Wuchereria bancrofti
Filariasis
Elephantiasis, Filarial
Diethylcarbamazine
Microfilaria
Ivermectin
Antigens, Helminth
Albendazole
Mansonella
Culex
Brugia malayi
Filarioidea
Polynesia
Brugia
Papua New Guinea
Testicular Hydrocele
Loa
Dirofilaria immitis
Haiti
Anthelmintics
American Samoa
Mansonelliasis
Insect Vectors
Spermatic Cord
Independent State of Samoa
Myanmar
Endemic Diseases
Togo
Wolbachia
Mali
Onchocerca
Brugia pahangi
Culicidae
Parasitemia
Sri Lanka
India
Can vector control play a useful supplementary role against bancroftian filariasis? (1/293)
A single campaign of mass treatment for bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in Makunduchi, a town in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, combined with elimination of mosquito breeding in pit latrines with polystyrene beads was followed by a progressive decline over a 5-year period in the microfilarial rate from 49% to 3%. Evidence that vector control had contributed to this long-term decline was obtained by comparison with another town, Moga, where a DEC campaign was used without vector control and where resurgence of microfilariae could be observed 3-6 years after the campaign. In Zanzibar town, treatment of 3844 wet pit latrines and cesspits with polystyrene beads reduced the adult mosquito population in houses by about 65%. Supplementary treatment of open drains and marshes with Bacillus sphaericus produced little or no additional reduction compared to a sector of the town where only pit treatment with polystyrene was carried out. The cost and effort of achieving the 65% reduction in mosquito population could hardly be justified for its impact on filariasis alone, but its noticeable impact on biting nuisance might help to gain community support for an integrated programme. (+info)Efficacy of five annual single doses of diethylcarbamazine for treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Fiji. (2/293)
Annual single-dose treatments with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) at a dose of 6 mg/kg have been reported effective in reducing microfilariae (mf) rate and density and applicable to large-scale filariasis control campaigns. However, the efficacy of such treatments has not been studied quantitatively in relation to different pretreatment levels of endemicity. This study of 32 villages in Fiji revealed that five treatments repeated annually steadily reduced village mf rate, and that the degree of reduction was not influenced by pretreatment levels of mf density or rate. This indicates that an annual dosage scheme is applicable to high-endemicity areas. The results also suggest that such treatment affected juvenile forms of Wuchereria bancrofti and may prevent them from reproducing. (+info)Bancroftian filariasis in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. (3/293)
An epidemiological study to document the endemicity and transmission characteristics of bancroftian filariasis was conducted in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. In a 50% random sample of the population, the prevalence of microfilaraemia was 26.4% and the geometric mean microfilarial intensity among positives was 819 microfilariae/ml of blood. Hydrocoele was found in 13.8% of the males aged > or =18 years, and 1.4% of the residents examined, all females, had tymphoedema/elephantiasis. Detailed monitoring of the microfilarial intensity in 8 individuals over a 24-h period confirmed its nocturnal periodicity with a peak at approximately 0100 hours. The most important vector was Anopheles gambiae s.l., followed by An. funestus. The abundance of these mosquitoes and their relative importance as vectors varied considerably between the wet and the dry season. Opening of the irrigation canals late in the dry season resulted in a remarkable increase in the population of An. gambiae (8.3% of which carried infective filarial larvae) to levels comparable to those seen during the wet season, suggesting that the irrigation project is responsible for increased transmission of lymphatic filariasis in the community. (+info)Treatment costs and loss of work time to individuals with chronic lymphatic filariasis in rural communities in south India. (4/293)
This year-round case-control study investigated treatment costs and work time loss to people affected by chronic lymphatic filariasis in two rural communities in south India. About three-quarters of the patients sought treatment for filariasis at least once and 52% of them paid for treatment, incurring a mean annual expenditure of Rs. 72 (US $2.1; range Rs. 0-1360 (US $39.0)). Doctor's fees and medicines constituted 57% and 23% of treatment costs. The proportion of people seeking treatment was smaller and treatment costs constituted a higher proportion of household income in lower income groups. Most patients did not leave work, but spent only 4.36+/-3.41 h per day on economic activity compared to 5.25+/-3.52 h worked by controls; the mean difference of 0.89+/-4.20 h per day was highly significant (P<0.01). This loss of work time is perpetual, as chronic disease manifestations are mostly irreversible. An estimated 8% of potential male labour input is lost due to the disease. Regression analyses revealed that lymphatic filariasis has a significant effect on work time allotted to economic activity (P<0.05) but not on absenteeism from work (P>0.05). Female patients spent 0.31+/-1.42 h less on domestic activity compared to their matched controls (P<0.05). The results clearly show that the chronic form of lymphatic filariasis inflicts a considerable economic burden on affected individuals. (+info)Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia in Sri Lanka. (5/293)
The prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia determined in 353 subjects in Matara, Sri Lanka by Og4C3 ELISA was 20.7%. Positive rates obtained with the same subjects by 1 ml Nuclepore filtration and 60 microl thick blood smear were 11.3% and 7.9%, respectively. Antigen levels were positively associated with microfilaria counts. Two-thirds of antigen-positive and microfilaria-negative (Ag+/Mf-) individuals were > 25-year-old, but younger age groups (< or = 25-year-old) tended to have proportionally more Ag+/Mf- cases. Possible origins of the Ag+/Mf- status are discussed. (+info)Bancroftian filariasis on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania: an update on the status in urban and semi-urban communities. (6/293)
Cross-sectional clinical, parasitological and entomological surveys for bancroftian filariasis were conducted in Konde, Chake Chake and Kengeja, three urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island, and the results were compared with similar surveys done 15 years earlier. The overall prevalences of clinical manifestations among males aged 15 years or more (n = 614) was remarkably similar to those recorded 15 years earlier: elephantiasis 1.4% in 1975 and 1.1% in 1990; hydrocele, 22.4% and 21.8%, respectively. However, when the communities were compared individually, there was a reduction in the hydrocele prevalence in Konde from 22.4% to 11.5% and an increase in Kengeja from 27.0% to 35.5%. The overall microfilarial prevalence found during night blood surveys of all individuals aged 1 year or more (n = 2687) was 9.7%, compared to 14.2% recorded in 1975. The reduction was most pronounced in Konde. Of 1052 female mosquitoes caught with CDC light traps, 95% were Culex quinquefasciatus and 5% Anopheles gambiae s.l. Infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were found only in the former. The filariasis situation in urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island appears not to have changed considerably over the last 15 years. (+info)Long-term persistence of cellular hyporesponsiveness to filarial antigens after clearance of microfilaremia. (7/293)
The persistence of parasite-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness after clearance of blood microfilariae (mf) was studied in 18 individuals who had been treated with a single dose of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, or a combination 2-3 years previously and who had initially cleared their parasitemia. At recruitment into the present study, 50% were again mf+ and 50% remained mf-. There were no significant differences between the mf+ and mf- groups in the amount of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to adult or microfilarial antigens, although IFN-gamma production in response to purified protein derivative was greater in the mf+ group (geometric mean [gm] = 3,791 pg/ml; P = 0.02) than in the mf- group (gm = 600 pg/ml). These data suggest that although microfilaremic individuals may temporarily regain the ability to produce IFN-gamma to parasite antigens post-treatment, they subsequently revert to a state of hyporesponsiveness to mf-containing antigens that appears to be independent of the recurrence of microfilaremia and the response to nonparasite antigens. (+info)Helminth- and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced immunity in children sensitized in utero to filariasis and schistosomiasis. (8/293)
Infants and children are routinely vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in areas of the world where worm infections are common. Because maternal helminth infection during pregnancy can sensitize the developing fetus, we studied whether this prenatal immunity persists in childhood and modifies the immune response to BCG. Children and newborns living in rural Kenya, where BCG is administered at birth and filariasis and schistosomiasis are endemic, were examined. T cells from 2- to 10-year-old children of mothers without filariasis or schistosomiasis produced 10-fold more IFN-gamma in response to mycobacterial purified protein derivative than children of helminth-infected mothers (p < 0.01). This relationship was restricted to purified protein derivative because maternal infection status did not correlate with filarial Ag-driven IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-5 responses by children. Prospective studies initiated at birth showed that helminth-specific T cell immunity acquired in utero is maintained until at least 10-14 mo of age in the absence of infection with either Wuchereria bancrofti or Schistosoma haematobium. Purified protein derivative-driven T cell IFN-gamma production evaluated 10-14 mo after BCG vaccination was 26-fold higher for infants who were not sensitized to filariae or schistosomes in utero relative to subjects who experienced prenatal sensitization (p < 0.01). These data indicate that helminth-specific immune responses acquired during gestation persist into childhood and that this prenatal sensitization biases T cell immunity induced by BCG vaccination away from type 1 IFN-gamma responses associated with protection against mycobacterial infection. (+info)Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The worms infect the lymphatic system and can lead to chronic swelling of body parts such as the limbs, breasts, and genitals, as well as other symptoms including fever, chills, and skin rashes. Wuchereria bancrofti is a significant public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world.
Wuchereria is a genus of parasitic nematode worms that are known to cause lymphatic filariasis, a tropical disease also known as elephantiasis. The two species that are most commonly associated with this disease are Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.
Wuchereria worms are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites migrate to the lymphatic system, where they can cause inflammation, blockages, and damage to the lymph vessels and nodes. Over time, this can lead to a range of symptoms, including swelling of the limbs, genitals, and breasts, as well as skin thickening and discoloration.
Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, affecting an estimated 120 million people. The disease can be prevented through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and mass drug administration programs that target the mosquito vectors and the parasitic worms, respectively.
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. The infection is spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can lead to various symptoms depending on the type of filarial worm, including lymphatic dysfunction (elephantiasis), eye damage (onchocerciasis or river blindness), and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. The disease is prevalent in tropical areas with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and sleeping under mosquito nets. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.
Elephantiasis, filarial is a medical condition characterized by the severe swelling of limbs or other parts of the body due to the blockage of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms. It is caused by infection with threadlike nematode filarial worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites.
The blockage of lymphatic vessels leads to the accumulation of lymph fluid in the affected area, causing progressive swelling, thickening, and hardening of the skin and underlying tissues. In advanced cases, the skin may become rough, nodular, and fissured, resembling the hide of an elephant, hence the name "elephantiasis."
The condition is usually chronic and can cause significant disability and social stigma. While there is no cure for filarial elephantiasis, various treatments are available to alleviate symptoms, prevent transmission, and halt the progression of the disease. These include antibiotics to kill the worms, surgery to remove the lymphatic obstruction, and various supportive measures to manage the swelling and prevent secondary infections.
Diethylcarbamazine (DECT or DEC) is an anti-parasitic medication used to treat infections caused by roundworms, including lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and river blindness (onchocerciasis). It works by killing the parasitic worms, thus helping to prevent the progression of these diseases.
Diethylcarbamazine is typically available as a prescription oral medication in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and severity of the infection being treated. It's important to note that DEC should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it may have side effects and potential drug interactions.
Medical Citation:
"Diethylcarbamazine." National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. U.S. National Library of Medicine. . Accessed on April 18, 2023.
Filaricides are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by filarial worms, which are parasitic roundworms that can infect humans and animals. These medications work by killing or inhibiting the development of the larval stages of the worms, thereby helping to eliminate the infection and prevent further transmission.
Filaricides are often used to treat diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), and loiasis (African eye worm). Examples of filaricides include ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. It is important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have serious side effects if not used properly.
Microfilaria is the larval form of certain parasitic roundworms (nematodes) belonging to the family Onchocercidae. These worms include species that cause filariasis, which are diseases transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes or blackflies. The microfilariae are found in the blood or tissue fluids of the host and can measure from 200 to 300 microns in length. They have a distinct sheath and a characteristic tail taper, which helps in their identification under a microscope. Different filarial species have specific microfilariae characteristics, such as size, shape, and lifestyle patterns (nocturnal or diurnal periodicity). The presence of microfilariae in the host's blood or tissue fluids is indicative of an ongoing infection with the respective filarial parasite.
Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug that is used to treat a variety of infections caused by parasites such as roundworms, threadworms, and lice. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites, thereby eliminating the infection. Ivermectin is available in various forms, including tablets, creams, and solutions for topical use, as well as injections for veterinary use.
Ivermectin has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasitic infections, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, scabies, and lice infestations. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as COVID-19, although its effectiveness for this use has not been proven.
Ivermectin is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects in some people, including skin rashes, nausea, and diarrhea. It should be used with caution in pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease.
Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.
Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.
Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.
Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.
Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.
Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.
It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.
Mansonella is a genus of filarial nematodes (roundworms) that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected blackflies or mosquitoes. There are several species within this genus, including M. perstans, M. ozzardi, and M. streptocerca, which can cause different clinical manifestations in humans.
Mansonella perstans is the most widespread species, found mainly in Africa and some parts of Central and South America. The adult worms reside in the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity, where they release microfilariae into the bloodstream. This species does not usually cause severe symptoms, but chronic infection can lead to general malaise, fatigue, and peripheral eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood).
Mansonella ozzardi is found primarily in Central and South America, and its vectors are mosquitoes. The adult worms reside in the body cavities, subcutaneous tissues, and the peritoneal cavity. Infection with M. ozzardi can cause dermatological manifestations such as pruritus (itching), papular rash, and calcified nodules under the skin.
Mansonella streptocerca is transmitted through bites of infected midges in West and Central Africa. The adult worms live in the subcutaneous tissues, particularly around the head and neck regions, leading to pruritus, papular rash, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).
Diagnosis of Mansonella infections is typically made through the detection of microfilariae in blood samples, often obtained during nighttime due to the nocturnal periodicity of some species. Treatment usually involves the administration of antiparasitic drugs such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine.
'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.
'Brugia malayi' is a species of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can infect humans and cause the tropical disease known as lymphatic filariasis. The adult worms typically reside in the lymphatic vessels, where they can cause inflammation, obstruction, and damage to the lymphatic system.
The life cycle of 'Brugia malayi' involves several stages, including microfilariae (immature worms) that are transmitted to a human host through the bite of an infected mosquito vector. Once inside the human body, the microfilariae migrate to the lymphatic vessels and mature into adult worms over a period of several months.
The symptoms of lymphatic filariasis can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the infection and the individual's immune response. In some cases, the disease can lead to chronic swelling and deformity of the affected limbs or genitalia, a condition known as elephantiasis.
Preventive measures for lymphatic filariasis include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, long-sleeved clothing, and bed nets, as well as mass drug administration programs to eliminate the parasite from affected communities.
Filarioidea is a superfamily of parasitic nematode (roundworm) worms, many of which are important pathogens in humans and animals. They are transmitted to their hosts through the bite of insect vectors, such as mosquitoes or flies. The filarioid worms can cause a range of diseases known as filariases. Some examples include Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Onchocerca volvulus, which cause lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and river blindness, respectively. The adult worms live in the lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissues of their hosts, where they produce microfilariae, the infective stage for the insect vector.
The medical definition of Filarioidea is: A superfamily of parasitic nematode worms that includes several important human pathogens and causes various filariases. The adult worms live in the lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissues, while the microfilariae are taken up by insect vectors during a blood meal and develop into infective larvae inside the vector. These larvae are then transmitted to a new host through the bite of the infected vector.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polynesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of numerous island countries and territories. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
'Brugia' is a genus of parasitic nematode worms that are known to cause lymphatic filariasis, a tropical disease affecting the lymphatic system. There are three main species of Brugia that infect humans: Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Brugia garinii. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Brugia malayi is found primarily in Southeast Asia, while Brugia timori is restricted to the island of Timor in Indonesia. Brugia garinii, on the other hand, is more widely distributed and can be found in parts of Africa and Asia.
The infection caused by these parasites can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, and elephantiasis, a condition characterized by severe swelling of the limbs or genitals. Preventive measures such as avoiding mosquito bites and mass drug administration programs are in place to control the spread of lymphatic filariasis caused by Brugia species.
Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.
Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.
Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Papua New Guinea" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
A testicular hydrocele is a type of fluid-filled sac that forms around the testicle (testis), typically in the scrotum. This sac, known as the tunica vaginalis, normally contains a small amount of fluid that helps to lubricate and protect the testicle. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates in this sac, it results in the formation of a hydrocele.
Testicular hydroceles can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various reasons such as injury, inflammation, or infection in the scrotal area. They are usually painless but may cause discomfort or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, especially when they become large. In some cases, hydroceles may resolve on their own without treatment, while others may require surgical intervention to drain the fluid and repair the underlying issue.
It is essential to differentiate between hydroceles and other conditions with similar symptoms, such as hernias or tumors, which may require more urgent medical attention. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and possibly recommend further testing, like an ultrasound, to confirm the diagnosis of a testicular hydrocele.
"Loa" is a term used in tropical medicine, specifically in the context of parasitic diseases. It refers to a type of filarial worm that can infect humans and cause a disease known as loiasis (also called "loa loa" or "African eye worm"). The Loa loa parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of deerfly or mango fly, which acts as a vector.
The adult Loa loa worms typically reside in the subcutaneous tissue of the human host, where they can cause various symptoms such as localized itching, skin rashes, and arthralgias (joint pain). The parasite is also known to migrate through various tissues, including the eye, which can result in the appearance of a visible, moving worm under the conjunctiva. This is how loiasis earned its colloquial name "African eye worm."
Loiasis is primarily found in the rainforest regions of West and Central Africa. While not typically life-threatening on its own, loiasis can complicate the treatment of other filarial diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness) and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), due to potential adverse reactions to the medications used to treat these conditions.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.
Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.
There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.
In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.
Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.
"Dirofilaria immitis" is a species of parasitic roundworm that can infect dogs, cats, and other animals, including humans. It is the causative agent of heartworm disease in these animals. The adult worms typically reside in the pulmonary arteries and hearts of infected animals, where they can cause serious damage to the cardiovascular system.
The life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis involves mosquitoes as intermediate hosts. Infected animals produce microfilariae, which are taken up by mosquitoes during blood meals. These larvae then develop into infective stages within the mosquito and can be transmitted to other animals through the mosquito's bite.
In dogs, heartworm disease is often asymptomatic in the early stages but can progress to cause coughing, exercise intolerance, heart failure, and even death if left untreated. In cats, heartworm disease is more difficult to diagnose and often causes respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing.
Preventive measures, such as regular administration of heartworm preventatives, are essential for protecting animals from this parasitic infection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Haiti" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Hispaniola. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.
American Samoa is a territorial possession of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 1,600 miles southwest of Hawaii. It consists of five main islands and two coral atolls, with a total land area of about 77 square miles. The population is approximately 55,000 people, most of whom are of Samoan descent.
The main islands are Tutuila, Ta'u, Olosega, Ofu, and Aunu'u. The capital and largest city is Pago Pago, located on Tutuila. American Samoa is known for its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and rich cultural heritage.
As a territorial possession of the United States, American Samoa is governed by a governor and lieutenant governor, elected every four years by the residents. The territory also sends a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives. While American Samoans are U.S. nationals, they are not U.S. citizens unless they are born in the United States or have been naturalized.
In medical terms, American Samoa has unique health challenges and disparities due to its remote location, limited resources, and cultural factors. Common health issues include non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and dengue fever. Access to healthcare services can be limited, particularly in rural areas, and there is a shortage of healthcare professionals. The territory also faces challenges related to mental health, substance abuse, and environmental health hazards such as contaminated water sources and poor sanitation.
Mansonelliasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) species Mansonella perstans, M. ozzardi, or M. streptocerca. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies or midges. The infection can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, pruritus (severe itching), and rash. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all. Chronic infections can lead to more serious complications such as endocarditis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). However, mansonelliasis is often overlooked or misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms and the limited availability of diagnostic tests.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
The spermatic cord is a fibrous structure that contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, which provide passage for these structures between the abdomen and the scrotum in males. It is covered by several layers of protective sheaths, including the internal spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia, and external spermatic fascia. The spermatic cord allows the testicles to be located outside the body, which helps maintain a cooler temperature for optimal sperm production.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Independent State of Samoa" is the name of a country, specifically the nation-state located in the central South Pacific Ocean, formerly known as Western Samoa. It is not a medical term or concept. The Independent State of Samoa consists of two main islands, Upolu and Savai'i, along with several smaller islands. Its capital city is Apia.
If you have any medical questions or terms that need defining, I would be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myanmar" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a country in Southeast Asia, also known as Burma. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.
Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.
Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Togo" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in West Africa, known officially as the Togolese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!
Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that naturally infects a wide variety of arthropods (insects, spiders, mites) and filarial nematodes (roundworms). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, often through the cytoplasm of eggs. Wolbachia can manipulate the reproductive biology of their hosts in various ways, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility, which favor the spread and maintenance of the bacteria within host populations. The interactions between Wolbachia and their hosts have implications for insect pest management, disease transmission, and evolutionary biology.
The scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia. It's a sac-like structure made up of several layers of skin and smooth muscle, which hangs down behind and beneath the penis. The primary function of the scrotum is to maintain the testicles at a temperature slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.
The scrotum contains two compartments, each one housing a testicle. It's located in the pubic region and is usually visible externally. The skin of the scrotum is thin and wrinkled, which allows it to expand and contract depending on the temperature, accommodating the shrinking or swelling of the testicles.
Please note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mali" is not a medical term or condition in English. Mali is the name of a country located in West Africa, and its capital city is Bamako. If you have any questions about Mali or anything else, please let me know!
Onchocerca is a genus of filarial nematode worms that are the causative agents of onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. The most common species to infect humans is Onchocerca volvulus. These parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) that breed in fast-flowing rivers and streams.
The adult female worms live in nodules beneath the skin, while the microfilariae, which are released by the females, migrate throughout various tissues, including the eyes, where they can cause inflammation and scarring, potentially leading to blindness if left untreated. The infection is primarily found in Africa, with some foci in Central and South America. Onchocerciasis is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO).
'Brugia pahangi' is a species of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. It is primarily found in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The adult worms reside in the lymphatic system, where they can cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to the lymph vessels and nodes. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes). In advanced cases, it can result in elephantiasis, a severe and disfiguring condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the skin and underlying tissues.
It's important to note that 'Brugia pahangi' is primarily a veterinary parasite, infecting animals such as cats and dogs, but it can also cause human infections under certain circumstances. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. In areas where the parasite is common, public health programs may provide mass drug administration to control the spread of the infection.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.
Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:
* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.
Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.
It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.
Parasitemia is a medical term that refers to the presence of parasites, particularly malaria-causing Plasmodium species, in the bloodstream. It is the condition where red blood cells are infected by these parasites, which can lead to various symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and organ damage in severe cases. The level of parasitemia is often used to assess the severity of malaria infection and to guide treatment decisions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!
'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.
There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.
Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Aedes pseudomediofasciatus
Taxonomy of Anopheles
Parasitology
Culex sinensis
Culex wardi
Chyloderma
Wuchereria
Medical entomology
Mosquito control
Brugia malayi
Aedes albolateralis
Culex spathifurca
Doxycycline
Fauna of Africa
Wolbachia
Tetracycline antibiotics
Anopheles sinensis
Lymphatic filariasis
Stegomyia
Anopheles gambiae
Tilak Weerasooriya
Mansonia uniformis
Anopheles tessellatus
Culex quinquefasciatus
Mansonella perstans
Density dependence
Endosymbiont
Lymphatic filariasis in India
Chyluria
Wuchereria bancrofti - Wikipedia
CDC - DPDx - Diagnostic Procedures - Stool Specimens
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Journal of Entomology and Nematology - seasonal pattern of bancroftian filariasis transmission in ebonyi state, nigeria
Clear evidence that elephantiasis can be eliminated
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Subash Babu, M.B.B.S., Ph.D. | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Brugia15
- Here in this study, we have tried to explore the inhibitory potential of some of the well-reported natural ant-filarial compounds against the GST from Wuchereria bancrofti (W.bancrofti) and Brugia malayi (B.malayi). (cellmolbiol.org)
- Virtual screening Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti Natural compounds. (cellmolbiol.org)
- The disease is spread by mosquitoes that carry the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. (news-medical.net)
- The parasite worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi cause filariasis, which may lead to elephantiasis. (hpathy.com)
- The most common filarial species is Wuchereria bancrofti , but Brugia malayi and Brugia timori cause the infection in Asia. (hpathy.com)
- 1 It is caused by infection with the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , or Brugia timori and is transmitted through mosquitoes. (bmj.com)
- In cases of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi , albendazole is sometimes given as an adjunct to ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine in order to suppress microfilaremia. (wikipedia.org)
- Lymphatic filariasis caused by infection with the nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and B. timori . (ijpjournal.com)
- Wuchereria bancrofti (the most common, and only species present in Africa), Brugia malayi , and Brugia timori . (who.int)
- Comité d' experts de la filariose (infections) à Wuchereria et à Brugia [réuni à Genève du 25 juillet au 1er août 1961] : rapport. (who.int)
- Comité de Expertos en Filariasis (infecciones de Wuchereria y Brugia [se reuni'o en Ginebra del 25 de julio al 1 de agosto de 1961] : informe. (who.int)
- Comité OMS d' experts de la filariose (infections à Wuchereria et à Brugia) [réuni à Genève du 19 au 24 septembre 1966] : deuxième rapport. (who.int)
- Comité de Expertos de la OMS en Filariasis : Infecciones for Wuchereria y por Brugia [se reuni'o en Ginebra del 19 al 24 de septiembre de 1966], segundo informe. (who.int)
- Expert Committee on Filariasis (Wuchereria and Brugia infections [meeting held in Geneva from 25 July to 1 August 1961] : report. (who.int)
- WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis (Wuchereria and Brugia Infections [meeting held in Geneva from 19 to 24 September 1966] : second report. (who.int)
Infection5
- The aim of the present work was to study W. bancrofti infection in selected endemic areas in Egypt by performing parasitological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen detection test, and to analyze the demographic, clinical, and MDA data of the study population in relation to W. bancrofti infection. (eg.net)
- Parasitological examination and Og4C3 ELISA test were performed to identify W. bancrofti infection. (eg.net)
- Impact of five annual rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in American Samoa. (cellmolbiol.org)
- It is used to treat parasitic infections like intestinal strongyloidiasis (infection in gut caused by a type of round worm called strongyloides stercoralis), infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti in blood and tissues and human scabies (infectious disease of the skin) after previous treatment has failed. (netmeds.com)
- Familial Aggregation and Heritability of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection. (cdc.gov)
Microfilariae1
- Morphological and genetic variation of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in carriers in Thailand, Lao PDR and Myanmar: evaluation using Giemsa-stained thick blood films. (cdc.gov)
Filariasis9
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. (wikipedia.org)
- Wuchereria bancrofti is responsible for 90% of cases of lymphatic filariasis throughout the tropics and in some subtropical areas worldwide, including Egypt. (eg.net)
- Filariasis is the direct infestation of lymph nodes by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti . (medicinenet.com)
- Wuchereria bancrofti which causes bancroftian filariasis is the only etiologic agent in Africa (Michael and Bundy, 1997).The disease is prevalent and widespread in Nigeria which is the third most endemic country in the world (after India and Indonesia) and estimated 22.1% of the population is thought to be infected (Eigege et al. (academicjournals.org)
- 1. Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by a filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti, that is transmitted mainly by female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. (who.int)
- Nigeria has the heaviest burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in sub-Saharan Africa, which is caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. (lancs.ac.uk)
- A podoconiosis case was defined as a person with bilateral, asymmetrical lymphoedema of the lower limb present for more than 1 year, who tested negative for Wuchereria bancrofti antigen (determined by Filariasis Test Strip) and specific IgG4 (determined by Wb123 test), and had a history of any of the associated clinical signs and symptoms. (kemri-wellcome.org)
- The disease filariasis is caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. (icsehelp.com)
- Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. (medlineplus.gov)
Culex2
- The main mosquito genera implicated with Wuchereria bancrofti transmission are Anopheles and Culex . (academicjournals.org)
- No Brasil, a filariose linfática (FL) é causada, exclusivamente, pelo verme filarial Wuchereria bancrofti, que é veiculado unicamente pelo mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. (fiocruz.br)
Parasite1
- Desjardins and his colleagues hoped the sequence of Loa loa , along with those of Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus , would shed some light on the host-parasite relationship, in addition to giving scientists valuable data to help explain the dangerous post-ivermectin reactions. (broadinstitute.org)
Nematodes1
- As explained in the case report, the thread-like worms are mosquito-transmitted nematodes (roundworms) of the species Wuchereria bancrofti . (iflscience.com)
Mosquitoes2
- The results complement existing information on W. bancrofti infections in vector mosquitoes, and provide additional evidence on the feasibility of using xenomonitoring for M&E and surveillance activities post-MDA. (sightsavers.org)
- After morphological identification, female parous mosquitoes were dissected in search for infective (L 3 ) larvae of W. bancrofti . (academicjournals.org)
Microfilaria1
- Microfilaria uptake, infectivity rates and number of Wuchereria bancrofti L3 per mosquito were assessed. (who.int)
Mosquito2
- When the infected mosquito has its next blood meal, W. bancrofti larvae are deposited from the mouthparts onto the skin of the prospective host and migrate through microcuts in the dermis or the tract created by the proboscis into the bloodstream of the new human host. (wikipedia.org)
- and Reimer, Lisa, "Integrated Xenosurveillance of Loa loa, Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella perstans and Plasmodium falciparum Using Mosquito Carcasses and Faeces: A Pilot Study in Cameroon" (2022). (smith.edu)
Antigen detection1
- In addition, antigen detection tests using blood or serum are available for Plasmodium and Wuchereria bancrofti . (cdc.gov)
Elephantiasis1
- Loa loa is a member of the filarial nematode (roundworm) family, which also includes worms that cause river blindness ( Onchocerca volvulus ) and elephantiasis ( Wuchereria bancrofti ). (broadinstitute.org)
Filariose1
- Nous en concluons que la filariose lymphatique ne représente plus un problème de santé publique dans ces villages ainsi que dans d'autres villages ayant des conditions épidémiologiques similaires. (who.int)
Infections1
- Although the Og4C3 ELISA test is a useful research tool for the study of W. bancrofti infections, its cost and format hinder its wide use in endemic areas. (eg.net)
Parasites1
- Treatment of parasites in the tissues and blood caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. (reliablerxpharmacy.com)
Africa1
- W. bancrofti is the most prevalent of the three and affects over 120 million people, primarily in Central Africa and the Nile delta, South and Central America, the tropical regions of Asia including southern China, and the Pacific islands. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission1
- Nous en concluons que le cycle de transmission est sérieusement affaibli après la deuxième distribution massive de médicaments. (who.int)
Disease1
- To demonstrate this method's potential for integrated disease surveillance, the samples were further tested for Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella perstans, and Plas-modium falciparum. (smith.edu)
Study1
- An immunoepidemiological study of Wuchereria bancrofti in Muhaka, Kwale District, south coastal Kenya / by Claire Njeri Wamae. (who.int)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Wuchereria. (who.int)
Article1
- Is the Subject Area "Wuchereria bancrofti" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Cases1
- Wuchereria bancrofti , which is responsible for 90% of cases, is focally endemic in Egypt [1] , [2] . (eg.net)
Timori5
- Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi , and Brugia timori transmitted by several mosquito species cause the majority of human LF infections ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- This syndrome is felt to be due to immune hyperresponsiveness in patients infected with the filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , or Brugia timori . (logicalimages.com)
- Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by three microscopic, thread-like worms, called Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. (microbiologynote.com)
- Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic, debilitating vector-borne disease caused by the filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori . (biomedcentral.com)
- The parasites which can cause this disease are the following: Wuchereria Bancrofti, Brugia Malayi and Brugya Timori. (aarogya.com)
Brugia Malayi2
- Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis and Onchocerca volvulus causes onchocerciasis. (nih.gov)
- Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. (lookformedical.com)
Filarial6
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. (wikipedia.org)
- To determine the frequency with which living adult Wuchereria bancrofti can be detected by ultrasound in the scrotal area of men with filarial infection, we used a 7.5 MHz transducer to perform weekly ultrasound examinations on 100 microfilaraemic men (18-34 years old) from Greater Recife, Brazil. (nih.gov)
- 7. Wuchereria bancrofti: cloning and characterization of heat shock protein 70 from the human lymphatic filarial parasite. (nih.gov)
- 1. Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by a filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti, that is transmitted mainly by female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. (who.int)
- If, in a patient, filarial infection is suspected, the optimum collection time for Brugia or Wuchereria is at night after 10, while for Loa loa, it is midday between 10AM to 2 pm). (yashodahospitals.com)
- In this way parasitic hydrocele and filarial hydrocele originated because of hydatid cysts, filariasis and Wuchereria bancrofti respectively. (planetayurveda.net)
Filariasis7
- Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial antigen was investigated in skin test on: (1) Microfilaria carriers, (2) Amicrofilaraemic cases from endemic villages with and without intestinal helminths, (3) Cases having apparent symptoms and signs of filariasis. (jpgmonline.com)
- We used this strategy to investigate the effects of doxycycline treatment on the major cause of lymphatic filariasis, Wuchereria bancrofti. (lstmed.ac.uk)
- Detection of filariasis requires the examination of blood smear presence of larval roundworm B.malayi and W.bancrofti. (yashodahospitals.com)
- Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex thrive in temperate and tropical regions worldwide, and serve as efficient vectors of Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti in Asia, Africa, the West Indies, South America, and Micronesia. (unicamp.br)
- Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. (medlineplus.gov)
- The control of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti in the Central African Region has been hampered by the presence of Loa loa due to severe adverse events that arise in the treatment with ivermectin. (biomedcentral.com)
- An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. (lookformedical.com)
Culex2
- Previous work with the Iowa strain of Culex pipiens pipiens demonstrates that it is equally susceptible to W. bancrofti as is the natural Cx. (unicamp.br)
- In sub-Saharan Africa, LF is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Parasites1
- Wuchereria bancrofti is one of the parasites that causes the painful, infectious disease. (cdc.gov)
Microfilariae1
- Morphological and genetic variation of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in carriers in Thailand, Lao PDR and Myanmar: evaluation using Giemsa-stained thick blood films. (cdc.gov)
Endemic3
- Like W. bancrofti , control measures have reduced the occurrence and endemic range considerably. (cdc.gov)
- In the northern zone (two regions), which were not endemic for loiasis, W. bancrofti microfilaremia was confirmed microscopically using night blood smears [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Effective implementation of this strategy in endemic areas reduces Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood of infected individuals to very low levels. (unibas.ch)
Larvae1
- When the infected mosquito has its next blood meal, W. bancrofti larvae are deposited from the mouthparts onto the skin of the prospective host and migrate through microcuts in the dermis or the tract created by the proboscis into the bloodstream of the new human host. (wikipedia.org)
Adult3
- The lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord appear to be a common, and perhaps the principal, site of adult W. bancrofti in men with asymptomatic microfilaraemia. (nih.gov)
- The adult worms outwardly resemble those of Wuchereria bancrofti but are smaller. (cdc.gov)
- In postpubertal males, adult Wuchereria bancrofti organisms are found most commonly in the intrascrotal lymphatic vessels and can be visualized on ultrasound examination. (cdc.gov)
Nematode1
- Human Migration and the Spread of the Nematode Parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. (medscape.com)
Periodic1
- In the South Pacific, where W. bancrofti shows diurnal periodicity, it is known as periodic. (wikipedia.org)
Presence1
- Using a combination of parasitological and molecular tools, we were unable to find evidence of W. bancrofti presence in the 31 HDs, but L. loa instead. (biomedcentral.com)
Blood2
- FTS positive individuals were further subjected to night blood collection for detecting W. bancrofti . (biomedcentral.com)
- No W. bancrofti mf was found in the night blood of any individuals but L. loa mf were found in both day and night blood of participants who were FTS positive. (biomedcentral.com)
Hosts1
- W. bancrofti carries out its lifecycle in two hosts. (wikipedia.org)
Found1
- Also, qPCR revealed that no W. bancrofti but L.loa DNA was found with dry bloodspot. (biomedcentral.com)
Tropical1
- W. bancrofti was once widespread in tropical regions globally but control measures have reduced its geographic range. (cdc.gov)
Individuals1
- Methods We undertook a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled field trial of doxycycline (200 mg per day) for 8 weeks in 72 individuals infected with W bancrofti from Kimang'a village, Pangani, Tanzania. (lstmed.ac.uk)