A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.
The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.
Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.
An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.
Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
Proteins that cotransport sodium ions and bicarbonate ions across cellular membranes.
Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A hereditary or acquired form of generalized dysfunction of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE without primary involvement of the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS. It is usually characterized by the tubular wasting of nutrients and salts (GLUCOSE; AMINO ACIDS; PHOSPHATES; and BICARBONATES) resulting in HYPOKALEMIA; ACIDOSIS; HYPERCALCIURIA; and PROTEINURIA.
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.
The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Glutaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia, playing a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism and amino acid homeostasis within various tissues and cells, including the brain, kidney, and immune cells.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains two CHLORINE atoms attached to its methyl group.
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

Metabolic acidosis-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat. (1/1411)

PURPOSE: Carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced retinopathy (CDIR) in the neonatal rat, analogous to human retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), was previously described by our group. In this model, it is possible that CO2-associated acidosis provides a biochemical mechanism for CDIR. Therefore, the effect of pure metabolic acidosis on the developing retinal vasculature of the neonatal rat was investigated. METHODS: A preliminary study of arterial blood pH was performed to confirm acidosis in our model. In neonatal rats with preplaced left carotid artery catheters, acute blood gas samples were taken 1 to 24 hours after gavage with either NH4Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight or saline. In the subsequent formal retinopathy study, 150 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in litters of 25 and randomly assigned to be gavaged twice daily with either NH4Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight (n = 75) or saline (n = 75) from day 2 to day 7. After 5 days of recovery, rats were killed, and retinal vasculature was assessed using fluorescein perfusion and ADPase staining techniques. RESULTS: In the preliminary pH study, the minimum pH after NH4Cl gavage was 7.10+/-0.10 at 3 hours (versus 7.37+/-0.03 in controls, mean +/- SD, P < 0.01). In the formal retinopathy study, preretinal neovascularization occurred in 36% of acidotic rats versus 5% of controls (P < 0.001). Acidotic rats showed growth retardation (final weight 16.5+/-3.0 g versus 20.2+/-2.6 g, P < 0.001). The ratio of vascularized to total retinal area was smaller in acidotic rats (94%+/-4% versus 96%+/-2%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic acidosis alone induces neovascularization similar to ROP in the neonatal rat. This suggests a possible biochemical mechanism by which high levels of CO2 induce neovascularization and supports the suggestion that acidosis may be an independent risk factor for ROP.  (+info)

Arteriovenous differences for amino acids and lactate across kidneys of normal and acidotic rats. (2/1411)

1. Arteriovenous differences fro amino acids across kidneys of normal and chronically acidotic rats were measured. Glutamine was the only amino acid extracted in increased amounts in acidosis. There was a considerable production of serine by kidneys from both normal and acidotic rats. 2. The arterial blood concentration of glutamine was significantly decreased in acidotic animals. 3. The glutamine extracted by kidneys of acidotic rats was largely and probably exclusively derived from the plasma. 4. The blood lactate concentration was unchanged in acidosis, as was the uptake of lactate by the kidney.  (+info)

Abnormal ductus venosus blood flow: a clue to umbilical cord complication. (3/1411)

We report a case of umbilical cord complication causing, fetal hypoxemia and acidemia. At 30 weeks of gestation, the patient was referred because of slightly increased amniotic fluid volume and a non-reactive cardiotocogram. Biometry was appropriate for gestational age. Umbilical artery and fetal aortic Doppler findings were normal, whereas diastolic blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were increased and the ductus venosus showed severely abnormal flow velocity waveforms with reversal of flow during atrial contraction. Since other reasons for fetal hypoxemia could be excluded, careful examination of the umbilical cord was performed. Traction of the hypercoiled umbilical cord due to its course around the fetal neck and shoulders was suspected. Cesarean section confirmed the sonographic findings and fetal blood gases revealed fetal acidemia. This case indicates that investigation of fetal venous blood flow may also help to identify fetal jeopardy due to reasons other than increased placental vascular resistance.  (+info)

Epidural analgesia with bupivacaine does not improve splanchnic tissue perfusion after aortic reconstruction surgery. (4/1411)

Inadequate splanchnic tissue perfusion is relatively common during and after aortic surgery. We hypothesized that vasodilation caused by thoracic epidural analgesia improves splanchnic blood flow and tissue perfusion after aortic surgery. In this prospective, randomized, controlled study, we studied 20 patients undergoing elective aortic-femoral or aortic-iliac reconstruction surgery. Gastric and sigmoid colon mucosal PCO2 and pH were measured during surgery. An epidural bolus of bupivacaine 40 mg followed by infusion of 15 mg h-1 was started after operation in 10 patients. After operation, splanchnic blood flow and gastric and sigmoid colon mucosal PCO2 and pH were measured before and 2 h after the start of epidural analgesia. During surgery, the gastric mucosal-arterial PCO2 difference remained stable, whereas the sigmoid mucosal-arterial PCO2 difference increased during aortic clamping but returned to pre-clamping values after declamping. After operation, epidural analgesia had no effect on gastric or sigmoid mucosal-arterial PCO2 differences or on splanchnic blood flow.  (+info)

Temporal differences in actions of calcium channel blockers on K+ accumulation, cardiac function, and high-energy phosphate levels in ischemic guinea pig hearts. (5/1411)

We investigated temporal differences in the protective action of three types of Ca2+ channel blockers in myocardial ischemia, focusing particularly on the blocking ability under depolarizing conditions. The effects of diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine on extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]e), acidosis, and level of metabolic markers were examined during 30-min global ischemia and postischemic left ventricular (LV) function in isolated guinea pig hearts. Diltiazem and verapamil, but not nifedipine, inhibited the late phase (15-30 min) of [K+]e elevation, whereas all three blockers delayed the onset of the early phase (0-8 min) of [K+]e elevation. Diltiazem and verapamil inhibited ischemic contracture and improved postischemic LV function to a greater extent. These differences appeared to be linked to preservation of ATP and creatine phosphate and delay of cessation of anaerobic glycolytic activity. Maneuvers to preserve energy sources during ischemia (decrease in external Ca2+ concentration or pacing at a lower frequency) attenuated the late phase of [K+]e elevation. Inhibition of LV pressure was potentiated 12- and 8.2-fold by diltiazem and verapamil, respectively, at 8.9 mM K+ as compared with 2.9 mM K+, whereas that by nifedipine was unchanged. These results indicate that the differential cardioprotection of Ca2+ channel blockers in the late period of ischemia correlates with preservation of high-energy phosphates as a result of different Ca2+ channel blocking abilities under high [K+]e conditions.  (+info)

Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. (6/1411)

BACKGROUND: Changes in acid-base balance caused by infusion of a 0.9% saline solution during anesthesia and surgery are poorly characterized. Therefore, the authors evaluated these phenomena in a dose-response study. METHODS: Two groups of 12 patients each who were undergoing major intraabdominal gynecologic surgery were assigned randomly to receive 0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's solution in a dosage of 30 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1). The pH, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, and total protein were measured in 30-min intervals. The serum bicarbonate concentration was calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and also using the Stewart approach from the strong ion difference and the amount of weak plasma acid. The strong ion difference was calculated as serum sodium + serum potassium - serum chloride - serum lactate. The amount of weak plasma acid was calculated as the serum total protein concentration in g/dl x 2.43. RESULTS: Infusion of 0.9% saline, but not lactated Ringer's solution, caused a metabolic acidosis with hyperchloremia and a concomitant decrease in the strong ion difference. Calculating the serum bicarbonate concentration using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation or the Stewart approach produced equivalent results. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of approximately 30 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1) saline during anesthesia and surgery inevitably leads to metabolic acidosis, which is not observed after administration of lactated Ringer's solution. The acidosis is associated with hyperchloremia.  (+info)

Evaluation of signals activating ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis in a model of muscle wasting. (7/1411)

The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system is stimulated in conditions causing muscle atrophy. Signals initiating this response in these conditions are unknown, although glucocorticoids are required but insufficient to stimulate muscle proteolysis in starvation, acidosis, and sepsis. To identify signals that activate this system, we studied acutely diabetic rats that had metabolic acidosis and increased corticosterone production. Protein degradation was increased 52% (P < 0.05), and mRNA levels encoding ubiquitin-proteasome system components, including the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k, were higher (transcription of the ubiquitin and proteasome subunit C3 genes in muscle was increased by nuclear run-off assay). In diabetic rats, prevention of acidemia by oral NaHCO3 did not eliminate muscle proteolysis. Adrenalectomy blocked accelerated proteolysis and the rise in pathway mRNAs; both responses were restored by administration of a physiological dose of glucocorticoids to adrenalectomized, diabetic rats. Finally, treating diabetic rats with insulin for >/=24 h reversed muscle proteolysis and returned pathway mRNAs to control levels. Thus acidification is not necessary for these responses, but glucocorticoids and a low insulin level in tandem activate the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system.  (+info)

Changes in intracellular Na+ and pH in rat heart during ischemia: role of Na+/H+ exchanger. (8/1411)

The role of the Na+/H+ exchanger in rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion was investigated by measurements of intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) and intracellular and extracellular pH. Under our standard conditions (2-Hz stimulation), 10 min of ischemia caused no significant rise in [Na+]i but an acidosis of 1.0 pH unit, suggesting that the Na+/H+ exchanger was inactive during ischemia. This was confirmed by showing that the Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor methylisobutyl amiloride (MIA) had no effect on [Na+]i or on intracellular pH during ischemia. However, there was a short-lived increase in [Na+]i of 8.2 +/- 0.6 mM on reperfusion, which was reduced by MIA, showing that the Na+/H+ exchanger became active on reperfusion. To investigate the role of metabolic changes, we measured [Na+]i during anoxia. The [Na+]i did not change during 10 min of anoxia, but there was a small, transient rise of [Na+]i on reoxygenation, which was inhibited by MIA. In addition, we show that the Na+/H+ exchanger, tested by sodium lactate exposure, was inhibited during anoxia. These results show that the Na+/H+ exchanger is inhibited during ischemia and anoxia, probably by an intracellular metabolic mechanism. The exchanger activates rapidly on reperfusion and can cause a rapid rise in [Na+]i.  (+info)

Acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess accumulation of acid in the body or when the body loses its ability to effectively regulate the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range of the blood is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH falls below 7.35, it is called acidosis.

Acidosis can be caused by various factors, including impaired kidney function, respiratory problems, diabetes, severe dehydration, alcoholism, and certain medications or toxins. There are two main types of acidosis: metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or is unable to eliminate it effectively. This can be caused by conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney failure, and ingestion of certain toxins.

Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an accumulation of acid. This can be caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sedative overdose.

Symptoms of acidosis may include fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, headache, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment for acidosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and dialysis.

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excess accumulation of lactic acid in the body. Lactic acid is a byproduct produced in the muscles and other tissues during periods of low oxygen supply or increased energy demand. Under normal circumstances, lactic acid is quickly metabolized and cleared from the body. However, when the production of lactic acid exceeds its clearance, it can lead to a state of acidosis, where the pH of the blood becomes too acidic.

Lactic acidosis can be caused by several factors, including:

* Prolonged exercise or strenuous physical activity
* Severe illness or infection
* Certain medications, such as metformin and isoniazid
* Alcoholism
* Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) due to lung disease, heart failure, or anemia
* Inherited metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to metabolize lactic acid

Symptoms of lactic acidosis may include rapid breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Severe cases can lead to coma, organ failure, and even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and providing supportive care, such as administering intravenous fluids and bicarbonate to help restore normal pH levels.

Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lungs are not able to remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body, leading to an increase in the amount of CO2 in the bloodstream and a decrease in the pH of the blood. This can happen due to various reasons such as chronic lung diseases like emphysema or COPD, severe asthma attacks, neuromuscular disorders that affect breathing, or when someone is not breathing deeply or frequently enough, such as during sleep apnea or drug overdose.

Respiratory acidosis can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, coma and even death. Treatment for respiratory acidosis depends on the underlying cause but may include oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, or mechanical ventilation to help support breathing.

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to properly excrete acid into the urine, leading to an accumulation of acid in the bloodstream. This results in a state of metabolic acidosis.

There are several types of RTA, but renal tubular acidosis type 1 (also known as distal RTA) is characterized by a defect in the ability of the distal tubules to acidify the urine, leading to an inability to lower the pH of the urine below 5.5, even in the face of metabolic acidosis. This results in a persistently alkaline urine, which can lead to calcium phosphate stones and bone demineralization.

Type 1 RTA is often caused by inherited genetic defects, but it can also be acquired due to various kidney diseases, drugs, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of type 1 RTA may include fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, decreased appetite, and vomiting. Treatment typically involves alkali therapy to correct the acidosis and prevent complications.

Acid-base equilibrium refers to the balance between the concentration of acids and bases in a solution, which determines its pH level. In a healthy human body, maintaining acid-base equilibrium is crucial for proper cellular function and homeostasis.

The balance is maintained by several buffering systems in the body, including the bicarbonate buffer system, which helps to regulate the pH of blood. This system involves the reaction between carbonic acid (a weak acid) and bicarbonate ions (a base) to form water and carbon dioxide.

The balance between acids and bases is carefully regulated by the body's respiratory and renal systems. The lungs control the elimination of carbon dioxide, a weak acid, through exhalation, while the kidneys regulate the excretion of hydrogen ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.

When the balance between acids and bases is disrupted, it can lead to acid-base disorders such as acidosis (excessive acidity) or alkalosis (excessive basicity). These conditions can have serious consequences on various organ systems if left untreated.

Bicarbonates, also known as sodium bicarbonate or baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. In the context of medical definitions, bicarbonates refer to the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), which is an important buffer in the body that helps maintain normal pH levels in blood and other bodily fluids.

The balance of bicarbonate and carbonic acid in the body helps regulate the acidity or alkalinity of the blood, a condition known as pH balance. Bicarbonates are produced by the body and are also found in some foods and drinking water. They work to neutralize excess acid in the body and help maintain the normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45.

In medical testing, bicarbonate levels may be measured as part of an electrolyte panel or as a component of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Low bicarbonate levels can indicate metabolic acidosis, while high levels can indicate metabolic alkalosis. Both conditions can have serious consequences if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste and is commonly used in cooking as a leavening agent.

In a medical context, sodium bicarbonate is used as a medication to treat conditions caused by high levels of acid in the body, such as metabolic acidosis. It works by neutralizing the acid and turning it into a harmless salt and water. Sodium bicarbonate can be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity of the condition being treated.

It is important to note that sodium bicarbonate should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly. These may include fluid buildup in the body, electrolyte imbalances, and an increased risk of infection.

Alkalosis is a medical condition that refers to an excess of bases or a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood, leading to a higher than normal pH level. The normal range for blood pH is typically between 7.35 and 7.45. A pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis.

Alkalosis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Metabolic alkalosis: This type of alkalosis occurs due to an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the body, which can result from conditions such as excessive vomiting, hyperventilation, or the use of certain medications like diuretics.
2. Respiratory alkalosis: This form of alkalosis is caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood due to hyperventilation or other conditions that affect breathing, such as high altitude, anxiety, or lung disease.

Symptoms of alkalosis can vary depending on its severity and underlying cause. Mild alkalosis may not produce any noticeable symptoms, while severe cases can lead to muscle twitching, cramps, tremors, confusion, and even seizures. Treatment for alkalosis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring the body's normal pH balance through medications or other interventions as necessary.

Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and can be produced by combining ammonia (NH3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ammonium chloride is commonly used as a source of hydrogen ions in chemical reactions, and it has a variety of industrial and medical applications.

In the medical field, ammonium chloride is sometimes used as a expectorant to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to cough up and clear from the lungs. It may also be used to treat conditions such as metabolic alkalosis, a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body that can lead to symptoms such as confusion, muscle twitching, and irregular heartbeat.

However, it is important to note that ammonium chloride can have side effects, including stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and should not be taken in large amounts or for extended periods of time without medical supervision.

Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a rare inherited mitochondrial disorder that affects the body's energy production mechanisms. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including recurrent headaches, vomiting, seizures, vision loss, hearing impairment, muscle weakness, and stroke-like episodes affecting primarily young adults.

The condition is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), most commonly the A3243G point mutation in the MT-TL1 gene. The symptoms of MELAS syndrome can vary widely among affected individuals, even within the same family, due to the complex inheritance pattern of mtDNA.

MELAS syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and genetic testing. Treatment is supportive and aimed at managing individual symptoms as they arise.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

An acid-base imbalance refers to a disturbance in the normal balance of acids and bases in the body, which can lead to serious health consequences. The body maintains a delicate balance between acids and bases, which is measured by the pH level of the blood. The normal range for blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45, with a pH below 7.35 considered acidic and a pH above 7.45 considered basic or alkaline.

Acid-base imbalances can occur due to various factors such as lung or kidney disease, diabetes, severe infections, certain medications, and exposure to toxins. The two main types of acid-base imbalances are acidosis (excess acid in the body) and alkalosis (excess base in the body).

Acidosis can be further classified into respiratory acidosis (caused by impaired lung function or breathing difficulties) and metabolic acidosis (caused by an accumulation of acid in the body due to impaired kidney function, diabetes, or other conditions).

Alkalosis can also be classified into respiratory alkalosis (caused by hyperventilation or excessive breathing) and metabolic alkalosis (caused by excessive loss of stomach acid or an excess intake of base-forming substances).

Symptoms of acid-base imbalances may include confusion, lethargy, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to serious complications such as coma, seizures, or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the imbalance and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or fluid and electrolyte replacement.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious metabolic complication characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased ketone bodies. It primarily occurs in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 1, but it can also be seen in some people with diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly during severe illness or surgery.

The condition arises when there is a significant lack of insulin in the body, which impairs the ability of cells to take up glucose for energy production. As a result, the body starts breaking down fatty acids to produce energy, leading to an increase in ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) in the bloodstream. This process is called ketosis.

In DKA, the excessive production of ketone bodies results in metabolic acidosis, which is characterized by a lower than normal pH level in the blood (< 7.35) and an elevated serum bicarbonate level (< 18 mEq/L). The hyperglycemia in DKA is due to both increased glucose production and decreased glucose utilization by cells, which can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, fruity breath odor, and altered mental status. If left untreated, DKA can progress to coma and even lead to death. Treatment typically involves administering insulin, fluid replacement, and electrolyte management in a hospital setting.

Lactates, also known as lactic acid, are compounds that are produced by muscles during intense exercise or other conditions of low oxygen supply. They are formed from the breakdown of glucose in the absence of adequate oxygen to complete the full process of cellular respiration. This results in the production of lactate and a hydrogen ion, which can lead to a decrease in pH and muscle fatigue.

In a medical context, lactates may be measured in the blood as an indicator of tissue oxygenation and metabolic status. Elevated levels of lactate in the blood, known as lactic acidosis, can indicate poor tissue perfusion or hypoxia, and may be seen in conditions such as sepsis, cardiac arrest, and severe shock. It is important to note that lactates are not the primary cause of acidemia (low pH) in lactic acidosis, but rather a marker of the underlying process.

Hypercapnia is a state of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the blood, typically defined as an arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) above 45 mmHg. It is often associated with conditions that impair gas exchange or eliminate CO2 from the body, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, respiratory failure, or certain neuromuscular disorders. Hypercapnia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory acidosis, coma, and even death if not promptly treated.

Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess base (bicarbonate) and/or a decrease in carbon dioxide in the body. This leads to an increase in pH level of the blood, making it more alkaline than normal. Respiratory alkalosis is usually caused by conditions that result in hyperventilation, such as anxiety, lung disease, or high altitude. It can also be caused by certain medications and medical procedures. Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis may include lightheadedness, confusion, and tingling in the fingers and toes. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition.

Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:

Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH level, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. This test is often used to evaluate lung function, respiratory disorders, and acid-base balance in the body. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. The analysis is typically performed on a sample of arterial blood, although venous blood may also be used in some cases.

Potassium citrate is a medication and dietary supplement that contains potassium and citrate. Medically, it is used to treat and prevent kidney stones, as well as to manage metabolic acidosis in people with chronic kidney disease. Potassium citrate works by increasing the pH of urine, making it less acidic, which can help to dissolve certain types of kidney stones and prevent new ones from forming. It is also used as an alkalizing agent in the treatment of various conditions that cause acidosis.

In addition to its medical uses, potassium citrate is also found naturally in some fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, and spinach. It is often used as a food additive and preservative, and can be found in a variety of processed foods and beverages.

It's important to note that taking too much potassium citrate can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood, which can be dangerous. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and talk to your doctor before taking this medication if you have any medical conditions or are taking any other medications.

Phenformin is a medication that was previously used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides, which work to decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver and increase the body's sensitivity to insulin. However, phenformin was associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by an excessive buildup of lactic acid in the bloodstream. As a result, it is no longer available or recommended for use in most countries, including the United States.

A Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter (NHA) is a type of membrane transport protein that exchanges sodium ions (Na+) and protons (H+) across a biological membrane. It is also known as a Na+/H+ antiporter or exchanger. This exchange mechanism plays a crucial role in regulating pH, cell volume, and intracellular sodium concentration within various cells and organelles, including the kidney, brain, heart, and mitochondria.

In general, NHA transporters utilize the energy generated by the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions across a membrane to drive the uphill transport of protons from inside to outside the cell or organelle. This process helps maintain an optimal intracellular pH and volume, which is essential for proper cellular function and homeostasis.

There are several isoforms of Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporters found in different tissues and organelles, each with distinct physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms. Dysfunction or alterations in NHA activity have been implicated in various pathophysiological conditions, such as hypertension, heart failure, neurological disorders, and cancer.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

Sodium-bicarbonate symporters, also known as sodium bicarbonate co-transporters, are membrane transport proteins that facilitate the movement of both sodium ions (Na+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) across the cell membrane in the same direction. These transporters play a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body by regulating the concentration of bicarbonate ions, which is an important buffer in the blood and other bodily fluids.

The term "symporter" refers to the fact that these proteins transport two or more different molecules or ions in the same direction across a membrane. In this case, sodium-bicarbonate symporters co-transport one sodium ion and one bicarbonate ion together, usually using a concentration gradient of sodium to drive the uptake of bicarbonate.

These transporters are widely expressed in various tissues, including the kidneys, where they help reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the urine back into the bloodstream, and the gastrointestinal tract, where they contribute to the absorption of sodium and bicarbonate from food and drink. Dysfunction of sodium-bicarbonate symporters has been implicated in several diseases, including renal tubular acidosis and hypertension.

In medical terms, acids refer to a class of chemicals that have a pH less than 7 and can donate protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical reactions. In the context of human health, acids are an important part of various bodily functions, such as digestion. However, an imbalance in acid levels can lead to medical conditions. For example, an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach can cause gastritis or peptic ulcers, while an accumulation of lactic acid due to strenuous exercise or decreased blood flow can lead to muscle fatigue and pain.

Additionally, in clinical laboratory tests, certain substances may be tested for their "acidity" or "alkalinity," which is measured using a pH scale. This information can help diagnose various medical conditions, such as kidney disease or diabetes.

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is not a substance that is typically found within the human body. It is a strong mineral acid with the chemical formula HCl. In a medical context, it might be mentioned in relation to gastric acid, which helps digest food in the stomach. Gastric acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride and sodium chloride dissolved in water. The pH of hydrochloric acid is very low (1-2) due to its high concentration of H+ ions, making it a strong acid. However, it's important to note that the term 'hydrochloric acid' does not directly refer to a component of human bodily fluids or tissues.

Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, specifically when the concentration falls below 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate heart function, nerve signals, and muscle contractions.

Hypokalemia can result from various factors, including inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium loss through the urine or gastrointestinal tract, or shifts of potassium between body compartments. Common causes include diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, kidney diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

Mild hypokalemia may not cause noticeable symptoms but can still affect the proper functioning of muscles and nerves. More severe cases can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, paralysis, heart rhythm abnormalities, and in rare instances, respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and replenishing potassium levels through oral or intravenous (IV) supplementation, depending on the severity of the condition.

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum, specifically when the concentration exceeds 5.0-5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter). Potassium is a crucial intracellular ion that plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm regulation.

Mild to moderate hyperkalemia might not cause noticeable symptoms but can still have harmful effects on the body, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Severe cases of hyperkalemia (potassium levels > 6.5 mEq/L) can lead to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias and heart failure.

Hyperkalemia may result from various factors, such as kidney dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, medication side effects, trauma, or excessive potassium intake. Prompt identification and management of hyperkalemia are essential to prevent severe complications and ensure proper treatment.

Fanconi syndrome is a medical condition that affects the proximal tubules of the kidneys. These tubules are responsible for reabsorbing various substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, back into the bloodstream after they have been filtered through the kidneys.

In Fanconi syndrome, there is a defect in the reabsorption process, causing these substances to be lost in the urine instead. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including:

* Polyuria (excessive urination)
* Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
* Dehydration
* Metabolic acidosis (an imbalance of acid and base in the body)
* Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
* Hypophosphatemia (low phosphate levels)
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Rickets (softening and weakening of bones in children) or osteomalacia (softening of bones in adults)

Fanconi syndrome can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including genetic disorders, kidney diseases, drug toxicity, and heavy metal poisoning. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as managing symptoms such as electrolyte imbalances and acid-base disturbances.

A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that carries the amino acid leucine is referred to as "tRNA-Leu." This specific tRNA molecule recognizes and binds to a codon (a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA) during protein synthesis or translation. In this case, tRNA-Leu can recognize and pair with any of the following codons: UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Once bound to the mRNA at the ribosome, leucine is added to the growing polypeptide chain through the action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes that catalyze the attachment of specific amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs. This ensures the accurate and efficient production of proteins based on genetic information encoded in mRNA.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a type of ion channel protein found in nerve cells (neurons) that are activated by acidic environments. They are composed of homomeric or heteromeric combinations of six different subunits, designated ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3, and ASIC4. These channels play important roles in various physiological processes, including pH homeostasis, nociception (pain perception), and mechanosensation (the ability to sense mechanical stimuli).

ASICs are permeable to both sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions. When the extracellular pH decreases, the channels open, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ ions to flow into the neuron. This influx of cations can depolarize the neuronal membrane, leading to the generation of action potentials and neurotransmitter release.

In the context of pain perception, ASICs are activated by the acidic environment in damaged tissues or ischemic conditions, contributing to the sensation of pain. In addition, some ASIC subunits have been implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory processes. Dysregulation of ASIC function has been associated with various pathological conditions, including neuropathic pain, ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.

In the context of medicine, and specifically in physiology and respiratory therapy, partial pressure (P or p) is a measure of the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases. It's commonly used to describe the concentrations of gases in the body, such as oxygen (PO2), carbon dioxide (PCO2), and nitrogen (PN2).

The partial pressure of a specific gas is calculated as the fraction of that gas in the total mixture multiplied by the total pressure of the mixture. This concept is based on Dalton's law, which states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas.

For example, in room air at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is approximately 160 mmHg (mm of mercury), which represents about 21% of the total barometric pressure (760 mmHg). This concept is crucial for understanding gas exchange in the lungs and how gases move across membranes, such as from alveoli to blood and vice versa.

Glutaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamine, which is a type of amino acid, into glutamate and ammonia. This reaction is an essential part of nitrogen metabolism in many organisms, including humans. There are several forms of glutaminase found in different parts of the body, with varying properties and functions.

In humans, there are two major types of glutaminase: mitochondrial and cytosolic. Mitochondrial glutaminase is primarily found in the kidneys and brain, where it plays a crucial role in energy metabolism by converting glutamine into glutamate, which can then be further metabolized to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a major source of cellular energy.

Cytosolic glutaminase, on the other hand, is found in many tissues throughout the body and is involved in various metabolic processes, including nucleotide synthesis and protein degradation.

Glutaminase activity has been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, where some tumors have been shown to have elevated levels of glutaminase expression, allowing them to use glutamine as a major source of energy and growth. Inhibitors of glutaminase are currently being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a chemical compound with the formula CCl2CO2H. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a laboratory research tool. DCA is also a byproduct of water chlorination and has been found to occur in low levels in some chlorinated drinking waters.

In the medical field, DCA has been studied for its potential anticancer effects. Preclinical studies have suggested that DCA may be able to selectively kill cancer cells by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes involved in cell metabolism. However, more research is needed to determine whether DCA is safe and effective as a cancer treatment in humans.

It is important to note that DCA is not currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a cancer treatment. It should only be used in clinical trials or under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Nephrocalcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, specifically within the tubular epithelial cells and interstitium of the kidneys. This process can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and ultimately impaired renal function if left untreated.

The condition is often associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, distal renal tubular acidosis, or hyperoxaluria; medications like loop diuretics, corticosteroids, or calcineurin inhibitors; and chronic kidney diseases. The diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause, modifying dietary habits, and administering medications to control calcium levels in the body.

The rumen is the largest compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, goats, and sheep. It is a specialized fermentation chamber where microbes break down tough plant material into nutrients that the animal can absorb and use for energy and growth. The rumen contains billions of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which help to break down cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in the plant material through fermentation.

The rumen is characterized by its large size, muscular walls, and the presence of a thick mat of partially digested food and microbes called the rumen mat or cud. The animal regurgitates the rumen contents periodically to chew it again, which helps to break down the plant material further and mix it with saliva, creating a more favorable environment for fermentation.

The rumen plays an essential role in the digestion and nutrition of ruminant animals, allowing them to thrive on a diet of low-quality plant material that would be difficult for other animals to digest.

An increase in the production of other acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. For example, lactic acidosis may occur from: ... Nervous system involvement may be seen with acidosis and occurs more often with respiratory acidosis than with metabolic ... such as either renal tubular acidosis or the acidosis of kidney failure, which is associated with an accumulation of urea and ... Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increase in hydrogen ion ...
... is a form of metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap, a decrease in plasma bicarbonate ... Anion gap Metabolic acidosis Pseudohypoaldosteronism "Hyperchloremic Acidosis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Patient Education ... In general, the cause of a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a loss of base, either a gastrointestinal loss or a renal loss ... Diseases Database (DDB): 11673 NIH - Renal Tubular Acidosis (CS1 errors: missing periodical, Articles with short description, ...
L isomers as acidosis progresses. Measures for preventing lactic acidosis in ruminants include avoidance of excessive amounts ... Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by a build-up of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, with ... Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition, medication, or poisoning. The ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lactic acidosis Baertling, F; Rodenburg, R. J; Schaper, J; Smeitink, J. A; Koopman, W. J. H; ...
... can be acute or chronic. In acute respiratory acidosis, the PaCO2 is elevated above the upper limit of the ... Acidosis refers to disorders that lower cell/tissue pH to < 7.35. Acidemia refers to an arterial pH < 7.36. Acidosis Alkalosis ... The expected change in pH with respiratory acidosis can be estimated with the following equations: Acute respiratory acidosis: ... Acute respiratory acidosis: HCO3− increases 1 mEq/L for each 10 mm Hg rise in PaCO2. Chronic respiratory acidosis: HCO3− rises ...
... can lead to acidemia, which is defined as arterial blood pH that is lower than 7.35. Acidemia and acidosis ... Patients with CKD Stages G3-G5 should be routinely screened for metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis results in a reduced ... The adverse effects of acute versus chronic metabolic acidosis also differ, with acute metabolic acidosis impacting the ... or lactic acid in lactic acidosis). A state of chronic metabolic acidosis, lasting several weeks to years, can be the result of ...
The metabolic acidosis caused by RTA is a normal anion gap acidosis. An overview of types 1, 2, and 4 is presented below (type ... Charles II of Spain, who is speculated to have suffered with dRTA Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypokalemic acidosis Lightwood- ... The word acidosis refers to the tendency for RTA to cause an excess of acid, which lowers the blood's pH. When the blood pH is ... Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the ...
... can be caused by mutations on the X chromosome or in mitochondrial DNA. Congenital lactic acidosis ... Congenital lactic acidosis is a rare disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that affect the ability of cells ... Though lactic acidosis can be a complication of other congenital diseases, when it occurs in isolation it is typically caused ... "Congenital Lactic Acidosis". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2015-11-05. (Orphaned articles from ...
... hyperchloremic acidosis) or increased excretion of bicarbonate. High anion gap metabolic acidosis "Metabolic Acidosis: Acid- ... Normal anion gap acidosis is an acidosis that is not accompanied by an abnormally increased anion gap. The most common cause of ... As opposed to high anion gap acidosis (which involves increased organic acid production), normal anion gap acidosis involves ... The differential diagnosis of normal anion gap acidosis is relatively short (when compared to the differential diagnosis of ...
... (pRTA) or type 2 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a type of RTA caused by a failure of the ... Renal tubular acidosis Distal renal tubular acidosis Rodriguez Soriano J, Boichis H, Stark H, Edelmann CM (1967). "Proximal ... Matsuo N, Tsuchiya Y, Cho H, Nagai T, Tsuji A (1986). "Proximal renal tubular acidosis in a child with type 1 glycogen storage ... As with dRTA, reversal of the chronic acidosis should reverse bone demineralization. Thiazide diuretics can also be used as a ...
Renal tubular acidosis Proximal renal tubular acidosis Ifosfamide "Osmosis: Renal tubular acidosis". Osmosis. Archived from the ... Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is the classical form of RTA, being the first described. Distal RTA is characterized by a ... Toluene causes a non-anion gap metabolic acidosis with hypokalemia and a positive urinary anion gap that looks a lot like ... 2000). "Band 3 mutations, renal tubular acidosis and South-East Asian ovalocytosis in Malaysia and Papua New Guinea: loss of up ...
... is a form of metabolic acidosis characterized by a high anion gap (a medical value based on ... The most common causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis are: ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney failure, and toxic ... metabolic acidosis) is present. The list of agents that cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis is similar to but broader than ... Lactic acidosis E - Ethylene glycol (Note: Ethanol is sometimes included in this mnemonic as well, although the acidosis caused ...
Metabolic Acidosis. 12 (2): 267-285. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(83)80041-3. ISSN 0300-595X. PMID 6409464. Retrieved 2022-12-31. ... Johnston, D. G.; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (1983-07-01). "Acid-base balance in metabolic acidoses". Clinics in Endocrinology and ...
Lactic acidosis". Am J Med. 30 (6): 840-848. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(61)90172-3. PMID 13716482. Baron, D. N. (January 1977). " ... The main theme is type B, lactic acidosis of other origins, which is considered fully with an analysis of all published causes ... Williams, Roger (1976). "Review of Clinical and Biochemical Aspects of Lactic Acidosis by R. D. Cohen and H. F. Woods". Br Med ... In 1961 William E. Huckabee (1926-1986) described and defined the clinical problem of lactic acidosis. Cohen and H. Frank Woods ...
It may also be used to treat metabolic acidosis and to wash the eye following a chemical burn. It is given by intravenous ... Ringer's lactate solution has a lower rate of acidosis as compared with normal saline. Use is generally safe in pregnancy and ... The lactate is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis. Ringer's lactate solution ... Kraut JA, Madias NE (December 2014). "Lactic acidosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (24): 2309-2319. doi:10.1056/ ...
... metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and respiratory alkalosis. One or a combination of these ... Acidosis would cause an acidemia on its own (i.e. if left "uncompensated" by an alkalosis). Similarly, an alkalosis would cause ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Metabolic acidosis Grogono A. "Terminology". Acid Base Tutorial. Grog LLC. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ... In medical terminology, the terms acidosis and alkalosis should always be qualified by an adjective to indicate the etiology of ...
LIGHTWOOD, R.; PAYNE, W. W.; BLACK, J. A. (1 December 1953). "Infantile Renal Acidosis". Pediatrics. American Academy of ...
by plasma acidosis. by the stretch receptors located in the atria of the heart. by adrenoglomerulotropin, a lipid factor, ...
doi:10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00044.x. "Subacute Ruminal Acidosis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2008-09-10. Horner, ... and subsequent development of adverse conditions such as ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat. Poyart, C.; Quesne, G.; Trieu-Cuot ... and may cause ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat. It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent ... with special reference to rumen acidosis". Animal Science Journal. 73 (5): 313-325. ...
... should not be mistaken for hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is ... This can be due to diuretic use, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, kidney disease, kidney failure, and renal tubular acidosis . This ... "Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis". dynamed.com. Retrieved 2017-12-12. Bandak, Ghassan; Kashani, Kianoush B. (2017-11-01). " ... Instead those with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis are usually predisposed to hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremia prevalence in ...
Rodriguez Soriano J, Boichis H, Stark H, Edelmann CM (1967). "Proximal renal tubular acidosis. A defect in bicarbonate ... Secondary hyperaldosteronism can also be caused by proximal renal tubular acidosis Secondary hyperaldosteronism can also be a ... renal tubular acidosis, nutcracker syndrome, ectopic tumors, massive ascites, left ventricular failure, and cor pulmonale. ...
result in severe metabolic derangements (e.g., hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, lactic acidosis, and the acute tumor lysis syndrome ... Lactic acidosis. Pretreatment spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. This entity is associated with acute kidney failure due to uric ...
"Respiratory Acidosis: Treatment & Medication". emedicine. 26 March 2020. Ali-Hasan-Al-Saegh S, Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Popov A ( ... HCO3− is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium ... In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left ... to reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis in cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 86 (3): 429-437. doi:10.4141/A06-014. " ...
Haller, R.G (1989). "Exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis, and abnormal cardiopulmonary regulation in exercise associated with ... muscle fatigue and lactic acidosis. Riboflavin-responsive exercise intolerance caused by mutations of the SLC25A32 gene ...
SLC5A2 Renal tubular acidosis with deafness; 267300; ATP6B1 Renal tubular acidosis, distal, AD; 179800; SLC4A1 Renal tubular ... SLC4A1 Renal tubular acidosis, distal, autosomal recessive; 602722; ATP6V0A4 Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular ... MCM6 Lactic acidosis, fatal infantile; 245400; SUCLG1 Lacticacidemia due to PDX1 deficiency; 245349; PDX1 LADD syndrome; 149730 ... with renal tubular acidosis; 259730; CA2 Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive 4; 611490; CLCN7 Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive ...
Lactic acidosis associated with the use of stavudine (Zerit, for HIV therapy) or metformin (for diabetes) Mania caused by ... Mokrzycki MH, Harris C, May H, Laut J, Palmisano J (January 2000). "Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administration: a ... "Metformin and Fatal Lactic Acidosis". Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013. Patten SB, Neutel ...
HARTMANN, ALEXIS F. (1935-09-01). "Treatment of Severe Diabetic Acidosis". Archives of Internal Medicine. 56 (3): 413-434. doi: ...
Excessive ingestion of sulfur can cause a burning sensation or diarrhea, and cases of life-threatening metabolic acidosis have ... Blum, J. Eric; Coe, Fredric L. (13 January 2010). "Metabolic Acidosis after Sulfur Ingestion". New England Journal of Medicine ... A Cause of Life-Threatening Metabolic Acidosis With a High Anion Gap". Archives of Internal Medicine. 146 (7): 1437-1438. doi: ...
In 1906, Naunyn was the first to use the term "acidosis", by which he meant the accumulation of ketone bodies. WorldCat Search ... p. 9 "I Introduction: 1. Definition of the Term Acidosis". Acta Medica Scandinavica. 126: 12-27. 1946. doi:10.1111/j.0954- ...
A common misconception posits that lactate is the agent responsible for the acidosis, but lactate is a conjugate base, being ... "The myth of lactic acidosis". "Metformin toxicity". Smith AD, Datta SP, Smith GH, Campbell PN, Bentley R, eds. (1997). Oxford ... The cycle's importance is based on preventing lactic acidosis during anaerobic conditions in the muscle. However, normally, ... The drug metformin can cause lactic acidosis in patients with kidney failure because metformin inhibits the hepatic ...
Therefore a patient suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning may experience severe hypoxia and acidosis in addition to the ... ISBN 978-0-521-57098-5. "Respiratory acidosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10. " ... failure to expel carbon dioxide may cause respiratory acidosis (meaning bodily fluids and blood become too acidic thereby ... cells switch to anaerobic respiration which if prolonged may significantly increase lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis. ...
An increase in the production of other acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. For example, lactic acidosis may occur from: ... Nervous system involvement may be seen with acidosis and occurs more often with respiratory acidosis than with metabolic ... such as either renal tubular acidosis or the acidosis of kidney failure, which is associated with an accumulation of urea and ... Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increase in hydrogen ion ...
Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when your lungs cant remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body. ... Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when your lungs cant remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body. ... Some people with chronic respiratory acidosis get acute respiratory acidosis when a serious illness worsens their condition and ... Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when your lungs cant remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body. ...
Lactic acidosis in disease. Lactic acidosis occurring from associated, underlying diseases, known as type B1 lactic acidosis, ... Medicines and toxins in lactic acidosis. Medicinal and toxic causes of lactic acidosis, specifically, type B2 lactic acidosis, ... Types of lactic acidosis. Cohen and Woods divided lactic acidosis into 2 categories, type A and type B. [5, 7] ... Metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis is defined as a state of decreased systemic pH resulting from either a primary increase ...
Learn more from WebMD about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for lactic acidosis. ... Lactic acidosis occurs when lactic acid accumulates in the bloodstream. ... Lactic Acidosis and Exercise: What You Need to Know. Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD. on January 17, 2022 ... If your lactic acidosis is caused by a disease or medication, talk to your doctor. You may be able to make changes that will ...
The meaning of METABOLIC ACIDOSIS is acidosis resulting from excess acid due to abnormal metabolism, excessive acid intake, or ... acidosis resulting from excess acid due to abnormal metabolism, excessive acid intake, or renal retention or from excessive ... "Metabolic acidosis." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/metabolic ...
Lactic acidosis is a medical condition driven by heightened lactic acid levels in the bloodstream. The primary causes are ... What is lactic acidosis?. Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by high levels of lactic acid in the bloodstream ... Lactic Acidosis. * Frontiers in Medicine. Incidence and Associated Risk Factors for Lactic Acidosis Induced by Linezolid ... Causes and risk factors for lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is caused by elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood due to ...
... ... Regarding ruminal acidosis, Chibisa, Beauchemin and Penner said, based on past research, there are indications that an increase ... lowering the amount of fermentable starch in the diet and the potential risk of ruminal acidosis. ... of barley silage in a barley grain-based diet with distillers grains may reduce the incidence of subacute ruminal acidosis, but ...
... Pediatr Neurol ... lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. This case emphasizes that occipital epileptic seizures can be the only presenting and ... long-lasting sign in patients with mitochondrial, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. ...
... have metabolic acidosis. According to a few small trials, treating metabolic acidosis in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) ... DreamRCT: Acidosis in CKD Treatment Now Study (ACT Now). - Matthew Sparks, MD, describes his dream nephrology clinical trial. ... Does treating mild acidosis result in delay in initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for ESRD or result in an improved ... Does treating mild acidosis with either sodium bicarbonate or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables impact total mortality in ...
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Metabolic_acidosis/Definition&oldid=716123" ...
Distal renal tubular acidosis: This is the most common type of renal tubular acidosis. It can be inherited (passed down in ... How Is Renal Tubular Acidosis Treated?. Treatment depends on the cause:. *If a medicine is causing renal tubular acidosis, the ... What Is Renal Tubular Acidosis?. Renal tubular acidosis is an illness that happens when the kidneys are damaged and cant ... What Causes Renal Tubular Acidosis?. There are a few different types of renal tubular acidosis, and each has its own cause. ...
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deletion in all CCD cells prevented acidosis-induced IC subtype distribution, resulting in more severe acidosis. Cultured ... Chronic acidosis increases α-ICs at the expense of β-ICs, thereby increasing net acid secretion by the CCD. We found by growth ... In mice, diet-induced chronic acidosis increased α-ICs and decreased β-ICs. Additionally, IC-specific Cxcr4. deletion prevented ... SDF1 induction by acidosis from principal cells regulates intercalated cell subtype distribution. ...
Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an accumulation of acid in the body. It occurs when the body cant excrete acid ... Severe metabolic acidosis can cause coma, shock, or death. Metabolic acidosis is diagnosed through laboratory tests like ... Patients with metabolic acidosis often feel weak, tired, and confused, causing an increased risk for injuries. Acidosis can ... Nursing Care Plans Related to Metabolic Acidosis. Acute Confusion. Metabolic acidosis leads to acid buildup in the body and ...
... recovery and follow-up care for Lactic acidosis. ... Learn about Lactic acidosis, find a doctor, complications, ... Lactic acidosis refers to lactic acid build up in the bloodstream. Lactic acid is produced when oxygen levels become low in ... Metabolic acidosis. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Tonelli M, Johnson RJ, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 6th ed. ... The most common cause of lactic acidosis is severe medical illness in which blood pressure is low and too little oxygen is ...
... Print Images (3) Contributors: Amirah Khan MD, Christine Osborne MD, Paritosh Prasad MD. Other Resources ... It is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis and can be associated with an anion gap metabolic acidosis or mixed acid-base ... D-lactic acidosis - Occurs in patients with short gut syndrome or malabsorption due to bacterial fermentation of large amounts ... Type A lactic acidosis - Associated with tissue hypoperfusion caused by circulatory failure from shock, which can be due to ...
To determine the effects of acute metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on leucine metabolism in vivo, mongrel dogs were infused ... with acidosis and decreased (P less than .05) with alkalosis. Compared with saline controls, acidosis increased (P less than . ... Effects of acute metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on leucine metabolism in conscious dogs Diabetes. 1989 Jul;38(7):847-53. doi ... During acidosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations increased (P less than .05), whereas during ...
Metabolic Acidosis- Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of - ... Metabolic Acidosis - Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast -2032 DelveInsights ... 2. Executive Summary of Metabolic Acidosis. 3. Competitive Intelligence Analysis for Metabolic Acidosis. 4. Metabolic Acidosis ... Metabolic Acidosis Treatment Algorithm 9. Unmet Needs. 10. Key Endpoints of Metabolic Acidosis Treatment. 11. Marketed Products ...
... is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with a normal serum anion gap. Adult patients with ... Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with a normal serum ... The term renal tubular acidosis (RTA) describes a group of disorders of acid-base homeostasis, in which the primary impairment ... The acid retention or bicarbonate loss results in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis marked by low serum bicarbonate and a ...
ADV7103 is being evaluated in a Phase III trial in Europe in children and adults with distal renal tubulopathy acidosis. ... ADV7103 is being evaluated in a Phase III trial in Europe in children and adults with distal renal tubulopathy acidosis. ... EU Grants Orphan Drug Designation to ADV7103 for Treatment of Distal Renal Tubulopathy Acidosis. ... Union has granted orphan drug designation to its lead candidate ADV7103 for the treatment of distal renal tubulopathy acidosis ...
1992) A controlled trial of dichloroacetate treatment in patients with lactic acidosis. N Engl J Med 327:1564-1569. and the DCA ... 1988) Fatal lactic acidosis due to deficiency of E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Inherit Metab Dis 11:207 ... 1981) Lactic acidosis due to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 4:57-58. ... 1980) Long term use of low doses of dichloroacetate in a child with congenital lactic acidosis. Pediatr Res 14:167. ...
Keywords: Cancer, drug resistance, tumor acidosis, ion trapping, permeability, pKa. Abstract: Drug resistance and therapeutic ... Pathobiology and Therapeutic Implications of Tumor Acidosis. Author(s): Jenny Viklund, Sofia Avnet and Angelo De Milito* Volume ... The content of this review will be focused on the pathobiology of tumor acidosis and on its role in therapeutic resistance. ... The content of this review will be focused on the pathobiology of tumor acidosis and on its role in therapeutic resistance. ...
Metabolic acidosis is a buildup of acid in the body, which is common in people with kidney disease because their kidneys are ... "We estimate that in the US, approximately 3 million patients with CKD have metabolic acidosis, and this initiative aligns with ... to increase the understanding of chronic metabolic acidosis, a common complication of kidney disease that can cause serious ... American Kidney Fund Announces Partnership with Tricida to Expand Education of Metabolic Acidosis in Patients with Kidney ...
Acidosis reduced developed force to 18% of maximum, but application of EMD 57033 in acid solution was able to fully reverse ... J. A. Lee, N. Shah, J. White, C. H. Orchard; A novel thiadiazinone derivative fully reverses acidosis-induced depression of ... Since EMD 57033 is able to fully reverse the effects of acidosis on force without increasing the amplitude of the Ca2+ ... 3. During the positive inotropic effect in acidosis, the Ca2+ transients declined to 62% of their initial amplitude, whereas ...
Learn about diagnosis and specialist referrals for Autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. ... Autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. Other Names: AR dRTA; Autosomal recessive distal RTAAR dRTA; Autosomal ...
... hypercapnic acidosis -0.53±0.07; hydrochloric acidosis -0.65±0.06; lactic acidosis -0.27±0.05. These findings in human plasma ... hypercapnic acidosis -0.53±0.07; hydrochloric acidosis -0.65±0.06; lactic acidosis -0.27±0.05. These findings in human plasma ... Schaer, H; Bachmann, U (1974). Ionized calcium in acidosis: differential effect of hypercapnic and lactic acidosis. British ... The effects of various forms of acidosis on ionized calcium concentrations were investigated in vivo in rabbits and in vitro in ...
Is emphysema acidosis or alkalosis?. In the mild and moderate stages, the PaO2 and the PaCO2 measurements may remain normal or ... Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when the lungs cant remove enough of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the ... This results in respiratory acidosis. This primary event is characterized by increased pCO2 and a fall in pH on arterial blood ...
Conclusion Short term morbidities are common in the whole cohort of infants born with severe perinatal acidosis, including in ... Results 69 infants were admitted with severe acidosis. CTG abnormalities were present in 71% of cases. Overall, 31/69 (35%) ... Background Therapeutic hypothermia improves outcomes for asphyxiated infants, however not all infants born with severe acidosis ... PL.12 Short Term Clinical Outcomes of Neonates with Severe Perinatal Acidosis: A Prospective Study ...
  • Metabolic acidosis may result from either increased production of metabolic acids, such as lactic acid, or disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys, such as either renal tubular acidosis or the acidosis of kidney failure, which is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lactic acidosis is a medical condition driven by heightened levels of lactic acid in the bloodstream caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body tissue or an altered metabolism mediated by drugs or toxins. (healthnews.com)
  • Lactic acidosis can occur due to the liver and kidneys' inability to filter lactic acid from the blood and break it down into glucose, the body's main energy source. (healthnews.com)
  • Lactic acidosis is caused by elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood due to several factors used to characterize the two types of lactic acidosis: type A and type B. Lactic acidosis type A is a common type resulting from an inadequate supply of oxygen to the blood tissue. (healthnews.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis is diagnosed through laboratory tests like arterial blood gas, blood ketones, basic metabolic panel, lactic acid test, urine pH, and urine ketones. (nursetogether.com)
  • Lactic acidosis refers to lactic acid build up in the bloodstream. (mountsinai.org)
  • Lactic acidosis typically occurs when lactic acid production exceeds clearance, often in the setting of impaired tissue oxygenation and defective mitochondrial oxygenation. (logicalimages.com)
  • D-lactic acidosis - Occurs in patients with short gut syndrome or malabsorption due to bacterial fermentation of large amounts of glucose and starch to organic acids, including D-lactic acid. (logicalimages.com)
  • Because of slow metabolism of D-lactic acid, systemic absorption leads to elevated plasma D-lactic acid levels and metabolic acidosis. (logicalimages.com)
  • This OnePager reviews the physiology of why/how we produce lactic acid and breaks lactic acidosis into two categories: Impaired O2 Delivery (Type A Lactic Acidosis) and Impaired O2 clearance/utilization (Type B Lactic Acidosis). (tactuum.com)
  • It is a form of metabolic acidosis, in which excessive acid accumulates due to a problem with the body's metabolism of lactic acid. (diabetestalk.net)
  • However, Hif1a deletion in all CCD cells prevented acidosis-induced IC subtype distribution, resulting in more severe acidosis. (jci.org)
  • Background Therapeutic hypothermia improves outcomes for asphyxiated infants, however not all infants born with severe acidosis are assessed as eligible for cooling and few data describe short-term clinical outcomes for the whole cohort of babies with severe perinatal acidosis. (bmj.com)
  • Results 69 infants were admitted with severe acidosis. (bmj.com)
  • However, both mechanisms can be overwhelmed if the body continues to produce too much acid, leading to severe acidosis and eventually heart problems and coma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Type B lactic acidosis - Due to drug- or toxin-induced impairment of cellular metabolism, ischemia, nutritional deficient state, or rarely malignancy. (logicalimages.com)
  • Type B lactic acidosis is an underrecognized clinical entity that must be distinguished from type A (hypoxic) lactic acidosis. (northwestern.edu)
  • We briefly review type A versus type B lactic acidosis in this case report. (northwestern.edu)
  • Shah, S & Wald, E 2015, ' Type B lactic acidosis secondary to thiamine deficiency in a child with malignancy ', Pediatrics , vol. 135, no. 1, pp. e221-e224. (northwestern.edu)
  • 4 mmol/L. It is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis and can be associated with an anion gap metabolic acidosis or mixed acid-base disorder. (logicalimages.com)
  • The mnemonic MUDPILES can be used to remember many of the common causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis: Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Propylene glycol, Iron or INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, and Salicylates. (roshreview.com)
  • The development of lactic acidosis depends on the magnitude of hyperlactatemia, the buffering capacity of the body, and the coexistence of other conditions that produce tachypnea and alkalosis (eg, liver disease, sepsis). (medscape.com)
  • Although comorbidities such as liver, kidney, and heart diseases are strongly associated with lactic acidosis, trauma or adverse reaction to medication can also contribute to the development of lactic acidosis. (healthnews.com)
  • X-rays of his chest showed fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and bloodwork revealed an acid-base disorder (respiratory and metabolic acidosis). (cdc.gov)
  • The Metabolic Acidosis market report provides current treatment practices, emerging drugs, Metabolic Acidosis market share of the individual therapies, current and forecasted Metabolic Acidosis market Size from 2019 to 2032 segmented by seven major markets. (marketresearch.com)
  • The Metabolic Acidosis market outlook of the report helps to build the detailed comprehension of the historic, current, and forecasted Metabolic Acidosis market trends by analyzing the impact of current therapies on the market, unmet needs, drivers and barriers and demand of better technology. (marketresearch.com)
  • Signs and symptoms that may be seen in acidosis include headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, flapping tremor, and dysfunction of the cerebrum of the brain which may progress to coma if there is no intervention. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you are on any of these medications and have any symptoms of lactic acidosis, get medical help immediately. (webmd.com)
  • If you start to feel the symptoms of lactic acidosis while exercising, begin warming down right away. (webmd.com)
  • If you feel burning and other symptoms of lactic acidosis while exercising, this is your body's way of saying stop. (webmd.com)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Renal Tubular Acidosis? (teenshealth.org)
  • Often, kids with renal tubular acidosis don't have any symptoms. (teenshealth.org)
  • The symptoms of metabolic acidosis are associated with the underlying cause. (nursetogether.com)
  • The DelveInsight Metabolic Acidosis market report gives a thorough understanding of the Metabolic Acidosis by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (marketresearch.com)
  • General symptoms of acidosis. (iiab.me)
  • Mutations to the V-ATPase 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis, a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis, in some cases with sensorineural deafness . (iiab.me)
  • Some drugs, including metformin , a drug used to treat diabetes , and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV /AIDS can cause lactic acidosis. (webmd.com)
  • Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Vitamin B deficiency Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS can cause lactic acidosis. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Increasing the proportion of barley silage in a barley grain-based diet with distillers grains may reduce the incidence of subacute ruminal acidosis, but feed conversion efficiency also is reduced, Koenig et al. (feedstuffs.com)
  • These swings, in turn, can lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a prevalent metabolic disorder found in high producing dairy herds. (hoards.com)
  • An increase in the production of other acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acid consumption from poisoning such as methanol ingestion, elevated levels of iron in the blood, and chronically decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis. (iiab.me)
  • Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increase in hydrogen ion concentration). (wikipedia.org)
  • For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see renal tubular acidosis . (iiab.me)
  • The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood (often initially on arterial blood gas samples), and once confirmed, generally prompts an investigation to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis. (diabetestalk.net)
  • The presence of metabolic acidosis with anion and osmolal gaps is an important clue to the diagnosis (Friedman et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Nervous system involvement may be seen with acidosis and occurs more often with respiratory acidosis than with metabolic acidosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when your lungs can't remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chronic respiratory acidosis occurs over a long time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Acute respiratory acidosis occurs when carbon dioxide builds up very quickly, before the kidneys can return the body to a state of balance. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It also occurs as a result on markedly increased transient metabolic demand (eg, postseizure lactic acidosis). (medscape.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an accumulation of acid in the body. (nursetogether.com)
  • Respiratory acidosis typically occurs due to failure of ventilation and accumulation of carbon dioxide. (statpearls.com)
  • In chronic respiratory acidosis, renal compensation occurs gradually over the course of days. (statpearls.com)
  • Respiratory acidosis occurs when breathing difficulties allow carbon dioxide to build up in the body. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis occurs when metabolic disorders allow certain acids to build up or cause the loss of basic buffers such as bicarbonate. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • In their classic 1976 monograph, Cohen and Woods classified the causes of lactic acidosis according to the presence or absence of adequate tissue oxygenation. (medscape.com)
  • Once oxygenation is restored, the acidosis clears quickly. (iiab.me)
  • Bicarbonate may be used to treat metabolic acidosis, and oxygenation and ventilation may be used to treat respiratory acidosis. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • Some people with chronic respiratory acidosis get acute respiratory acidosis when a serious illness worsens their condition and disrupts their body's acid-base balance. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Severe acute respiratory acidosis is a medical emergency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In acute respiratory acidosis, there is a sudden elevation of PCO2 because of failure of ventilation. (statpearls.com)
  • The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, wherein the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high, low, or normal pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • To determine the effects of acute metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on leucine metabolism in vivo, mongrel dogs were infused with [1-14C]leucine for 8 h, along with NaCl, HCI, or NaHCO3 over the last 4 h. (nih.gov)
  • Total leucine carbon entry did not change from the basal value during saline infusion but increased (P less than .01) with acidosis and decreased (P less than .05) with alkalosis. (nih.gov)
  • During acidosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations increased (P less than .05), whereas during alkalosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations decreased (P less than .05). (nih.gov)
  • Is emphysema acidosis or alkalosis? (draftlessig.org)
  • The term renal tubular acidosis (RTA) describes a group of disorders of acid-base homeostasis, in which the primary impairment is the excretion of fixed acid (distal RTA) or the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate (proximal RTA). (bmj.com)
  • [2] Kashoor I, Batlle D. Proximal renal tubular acidosis with and without Fanconi syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • Identify the etiology of respiratory acidosis. (statpearls.com)
  • The frequency of respiratory acidosis in the United States and worldwide varies based on the etiology. (statpearls.com)
  • No clinical features are unique to lactic acidosis. (healthnews.com)
  • Since interventions aimed at correcting acidosis are either diet-based or over-the- counter, it is unlikely that a large randomized clinical trial will ever be sponsored by pharma. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It also helps to understand the Metabolic Acidosis clinical trial details, expressive pharmacological action, agreements and collaborations, approval and patent details, advantages and disadvantages of each included drug and the latest news and press releases. (marketresearch.com)
  • Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with a normal serum anion gap. (bmj.com)
  • According to a few small trials, treating metabolic acidosis in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) with sodium bicarbonate improves nutritional markers and slows progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Does treating mild acidosis with either sodium bicarbonate or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables impact total mortality in patients with advanced CKD (eGFR of 1,530)? (medpagetoday.com)
  • Treatment therapy of metabolic acidosis particularly by sodium bicarbonate is not successful only in a few situations but likely harmful in other. (reportsanddata.com)
  • Severe metabolic acidosis can cause coma, shock, or death. (nursetogether.com)
  • Acute Kidney Injury Interacts With Coma, Acidosis, and Impaired Perfusion to Significantly Increase Risk of Death in Children With Severe Malaria. (bvsalud.org)
  • AKI interacts with coma , acidosis , or impaired perfusion to significantly increase the risk of death in severe malaria . (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, having lactic acidosis due to sepsis means the doctor will take a targeted approach to managing sepsis. (healthnews.com)
  • Type A lactic acidosis - Associated with tissue hypoperfusion caused by circulatory failure from shock, which can be due to many things including sepsis, heart failure, hypovolemia, neurologic compromise, or respiratory failure. (logicalimages.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis can also occur as a result of abnormal metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1. We have investigated the mechanisms responsible for the changes of systolic Ca2+ that occur in voltage-clamped rat ventricular myocytes during acidosis produced by application of the weak acid butyrate (30 mm). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Fetal death may occur due to fetal hypoxia and acidosis resulting from excessive maternal dehydration. (cdc.gov)
  • https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01587-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33367987?tool=bestpractice.com The acid retention or bicarbonate loss results in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis marked by low serum bicarbonate and a normal anion gap. (bmj.com)
  • Conditions causing metabolic acidosis can include diabetes and kidney disease, ingestion of acidic drugs such as aspirin or toxins, alcoholism, and chronic diarrhea, resulting in significant bicarbonate loss. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • DelveInsight's "" Metabolic Acidosis- Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2032 "" report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Metabolic Acidosis, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Metabolic Acidosis market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. (marketresearch.com)
  • The Metabolic Acidosis epidemiology division provide insights about historical and current Metabolic Acidosis patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. (marketresearch.com)
  • The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Metabolic Acidosis epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. (marketresearch.com)
  • The epidemiology segment also provides the Metabolic Acidosis epidemiology data and findings across the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. (marketresearch.com)
  • The project is titled "Association of Neurovascular Dysfunction with Fetal Acidosis and Mast Cell Activation. (wisc.edu)
  • We estimate that in the US, approximately 3 million patients with CKD have metabolic acidosis, and this initiative aligns with our goal to slow CKD progression by reducing the prevalence and severity of metabolic acidosis in these patients with kidney disease. (kidneyfund.org)
  • In work shared at the Western Canadian Dairy Seminar held in early March, researchers form the University of Alberta, set out to evaluate the variation in severity of SARA among lactating cows fed a high-grain diet and determine the factors characterizing acidosis tolerant and susceptible animals. (hoards.com)
  • Acidosis index, or the severity of SARA (pH below 5.8) divided by dry matter intake was determined for individual animals to assess the disease severity adjusted for feed consumption. (hoards.com)
  • With a persistent oxygen debt and overwhelming of the body's buffering abilities (whether from long-term dysfunction or excessive production), hyperlacticaemia and metabolic acidosis ensue, commonly referred to as lactic acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • Acidosis is caused by an overproduction of acid that builds up in the blood or an excessive loss of bicarbonate from the blood (metabolic acidosis) or by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from poor lung function or depressed breathing (respiratory acidosis). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lactic acidosis, on the other hand, is associated with major metabolic dysregulation, tissue hypoperfusion, the effects of certain drugs or toxins, and congenital abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital lactic acidosis is secondary to inborn errors of metabolism, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, or the respiratory chain. (medscape.com)
  • On the other hand, lactic acidosis type B is a rare type resulting from altered metabolism by drugs or toxins. (healthnews.com)
  • The term congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) refers to a group of inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism variably characterised by progressive neuromuscular deterioration and accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions in blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid, frequently resulting in early death. (bmj.com)
  • Renal tubular acidosis is an illness that happens when the kidneys are damaged and can't remove a waste, called acid, from the blood. (teenshealth.org)
  • Metabolic acidosis is a buildup of acid in the body, which is common in people with kidney disease because their kidneys are not filtering their blood well enough. (kidneyfund.org)
  • Regarding ruminal acidosis, Chibisa, Beauchemin and Penner said, based on past research, there are indications that an increase in salivation could possibly compensate for a potential decrease in acid removal from the rumen via epithelial absorption during a bout of ruminal acidosis (abstract 1566/poster M280). (feedstuffs.com)
  • Severe rumen acidosis can be accompanied by systemic and often fatal acidosis. (extension.org)
  • Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, which results in an excessively low pH in the bloodstream. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Does treating mild acidosis result in delay in initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for ESRD or result in an improved quality of life (QOL)? (medpagetoday.com)
  • Here, we employed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to probe the effect of mild acidosis on the mechanosensitivity of the proprioceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in mice. (myjournals.org)
  • How well you do depends on the disease causing the respiratory acidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Several decades later, Huckabee's seminal work firmly established that lactic acidosis frequently accompanies severe illnesses and that tissue hypoperfusion underlies the pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous etiologies may be responsible for the presence of lactic acidosis, most commonly circulatory failure and hypoxia. (medscape.com)
  • On the contrary, chronic respiratory acidosis may be caused by COPD where there is a decreased responsiveness of the reflexes to states of hypoxia and hypercapnia. (statpearls.com)
  • In the moderately severe and severe forms of emphysema, the patient is likely to be hypoxemic and hypercarbic (respiratory acidosis). (draftlessig.org)
  • Acidosis is any process that raises serum Hydrogen ion concentration, while overproduction of acid in bodily fluids is a condition known as metabolic acidosis. (reportsanddata.com)
  • A decrease in serum HCO3 of less than 24 mEq/L, is a sign of metabolic acidosis, which is caused by an increase in concentration of hydrogen ions in systemic circulation. (reportsanddata.com)
  • This will increase your "lactate threshold," making it less likely you'll get lactic acidosis. (webmd.com)
  • From stability constants it was calculated that the formation of Ca-lactate complexes accounts for the difference between lactic and hydrochloric acidosis. (uzh.ch)
  • The eventual development of status epilepticus, associated with a T(1) hypointense as well as T(2), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and diffusion-weighted hyperintense brain lesion led to pathologic and genetic testing that identified a A3243G mitochondrial DNA point mutation associated with mitochondrial, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. (nih.gov)
  • This case emphasizes that occipital epileptic seizures can be the only presenting and long-lasting sign in patients with mitochondrial, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. (nih.gov)
  • In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease, a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used. (diabetestalk.net)
  • The ultimate goal in the management of metabolic acidosis is to correct and maintain a healthy balance of the body's acid-base levels. (nursetogether.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis is a serious disorder associated with an imbalance in the acid-base balance in the body. (nursetogether.com)
  • We present the case of a 4-year-old boy with medulloblastoma who presented with lactic acidosis in the setting of septic shock. (northwestern.edu)
  • Complications of CKD, such as metabolic acidosis, create serious health problems, including patients' kidney disease getting worse," said LaVarne A. Burton, AKF president and CEO. (kidneyfund.org)
  • Furthermore, the symptomatic treatment is helping in preventing various patients from complications of the process of metabolic acidosis. (reportsanddata.com)
  • Hyperkalemia caused by metabolic acidosis may manifest as cardiac irregularities. (nursetogether.com)
  • Approximately 20% of patients with substantial chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 1,529) have metabolic acidosis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Untreated renal (REE-nul) tubular acidosis can affect a child's growth, cause kidney stones , and other problems like bone or kidney disease . (teenshealth.org)
  • ROCKVILLE, Md. (October 22, 2020) - The American Kidney Fund (AKF) today announced a partnership with Tricida, Inc. to increase the understanding of chronic metabolic acidosis, a common complication of kidney disease that can cause serious effects, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, muscle atrophy and cardiac issues. (kidneyfund.org)
  • Tricida is honored to partner with the American Kidney Fund on this critical effort to increase awareness and understanding of metabolic acidosis in those with kidney disease," said Gerrit Klaerner, PhD, Tricida CEO and president. (kidneyfund.org)
  • Other individuals who develop chronic respiratory acidosis may have fatigue of the diaphragm resulting from a muscular disorder. (statpearls.com)
  • A definition or brief description of Metabolic acidosis . (citizendium.org)
  • Metabolic acidosis develops when the amount of acid in the body is increased through ingestion of a substance that is, or can be broken down (metabolized) to, an acid-such as wood alcohol (methanol), antifreeze (ethylene glycol), or large doses of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conclusion Short term morbidities are common in the whole cohort of infants born with severe perinatal acidosis, including in infants initially evaluated as not meeting current criteria for cooling. (bmj.com)
  • Respiratory acidosis is a state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide. (statpearls.com)
  • Metabolic acidosis is compensated for in the lungs, as increased exhalation of carbon dioxide promptly shifts the buffering equation to reduce metabolic acid. (iiab.me)