A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped cells which are motile by peritrichous flagella. Late in the growth cycle, spheroplasts or coccoid bodies occur, resulting from disintegration of the cell wall. The natural habitat is the intestinal lumen of certain nematodes. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms are characterized by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands.
A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria existing symbiotically with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae (see RHABDITOIDEA). These nematodes infect a variety of soil-dwelling insects. Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect.
A superfamily of nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA. Characteristics include an open tube stoma and an excretory system with lateral canals.
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
A large order of insects comprising the butterflies and moths.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)
A genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates.
The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.
Luciferases from BACTERIA such as PHOTOBACTERIUM; VIBRIO; and PHOTORHABDUS.
Antimicrobial peptides that form channels in membranes that are more permeable to anions than cations. They resemble MAGAININS, with their N-terminal region forming a positively charged amphipathic alpha helix, but containing an additional C-terminal segment.
A species of migratory Old World locusts, in the family ACRIDIDAE, that are important pests in Africa and Asia.
Emission of LIGHT when ELECTRONS return to the electronic ground state from an excited state and lose the energy as PHOTONS. It is sometimes called cool light in contrast to INCANDESCENCE. LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS take advantage of this type of light emitted from LUMINESCENT AGENTS.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

flhDC, the flagellar master operon of Xenorhabdus nematophilus: requirement for motility, lipolysis, extracellular hemolysis, and full virulence in insects. (1/77)

Xenorhabdus is a major insect pathogen symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Steinernematidae. This motile bacterium displays swarming behavior on suitable media, but a spontaneous loss of motility is observed as part of a phenomenon designated phase variation which involves the loss of stationary-phase products active as antibiotics and potential virulence factors. To investigate the role of one of the transcriptional activators of flagellar genes, FlhDC, in motility and virulence, the Xenorhabdus nematophilus flhDC locus was identified by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli flhD null mutant and DNA sequencing. Construction of X. nematophilus flhD null mutants confirmed that the flhDC operon controls flagellin expression but also revealed that lipolytic and extracellular hemolysin activity is flhDC dependent. We also showed that the flhD null mutant displayed a slightly attenuated virulence phenotype in Spodoptera littoralis compared to that of the wild-type strain. Thus, these data indicated that motility, lipase, hemolysin, or unknown functions controlled by the flhDC operon are involved in the infectious process in insects. Our investigation expands the view of the flagellar regulon as a checkpoint coupled to a major network involving bacterial physiological aspects as well as motility.  (+info)

Inactivation of a novel gene produces a phenotypic variant cell and affects the symbiotic behavior of Xenorhabdus nematophilus. (2/77)

Xenorhabdus nematophilus is an insect pathogen that lives in a symbiotic association with a specific entomopathogenic nematode. During prolonged culturing, variant cells arise that are deficient in numerous properties. To understand the genetic mechanism underlying variant cell formation, a transposon mutagenesis approach was taken. Three phenotypically similar variant strains of X. nematophilus, each of which contained a single transposon insertion, were isolated. The insertions occurred at different locations in the chromosome. The variant strain, ANV2, was further characterized. It was deficient in several properties, including the ability to produce antibiotics and the stationary-phase-induced outer membrane protein, OpnB. Unlike wild-type cells, ANV2 produced lecithinase. The emergence of ANV2 from the nematode host was delayed relative to the emergence of the parental strain. The transposon in ANV2 had inserted in a gene designated var1, which encodes a novel protein composed of 121 amino acid residues. Complementation analysis confirmed that the pleiotropic phenotype of the ANV2 strain was produced by inactivation of var1. Other variant strains were not complemented by var1. These results indicate that inactivation of a single gene was sufficient to promote variant cell formation in X. nematophilus and that disruption of genetic loci other than var1 can result in the same pleiotropic phenotype.  (+info)

Xenorhabdus bovienii T228 phase variation and virulence are independent of RecA function. (3/77)

Colony pleomorphism, or phase variation, expressed by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to the genus Xenorhabdus, is an important factor which determines the association of the bacteria with their nematode symbiont and the outcome of infection of susceptible insect larvae by the bacterium- nematode parasitic complex. The mechanism underlying phase variation is unknown. To determine whether RecA-mediated processes are linked to phase variation, the recA gene of Xenorhabdus bovienii was cloned and sequenced. When expressed in a recA-deleted strain of Escherichia coli, the X. bovienii recA clone was able to complement the loss of RecA function. X. bovienii chromosomal recA insertion mutants showed increased sensitivity to UV. Phase 1 forms did not show altered ability to convert to phase 2 and no significant differences in expression of other phase-dependent characteristics, including phospholipase C, haemolysin, protease, antibiotic activity and Congo Red binding, were noted. Furthermore, the LD(50) of the X. bovienii recA insertion mutant for Galleria mellonella larvae was not significantly different from that of wild-type strains. From these data the authors conclude that recA is unlikely to be involved in phase variation, the expression of phase-dependent characteristics, or virulence factors involved in killing of susceptible larvae.  (+info)

A new broad-spectrum protease inhibitor from the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. (4/77)

A new protease inhibitor was purified to apparent homogeneity from a culture medium of Photorhabdus luminescens by ammonium sulfate precipitation and preparative isoelectric focusing followed by affinity chromatography. Ph. luminescens, a bacterium symbiotically associated with the insect-parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, exists in two morphologically distinguishable phases (primary and secondary). It appears that only the secondary-phase bacterium produces this protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitor has an M:(r) of approximately 12000 as determined by SDS-PAGE. Its activity is stable over a pH range of 3.5-11 and at temperatures below 50 degrees C. The N-terminal 16 amino acids of the protease inhibitor were determined as STGIVTFKND(X)GEDIV and have a very high sequence homology with the N-terminal region of an endogenous inhibitor (IA-1) from the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. The purified protease inhibitor inactivated the homologous protease with an almost 1:1 stoichiometry. It also inhibited proteases from a related insect-nematode-symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Interestingly, when present at a molar ratio of 5 to 1, this new protease inhibitor completely inactivated the activity of both trypsin and elastase. The activity of proteinase A and cathepsin G was partially inhibited by this bacterial protease inhibitor, but it had no effect on chymotrypsin, subtilisin, thermolysin and cathepsins B and D. The newly isolated protease inhibitor from the secondary-phase bacteria and its specific inhibition of its own protease provides an explanation as to why previous investigators failed to detect the presence of protease activity in the secondary-phase bacteria. The functional implications of the protease inhibitor are also discussed in relation to the physiology of nematode-symbiotic bacteria.  (+info)

Sequence analysis of insecticidal genes from Xenorhabdus nematophilus PMFI296. (5/77)

Three strains of Xenorhabdus nematophilus showed insecticidal activity when fed to Pieris brassicae (cabbage white butterfly) larvae. From one of these strains (X. nematophilus PMFI296) a cosmid genome library was prepared in Escherichia coli and screened for oral insecticidal activity. Two overlapping cosmid clones were shown to encode insecticidal proteins, which had activity when expressed in E. coli (50% lethal concentration [LC(50)] of 2 to 6 microg of total protein/g of diet). The complete sequence of one cosmid (cHRIM1) was obtained. On cHRIM1, five genes (xptA1, -A2, -B1, -C1, and -D1) showed homology with up to 49% identity to insecticidal toxins identified in Photorhabdus luminescens, and also a smaller gene (chi) showed homology to a putative chitinase gene (38% identity). Transposon mutagenesis of the cosmid insert indicated that the genes xptA2, xptD1, and chi were not important for the expression of insecticidal activity toward P. brassicae. One gene (xptA1) was found to be central for the expression of activity, and the genes xptB1 and xptC1 were needed for full activity. The location of these genes together on the chromosome and therefore present on a single cosmid insert probably accounted for the detection of insecticidal activity in this E. coli clone. Although multiple genes may be needed for full activity, E. coli cells expressing the xptA1 gene from the bacteriophage lambda P(L) promoter were shown to have insecticidal activity (LC(50) of 112 microg of total protein/g of diet). This is contrary to the toxin genes identified in P. luminescens, which were not insecticidal when expressed individually in E. coli. High-level gene expression and the use of a sensitive insect may have aided in the detection of insecticidal activity in the E. coli clone expressing xptA1. The location of these toxin genes and the chitinase gene and the presence of mobile elements (insertion sequence) and tRNA genes on cHRIM1 indicates that this region of DNA represents a pathogenicity island on the genome of X. nematophilus PMFI296.  (+info)

Two distinct hemolytic activities in Xenorhabdus nematophila are active against immunocompetent insect cells. (6/77)

Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. are major insect bacterial pathogens symbiotically associated with nematodes. These bacteria are transported by their nematode hosts into the hemocoel of the insect prey, where they proliferate within hemolymph. In this work we report that wild strains belonging to different species of both genera are able to produce hemolysin activity on blood agar plates. Using a hemocyte monolayer bioassay, cytolytic activity against immunocompetent cells from the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was found only in supernatants of Xenorhabdus; none was detected in supernatants of various strains of Photorhabdus. During in vitro bacterial growth of Xenorhabdus nematophila F1, two successive bursts of cytolytic activity were detected. The first extracellular cytolytic activity occurred when bacterial cells reached the stationary phase. It also displayed a hemolytic activity on sheep red blood cells, and it was heat labile. Among insect hemocyte types, granulocytes were the preferred target. Lysis of hemocytes by necrosis was preceded by a dramatic vacuolization of the cells. In contrast the second burst of cytolytic activity occurred late during stationary phase and caused hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells, and insect plasmatocytes were the preferred target. This second activity is heat resistant and produced shrinkage and necrosis of hemocytes. Insertional inactivation of flhD gene in X. nematophila leads to the loss of hemolysis activity on sheep red blood cells and an attenuated virulence phenotype in S. littoralis (A. Givaudan and A. Lanois, J. Bacteriol. 182:107-115, 2000). This mutant was unable to produce the early cytolytic activity, but it always displayed the late cytolytic effect, preferably active on plasmatocytes. Thus, X. nematophila produced two independent cytolytic activities against different insect cell targets known for their major role in cellular immunity.  (+info)

Xenorhabdus nematophilus as a model for host-bacterium interactions: rpoS is necessary for mutualism with nematodes. (7/77)

Xenorhabdus nematophilus, a gram-negative bacterium, is a mutualist of Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes and a pathogen of larval-stage insects. We use this organism as a model of host-microbe interactions to identify the functions bacteria require for mutualism, pathogenesis, or both. In many gram-negative bacteria, the transcription factor sigma(S) controls regulons that can mediate stress resistance, survival, or host interactions. Therefore, we examined the role of sigma(S) in the ability of X. nematophilus to interact with its hosts. We cloned, sequenced, and disrupted the X. nematophilus rpoS gene that encodes sigma(S). The X. nematophilus rpoS mutant pathogenized insects as well as its wild-type parent. However, the rpoS mutant could not mutualistically colonize nematode intestines. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a specific allele that affects the ability of X. nematophilus to exist within nematode intestines, an important step in understanding the molecular mechanisms of this association.  (+info)

Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from Xenorhabdus nematophila involved in insect immunosuppression. (8/77)

Xenorhabdus nematophila, a bacterium pathogenic for insects associated with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, releases high quantities of proteases, which may participate in the virulence against insects. Zymogram assays and cross-reactions of antibodies suggested that two distinct proteases were present. The major one, protease II, was purified and shown to have a molecular mass of 60 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 8.5. Protease II digested the chromogenic substrate N-tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-paranitroanilide (pNA) with V(max) and K(m) values of 0.0551 microM/min and 234 microM, respectively, and the substrate DL-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA with V(max) and K(m) values of 0.3830 microM/min and 429 microM, respectively. Protease II activity was inhibited 93% by Pefabloc SC and 45% by chymostatin. The optimum pH for protease II was 7, and the optimum temperature was 23C. Proteolytic activity was reduced by 90% at 60 degrees C for 10 min. Sequence analysis was performed on four internal peptides that resulted from the digestion of protease II. Fragments 29 and 45 are 75 and 68% identical to alkaline metalloproteinase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fragment 29 is 79% identical to a metalloprotease of Erwinia amylovora and 75% identical to the protease C precursor of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Protease II showed no toxicity to hemocytes but destroyed antibacterial activity on the hemolymph of inoculated insects' larvae and reduced 97% of the cecropin A bacteriolytic activity.  (+info)

Xenorhabdus is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. These bacteria are pathogenic to insects and have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. They produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are toxic to insects and also have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. When the nematodes infect an insect host, they release the bacteria into the insect's hemocoel (the equivalent of the mammalian bloodstream), where the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that kill the insect. The nematodes then feed on the bacterial mass and use it as a food source, allowing them to reproduce within the dead insect.

Rhabditida is an order of nematodes, or roundworms. These are microscopic worms that have a long, slender, and unsegmented body. Rhabditida includes both free-living and parasitic species. Some free-living species live in soil and decaying organic matter, where they play an important role in the breakdown of organic material.

Parasitic species of Rhabditida can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. They can cause various diseases and conditions, depending on the species and the location of the infection. For example, some parasitic Rhabditida species can infect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Other species can infect the lungs and cause respiratory problems.

Rhabditida are characterized by several distinctive features, including a mouth equipped with three lips and teeth, and a unique reproductive system that allows them to reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are also known for their ability to form resistant structures called resting spores, which can survive in unfavorable conditions and germinate when conditions improve.

It's worth noting that the classification of nematodes is complex and constantly evolving, so different sources may use slightly different terminology or groupings when discussing Rhabditida and other orders of nematodes.

Nematoda is a phylum of pseudocoelomate, unsegmented worms with a round or filiform body shape. They are commonly known as roundworms or threadworms. Nematodes are among the most diverse and numerous animals on earth, with estimates of over 1 million species, of which only about 25,000 have been described.

Nematodes are found in a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some nematode species are free-living, while others are parasitic, infecting a variety of hosts, including plants, animals, and humans. Parasitic nematodes can cause significant disease and economic losses in agriculture, livestock production, and human health.

The medical importance of nematodes lies primarily in their role as parasites that infect humans and animals. Some common examples of medically important nematodes include:

* Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm)
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa (filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis, respectively)

Nematode infections can cause a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the species and the location of the parasite in the body. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, skin rashes, and lymphatic swelling. In some cases, nematode infections can lead to serious complications or even death if left untreated.

Medical management of nematode infections typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which are medications that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body. The choice of drug depends on the species of nematode and the severity of the infection. In some cases, preventive measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of nematode infections.

*Photorhabdus* is a genus of gram-negative, bioluminescent bacteria that are symbiotic with certain species of entomopathogenic nematodes (nematodes that infect and kill insects). These bacteria are found in the gut of the nematodes and are released into the insect host when the nematode infects it. The bacteria produce toxins and other virulence factors that help to kill the insect and provide a nutrient-rich environment for the nematodes to reproduce. After reproduction, the nematodes and *Photorhabdus* bacteria work together again to seek out a new insect host. Some species of *Photorhabdus* have also been shown to have potential as biological control agents for certain insect pests.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Rhabditoidea" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically a superfamily of nematodes (roundworms) that includes several medically important genera such as *Strongyloides* and *Enterobius*.

In a broader context:
Rhabditoidea is a group of nematode worms that are characterized by certain morphological features, including the structure of their reproductive system and the presence of specialized cells called bacillary bands. Some species in this superfamily can be parasitic in humans and other animals, causing various diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Many species within this family are capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Some common examples of Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica.

These bacteria are typically characterized by their ability to ferment various sugars and produce acid and gas as byproducts. They can also be distinguished by their biochemical reactions, such as their ability to produce certain enzymes or resist specific antibiotics. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can range from mild to severe, depending on the species involved and the overall health of the infected individual.

Some infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and foodborne illnesses. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing and safe food handling practices, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidoptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order that includes moths and butterflies, which are insects known for their distinctive wing scales. This term is used in the field of biology, not medicine.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.

If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.

"Manduca" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. However, it does refer to a genus of moths, also known as the "hawk moths." While there are no direct medical applications or definitions associated with this term, it's worth noting that some species of hawk moths have been used in scientific research. For instance, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is a popular model organism for studying insect physiology and genetics.

In a broader context, understanding the biology and behavior of Manduca can contribute to fields like ecology, entomology, and environmental science, which in turn can have indirect implications for human health, agriculture, and conservation. However, it is not a term that would be used in a medical context for diagnosing or treating diseases.

Hemocytes are specialized cells found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. They play crucial roles in the immune response and defense mechanisms of these organisms. Hemocytes can be categorized into several types based on their functions and morphologies, such as phagocytic cells, encapsulating cells, and clotting cells. These cells are responsible for various immunological activities, including recognition and removal of foreign particles, pathogens, and debris; production of immune effector molecules; and contribution to the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. In some invertebrates, hemocytes also participate in wound healing, tissue repair, and other physiological processes.

Hemolymph is not a term typically used in human medicine, but it is commonly used in the study of invertebrates, particularly arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. Hemolymph is the fluid that circulates within the open circulatory system of these animals, serving multiple functions similar to both blood and lymphatic systems in vertebrates.

In simpler terms, hemolymph is a combined fluid that performs the functions of both blood and lymph in invertebrates. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients, waste products, hormones, and immune cells (hemocytes) throughout the body. Hemolymph does not contain red and white blood cells like human blood; instead, hemocytes are the primary cellular components responsible for immune responses and wound healing in these animals.

Luciferases are enzymes that catalyze the light-emitting reaction in bioluminescent organisms. Bacterial luciferases are specifically derived from luminous bacteria and are composed of two components: a heterodimeric enzyme (luciferase) and a small fatty aldehyde, typically decanal. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the aldehyde in the presence of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2), and long-chain fatty acids, resulting in the formation of the corresponding acid and light emission. This light-emitting reaction is often used in various biochemical and biological applications, such as reporter gene assays, bioluminescent imaging, and biosensors.

Cecropins are a group of antimicrobial peptides that are primarily found in the innate immune system of certain insects, such as the Cecropia moth and other members of the order Lepidoptera. These small proteins are named after their source, the Cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia), and have been identified in various tissues including the fat body, hemolymph, and midgut of these insects.

Cecropins exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. They function by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to the leakage of intracellular components and ultimately causing bacterial death. The expression of cecropins is often induced in response to microbial infection or injury, making them an essential part of the insect's innate immune defense mechanism.

Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of cecropins has contributed significantly to the development of novel antimicrobial agents and therapies for various bacterial infections. Additionally, research on cecropins and other antimicrobial peptides may provide insights into the evolution of immune systems across different species.

"Locusta migratoria" is the scientific name for the migratory locust, which is a species of short-horned grasshopper. While it is not a medical term, I can provide some general information about this insect.

Migratory locusts are known for their ability to form large swarms that can travel long distances, consuming vast amounts of vegetation and causing significant damage to crops and pastures. They are native to Africa, Asia, and Europe but have been introduced to other parts of the world as well. The migratory locust is a agricultural pest and can pose a serious threat to food security in areas where they occur in large numbers.

From a medical perspective, some species of grasshoppers, including the migratory locust, can carry various pathogens that may affect humans and animals if ingested or come into contact with mucous membranes. However, there are no specific medical concerns associated with "Locusta migratoria" itself.

Luminescence is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, luminescence refers to the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy. This phenomenon can occur in some medical contexts, such as in medical imaging techniques like bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA).

In BLI, genetically modified organisms or cells are used to produce light at specific wavelengths that can be detected and measured. This technique is often used in preclinical research to study biological processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and metastasis.

In CLIA, an enzymatic reaction produces light that is used to detect and quantify the presence of a specific analyte or target molecule. This technique is commonly used in clinical laboratories for the detection of various biomarkers, such as hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.

Therefore, while luminescence is not a medical term per se, it has important applications in medical research and diagnostics.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Kämpfer, P; Tobias, NJ; Ke, LP; Bode, HB; Glaeser, SP (May 2017). "Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis sp. nov. and Xenorhabdus ... Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus ... Xenorhabdus, like Photorhabdus bacteria, has a striking feature of phase variation. Phase I variants are involved in the ... The Steinernema-Xenorhabdus association is currently sold as a biocontrol agent by private companies, like Biobest, SUMI AGRO, ...
... is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from ... Parte, A.C. "Xenorhabdus". LPSN. "Xenorhabdus eapokensis". www.uniprot.org. Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2017). ... Kämpfer, P; Tobias, NJ; Ke, LP; Bode, HB; Glaeser, SP (May 2017). "Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis sp. nov. and Xenorhabdus ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus eapokensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ...
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... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema kushidai ... "Xenorhabdus". LPSN. Retrieved 2016-08-18. "Xenorhabdus japonica". uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-08-18. Deutsche Sammlung von ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus japonica at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: generic name, Articles ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematodes Steinernema glaseri ... "Xenorhabdus poinarii Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". straininfo.net. Retrieved 2016-08-18. "Xenorhabdus poinarii". uniprot.org. ... ISBN 0-203-30307-5. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) Type strain of Xenorhabdus poinarii at BacDive - the ... "The bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus poinarii (Enterobacteriaceae) is harbored by two phylogenetic related host nematodes: the ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... ISBN 978-0-12-384985-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Type strain of Xenorhabdus griffiniae at ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus griffiniae Nguyen, Khuong B.; (editors), David J. Hunt (2007). Entomopathogenic ... "Draft Whole-Genome Sequence and Annotation of Xenorhabdus griffiniae Strain BMMCB Associated with the South African ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematodes Steinernema ... ISBN 978-0-12-384985-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Type strain of Xenorhabdus hominickii at ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus hominickii UniProt Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] ... "New insight into diversity in the genus Xenorhabdus, including the description of ten novel species". International Journal of ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus romanii UniProt Nguyen, Khuong B.; (editors), David J. Hunt (2007). ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus romanii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: generic name, Articles ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode genus Steinernema ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus beddingii UniProt Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus beddingii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematodes Steinernema ... Xenorhabdus bovienii produces N-Butanoylpyrrothine, N-(3-Methylbutanoyl)pyrrothine and Xenocyloins. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de ... ISBN 0-08-053577-1. Type strain of Xenorhabdus bovienii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: ... Ng, K.K.; Webster, J.M. (June 1997). "Antimycotic activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii (Enterobacteriaceae) metabolites against ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema aciari ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus ishibashii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ... Kuwata, R; Qiu, LH; Wang, W; Harada, Y; Yoshida, M; Kondo, E; Yoshiga, T (May 2013). "Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus ishibashii Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt ...
Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp ... Xenorhabdus ehlersii is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... Shi, H; Zeng, H; Yang, X; Liu, Z; Qiu, D (September 2013). "An insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus ehlersii stimulates the ... ISBN 978-1-84593-479-8. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) Type strain of Xenorhabdus ehlersii at BacDive - the ...
... sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp ... Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp ... Xenorhabdus budapestensis is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... Xenorhabdus budapestensis produces bicornutin A2. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus budapestensis editor, Eric ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... ISBN 978-1-84593-479-8. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) Type strain of Xenorhabdus stockiae at BacDive - the ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus stockiae Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt Nguyen ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus magdalenensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ... Tailliez, P; Pagès, S; Edgington, S; Tymo, LM; Buddie, AG (August 2012). "Description of Xenorhabdus magdalenensis sp. nov., ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus magdalenensis Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema arenarium ... ISBN 978-0-12-384985-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Type strain of Xenorhabdus kozodoii at ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus kozodoii Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt Nguyen ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematodes Steinernema ... Xenorhabdus indica produces the Taxlllaids A-G. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus indica UniProt Raquel, Campos- ... "A novel species of Xenorhabdus, family Enterobacteriaceae: Xenorhabdus indica sp. nov., symbiotically associated with ... "A novel species of Xenorhabdus, family Enterobacteriaceae: Xenorhabdus indica sp. nov., symbiotically associated with ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema rarum ... Xenorhabdus szentirmaii produces szentiamide, xenematide, bicornutin A xenofuranone A and xenofuranone B. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de ... ISBN 978-3-319-18266-7. Type strain of Xenorhabdus szentirmaii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Kaya, Fernando ... "Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria". Journal of ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema sangi ... ISBN 978-0-12-384985-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Type strain of Xenorhabdus vietnamensis at ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus vietnamensis Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt ... Tailliez, P; Laroui, C; Ginibre, N; Paule, A; Pagès, S; Boemare, N (August 2010). "Phylogeny of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus ...
Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp ... Xenorhabdus innexi is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... ISBN 978-3-319-18266-7. Type strain of Xenorhabdus innexi at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus innexi Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt Abrol, ...
... is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus doucetiae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: generic name, ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/370640 Straininfo of Xenorhabdus doucetiae Deutsche Sammlung von ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema khoisanae ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus khoisanae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ... Ferreira, T; van Reenen, CA; Endo, A; Spröer, C; Malan, AP; Dicks, LM (September 2013). "Description of Xenorhabdus khoisanae ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus khoisanae UniProt Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema ... ISBN 978-0-12-384985-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Type strain of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi UniProt Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] An ... An, R; Grewal, PS (2016). "Comparative Analysis of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi Gene Expression during Symbiotic Persistence in ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from an undescribed Steinernema species ... Type strain of Xenorhabdus mauleonii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (CS1 errors: generic name, ... LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus mauleonii Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1] UniProt Nguyen ... "New insight into diversity in the genus Xenorhabdus, including the description of ten novel species". International Journal of ...
... is a bacterium from the genus Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from a Steinernema species from ... Xenorhabdus miraniensis produces the antibiotics xenocoumacin and xenorhabdin. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Xenorhabdus ... ISBN 978-90-474-2239-6. {{cite book}}: ,last2= has generic name (help) Type strain of Xenorhabdus miraniensis at BacDive - the ...
Enterobacteriaceae), Symbiotic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, and a Proposal to Transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a ... Photorhabdus luminescens (previously called Xenorhabdus luminescens) is a Gammaproteobacterium of the family Morganellaceae, ...
The xenortides (A-D) are a class of linear peptides isolated from the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, a symbiont of the ... "Linear and Cyclic Peptides from the Entomopathogenic Bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophilus". Journal of Natural Products. 71 (6): ... "Xenortide Biosynthesis by Entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus nematophila". Journal of Natural Products. 77 (8): 1976-1980. doi: ...
The mechanism for this superiority may be antibiotics produced by Xenorhabdus, the symbiotic bacterium of the steinernematid. ... "Biology, Taxonomy, and Systematics of Photorabdus and Xenorhabdus". p 57-78 in Gaugler I, editor. Entomopathogenic Nematology. ... These bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus, for steinerernematides and heterorhabditids, respectively-cause host ...
Here they liberate a specialist bacterium, Xenorhabdus innexi; this causes sepsis in the host insect, eventually killing it, ...
Species form symbiotic relationships with Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria. The free-living third stage juvenile, termed a ...
Kämpfer, P; Tobias, NJ; Ke, LP; Bode, HB; Glaeser, SP (May 2017). "Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis sp. nov. and Xenorhabdus ... Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus ... Xenorhabdus, like Photorhabdus bacteria, has a striking feature of phase variation. Phase I variants are involved in the ... The Steinernema-Xenorhabdus association is currently sold as a biocontrol agent by private companies, like Biobest, SUMI AGRO, ...
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An unusual isolate from a human leg wound was identified as Xenorhabdus luminescens. This finding led to the discovery or ... Lysogeny and bacteriocinogeny in Xenorhabdus nematophilus and other Xenorhabdus spp. Boemare NE, Boyer-Giglio MH, Thaler JO, ... Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens J J Farmer 3rd 1 , J H Jorgensen, P A Grimont ... Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens J J Farmer 3rd et al. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 ...
Biosynthesis of the Insecticidal Xenocyloins in Xenorhabdus bovienii ... 2014). Biosynthesis of the Insecticidal Xenocyloins in Xenorhabdus bovienii. CHEMBIOCHEM, 15(3), 369-372. doi:10.1002/cbic. ... The biosynthesis gene cluster for the production of xenocyloins was identified in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus ...
... Reference regulog properties. Source regulog:. FabR - ... Predicted regulatory interactions in Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004. Locus tag. Position. Score. Sequence. ...
Xenorhabdus. B5 (Algae and Fungi) Reishi. Shiitake Mushrooms Usnea. New MeSH Terms Related to Medicinal Plants B6 (Plants) ...
RECEPTOR TIPO ALFA PARA FATOR DE CRESCIMENTO DERIVADO DE PLAQUETAS ...
2015). Xenorhabdus bovienii strain diversity impacts coevolution and symbiotic maintenance with Steinernema spp. nematode hosts ... as well as in the acquisition of Xenorhabdus gut-residing bacteria by the Steinernema entomoparasitic nematode (Murfin et al., ...
Upon entering the insect the nematodes kill their host by releasing bacteria into it, strains of Xenorhabdus species that are ... The juvenile form of the nematode carries Xenorhabdus sp. bacteria in their pharynx and intestine. Once the bacteria are ...
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are Gamma-proteobacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are ...
Toxicity of photorhabdus luminescens and xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial metabolites to pecan alhids (hemiptera: aphididae) and ... Toxicity of photorhabdus luminescens and xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial metabolites to pecan alhids (hemiptera: aphididae) and ...
Xenorhabdus sp. (associated with Steinernema scapterisci), Xenorhabdus nematophila (associated with Steinernema carpocapsae). ... Xenorhabdus nematophila, Xenorhabdus sp. and Photorhabdus luminescens) pathogens; (4) to examine whether physiological ... A) Mean defecation time (seconds) of C. elegansand P. pacificus exposed to E. coli OP50, Xenorhabdus sp. and Bacillus sp. 2. ... A) Mean defecation time (seconds) of C. elegansand P. pacificus exposed to E. coli OP50, Xenorhabdus sp. and Bacillus sp. 2. ...
Control of Individual Colonies of Red Imported Fire Ants with a Drench of the Bacteria Xenorhabdus spp.. 2002 ...
According to Paskewitz, Lan wanted to crack Xenorhabdus insecticidal code in hopes that it might lead to a novel mosquito ... She and her student Il-Hwan Kim were studying bacteria called Xenorhabdus budapestensis, which lives inside the tiny roundworms ... To see if Xenorhabduscould fill that void, Paskewitz and her collaborator Mayur Kajla first had to isolate the potential ... These nematodes parasitize insects in the soil, sneaking into their bodies and releasing hordes of Xenorhabdus, which soon kill ...
Characterization of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total ...
Chrystal, P. V., Greenhalgh, S., McInerney, B. V., McQuade, L. R., Akter, Y., Dorigam, J. C. D. P., Selle, P. H. & Liu, S. Y., May 2021, In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. 275, p. 1-15 15 p., 114867.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...
2012) Diversity of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. and their symbiotic entomopathogenic nematodes from Thailand. PLoS One, ...
Due to their toxic metabolic products, bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus have a deadly effect on soil-dwelling ...
Structure of cell envelope components of the primary and secondary forms of Xenorhabdus luminescences. ...
Xenorhabdus luminescens use Photorhabdus. Xenorhabdus nematophila use Xenorhabdus. Xenotransplantation use Transplantation, ...
Xenorhabdus nematophila Xenorhabdus nematophila subsp. nematophila Xenorhabdus nematophilus Xenorhabdus nematophilus ... Xenorhabdus nematophila Narrower Concept UI. M0328884. Registry Number. txid628. Terms. Xenorhabdus nematophila Preferred Term ... Xenorhabdus nematophilus subsp. nematophilus Term UI T000968459. Date09/19/2019. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2021). ... Xenorhabdus nematophila subsp. nematophila Term UI T000968457. Date09/19/2019. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2021). ...
Xenorhabdus nematophila Xenorhabdus nematophila subsp. nematophila Xenorhabdus nematophilus Xenorhabdus nematophilus ... Xenorhabdus nematophila Narrower Concept UI. M0328884. Registry Number. txid628. Terms. Xenorhabdus nematophila Preferred Term ... Xenorhabdus nematophilus subsp. nematophilus Term UI T000968459. Date09/19/2019. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2021). ... Xenorhabdus nematophila subsp. nematophila Term UI T000968457. Date09/19/2019. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2021). ...
carry Xenorhabdus spp. bacteria. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is also available for controlling slugs in Europe, but not in ... and Xenorhabdus spp., which live in entomopathogenic nematodes symbiotically, bacteria gain entry into the insect host through ... and Xenorhabdus. Infection occurs when bacteria are ingested by susceptible insect hosts. Pseudomonas, Serratia and Yersinia ...
Xenorhabdus beddingii (organism) {116137006 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus bovienii (organism) {116138001 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus ... Xenorhabdus innexi (organism) {4371000146102 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus japonica (organism) {116421007 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus ... Xenorhabdus deoxyribonucleic acid Group 2 (organism) {115008000 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus deoxyribonucleic acid Group 3 ( ... organism) {115009008 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus deoxyribonucleic acid Group 4 (organism) {115010003 , SNOMED-CT } Xenorhabdus ...
Characterisation of taxlllaids A-G; natural products from Xenorhabdus indica. Chemistry, 20 (52), 17478-17487. DOI : 10.1002/ ... Draft genome sequence and annotation of the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus szentirmaii strain DSM16338. Genome ... Attenuated virulence and genomic reductive evolution in the entomopathogenic bacterial symbiont species, Xenorhabdus poinarii. ...
Strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Xenorhabdus spp. were grown in lysogeny broth (LB) at 30 °C. Xenorhabdus ... 2001) Xenorhabdus nematophila possesses remnant (xnp1) and int. Posted on January 30, 2018. by admin ... 2001). Xenorhabdus nematophila possesses remnant (xnp1) and intact (xnp2) P2-type prophage (Morales-Soto & Forst, 2011). The ... To date, P2 phage-derived xenorhabdicin has not been characterized in other species of Xenorhabdus. P2-like phage is composed ...
Among competing parasitic insect-killing bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, virulence depended on the ...
Genus Xenorhabdus. *Genus Yersina [XIV]. *Family Pasteurellaceae [III] *Genus Actinobacillus [III]. *Genus Haemophilus [II] ...
Xenorhabdus nematophila; Xenorhabdus; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriales; Gammaproteobacteria; Proteobacteria; Bacteria. ...
  • Although no free-living forms of Xenorhabdus have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tripartite Xenorhabdus-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the non-infestant-stage nematode living in the soil, Xenorhabdus spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematode life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenorhabdus is a unique genus of bacteria, the species (strains) of which are symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematode belonging to the genus Steinernema . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we investigated responses of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave to hosts (Galleria mellonella or Tenebrio molitor) that were previously parasitized with conspecifics or injected with the nematode-symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus sp. (usda.gov)
  • From the two nematode isolates, Xenorhabdus sp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Selected Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus mutant strains were generated applying a chemically inducible promoter in front of the suggested fabclavine ( fcl ) biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC), followed by the analysis of the occurring fabclavines. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Several classes of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of bioactivities (e.g. antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal) are known from different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus strains and are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and the fatty acid synthase (FAS)-related polyketide synthases (PKS) or even hybrids thereof. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Nosopharm is also interested in gaining access to new strains of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus or related bacteria, in compliance with the Nagoya Protocol. (nosopharm.com)
  • Xenorhabdus strains (members of a single species) can display wide variation in host-interaction phenotypes and genetic potential indicating that strains may differ in their encoded symbiosis factors, including secreted metabolites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To discern strain-level variation among symbiosis factors, and facilitate the identification of novel compounds, we performed a comparative analysis of the genomes of 10 Xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was applied to entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus by exchanging the natural promoter of desired BGCs against the L-arabinose inducible PBAD promoter in ∆hfq mutants of the respective strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Xenorhabdus nematophila is the most widely used species in biological control, in association with Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mr. Elenniss's study investigates the vigor of the EPN species Steinernema carpocapsae and its bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila , comparing the virulence of untreated EPN controls with that of EPN treated with varying concentrations of DOT in distilled water, when the EPN are applied to living larvae of the wax moth ( Galleria mellonella ) and a species of darkling beetle ( Tenebrio molitor ). (bugsinthenews.info)
  • The symbionts of all species of Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis examined were members of the genus Xenorhabdus , but they differed in several respects from the description of the genus Xenorhabdus , including the guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyriboneucleic acid and the production of acid from carbohydrates. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Unlike Xenorhabdus nematophila, which is found in only in Steinernema carpocapsae, Xenorhabdus bovienii is associated with several different species of Steinernema. (up.ac.za)
  • In this study, a novel Xenorhabdus species was discovered through genomic studies on three isolates from Kenyan soils. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our goal is to explore, with an industrial partner, the drug discovery potential of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria for human and animal health in any therapeutic indication. (nosopharm.com)
  • Nosopharm is an innovative biotechnology company specialized in exploring the microbial biodiversity of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus to develop new drugs infectious diseases. (nosopharm.com)
  • Due to their toxic metabolic products, bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus have a deadly effect on soil-dwelling insect larvae. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • Scientists recently discovered a new class of peptides called rhabdopeptide/xenortide peptides (RXPs) produced by the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus that are able to kill insect larvae. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • In a second experiment, the bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas and Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 and Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar and Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) at 3.0 x 109 cells/ml were assessed for each treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Em um segundo experimento, a bactéria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas e Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 e Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar e Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) em 3,0 x 109 células/ml foram avaliadas para cada tratamento. (bvsalud.org)
  • During this work, xenocoumacin 1 (XCN 1) and 2 (XCN 2), the major antimicrobial compounds produced by Xenorhabdus nematophila and their corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster were identified and studied in detail. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • and are released into the soil.Xenorhabdus bovienii. (up.ac.za)
  • To continue this successful strategy, new sources for bioactive compounds are required, such as the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus . (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The production of secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties is a common characteristic to entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xenorhabdus bacteria engage in a beneficial symbiosis with Steinernema nematodes, in part by providing activities that help kill and degrade insect hosts for nutrition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenorhabdus bacteria are beneficial symbionts of entomopathogenic (insect-parasitic) Steinernema nematodes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The integrated life cycle of Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematodes comprises alternating environments of the soil and insect hosts infected by the pair (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the soil, Steinernema infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes containing their Xenorhabdus symbionts seek out and invade insect hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NermuÅ¥ J. , Konopická J. , Weijler, Victoria, Půža V. (2023) The use of Phasmarhabditis nematodes and metabolites of Xenorhabdus bacteria in slug control Applied micorobiology and biotechnology in press. (cas.cz)
  • Genetic analysis of xenocoumacin antibiotic production in the mutualistic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. (secondarymetabolites.org)
  • Linear and cyclic peptides from the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophilus. (secondarymetabolites.org)
  • As of this edit, this article uses content from "The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mutualistic association between Xenorhabdus and Steinernema represents an insecticidal complex, active against a large range of insect pests. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Steinernema-Xenorhabdus association is currently sold as a biocontrol agent by private companies, like Biobest, SUMI AGRO, e-nema and Biosafe. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antimicrobial nature of metabolites produced by Xenorhabdus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A study carried out by Furgani G. & Al suggests that the antibiotic compounds produced by Xenorhabdus to preserve the insect cadaver from others bacteria may be used in the aim of controlling mastitis caused by bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • They penetrate the larvae body cavity and release Xenorhabdus spp. (up.ac.za)
  • As a proven source of potent and selective antimicrobials, Xenorhabdus bacteria are important to an age plagued with difficult-to-treat microbial infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Xenorhabdus nematophila is the most widely used species in biological control, in association with Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xenorhabdus nematophila is associated specifically with Steinernema carpocapsae and can be used as a model for studying host specificity. (up.ac.za)
  • Jubelin G, Lanois A, Severac D, Rialle S, Longin C, Gaudriault S, Givaudan A (2013) FliZ Is a Global Regulatory Protein Affecting the Expression of Flagellar and Virulence Genes in Individual Xenorhabdus nematophila Bacterial Cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although no free-living forms of Xenorhabdus have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xenorhabdus, like Photorhabdus bacteria, has a striking feature of phase variation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study carried out by Furgani G. & Al suggests that the antibiotic compounds produced by Xenorhabdus to preserve the insect cadaver from others bacteria may be used in the aim of controlling mastitis caused by bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are symbiotic bacteria of the entomopathogenic nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis . (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • Control of Individual Colonies of Red Imported Fire Ants with a Drench of the Bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. (tamu.edu)
  • She and her student Il-Hwan Kim were studying bacteria called Xenorhabdus budapestensis , which lives inside the tiny roundworms called nematodes. (ijpr.org)
  • To see if Xenorhabdus could fill that void, Paskewitz and her collaborator Mayur Kajla first had to isolate the potential repellent from everything else the bacteria produces. (ijpr.org)
  • 12. Characterization of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FT-IR/ATR). (nih.gov)
  • Due to their toxic metabolic products, bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus have a deadly effect on soil-dwelling insect larvae. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Among competing parasitic insect-killing bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, virulence depended on the relative potency of the antimicrobial toxins (bacteriocins) produced by the two strains involved. (parrot.org)
  • Two different kinds of symbiotic bacteria in the genus, Photorhabdus ( Table 3 ) and Xenorhabdus ( Table 4 ) are symbiotically associated with the species specific infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (bugsforgrowers.com)
  • Species of both Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are motile gram-negative bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and also exist in two main phenotypic forms (phase I and II), a phenomenon known as phase variation (Han and Ehlers, 2001). (bugsforgrowers.com)
  • Our R&D programs are based on our unique expertise in the exploitation of the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus . (nosopharm.com)
  • Nosopharm is the only biotech company to explore the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus for anti-infective applications. (nosopharm.com)
  • As explained on Nosopharm's website, "Nosopharm has designed and developed an innovative anti-infective drug discovery platform based on the medicinal mining of an original microbial bioresource: the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus … Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are Gamma-proteobacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • The tripartite Xenorhabdus-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of this edit, this article uses content from "The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mutualistic association between Xenorhabdus and Steinernema represents an insecticidal complex, active against a large range of insect pests. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to Paskewitz, Lan wanted to crack Xenorhabdus' insecticidal code in hopes that it might lead to a novel mosquito killer. (ijpr.org)
  • The new juveniles reassociate with Xenorhabdus spp. (up.ac.za)
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the Xenorhabdus indica "strain AB" have been shown to have significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Kajla explains that since we don't yet know whether this substance is toxic, scientists can't just slather a subject's arm in Xenorhabdus , stick it into a swarm of mosquitoes and see if they bite. (ijpr.org)