Xerophthalmia
Vitamin A Deficiency
Night Blindness
Indonesia
Corneal Opacity
Vitamin A
Nepal
Philippines
Sjogren's Syndrome
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of homoeopathic 'proving' for Belladonna C30. (1/123)
Homoeopathic drug pictures are developed by recording the symptomatic effects of homoeopathic remedies given to healthy volunteers (a 'proving'). In a double-blind randomized controlled trial we tested the hypothesis that individuals using an infinitesimal dilution of Belladonna (thirtieth potency, C30) would record more true symptoms, on a questionnaire that contained both true and false Belladonna proving symptoms, than those receiving placebo. 60 volunteers entered the study and 47 completed data collection. We were unable to distinguish between Belladonna C30 and placebo using our primary outcome measure. For the secondary outcome measure we analysed the number of individuals who proved to the remedy according to our predefined criteria: 4 out of 19 proved in the Belladonna C30 group and 1 out of 27 in the placebo group (difference not statistically significant). This pilot study does not demonstrate a clear proving reaction for Belladonna C30 versus placebo, but indicates how the question might be further investigated. (+info)Parasympathetic failure does not contribute to ocular dryness in primary Sjogren's syndrome. (2/123)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular function in primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and to investigate the possible relation with ocular dryness. METHODS: 41 (40 women) patients with primary SS, mean age 50 years (range 20-80) with a mean disease duration of eight years (range 1-30), were studied. In each patient direct arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiration were measured continuously for two hours. The function of the autonomic circulatory regulation was evaluated by measuring the heart rate response to deep breathing (6 cycles/min) and by means of the Valsalva manoeuvre and the responses of BP, HR and plasma noradrenaline (norepinephrine) concentrations to a 10 minute 60 degree head up tilt test. Pupillography was done to evaluate ocular autonomic function. RESULTS: The HR-Valsalva ratio was abnormal in 24% of the patients, and the HR variability during forced respiration was abnormal in 56% of the patients. The HR responses to both the Valsalva manoeuvre and deep breathing, as indicators of parasympathetic function, were abnormally low in 6 of 41 (15%) patients. In only two patients the decrease in systolic BP in response to the head up tilt test, as indicator of sympathetic function, was more than 20 mm Hg. However, increment of plasma noradrenaline concentration during head up tilt test and the overshoot of BP in phase IV of the Valsalva manoeuvre, as indicators of sympathetic function, were normal in both patients. Thus, no evidence for sympathetic dysfunction was found, whereas evidence for parasympathetic failure occurred sometimes. Autonomic pupillary function in patients with primary SS and healthy controls, as well as the Schirmer test in patients with or without evidence for parasympathetic dysfunction as based on the results of the Valsalva and deep breathing tests, were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Parasympathetic, but not sympathetic dysfunction seems to occur in a subgroup of primary SS. Results show that this does not necessarily contribute to the typical ocular dryness in this condition. (+info)Xerophthalmia and blindness in Northeast Brazil. (3/123)
Dietary and biochemical data have indicated that hypovitaminosis A is a public health problem in Northeast Brazil. However, there are few reports regarding clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A. Therefore, an epidemiological study was designed to study this problem. The study as done was primarily a review of hospital records of xerophthalmia in each state with attention paid to other nutrition factors. It was found that xerophthalmia is a problem in Northeast Brazil and a cause of blindness in certain areas. However, the number varied greatly from some states to others. Around 1,000 preschool-age children were recorded as blind from vitamin A deficiency in a 1-year period. It was also noted that the peak incidence of xerophthalmia and blindness was around 1 year of age. The government of Brazil is taking urgent measures to combat this deficiency with such measures as the supplementation of sugar with vitamin A and the distribution of massive doses of vitamin A. (+info)GVHD dry eyes treated with autologous serum tears. (4/123)
Two cases of GVHD with severe dry eyes are reported where conventional therapy failed to control ocular signs and symptoms. Autologous serum tears, however, resulted in a beneficial clinical effect with marked attenuation of the symptoms. This therapy proved to be safe during 10 months of treatment. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000). (+info)Hyporetinolemia and acute phase proteins in children with and without xerophthalmia. (5/123)
BACKGROUND: The relations among hyporetinolemia, acute phase proteins, and vitamin A status in children are unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the relations between acute phase proteins and plasma retinol concentrations in children with and without clinical vitamin A deficiency (Bitot spots and night blindness). DESIGN: The study was a nonconcurrent analysis of acute phase protein concentrations and other data from a previous clinical trial. Preschool children, 3-6 y of age, with (n = 118) and without (n = 118) xerophthalmia were assigned to receive oral vitamin A (60 mg retinol equivalent) or placebo and were seen at 5 wk. All children received oral vitamin A (60 mg retinol equivalent) at 5 wk. RESULTS: At baseline, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was elevated in 42.9% and 23.5% (P < 0.003) and C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in 17.7% and 13.7% (NS) of children with and without xerophthalmia, respectively. Hyporetinolemia (retinol < 0.7 micromol/L) occurred in 61.0% and 47.4% (P < 0.04) of children with and without xerophthalmia, respectively. A history of fever, a history of cough, and nasal discharge noted on examination were each associated with elevated acute phase proteins. Vitamin A supplementation increased plasma retinol at 5 wk but had no significant effect on concentrations of acute phase proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated acute phase protein concentrations and infectious disease morbidity are closely associated during vitamin A deficiency. (+info)Sonography of lacrimal glands in Sjogren syndrome. (6/123)
This study evaluates the potential role of high resolution sonography and color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of the lacrimal glands in Sjogren syndrome. We examined 15 women (age range, 52-73 years) affected by Sjogren syndrome and 15 women with no history and signs of lacrimal disease (age range, 47-75 years). The lacrimal glands were visualized bilaterally in 6 of 15 patients. The lacrimal artery was detectable in all patients; the resistive index was higher than normal (0.72+/-0.04). An abnormal Schirmer test was present in six of six patients with visible glands and in two of nine patients with invisible glands; xerophthalmia was present in six of six patients with visible glands and in four of nine patients with invisible glands; high levels of serum immunoglobulins were present in six of six patients with visible glands and in three of nine patients with invisible glands. Sonography is able to provide noninvasively much of the information needed by the clinician. (+info)Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) after radioiodine therapy. (7/123)
Salivary gland dysfunction has been described in patients undergoing radioiodine therapy but associated lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) has never been reported. We conducted a prospective cohort study with follow-up for up to 3 y in a tertiary care university center to determine the prevalence of sicca syndrome in patients after high-dose radioiodine treatment. METHODS: From January 1990 to December 1995, all patients undergoing radioiodine therapy (n = 79) with a standard dose of 925 MBq to 18.5 GBq (25-500 mCi) were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire to determine subjective ocular and oral dryness and were examined for objective lacrimal and salivary gland dysfunction. RESULTS: After radioiodine treatment, 32.9% of the patients reported subjective xerostomia and 25.3% reported subjective xerophthalmia in the first year of follow-up. Xerostomia persisted to the second year of follow-up in 20.3% of cases and was still present >3 y after the last dose of radioiodine in 15.2% of cases. Xerophthalmia persisted to the second year of follow-up in 17.7% of cases and was still present in the third year of follow-up in 13.9% of cases. Severe xerostomia occurred in 4 patients. Reduced salivary and lacrimal gland function was documented in 40 (50.6%) and 14 (17.7%) of the 79 cases, respectively, in the first year of follow-up. Objective xerostomia persisted in 13.9% of cases to the second year of follow-up and was still present in all patients >3 y after the last radioiodine application. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca persisted in 11 patients (13.9%) to the second year of follow-up but was only present in 6 patients (7.6%) >3 y after the last radioiodine application. Additionally, 28/79 patients (35.4%) who had a normal salivary gland scintigraphy previously showed reduced salivary gland function in the third year of follow-up. No significant dependence on cumulative treatment was found for objective xerostomia or xerophthalmia, but doses >11.1 GBq (300 mCi) were related to stage 3 dysfunction on salivary gland scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) is relatively frequent after radioiodine therapy. In most cases this is a transient side effect, but in some patients it may persist for a long period or appear late. (+info)Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6-9 years in Wukro, northern Ethiopia. (8/123)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6-9 years in northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out and the data were analysed for 824 (61.5%) of 1339 eligible children for whom there was complete information on biochemical vitamin A status, dietary vitamin A intake, ocular examination for xerophthalmia, and anthropometry. FINDINGS: The prevalence of xerophthalmia was 5.8%; serum retinol levels were below 0.35 mumol/l and between 0.35 and 0.70 mumol/l in 8.4% and 51.1% of the children respectively. The liver vitamin A reserve (modified relative dose response ratio > or = 0.06) was low in 41.0% of the children. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of severe vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6-9 years indicates the need to reevaluate the practice of targeting vitamin A supplementation programmes on children under 6 years of age in areas where vitamin A deficiency is endemic. (+info)Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. It can lead to eye damage, including night blindness (nyctalopia) and, if left untreated, potentially irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is often associated with malnutrition and affects children in low-income countries disproportionately.
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a condition that occurs when there is a lack of vitamin A in the diet. This essential fat-soluble vitamin plays crucial roles in vision, growth, cell division, reproduction, and immune system regulation.
In its severe form, VAD leads to xerophthalmia, which includes night blindness (nyctalopia) and keratomalacia - a sight-threatening condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, with eventual ulceration and perforation. Other symptoms of VAD may include Bitot's spots (foamy, triangular, white spots on the conjunctiva), follicular hyperkeratosis (goose bump-like bumps on the skin), and increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired immune function.
Vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent in developing countries where diets are often low in animal source foods and high in plant-based foods with low bioavailability of vitamin A. It primarily affects children aged 6 months to 5 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Prevention strategies include dietary diversification, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is a visual impairment characterized by the inability to see well in low light or darkness. It's not an eye condition itself but rather a symptom of various underlying eye disorders, most commonly vitamin A deficiency and retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa.
In a healthy eye, a molecule called rhodopsin is present in the rods (special light-sensitive cells in our eyes responsible for vision in low light conditions). This rhodopsin requires sufficient amounts of vitamin A to function properly. When there's a deficiency of vitamin A or damage to the rods, the ability to see in dim light gets affected, leading to night blindness.
People with night blindness often have difficulty adjusting to changes in light levels, such as when entering a dark room from bright sunlight. They may also experience trouble seeing stars at night, driving at dusk or dawn, and navigating in poorly lit areas. If you suspect night blindness, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indonesia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
Corneal opacity refers to a condition in which the cornea, the clear front part of the eye, becomes cloudy or opaque. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, degenerative changes, or inherited disorders. As a result, light is not properly refracted and vision becomes blurred or distorted. In some cases, corneal opacity can lead to complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, corneal transplantation, or other surgical procedures.
Medical Definition of Vitamin A:
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is also an antioxidant that helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin A can be found in two main forms: preformed vitamin A, which is found in animal products such as dairy, fish, and meat, particularly liver; and provitamin A carotenoids, which are found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, and vegetable oils.
The most active form of vitamin A is retinoic acid, which plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections. Chronic vitamin A toxicity can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, coma, and even death.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nepal" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South Asia, between China and India. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philippines" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, comprised of over 7,000 islands. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.
There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.
Xerophthalmia
Xerostomia
Keratomalacia
Vitamin A
Vitamin A deficiency
Dry eye syndrome
First 1000 days
Antoinette Pirie
HIV salivary gland disease
Lafayette Mendel
Visual impairment
Alfred Sommer
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
Retinol
Health in Bangladesh
Sjögren syndrome
List of medical textbooks
Transgene
Radiation therapy
Joanne Katz
Corneal opacity
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
Eye disease
Golden rice
Nyctalopia
List of childhood diseases and disorders
Rice
List of diseases (X)
List of adverse effects of nilotinib
Retinoic acid
Xerophthalmia - Wikipedia
Xerophthalmia Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Treatment of xerophthalmia with retinol, tretinoin, and etretinate
Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia - Medicine Learners
xerophthalmia Archives - Beranisehat
CME Activity | Xerophthalmia | MDs & PAs
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Parotid Duct Transposition in Xerophthalmia: Report of a Case | JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery | JAMA Network
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Xerostomia4
- Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth) are the main clinical presentations in adults. (medscape.com)
- 1 2 It usually presents as an isolated glandular disease affecting exocrine glands, typically manifested with xerostomia and xerophthalmia. (bmj.com)
- Some of the first noticeable symptoms are dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary glands being attacked and dry eyes (xerophthalmia) due to lacrimal glands being attacked. (ipl.org)
- Sjögren syndrome is often characterized by xerostomia and xerophthalmia-type symptoms. (medscape.com)
Cause of preventable2
- Throughout southeast Asia, estimates are that more than half of children under the age of six years have subclinical vitamin A deficiency and night blindness, with progression to xerophthalmia being the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness. (wikipedia.org)
- Xerophthalmia is a leading cause of preventable blindness and childhood blindness. (statpearls.com)
Keratomalacia1
- The World Health Organization classifies xerophthalmia into the following stages: XN-Night blindness X1A-Conjunctival xerosis X1B-Bitot spots X2-Corneal xerosis X3A-Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia, involving less than one-third of the cornea X3B-Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia, involving more than one-third of the cornea XS-Corneal scar due to xerophthalmia XF-Xerophthalmic fundus Prophylaxis consists of periodic administration of vitamin A supplements. (wikipedia.org)
Childhood blindness1
- For this reason, xerophthalmia is also known as childhood blindness. (medicinelearners.com)
Dryness2
- Xerophthalmia caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency is described by pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. (wikipedia.org)
- Xerophthalmia usually implies a destructive dryness of the conjunctival epithelium due to dietary vitamin A deficiency-a rare condition in developed countries, but still causing much damage in developing countries. (wikipedia.org)
Prevalence2
Symptoms2
- The symptoms of xerophthalmia depend on the primary cause in the individual case. (medicinelearners.com)
- In many cases, the symptoms of xerophthalmia are not particularly clear, so that early diagnosis and treatment of this disease cannot be initiated. (medicinelearners.com)
Corneal1
- If untreated, xerophthalmia can lead to dry eye syndrome, corneal ulceration, and ultimately to blindness as a result of corneal and retinal damage. (wikipedia.org)
Hypovitaminosis1
- Xerophthalmia from hypovitaminosis A is specifically due to lack of the hormone-like vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid, since (along with certain growth-stunting effects) the condition can be reversed in vitamin A deficient rats by retinoic acid supplementation (however the retinal damage continues). (wikipedia.org)
Onset2
- Radioiodine therapy can also induce xerophthalmia, often transiently, although in some patients late onset or persistent xerophthalmia has been observed. (wikipedia.org)
- The onset of xerophthalmia can therefore manifest itself in the form of night blindness in the context of vitamin A deficiency. (medicinelearners.com)
Persistent1
- In developing countries, conjunctival respiratory infection, persistent diarrhoea, impression cytology (CIC) is considered anaemia, mild xerophthalmia, otitis media most appropriate for the diagnosis of VAD and mild anthropometric deficit. (who.int)
Deficiency6
- Recent Examples on the Web While rare, a true deficiency of vitamin A can lead to a condition called xerophthalmia , which can damage normal vision and result in night blindness-the inability to see in the dark or low light. (merriam-webster.com)
- Topical retinol, tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) and etretinate (a synthetic retinoid) were used in rabbits to treat experimental xerophthalmia due to vitamin A deficiency. (nih.gov)
- In xerophthalmia from causes other than vitamin deficiency, there is no photosensitive pigment deficiency. (medicinelearners.com)
- These results suggest a properly elicited history of nightblindness can be almost as specific and far more sensitive an index of vitamin A deficiency and early xerophthalmia than the presence of Bitot's spots (X1B), and that vitamin A deficiency is a clustered, neighborhood phenomenon rather than an isolated, sporadic occurrence. (johnshopkins.edu)
- However, vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia and the dry eyes related to the condition. (clevelandclinic.org)
- It is consumed to avoid any kind of deficiency, especially those who suffer from xerophthalmia should ingest Vitamin A-1. (articlecube.com)
Inflammation1
- Xerophthalmia is a serious condition of extreme drying and thickening of the conjunctiva following chronic inflammation and failure to make tears, characterized by hazy, dry cornea. (glutenfreeworks.com)
Syndrome1
- Mempertajam penglihatan, mencegah buta senja dan xerophthalmia (dry eye syndrome). (dinomarket.com)
Retinol1
- 40% of urban inhabitants received adequate laboratories in the large cities, it can be ex- daily vitamin A. In southern and western pensive, particularly during the hot months provinces, clinical manifestations of VAD when transportation is an issue (retinol is were Bitot spots and xerophthalmia. (who.int)
Describe2
- Describe the typical presentation of a patient with xerophthalmia. (statpearls.com)
- Describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication regarding the prevention, evaluation, and management of xerophthalmia. (statpearls.com)
Lack1
- The damage to the cornea in vitamin A associated xerophthalmia is quite different from damage to the retina at the back of the globe, a type of damage which can also be due to lack of vitamin A, but which is caused by lack of other forms of vitamin A which work in the visual system. (wikipedia.org)
Severe1
- This is the suffering that patients with a severe dry eye condition called xerophthalmia often endure. (wustl.edu)
Diagnosis1
- The diagnosis of xerophthalmia is primarily based on anamnestic and visual diagnostics. (medicinelearners.com)
Eyes1
- When it impacts the eyes, it is called xerophthalmia . (allaboutvision.com)
Https2
- Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/xerophthalmia. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2019 ( https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/UNICEF-WHOlowbirthweight-estimates-2019/en/ ). (who.int)
Definition2
- This phenomenon is to be distinguished from xerophthalmia in the narrower definition, although in the literature any type of dry eye is sometimes referred to as xerophthalmia. (medicinelearners.com)
- In the broader definition, xerophthalmia can also be caused by incomplete eyelid closure in the sense of lagophthalmos, although not all of the changes described occur. (medicinelearners.com)
Treatment1
- THE treatment of xerophthalmia has posed a difficult problem of management for the ophthalmologist. (jamanetwork.com)
Patients1
- The prognosis for patients with xerophthalmia depends on the primary cause and its treatability. (medicinelearners.com)
Specific2
- Explain the specific laboratory workup for xerophthalmia. (statpearls.com)
- Age specific xerophthalmia rates among displaced Ethiopians. (bmj.com)
Affect2
- A foreign body sensation also occurs in the eye due to xerophthalmia and can negatively affect the eyesight of those affected. (medicinelearners.com)
- Keratoconjunctivitis and xerophthalmia both affect the same parts of your eye - your cornea and your conjunctiva. (clevelandclinic.org)
Management1
- This activity reviews the evaluation and management of xerophthalmia and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the recognition and management of this condition. (statpearls.com)
Disease1
- A disease affecting both the cornea and the conjunctiva is xerophthalmia. (medicinelearners.com)