help reduce the risk of transmission.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some primates. The virions of Circoviridae are icosahedral in shape and have a diameter of approximately 20 nanometers. The genome of these viruses is circular, single-stranded DNA that is around 2 kilobases in length.
The family Circoviridae includes two genera: Circovirus and Gyrovirus. Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs, while gyroviruses primarily infect birds. The most well-known circovirus is the porcine circovirus (PCV), which can cause a variety of clinical signs in pigs, including respiratory disease, enteritis, and reproductive failure. Gyroviruses, on the other hand, have been associated with various diseases in birds, such as inclusion body hepatitis and lymphoproliferative disease.
It's worth noting that circoviruses have also been detected in humans, although their clinical significance is not yet fully understood. Some studies have suggested a possible link between human circovirus infection and certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant or young child to a new source of nutrition, such as solid foods, while simultaneously decreasing their dependence on breast milk or formula. This process can begin when the child is developmentally ready, typically around 6 months of age, and involves offering them small amounts of pureed or mashed foods to start, then gradually introducing more textured and varied foods as they become comfortable with the new diet. The weaning process should be done slowly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the child's nutritional needs are being met and to avoid any potential digestive issues.
Teschovirus, also known as Porcine Teschen virus or PTV, is a type of enteric virus that primarily affects pigs. It belongs to the family Picornaviridae and genus Teschovirus. The virus is named after the village of Teschen in Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) where it was first identified in 1929.
Teschovirus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and causes a disease called Teschen disease or Talfan disease, which is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and neurological symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and paralysis. The virus can also cause reproductive failure in pregnant sows, resulting in stillbirths and mummified fetuses.
Teschovirus infection can lead to high mortality rates in young piglets, while older pigs may develop immunity after infection. There is no specific treatment for Teschen disease, and prevention measures include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoiding the mixing of pigs from different sources.
Asymptomatic infections are those in which an individual carries and may transmit a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, but does not develop any symptoms associated with the infection. These individuals are often referred to as being "asymptomatically infected" or "asymptomatic carriers."
Asymptomatic infections can occur with various infectious diseases, including COVID-19, HIV, hepatitis B, and some sexually transmitted infections. In many cases, asymptomatic individuals may not realize they are infected and unknowingly transmit the pathogen to others. This makes identifying and controlling asymptomatic infections crucial for preventing outbreaks and limiting the spread of infectious diseases.
It's important to note that while asymptomatic individuals do not experience symptoms, they can still develop immunity to the infection, similar to those who experienced symptoms. Additionally, some asymptomatic infections may progress to symptomatic illness over time or upon subsequent exposures to the pathogen.
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood, specifically levels less than 135 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells and plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. Hyponatremia can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical conditions, medications, or excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium in the body. Symptoms may range from mild, such as nausea, confusion, and headache, to severe, like seizures, coma, or even death in extreme cases. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect hyponatremia, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for a favorable outcome.
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.
ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.
However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.
Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, heart failure, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or starvation in that it involves a significant loss of muscle mass and an imbalance in energy metabolism, even when adequate calories are consumed.
The hallmark features of cachexia include:
1. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of more than 5% of body weight over 12 months or less, or more than 2% in individuals already underweight.
2. Muscle wasting: Reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
3. Fatigue and anorexia: Decreased appetite and reduced food intake due to various factors such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress.
4. Inflammation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that contribute to metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting.
5. Insulin resistance: Impaired glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to increased blood glucose levels and altered energy metabolism.
6. Altered protein metabolism: Increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, contributing to muscle wasting.
7. Altered lipid metabolism: Increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and impaired lipogenesis (formation of fat), leading to loss of adipose tissue and altered energy storage.
Cachexia significantly impacts patients' quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall survival. Currently, there is no single effective treatment for cachexia, and management typically involves addressing the underlying disease, nutritional support, exercise interventions, and pharmacological therapies to target specific aspects of the metabolic dysregulation associated with this condition.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that affects pigs, causing reproductive failure in breeding herds and respiratory illness in young pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus, which belongs to the family Arteriviridae.
In pregnant sows, PRRS can cause abortions, stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak or infertile offspring. In growing pigs, it can lead to pneumonia, reduced growth rates, and increased susceptibility to other infections. The virus is highly contagious and can spread rapidly within a herd through direct contact with infected pigs, aerosols, or contaminated fomites.
PRRS is a significant disease of global importance, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. Control measures include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to detect and eliminate the virus from affected herds. However, there is no specific treatment for PRRS, and eradication of the virus from the pig population is unlikely due to its widespread distribution and ability to persist in infected animals and the environment.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.
Parvoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family. These viruses are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects. The most well-known member of this family is the human parvovirus B19, which is responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations such as:
1. Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease): A common childhood exanthem characterized by a "slapped cheek" rash and a lace-like rash on the extremities.
2. Transient aplastic crisis: A sudden and temporary halt in red blood cell production, which can lead to severe anemia in individuals with underlying hematologic disorders.
3. Hydrops fetalis: Intrauterine death due to severe anemia caused by parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women, leading to heart failure and widespread fluid accumulation in the fetus.
Parvoviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome. They primarily infect and replicate within actively dividing cells, making them particularly harmful to rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow and fetal tissues. In addition to parvovirus B19, other Parvoviridae family members can cause significant diseases in animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.
Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.
People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.
The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.
Metabolic syndrome, also known as Syndrome X, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It is not a single disease but a group of risk factors that often co-occur. According to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a person has metabolic syndrome if they have any three of the following five conditions:
1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or more in men, and 35 inches or more in women)
2. Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
3. HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
4. Systolic blood pressure of 130 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater
5. Fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater
Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats. Treatment typically involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and losing weight if necessary. In some cases, medication may also be needed to manage individual components of the syndrome, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.
During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.
In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.
The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:
1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.
Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:
* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer
It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that indicate kidney damage, specifically damage to the glomeruli—the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. The main features of nephrotic syndrome are:
1. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine): Large amounts of a protein called albumin leak into the urine due to damaged glomeruli, which can't properly filter proteins. This leads to low levels of albumin in the blood, causing fluid buildup and swelling.
2. Hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin levels): As albumin leaks into the urine, the concentration of albumin in the blood decreases, leading to hypoalbuminemia. This can cause edema (swelling), particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Edema (fluid retention and swelling): With low levels of albumin in the blood, fluids move into the surrounding tissues, causing swelling or puffiness. The swelling is most noticeable around the eyes, face, hands, feet, and abdomen.
4. Hyperlipidemia (high lipid/cholesterol levels): The kidneys play a role in regulating lipid metabolism. Damage to the glomeruli can lead to increased lipid production and high cholesterol levels in the blood.
Nephrotic syndrome can result from various underlying kidney diseases, such as minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control inflammation, manage high blood pressure, and reduce proteinuria. In some cases, dietary modifications and lifestyle changes are also recommended.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.
Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.
Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.
It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.
There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.
"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.
The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.
In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.
An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.
In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing several essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
CAH is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of these hormones. The most common form of CAH is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which affects approximately 90% to 95% of all cases. Other less common forms of CAH include 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.
The severity of the disorder can vary widely, depending on the degree of enzyme deficiency. In severe cases, the lack of cortisol production can lead to life-threatening salt wasting and electrolyte imbalances in newborns. The excess androgens produced due to the enzyme deficiency can also cause virilization, or masculinization, of female fetuses, leading to ambiguous genitalia at birth.
In milder forms of CAH, symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or even adulthood. These may include early puberty, rapid growth followed by premature fusion of the growth plates and short stature, acne, excessive hair growth, irregular menstrual periods, and infertility.
Treatment for CAH typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and/or sex hormones. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and careful management of medication doses is essential to prevent complications such as adrenal crisis, growth suppression, and osteoporosis.
In severe cases of CAH, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize the risk of serious health problems and improve quality of life. Genetic counseling may also be recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of passing on the disorder to future generations.
Steroid 21-hydroxylase, also known as CYP21A2, is a crucial enzyme involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland. Specifically, it catalyzes the conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol and progesterone to deoxycorticosterone in the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid pathways, respectively.
Deficiency or mutations in this enzyme can lead to a group of genetic disorders called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is characterized by impaired cortisol production and disrupted hormonal balance. Depending on the severity of the deficiency, CAH can result in various symptoms such as ambiguous genitalia, precocious puberty, sexual infantilism, infertility, and increased risk of adrenal crisis.
Self-medication is the use of medications or other healthcare products by individuals to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, without consulting a healthcare professional. This may include using leftover prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, or alternative therapies. While it might seem convenient and cost-effective, self-medication can lead to incorrect diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, masking of serious conditions, potential drug interactions, dependency, and complications, which may result in further health issues. It is always recommended to seek professional medical advice before starting any medication or therapy.
Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.
Urination, also known as micturition, is the physiological process of excreting urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a complex process that involves several systems in the body, including the urinary system, nervous system, and muscular system.
In medical terms, urination is defined as the voluntary or involuntary discharge of urine from the urethra, which is the final pathway for the elimination of waste products from the body. The process is regulated by a complex interplay between the detrusor muscle of the bladder, the internal and external sphincters of the urethra, and the nervous system.
During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to empty, while the sphincters relax to allow the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. The nervous system plays a crucial role in coordinating these actions, with sensory receptors in the bladder sending signals to the brain when it is time to urinate.
Urination is essential for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, as well as eliminating waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other metabolic byproducts. Abnormalities in urination can indicate underlying medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism is a group of disorders that are characterized by resistance to aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone plays a key role in regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body. In pseudohypoaldosteronism, the kidneys fail to respond to aldosterone, leading to an imbalance of electrolytes in the body.
There are two types of pseudohypoaldosteronism: type I and type II. Type I is further divided into two subtypes: severe neonatal or infantile forms, which are usually caused by genetic mutations that affect the function of the sodium-potassium pump in the kidney; and milder forms, which can be inherited or acquired and may be associated with other medical conditions.
Type II pseudohypoaldosteronism is a rare disorder that typically affects older children and adults. It is caused by genetic mutations that affect the function of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidney, which binds to aldosterone and triggers a response.
Symptoms of pseudohypoaldosteronism may include low sodium levels, high potassium levels, and metabolic acidosis (a buildup of acid in the body). Treatment typically involves supplementation with sodium and/or medications to help regulate electrolyte balance.
Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.
Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.
Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.
Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.
Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.
It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:
Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2
According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:
* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese
It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.
Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that involve the abnormal production and accumulation of abnormal connective tissues in various parts of the body. Connective tissues are the structural materials that support and bind other tissues and organs together. They include tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, and the material that fills the spaces between cells, called the extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue diseases can affect many different systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. Some CTDs are autoimmune disorders, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy connective tissues. Others may be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.
Some examples of connective tissue diseases include:
* Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
* Scleroderma
* Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis
* Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
* Sjogren's syndrome
* Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Marfan syndrome
* Osteogenesis imperfecta
The specific symptoms and treatment of connective tissue diseases vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, or manage pain. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs.
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome
Sea star wasting disease
Cachexia
Cannabis in Washington (state)
Marine viruses
WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
Weight loss
Exome sequencing
Catabolysis
Rick Doblin
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Multiple system atrophy
Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders
Circoviridae
Sticky Fingers Brownies
Parry-Romberg syndrome
Fludrocortisone
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Iotatorquevirus
Kappatorquevirus
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Porcine circovirus
Porcine circovirus associated disease
Hippocratic facies
Capital City (TV series)
Halfway house
Megestrol acetate
Cannabis (drug)
Chronic wasting disease
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome - Wikipedia
Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Experimental Airborne Transmission of Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
Obesity, Wasting Syndrome Both Wired into Hormonal Emergency Circuit
Scientists Search for Cause of Sea Star Wasting Syndrome | KQED
talks.cam : HDL cholesterol in cancer and wasting syndrome
How to Overcome the Wasted Vote Syndrome | Libertarian Party
Cannabis Role in Managing HIV/AIDS Wasting Syndrome
Municipal Waste & Cannibal Corpse Members Unite In Heaven's Gate, Debut 'Jerusalem Syndrome' - Theprp.com
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News • Wasting Syndrome
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Accountancy Exercise - 116 Words | Bartleby
Actimed closes £10m financing for cancer wasting syndrome
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Cancer Cachexia (Wasting Syndrome): Diagnosis, Management & Prevention | Parkway Cancer Centre India
Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome (Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Symptoma
Nail Polish, Painter Syndrome and Hazardous Waste - The Global Fool
Metabolic syndrome in collection and disposal of solid waste sector
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Revised Surveillance Case Definition for HIV Infection - United States, 2014
Poor and Gluten Free (with Oral Allergy Syndrome): Waste Not Want Not Wednesday #8
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Weight loss - Wikipedia
Vermont Medical Marijuana Law - NORML
Cachexia5
- Actimed focuses on bringing innovation to the treatment of cancer cachexia - a significant unmet medical need for cancer patients, and other muscle wasting disorders. (htworld.co.uk)
- The financing includes support from both longstanding and new investors, notably Mankind Pharma, demonstrating confidence in our strategic goal to develop innovative globally approved treatments for cancer cachexia and other muscle wasting conditions. (htworld.co.uk)
- Also called wasting syndrome, cachexia is characterised by a loss of body fat and muscle mass as the patients find it harder to swallow or digest food or liquids, and lose their appetite even for foods they used to enjoy. (parkwaycancercentre.com)
- Anorexia can hasten the course of cachexia,[ 18 ] a progressive wasting syndrome evidenced by weakness and a marked and progressive loss of body weight, fat, and muscle. (symptoma.com)
- In our body, Cachexia , a wasting syndrome , is a general ill health, weight loss, malnutrition , and other nutritional dis-orders associated usually with chronic disease or illness. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Diagnosis4
- CSWS is a diagnosis of exclusion and may be difficult to distinguish from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which develops under similar circumstances and also presents with hyponatremia. (wikipedia.org)
- early infection, recognized by a negative HIV test within 6 months of HIV diagnosis, is classified as stage 0, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is classified as stage 3. (cdc.gov)
- AAEE minimonograph #27: Differential diagnosis of myotonic syndromes. (medscape.com)
- diagnosis differential, post-poliomyelitis syndrome, temporomandibular disorders. (bvsalud.org)
AIDS10
- Their potential to combat challenging health conditions and their specific role in appetite stimulation are now extensively studied, particularly concerning conditions like wasting syndrome , often experienced by patients grappling with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- The presentation of these late-stage symptoms marks the onset of AIDS, which is often coupled with an unintended and drastic weight loss, known as the wasting syndrome. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- This is especially detrimental to patients already suffering from wasting syndrome, a common condition among AIDS patients. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
- Since the first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States in 1981, surveillance case definitions for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (the cause of AIDS) and AIDS have undergone several revisions to respond to diagnostic advances ( 1 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- REVISED HIV CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS The etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
- AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) happens after someone has had HIV for many years. (kidshealth.org)
- AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. (i-sis.org.uk)
- The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) termed the epidemic, AIDS, for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (i-sis.org.uk)
- Studies show that the most common conditions for which medical marijuana is being prescribed include HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome, cancer chemotherapy, and pain. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- About 27% of the HIV patients presented with weight loss, which emphasizes that weight loss and wasting remain important AIDS-defining conditions, despite the advent of HAART. (who.int)
Symptoms3
- Healthy-looking ochre sea stars have minimal genetic difference from those displaying symptoms of sea star wasting syndrome, say Department of Integrative Biology researchers who examined whether genetic variation was the reason some animals went unaffected during an epidemic of the deadly disease. (oregonstate.edu)
- Post-poliomyelitis syndrome (PPS) is characterized by the delayed appearance of new neuromuscular symptoms in patients several years after their acute poliomyelitis paralysis. (bvsalud.org)
- These late symptoms are termed post-polio syndrome (PPS) 3-5 and this designation was introduced by Halstead and Rossi in 1985 apud Ramaj (2007) 6 . (bvsalud.org)
Star Wasting Syndrome3
- Scientists recently identified a virus they think causes this "sea star wasting syndrome. (kqed.org)
- First reported off the coast of Washington in June, the disease known as 'sea star wasting syndrome' has now been observed as far north as southeast Alaska and as far south as Orange County, California. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
- Raimondi said citizens can help by reporting observations of the disease on his group's Sea Star Wasting Syndrome web site. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
Renal6
- First described by Peters et al in 1950, cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is defined by the development of extracellular volume depletion due to a renal sodium transport abnormality in patients with intracranial disease and normal adrenal and thyroid function. (medscape.com)
- Physical signs of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (renal salt wasting) include those associated with severe hyponatremia or intravascular volume depletion. (medscape.com)
- Evaluation and treatment of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome, or renal salt wasting, typically occurs in the inpatient setting because most patients are seriously ill with acute CNS disease. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome, or renal salt wasting, may be more common than SIADH and may even occur in the absence of cerebral disease. (medscape.com)
- [ 2 , 3 , 5 ] Although the exact mechanism that underlies the development of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is unclear, it is known that the initiating defect in renal sodium transport leads to extracellular volume depletion and that a cascade of compensatory changes occurs. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome, or renal salt wasting, occurs in the setting of acute central nervous system (CNS) disease. (medscape.com)
Appetite1
- Preliminary research also suggests that CBD may stimulate appetite, making it beneficial for patients with wasting syndrome. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
Postweaning3
- The objective of these studies was to investigate if porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) could be induced in healthy pigs following contact with air from pigs with clinical signs of PMWS. (hindawi.com)
- Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an important disease in weaned pigs worldwide. (hindawi.com)
- Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was again a significant finding in many of the salmonella incidents. (thepigsite.com)
Patients4
- Fractional excretion of urate may remain elevated even after correction of hyponatremia in patients with cerebral salt-wasting syndrome. (medscape.com)
- A vital clinical characteristic of patients affected by cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is that the aforementioned manifestations tend to respond positively to volume and sodium replacement [3] [4]. (symptoma.com)
- ABSTRACT Wasting remains an important condition in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (who.int)
- Le nombre de patients en surpoids ou obèses s'est fortement accru. (who.int)
Disease6
- However, cerebral salt-wasting syndrome can also occur in the absence of cerebral disease. (medscape.com)
- Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, or prion disease, that affects deer, elk, and moose. (cdc.gov)
- Some examples include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. (cdc.gov)
- In our body, the nutritional dis-order , Wasting Syndrome (Wasting Disease) is a thinness (leanness) condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10% of baseline body weight , characterized by atrophy of muscles and depletion of lean body mass, associated as a metabolic dis-order . (wellnessadvantage.com)
- The ochre sea star ( Pisaster ochraceus ) saw its populations hit hard for three years starting in 2013 by a wasting syndrome epidemic that scientists believe to be the largest marine wildlife disease event in history. (oregonstate.edu)
- Sea star is missing a leg due to wasting disease. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
CSWS3
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS), also written cerebral salt wasting syndrome, is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to injury (trauma) or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- In the current literature across several fields, including neurology, neurosurgery, nephrology, and critical care medicine, there is controversy over whether CSWS is a distinct condition, or a special form of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). (wikipedia.org)
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome ( CSWS ) is a medical entity that leads to hyponatremia and hypovolemia due to dehydration , as a result of an acute or chronic and persistent underlying CNS disorder , including trauma , tumors, and other pathologies. (symptoma.com)
Cancer1
- Hence, many effects of nutrition on the development and progression of cancer lack 'specificity' in their association, and such alimentary cues also affect the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, a prelude to arteriosclerosis and neurodegeneration ( Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
Porcine1
- Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. (qub.ac.uk)
Clinical2
- After intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys, 7 of 8 CWD isolates induced a clinical wasting syndrome within 33-53 months. (cdc.gov)
- Andersen-Tawil syndrome: a model of clinical variability, pleiotropy, and genetic heterogeneity. (medscape.com)
Etiology1
- The etiology of the wasting syndrome is still unknown. (slu.se)
Manifestations1
- Cutaneous manifestations of cirrhosis include jaundice, spider angiomata, skin telangiectasias ("paper money skin"), palmar erythema, white nails, disappearance of lunulae, and finger clubbing, especially in the setting of hepatopulmonary syndrome. (medscape.com)
Muscle1
- One primary cause is the body's response to the tumour, which leads to a breakdown in normal body processes and functions, particularly, in absorbing nutrients, which in turn leads to weight loss and muscle wasting. (parkwaycancercentre.com)
Weight1
- In our body, HIV Wasting Syndrome (HIV Wasting Dis-ease) , a specific form of wasting syndrome , is an involuntary weight loss associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue in the absence of a defined cause other than the HIV infection . (wellnessadvantage.com)
Sodium4
- Management of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome centers on correction of intravascular volume depletion and hyponatremia, as well as on replacement of ongoing urinary sodium loss, usually with intravenous (IV) hypertonic saline solutions. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] The physiologic basis for this in cerebral salt-wasting syndrome may be related to the receptor-mediated processing of sodium and urate in the proximal tubule, which may be defective in this syndrome. (medscape.com)
- The abnormalities in proximal tubular transport may be secondary to a plasma natriuretic factor that reduces proximal and, possibly, distal sodium transport in cerebral salt-wasting syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Hepatorenal syndrome is diagnosed when a creatinine clearance rate of less than 40 mL/min is present or when a serum creatinine level of greater than 1.5 mg/dL, a urine volume of less than 500 mL/day, and a urine sodium level of less than 10 mEq/L are present. (medscape.com)
Complication1
- Death and complication rates for this syndrome are not available. (medscape.com)
SIADH3
- Differentiation of this disorder from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), a common cause of hyponatremia, can be difficult because both can present with hyponatremia and concentrated urine with natriuresis. (medscape.com)
- Failure to distinguish cerebral salt-wasting syndrome from SIADH in a patient with hyponatremia who has brain injury could lead to inappropriate therapy with fluid restriction. (medscape.com)
- The differentiation of SIADH from cerebral salt-wasting syndrome depends on an accurate estimation of extracellular volume. (medscape.com)
Tourettes4
- A drunk, overweight man who happens to have Tourettes Syndrome. (urbandictionary.com)
- An internet hero with tourettes syndrome, known for many great quotes . (urbandictionary.com)
- He had Tourettes Syndrome and was constantly wasted but was funny as hell . (urbandictionary.com)
- The videos follow Danny, the star, as he engages in everyday activities which include making food , putting away groceries, or playing table pool while suffering from alcoholism and Tourettes Syndrome and avoiding and/or berating his son and ex-wife, Shirlena . (urbandictionary.com)
Metabolic syndrome4
- This study aims to assess the frequency and factors relevant to metabolic syndrome in workers employed in the collection and disposal of solid waste sector. (ijomeh.eu)
- Metabolic syndrome frequency was investigated according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria including the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist perimeter, HDL, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose values. (ijomeh.eu)
- Metabolic syndrome was present in 40.9% of participating employees. (ijomeh.eu)
- Metabolic syndrome may be related to work station, job, age and period worked by the subjects. (ijomeh.eu)
Dermatitis1
- and severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Hazardous Waste2
- Be aware that nail polish is included in many household hazardous products lists and should be taken to household hazardous waste facilities for disposal. (theglobalfool.com)
- These approaches can then be used with specific exposure data from hazardous waste sites or other exposure scenarios. (cdc.gov)
Differentiation1
- Through a number of genomic techniques, we found that genomic differentiation between normal-looking and wasting sea stars was very low," Burton said. (oregonstate.edu)
Raimondi1
- Biology Professor Pete Raimondi leads UC Santa Cruz's research into sea star wasting. (kqed.org)
Include1
- Complications of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome include symptomatic hyponatremia and dehydration. (medscape.com)
Hyponatremia2
- The relationship among serum urate, fractional excretion of urate, and hyponatremia in cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is unclear. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome constitutes a medical condition characterized by hypovolemia and hyponatremia , secondary to various pathologies affecting the central nervous system (CNS). (symptoma.com)
Develops1
- Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome usually develops in the first week following a brain insult. (medscape.com)
Immune1
- ART, OIs can present when the immune system starts to recover aka immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). (cdc.gov)
Scientists1
- Without genes promoting resistance to wasting syndrome, the iconic Pacific Ocean sea star's ability to persist through future outbreaks is in greater doubt, the scientists say. (oregonstate.edu)
Condition1
- Over time these people, as well as those working in poorly ventilated nail salons, can develop a condition known as Painter Syndrome. (theglobalfool.com)
Defect1
- The patient had received a heart-lung transplant 17 years earlier because of Eisenmenger syndrome related to ventricular septal defect. (cdc.gov)
Medical1
- In your grievance filed at SMUI, you claim you have been issued a restricted diet (Wasting Syndrome) by medical. (bartleby.com)
Disorder1
- AIMS: Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations of NBS1. (bvsalud.org)
Common2
- I want to see if there is something that all the sites with sea star wasting have in common compared to ones that don't have any sea star wasting present. (kqed.org)
- Over-consumption, lack of knowledge, low cost and over purchasing are common causes of food waste in North America. (blogspot.com)
Treatment1
- Junker J, Haverkamp W, Schulze-Bahr E, Eckardt L, Paulus W, Kiefer R. Amiodarone and acetazolamide for the treatment of genetically confirmed severe Andersen syndrome. (medscape.com)
Development1
- This is a promising development for managing wasting syndrome. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
Evaluation1
- In response to a request from the employees at the Humana Suburban Hospital (SIC-8062), Louisville, Kentucky, an evaluation was undertaken of the incidence of Down Syndrome among the children of women working in the operating and recovery rooms, and possible exposures to waste anesthetics and to methyl-methacrylate (80626) used in a surgical cement. (cdc.gov)
Disposal1
- This cross-sectional study was conducted in the major solid waste collecting and disposal company named İSTAÇ AŞ (İstanbul Environmental Protection and Waste Processing Corporation) in Istanbul, Turkey. (ijomeh.eu)