A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.
A benign epithelial tumor of the LIVER.
A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.
A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.
A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.
Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.
A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.
An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure.
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.
The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between TRANSVERSE COLON and the SIGMOID COLON.

Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutant mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. (1/4752)

Overexpression of cell surface glycoproteins of the CD44 family is an early event in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. This suggests a link with disruption of APC tumor suppressor protein-mediated regulation of beta-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling, which is crucial in initiating tumorigenesis. To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed CD44 expression in the intestinal mucosa of mice and humans with genetic defects in either APC or Tcf-4, leading to constitutive activation or blockade of the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 pathway, respectively. We show that CD44 expression in the non-neoplastic intestinal mucosa of Apc mutant mice is confined to the crypt epithelium but that CD44 is strongly overexpressed in adenomas as well as in invasive carcinomas. This overexpression includes the standard part of the CD44 (CD44s) as well as variant exons (CD44v). Interestingly, deregulated CD44 expression is already present in aberrant crypt foci with dysplasia (ACFs), the earliest detectable lesions of colorectal neoplasia. Like ACFs of Apc-mutant mice, ACFs of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients also overexpress CD44. In sharp contrast, Tcf-4 mutant mice show a complete absence of CD44 in the epithelium of the small intestine. This loss of CD44 concurs with loss of stem cell characteristics, shared with adenoma cells. Our results indicate that CD44 expression is part of a genetic program controlled by the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling pathway and suggest a role for CD44 in the generation and turnover of epithelial cells.  (+info)

MTHFR polymorphism, methyl-replete diets and the risk of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma among U.S. men and women: an example of gene-environment interactions in colorectal tumorigenesis. (2/4752)

Our studies on interactions of a folate-metabolizing gene polymorphism and dietary intake in colorectal tumorigenesis demonstrate the potential importance of studying interactions between genotype and environmental exposure in relation to cancer risk. We observed an inverse association of a polymorphism (667C --> T, ala --> val) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with colorectal cancer but not with colorectal adenomas. The inverse association of methionine and adverse association of alcohol with colorectal cancer were stronger among val/val individuals. These interactions were not present in studies of colorectal adenomas. Our studies illustrate that studying gene-environment interactions in relation to cancer can be of importance in clarifying cancer etiology as well as pointing to preventive dietary modifications.  (+info)

Expression of relaxin-like factor is down-regulated in human testicular Leydig cell neoplasia. (3/4752)

In addition to their role in steroidogenesis in the male, testicular Leydig cells constitutively express large amounts of the peptide relaxin-like factor (RLF), also known as Ley-IL. The Leydig cell-derived RLF belongs to the insulin-like superfamily, which also includes relaxin, insulin and the insulin-like growth factors, and within the testis is a specific marker of Leydig cells. Little information is available either on the regulation of gene expression or on the function of this Leydig cell-derived peptide. In the present study we have investigated the expression pattern of human RLF in patients with rare Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenoma. The expression of both mRNA and protein appear to be decreased in hyperplastic Leydig cells, whereas in the Leydig cell adenomas studied, large central areas of the adenoma were devoid of RLF mRNA and protein. Only Leydig cells located at the periphery of the adenoma displayed expression of RLF, with full agreement between in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. It thus appears that the expression of the RLF gene and its products are down-regulated in Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenoma, consistent with a concomitant dedifferentiation of these cells.  (+info)

Effect of retinoids on AOM-induced colon cancer in rats: modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and aberrant crypt foci. (4/4752)

We have previously reported that the retinoids, 4-(hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) prevented azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors and along with 2-(carboxyphenyl)retinamide (2-CPR) prevented aberrant crypt foci (ACF). In this study, we evaluated the effect of 2-CPR on AOM-induced colon tumors and the effect of the three retinoids on apoptosis and cell proliferation. Male F344 rats were administrated 15 mg/kg AOM at weeks 7 and 8 of age. 2-CPR (315 mg/kg) was administered in the diet starting either 1 week before or at week 12 after the first dose of AOM. The rats continued to receive the 2-CPR until killed at week 46. Unlike the demonstrated prevention of colon cancer by the other two retinoids, both dosing schedules of 2-CPR resulted in an approximate doubling of the yield of colon tumors. In adenomas, 2-CPR, 4-HPR and 9-cis-RA were equally effective in reducing mitotic activity, while only 4-HPR and 9-cis-RA but not 2-CPR enhanced apoptosis. When administered for only the 6 days prior to killing 4-HPR but not 2-CPR decreased the Mitotic Index and increased the Apoptotic Index in adenomas. In non-involved crypts, chronic exposure to 4-HPR and 9-cis-RA in contrast to 2-CPR reduced the Mitotic Index and enhanced the Apoptotic Index. In concurrence with our previous study, both 2-CPR and 4-HPR were very potent in preventing ACF when administered in the diet starting 1 week before the first dose of AOM and continuing for the 5 weeks of the study. Hence, unlike the other two retinoids, 2-CPR, although very potent in preventing ACF, enhanced rather than prevented AOM-induced colon cancer. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effect of 2-CPR on tumor yield is different from 4-HPR and 9-cis-RA because, unlike them, it does not enhance apoptosis.  (+info)

Reduced lung tumorigenesis in human methylguanine DNA--methyltransferase transgenic mice achieved by expression of transgene within the target cell. (5/4752)

Human methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) transgenic mice expressing high levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) in lung were crossbred to A/J mice that are susceptible to pulmonary adenoma to study the impact of O6-methylguanine (O6mG)-DNA adduct repair on NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis. Expression of the chimeric human MGMT transgene in lung was identified by northern and western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry assay and enzymatic assay. AGT activity was 17.6 +/- 3.2 versus 1.2 +/- 0.4 fmol/microg DNA in lung of MGMT transgenic mice compared with non-transgenic mice. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-human AGT antibody showed that human AGT was expressed throughout the lung. However, some epithelial cells of bronchi and alveoli did not stain for human AGT, suggesting that the human MGMT transgene expression was heterogeneous. After 100 mg/kg NNK i.p. injection in MGMT transgenic mice, lung AGT activity remained much higher and levels of lung O6mG-DNA adducts in MGMT transgenic mice were lower than those of non-transgenic mice. In the tumorigenesis study, mice received 100 mg/kg NNK at 6 weeks of age and were killed 44 weeks later. Ten of 17 MGMT transgenic mice compared with 16 of 17 non-transgenic mice had lung tumors, P < 0.05. MGMT transgenic mice had lower multiplicity and smaller sized lung tumors than non-transgenic mice. Moreover, a reduction in the frequency of K-ras mutations in lung tumors was found in MGMT transgenic mice (6.7 versus 50% in non-transgenic mice). These results indicate that high levels of AGT expressed in mouse lung reduce lung tissue susceptibility to NNK-induced tumorigenesis due to increased repair capacity for O6mG, subsequently, decreased mutational activation of K-ras oncogene. Heterogeneity in the level of AGT expressed in different lung cell populations or other forms of carcinogenic DNA damage caused by NNK may explain the residual incidence of lung tumors in MGMT transgenic mice.  (+info)

Possible carcinogenic effects of X-rays in a transgenerational study with CBA mice. (6/4752)

A lifetime experiment using 4279 CBA/J mice was carried out to investigate whether the pre-conceptual exposure of sperm cells to X-ray radiation or urethane would result in an increased cancer risk in the untreated progeny, and/or increased susceptibility to cancer following exposure to a promoting agent. The study consisted of four main groups, namely a control group (saline), a urethane group (1 mg/g body wt) and two X-ray radiation groups (1 Gy, 2 Gy). At 1, 3 and 9 weeks after treatment, the males of these four parental groups were mated with untreated virgin females. The offspring of each parental group was divided into two subgroups: one received s.c. urethane (0.1 mg/g body wt once) as a promoter, the other saline, at the age of 6 weeks. All animals were evaluated for the occurrence of tumours. K-ras oncogene and p53 tumour suppressor gene mutations were investigated in frozen lung tumour samples. The female offspring of male parents exposed to X-rays 1 week before their mating showed a trend towards a higher tumour incidence of the haematopoietic system than the F1 controls. In addition, a higher percentage of bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas in male offspring born to irradiated paternals mated 1 week after X-ray treatment points to a plausible increased sensitivity of post-meiotic germ cell stages towards transgenerational carcinogenic effects. On the other hand, no increased tumour incidence and malignancy were observed in the offspring born to irradiated paternals mated 3 and 9 weeks after X-ray treatment. Paternal urethane treatment 1, 3 and 9 weeks prior to conception did not result in significantly altered incidence or malignancy of tumours of the lung, liver and haematopoietic tissue in the offspring. K-ras mutations increased during tumour progression from bronchioloalveolar hyperplasia to adenoma. Codon 61 K-ras mutations were more frequent in lung tumours of urethane-promoted progeny from irradiated parents than from control parents. P53 mutations were absent from these lung alterations.  (+info)

Epithelial thyroid tumors in cows. (7/4752)

From 1964 to 1973, 370 tumors were collected from cows of unknown age. Ten (2.7%) of these were primary thyroid tumors. Three were malignant. The benign tumors were solitary encapsulated adenomas in the parenchyma with more or less defined trabeculae, tubular, and microfollicular pattern. One of the malignant tumors was a cystic papillary adenocarcinoma, and two were small cell carcinomas consisting of small, sometimes binuclear, pleomorphic cells.  (+info)

The elevated serum alkaline phosphatase--the chase that led to two endocrinopathies and one possible unifying diagnosis. (8/4752)

A 39-year-old Chinese man with hypertension being evaluated for elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) levels was found to have an incidental right adrenal mass. The radiological features were characteristic of a large adrenal myelolipoma. This mass was resected and the diagnosis confirmed pathologically. His blood pressure normalised after removal of the myelolipoma, suggesting that the frequently observed association between myelolipomas and hypertension may not be entirely coincidental. Persistent elevation of the SAP levels and the discovery of hypercalcaemia after surgery led to further investigations which confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma. The patient's serum biochemistry normalised after removal of the adenoma. The association of adrenal myelolipoma with primary hyperparathyroidism has been reported in the literature only once previously. Although unconfirmed by genetic studies this association may possibly represent an unusual variation of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome.  (+info)

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

A pleomorphic adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically develops in the salivary glands, although they can also occur in other areas such as the nasopharynx and skin. "Pleomorphic" refers to the diverse appearance of the cells within the tumor, which can vary in size, shape, and arrangement.

Pleomorphic adenomas are composed of a mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which can form glandular structures, squamous (scale-like) cells, and areas that resemble cartilage or bone. These tumors tend to grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the body.

While pleomorphic adenomas are generally not dangerous, they can cause problems if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. In some cases, these tumors may also undergo malignant transformation, leading to a cancerous growth known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Surgical removal is the standard treatment for pleomorphic adenomas, and the prognosis is generally good with proper management.

A villous adenoma is a type of polyp (a growth that protrudes from the lining of an organ) found in the colon or rectum. It is named for its appearance under a microscope, which reveals finger-like projections called "villi" on the surface of the polyp.

Villous adenomas are typically larger than other types of polyps and can be several centimeters in size. They are also more likely to be cancerous or precancerous, meaning that they have the potential to develop into colon or rectal cancer over time.

Because of this increased risk, it is important for villous adenomas to be removed surgically if they are found during a colonoscopy or other diagnostic procedure. Regular follow-up colonoscopies may also be recommended to monitor for the development of new polyps or recurrence of previous ones.

Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.

Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.

The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.

An adrenocortical adenoma is a benign tumor that arises from the cells of the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland. These tumors can produce and release various hormones, such as cortisol, aldosterone, or androgens, depending on the type of cells they originate from.

Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning that they do not secrete excess hormones and may not cause any symptoms. However, some functioning adenomas can produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations. For example:

* Cortisol-secreting adenomas can result in Cushing's syndrome, characterized by weight gain, muscle wasting, thin skin, easy bruising, and mood changes.
* Aldosterone-producing adenomas can cause Conn's syndrome, marked by hypertension (high blood pressure), hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and metabolic alkalosis.
* Androgen-secreting adenomas may lead to hirsutism (excessive hair growth) or virilization (development of male secondary sexual characteristics) in women.

The diagnosis of an adrenocortical adenoma typically involves imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, and hormonal evaluations to determine if the tumor is functioning or not. Treatment usually consists of surgical removal of the tumor, especially if it is causing hormonal imbalances or growing in size.

A liver cell adenoma is a benign tumor that develops in the liver and is composed of cells similar to those normally found in the liver (hepatocytes). These tumors are usually solitary, but multiple adenomas can occur, especially in women who have taken oral contraceptives for many years. Liver cell adenomas are typically asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons. In rare cases, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort, or complications such as bleeding or rupture. Treatment options include monitoring with periodic imaging studies or surgical removal of the tumor.

A chromophobe adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically arises in the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The term "chromophobe" refers to the appearance of the cells under a microscope - they lack pigment and have a characteristic appearance with abundant clear or lightly stained cytoplasm.

Chromophobe adenomas are slow-growing tumors that can vary in size, and they may cause symptoms due to pressure on surrounding structures or by producing excess hormones. The most common hormone produced by chromophobe adenomas is prolactin, leading to symptoms such as menstrual irregularities, milk production (galactorrhea), and decreased sexual function in women, and decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility in men.

Treatment for chromophobe adenomas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often through a transsphenoidal approach (through the nose and sphenoid sinus). In some cases, radiation therapy or medical management with hormone-blocking drugs may also be necessary. Regular follow-up with an endocrinologist is important to monitor for any recurrence or hormonal imbalances.

A Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma (GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, or GHoma) is a type of benign tumor that develops in the pituitary gland and results in excessive production of growth hormone (GH). This leads to a condition known as acromegaly if it occurs in adults, or gigantism if it occurs in children before the closure of the growth plates.

Symptoms of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma may include:

1. Coarsening of facial features
2. Enlargement of hands and feet
3. Deepened voice due to thickening of vocal cords
4. Increased sweating and body odor
5. Joint pain and stiffness
6. Sleep apnea
7. Fatigue, weakness, or muscle wasting
8. Headaches
9. Vision problems
10. Irregular menstrual periods in women
11. Erectile dysfunction in men

Diagnosis typically involves measuring the levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the blood, along with imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to locate and characterize the tumor. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and medication to control GH production. Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor for potential recurrence.

Colorectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the colon or rectum, which can be benign or malignant. These growths can arise from the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon or rectum and can take various forms such as polyps, adenomas, or carcinomas.

Benign neoplasms, such as hyperplastic polyps and inflammatory polyps, are not cancerous but may need to be removed to prevent the development of malignant tumors. Adenomas, on the other hand, are precancerous lesions that can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the uncontrolled growth and division of cells in the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Regular screening for colorectal neoplasms is recommended for individuals over the age of 50, as early detection and removal of precancerous lesions can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Colonic polyps are abnormal growths that protrude from the inner wall of the colon (large intestine). They can vary in size, shape, and number. Most colonic polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. However, some types of polyps, such as adenomas, have a higher risk of becoming cancerous over time if left untreated.

Colonic polyps often do not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. Larger polyps may lead to symptoms like rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, or iron deficiency anemia. The exact cause of colonic polyps is not known, but factors such as age, family history, and certain medical conditions (like inflammatory bowel disease) can increase the risk of developing them.

Regular screening exams, such as colonoscopies, are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 to detect and remove polyps before they become cancerous. If you have a family history of colonic polyps or colorectal cancer, your doctor may recommend earlier or more frequent screenings.

An ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is a type of tumor that develops in the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. This type of tumor is also known as Cushing's disease.

ACTH stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is a hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands (small glands located on top of the kidneys) to produce cortisol, a steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, helps the body respond to stress, and suppresses inflammation.

In an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, the tumor cells produce and release excessive amounts of ACTH, leading to overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can result in a constellation of symptoms known as Cushing's syndrome, which may include weight gain (especially around the trunk), fatigue, muscle weakness, mood changes, thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Treatment for an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by medications to manage cortisol levels if necessary. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases.

An adenoma is a benign tumor that forms in glandular tissue. When referring to "acidophil," it describes the appearance of the cells under a microscope. Acidophils are cells that take up acidic dyes, giving them a distinct appearance. In the context of an adenoma, an acidophil adenoma would be a benign tumor composed of acidophil cells.

Acidophil adenomas are most commonly found in the pituitary gland and are also known as lactotroph or mammosomatotroph adenomas. These tumors can produce and release prolactin, growth hormone, or both, leading to various endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, or gigantism. Treatment options typically include surgical removal of the tumor or medical management with dopamine agonists or somatostatin analogs.

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the large intestine, also known as the colon and rectum. It is performed using a flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end, called a colonoscope, which is inserted into the rectum and gently guided through the entire length of the colon.

The procedure allows doctors to visually inspect the lining of the colon for any abnormalities such as polyps, ulcers, inflammation, or cancer. If any polyps are found during the procedure, they can be removed immediately using special tools passed through the colonoscope. Colonoscopy is an important tool in the prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Patients are usually given a sedative to help them relax during the procedure, which is typically performed on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic setting. The entire procedure usually takes about 30-60 minutes to complete, although patients should plan to spend several hours at the medical facility for preparation and recovery.

Adenomatous polyps, also known as adenomas, are benign (noncancerous) growths that develop in the lining of the glandular tissue of certain organs, most commonly occurring in the colon and rectum. These polyps are composed of abnormal glandular cells that can grow excessively and form a mass.

Adenomatous polyps can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. They may be flat or have a stalk (pedunculated). While adenomas are generally benign, they can potentially undergo malignant transformation and develop into colorectal cancer over time if left untreated. The risk of malignancy increases with the size of the polyp and the presence of certain histological features, such as dysplasia (abnormal cell growth).

Regular screening for adenomatous polyps is essential to detect and remove them early, reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Screening methods include colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool-based tests.

A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor that produces an excess amount of the hormone prolactin, leading to various symptoms. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate different bodily functions. Prolactin is one such hormone, primarily known for its role in stimulating milk production in women during lactation (breastfeeding).

Prolactinoma tumors can be classified into two types: microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are smaller tumors, typically less than 10 millimeters in size, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors, generally greater than 10 millimeters in size.

The overproduction of prolactin caused by these tumors can lead to several clinical manifestations, including:

1. Galactorrhea: Unusual and often spontaneous milk production or leakage from the nipples, which can occur in both men and women who do not have a recent history of pregnancy or breastfeeding.
2. Menstrual irregularities: In women, high prolactin levels can interfere with the normal functioning of other hormones, leading to menstrual irregularities such as infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea) or absent periods (amenorrhea), and sometimes infertility.
3. Sexual dysfunction: In both men and women, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and sexual desire. Men may also experience erectile dysfunction and reduced sperm production.
4. Bone loss: Over time, high prolactin levels can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis due to the disruption of other hormones that regulate bone health.
5. Headaches and visual disturbances: As the tumor grows, it may put pressure on surrounding structures in the brain, leading to headaches and potential vision problems such as blurred vision or decreased peripheral vision.

Diagnosis typically involves measuring prolactin levels in the blood and performing imaging tests like an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to assess the size of the tumor. Treatment usually consists of medication to lower prolactin levels, such as dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline), which can also help shrink the tumor. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if medication is ineffective or if the tumor is large and causing severe symptoms.

A basophilic adenoma is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the glandular cells of an endocrine gland, specifically the cells that produce and store hormones. The term "basophilic" refers to the appearance of the tumor cells under a microscope, which have a high affinity for basic dyes due to their rich content of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Basophilic adenomas are most commonly found in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These tumors can produce and secrete excessive amounts of hormones, leading to various clinical symptoms depending on the type of hormone involved. The most common types of basophilic adenomas are prolactinomas, which secrete high levels of the hormone prolactin, and growth hormone-secreting adenomas, which produce excessive amounts of growth hormone.

Treatment for basophilic adenomas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or medical management with drugs that suppress hormone production. The prognosis for patients with basophilic adenomas is generally good, with most individuals experiencing a significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life following treatment. However, regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for recurrence and manage any residual hormonal imbalances.

Adrenal cortex neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) in the adrenal gland's outer layer, known as the adrenal cortex. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors are called adrenal adenomas, while cancerous tumors are called adrenocortical carcinomas.

Adrenal cortex neoplasms can produce various hormones, leading to different clinical presentations. For instance, they may cause Cushing's syndrome (characterized by excessive cortisol production), Conn's syndrome (caused by aldosterone excess), or virilization (due to androgen excess). Some tumors may not produce any hormones and are discovered incidentally during imaging studies for unrelated conditions.

The diagnosis of adrenal cortex neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging techniques, such as CT or MRI scans, and hormonal assessments to determine if the tumor is functional or non-functional. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and hormonal activity of the neoplasm and may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum. APC is caused by mutations in the APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that helps regulate cell growth and division. When the APC gene is mutated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of polyps, which can eventually become cancerous.

Individuals with APC typically develop hundreds to thousands of polyps in their colon and rectum, usually beginning in adolescence or early adulthood. If left untreated, APC can lead to colorectal cancer in nearly all affected individuals by the age of 40.

APC is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, some cases of APC may also occur spontaneously due to new mutations in the APC gene. Treatment for APC typically involves surgical removal of the colon and rectum (colectomy) to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. Regular surveillance with colonoscopy is also recommended to monitor for the development of new polyps.

Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that typically occurs in middle-aged adults. It results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood. The excessive production of GH leads to abnormal growth of body tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.

The term "acromegaly" is derived from two Greek words: "akros," meaning extremities, and "megaly," meaning enlargement. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland, which results in overproduction of GH.

Common symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features, deepened voice, joint pain, and sweating. If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or medication to control GH production.

Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can happen due to various reasons such as taking high doses of corticosteroid medications or tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome may include:

* Obesity, particularly around the trunk and upper body
* Thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and purple or red stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms
* Weakened bones, leading to fractures
* High blood pressure
* High blood sugar
* Mental changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability
* Increased fatigue and weakness
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Decreased fertility in men

Cushing syndrome can be diagnosed through various tests, including urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels, saliva tests, and imaging tests to locate any tumors. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or adjusting medication dosages.

APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that provides instructions for making a protein called adenomatous polyposis coli. This protein plays a crucial role in regulating the growth and division of cells in the colon and rectum. Specifically, it helps to maintain the stability of the cell's genetic material (DNA) by controlling the process of beta-catenin degradation.

When the APC gene is mutated or altered, it can lead to an accumulation of beta-catenin in the cell, which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division. This can ultimately lead to the development of colon polyps, which are benign growths that can become cancerous over time if left untreated.

Mutations in the APC gene are associated with several inherited cancer syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and attenuated FAP (AFAP). These conditions are characterized by the development of numerous colon polyps at a young age, which can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are four small parathyroid glands located in the neck, near or within the thyroid gland. They release PTH into the bloodstream to help regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

In hyperparathyroidism, overproduction of PTH can lead to an imbalance in these minerals, causing high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) and low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia). This can result in various symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive issues.

There are two types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when there is a problem with one or more of the parathyroid glands, causing them to become overactive and produce too much PTH. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a response to low calcium levels in the body due to conditions like vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, or malabsorption syndromes.

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In primary hyperparathyroidism, surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland(s) is often recommended. For secondary hyperparathyroidism, treating the underlying condition and managing calcium levels with medications or dietary changes may be sufficient.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the large intestine, also known as the colon. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two most common types of colonic neoplasms are adenomas and carcinomas.

Adenomas are benign tumors that can develop into cancer over time if left untreated. They are often found during routine colonoscopies and can be removed during the procedure.

Carcinomas, on the other hand, are malignant tumors that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and colonic neoplasms are a significant risk factor for developing this type of cancer.

Regular screenings for colonic neoplasms are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 or those with a family history of colorectal cancer or other risk factors. Early detection and removal of colonic neoplasms can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Intestinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the intestines, which can be benign or malignant. These growths are called neoplasms and they result from uncontrolled cell division. In the case of intestinal neoplasms, these growths occur in the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, or appendix.

Benign intestinal neoplasms are not cancerous and often do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to obstruct the intestines or cause bleeding. Common types of benign intestinal neoplasms include polyps, leiomyomas, and lipomas.

Malignant intestinal neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant intestinal neoplasm is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells lining the inside of the intestines. Other types of malignant intestinal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Symptoms of intestinal neoplasms can vary depending on their size, location, and type. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Adrenal gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the adrenal glands. These glands are located on top of each kidney and are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response. Adrenal gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign adrenal tumors are called adenomas and are usually small and asymptomatic. However, some adenomas may produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to symptoms such as high blood pressure, weight gain, and mood changes.

Malignant adrenal tumors are called adrenocortical carcinomas and are rare but aggressive cancers that can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms of adrenocortical carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and hormonal imbalances.

It is important to diagnose and treat adrenal gland neoplasms early to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Diagnostic tests may include imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as hormone level testing and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion, also known as Cushing's disease, is a condition characterized by the excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. This results in an overproduction of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, leading to a constellation of symptoms known as Cushing's syndrome.

In Cushing's disease, a benign tumor called an adenoma develops on the pituitary gland, causing it to release excess ACTH. This in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol than necessary. The resulting high levels of cortisol can cause various symptoms such as weight gain, particularly around the trunk and face (central obesity), thinning of the skin, bruising, weakness, fatigue, mood changes, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of infections.

It is important to distinguish Cushing's disease from other causes of Cushing's syndrome, such as cortisol-producing adrenal tumors or exogenous sources of corticosteroid use, as the treatment approach may differ. Treatment for Cushing's disease typically involves surgical removal of the pituitary tumor, with additional medical management and/or radiation therapy in some cases.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Hyperaldosteronism is a medical condition characterized by the overproduction of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

There are two types of hyperaldosteronism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by an overproduction of aldosterone from an abnormality within the adrenal gland, such as a tumor (Conn's syndrome) or hyperplasia. Secondary hyperaldosteronism occurs when there is an excess production of renin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, which then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more aldosterone. This can be caused by various conditions that affect kidney function, such as renal artery stenosis or heart failure.

Symptoms of hyperaldosteronism may include high blood pressure, low potassium levels (hypokalemia), muscle weakness, and frequent urination. Diagnosis typically involves measuring aldosterone and renin levels in the blood, as well as other tests to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the type and cause of hyperaldosteronism but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The sphenoid bone is a complex, irregularly shaped bone located in the middle cranial fossa and forms part of the base of the skull. It articulates with several other bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, palatine, and zygomatic bones. The sphenoid bone has two main parts: the body and the wings.

The body of the sphenoid bone is roughly cuboid in shape and contains several important structures, such as the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, and the sphenoid sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the bone. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally from the body and form part of the skull's lateral walls. They contain the superior orbital fissure, through which important nerves and blood vessels pass between the cranial cavity and the orbit of the eye.

The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone are thin, blade-like structures that extend anteriorly from the body and form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. They contain the optic canal, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery between the brain and the orbit of the eye.

Overall, the sphenoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting several important structures within the skull, including the pituitary gland, optic nerves, and ophthalmic arteries.

Duodenal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives digestive secretions from the pancreas and bile duct. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms include adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, and hamartomas. They are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction of the intestine.

Malignant neoplasms include adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), lymphomas, and sarcomas. They are more aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, anemia, or bowel obstruction.

The diagnosis of duodenal neoplasms is usually made through imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's stress response and has significant effects on various physiological processes.

The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex, where it binds to specific receptors and initiates a series of biochemical reactions leading to the production and release of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).

Cortisol is involved in various metabolic processes, such as regulating blood sugar levels, modulating the immune response, and helping the body respond to stress. Aldosterone plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

ACTH release is controlled by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain, which produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, which in turn triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This complex feedback system helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that appropriate amounts of cortisol are released in response to various physiological and psychological stressors.

Disorders related to ACTH can lead to hormonal imbalances, resulting in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (excessive cortisol production) or Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol production). Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve assessing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and addressing any underlying issues affecting ACTH secretion.

The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.

The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:

* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.

Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more of the parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands are normally responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body by releasing PTH, which helps to maintain an appropriate balance of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland(s) become overactive and produce too much PTH, leading to elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) in the blood. This can result in a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive impairment, although some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign tumor called an adenoma that develops in one or more of the parathyroid glands. In rare cases, primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by cancer of the parathyroid gland(s) or by enlargement of all four glands (four-gland hyperplasia). Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s), which is usually curative.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

The Sella Turcica, also known as the Turkish saddle, is a depression or fossa in the sphenoid bone located at the base of the skull. It forms a housing for the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes several essential hormones. The Sella Turcica has a saddle-like shape, with its anterior and posterior clinoids forming the front and back of the saddle, respectively. This region is of significant interest in neuroimaging and clinical settings, as various conditions such as pituitary tumors or other abnormalities may affect the size, shape, and integrity of the Sella Turcica.

Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a sigmoidoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, into the rectum and lower colon (sigmoid colon) to examine these areas for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, polyps, or cancer. The procedure typically allows for the detection of issues in the sigmoid colon and rectum, and can help diagnose conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or colorectal cancer.

There are two types of sigmoidoscopy: flexible sigmoidoscopy and rigid sigmoidoscopy. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is more commonly performed because it provides a better view of the lower colon and is less uncomfortable for the patient. Rigid sigmoidoscopy, on the other hand, uses a solid, inflexible tube and is typically used in specific situations such as the removal of foreign objects or certain types of polyps.

During the procedure, patients are usually positioned on their left side with their knees drawn up to their chest. The sigmoidoscope is gently inserted into the rectum and advanced through the lower colon while the doctor examines the lining for any abnormalities. Air may be introduced through the scope to help expand the colon and provide a better view. If polyps or other abnormal tissues are found, they can often be removed during the procedure for further examination and testing.

Sigmoidoscopy is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure. Some patients may experience mild discomfort, bloating, or cramping during or after the exam, but these symptoms typically resolve on their own within a few hours.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the rectum, which can be benign or malignant. They are characterized by uncontrolled cell division and can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The most common type of rectal neoplasm is rectal cancer, which often begins as a small polyp or growth in the lining of the rectum. Other types of rectal neoplasms include adenomas, carcinoids, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Regular screenings are recommended for early detection and treatment of rectal neoplasms.

Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency that involves bleeding into the pituitary gland (a small gland at the base of the brain) and/or sudden swelling of the pituitary gland. This can lead to compression of nearby structures, such as the optic nerves and the hypothalamus, causing symptoms like severe headache, visual disturbances, hormonal imbalances, and altered mental status. It is often associated with a pre-existing pituitary tumor (such as a pituitary adenoma), but can also occur in individuals without any known pituitary abnormalities. Immediate medical attention is required to manage this condition, which may include surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and supportive care.

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced in the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in human development and growth by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes the growth and reproduction of cells throughout the body, particularly in bones and other tissues. HGH also helps regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. It is essential for human development and continues to have important effects throughout life. The secretion of HGH decreases with age, which is thought to contribute to the aging process.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

Pituitary hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands and regulates various bodily functions.

There are two main types of pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, which are produced in different parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct functions.

Anterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and metabolism.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
5. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women.
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

Posterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation.
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH): regulates water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys.

Overall, pituitary hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproductive function, and various other bodily functions. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone levels can lead to a range of medical conditions, such as dwarfism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, infertility, and diabetes insipidus.

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division. It is encoded by the APC gene, which is located on chromosome 5. The APC protein helps to prevent excessive cell growth and division by inhibiting the activity of a protein called beta-catenin, which promotes cell growth and division when activated.

In individuals with certain genetic disorders, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), mutations in the APC gene can lead to the production of a defective APC protein or no APC protein at all. This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the development of numerous benign tumors called polyps in the colon and rectum. Over time, some of these polyps may become cancerous, leading to colorectal cancer if left untreated.

APC protein also has other functions in the body, including regulating cell migration and adhesion, and playing a role in maintaining the stability of the cytoskeleton. Mutations in the APC gene have been linked to other types of cancer besides colorectal cancer, including breast, lung, and ovarian cancers.

Parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck and are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Parathyroidectomy is typically performed to treat conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, where one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much PTH. This can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and mental confusion.

There are different types of parathyroidectomy procedures, including:

* Partial parathyroidectomy: removal of one or more, but not all, of the parathyroid glands.
* Total parathyroidectomy: removal of all four parathyroid glands.
* Subtotal parathyroidectomy: removal of three and a half of the four parathyroid glands, leaving a small portion of one gland to prevent hypoparathyroidism (a condition where the body produces too little PTH).

The choice of procedure depends on the underlying condition and its severity. After the surgery, patients may need to have their calcium levels monitored and may require calcium and vitamin D supplements to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

Urethane is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, in the field of chemistry and pharmacology, urethane is an ethyl carbamate ester which has been used as a general anesthetic. It is rarely used today due to its potential carcinogenic properties and the availability of safer alternatives.

In the context of materials science, polyurethanes are a class of polymers that contain urethane linkages (-NH-CO-O-) in their main chain. They are widely used in various applications such as foam insulation, coatings, adhesives, and medical devices due to their versatile properties like flexibility, durability, and resistance to abrasion.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

Adenoma of the bile duct is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops in the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver.

Bile duct adenomas are rare and usually do not cause any symptoms. However, if they grow large enough, they may obstruct the flow of bile and cause jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), abdominal pain, or itching. In some cases, bile duct adenomas may become cancerous and develop into bile duct carcinomas.

The exact cause of bile duct adenomas is not known, but they are more common in people with certain genetic disorders, such as Gardner's syndrome and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Treatment for bile duct adenomas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.

Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.

The descending colon is a part of the large intestine in the human digestive system. It is called "descending" because it is located inferiorly and posteriorly to the transverse colon, and its direction goes downward as it continues toward the rectum. The descending colon receives digested food material from the transverse colon via the splenic flexure, also known as the left colic flexure.

The primary function of the descending colon is to absorb water, electrolytes, and any remaining nutrients from the undigested food materials that have passed through the small intestine. The descending colon also stores this waste material temporarily before it moves into the rectum for eventual elimination from the body.

The descending colon's wall contains a layer of smooth muscle, which helps propel the waste material along the gastrointestinal tract via peristalsis. Additionally, the inner mucosal lining of the descending colon contains numerous goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus to lubricate the passage of stool and protect the intestinal wall from irritation or damage caused by waste materials.

In summary, the medical definition of 'Colon, Descending' refers to a section of the large intestine responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes while storing and eliminating waste materials through peristaltic movements and mucus secretion.

Hepatic adenomas are a rare benign tumour of the liver, which may present with hepatomegaly or other symptoms. Breast adenomas ... An adenoma is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. Adenomas can grow ... Over time adenomas may transform to become malignant, at which point they are called adenocarcinomas. Most adenomas do not ... Bronchial adenomas are adenomas in the bronchi. They may cause carcinoid syndrome, a type of paraneoplastic syndrome. A ...
There are reported cases of cancers arising within nipple adenomas, and following excision of nipple adenomas, but these are ... Nipple adenomas most commonly occur in 30- to 40-year-old women, but can also occur in men. They can also occur at any age, ... A nipple adenoma is a rare benign tumour of the breast. The condition may also be known as : Florid papillomatosis of the ... Nipple adenomas usually have a rounded outline at low magnification, and at higher magnification can be seen to consist of a ...
This entity should not be confused with the similar-sounding metanephric adenoma. Nephrogenic adenomas are diagnosed under the ... Nephrogenic adenoma is a benign growth typically found in the urinary bladder. It is thought to result from displacement and ... Metanephric adenoma Mazal, PR.; Schaufler, R.; Altenhuber-Müller, R.; Haitel, A.; Watschinger, B.; Kratzik, C.; Krupitza, G.; ... Peeker R Aldenborg F Fall M: Nephrogenic adenoma: A study with special reference to clinical presentation. BR J UROL 1997;80(4 ...
... with focal high grade nuclear atypia Adrenocortical adenoma with focal necrosis Adrenocortical adenomas ... Like most adenomas, the adrenocortical adenoma is considered a benign tumor since the majority of them are non-functioning and ... An adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise ... caused by adrenocortical adenomas. Adrenal adenomas are often categorized as endocrine-inactive tumors considering that ...
Other tumors which need to be excluded include a neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear (middle ear adenoma), paraganglioma, ... Ceruminous adenoma Ceruminous pleomorphic adenoma Ceruminous syringocystadenoma papilliferum All of the tumors are ... Ceruminous adenoma are rare tumors, accounting for less than 1% of all external ear tumors. The patients will present with a ... A ceruminous adenoma is a benign glandular neoplasm which arises from the ceruminous glands located within the external ...
Micrograph of hepatic adenoma. H&E stain Micrograph of hepatic adenoma. Reticulin stain Inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma ... Hepatocellular adenoma (also known as hepatic adenoma or hepadenoma) is a rare, benign liver tumor. It most commonly occurs in ... Since hepatic adenomas can be large (8-15 cm), patients may notice a palpable mass. However, hepatic adenomas are usually ... The histologic diagnosis of hepatic adenomas can be aided by reticulin staining. In hepatic adenomas, the reticulin scaffold is ...
... suggesting that MA is not related to renal cell carcinoma and papillary adenoma. As metanephric adenomas are considered benign ... Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare, benign tumour of the kidney, that can have a microscopic appearance similar to a ... Metanephric adenoma is diagnosed histologically. The tumours can be located at upper pole, lower pole and mid-hilar region of ... Pins MR, Jones EC, Martul EV, Kamat BR, Umlas J, Renshaw AA (May 1999). "Metanephric adenoma-like tumors of the kidney: report ...
... adenoma, particularly in larger lesions. Almost all thyroid adenomata are follicular adenomata. Follicular adenomata can be ... Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma Papillary adenomata are very rare. A thyroid adenoma is distinguished from a multinodular goiter ... as a toxic adenoma. A thyroid adenoma may be clinically silent ("cold" adenoma), or it may be a functional tumor, producing ... and may be referred to as a toxic thyroid adenoma. Thyroid follicular adenoma ranges in diameter from 3 cm on an average, but ...
Often, a parathyroid adenoma is diagnosed by an incidental finding on blood tests that reveal high calcium levels. Patients may ... A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. It generally causes hyperparathyroidism; there are very few ... Parathyroid adenoma can be associated with overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene. It is also associated with multiple endocrine ... sometimes parathyroid adenomas can be ablated by ethanol injection, laser or radiofrequency guided by ultrasound. Endocrine ...
Various types of headaches are common in patients with pituitary adenomas. The adenoma may be the prime causative factor behind ... Pituitary adenomas are classified as endocrine tumors (not brain tumors). Pituitary adenomas are classified based upon ... of AIP mutation carriers will develop a pituitary adenoma. AIP mutation associated pituitary adenomas (either presenting as ... Adenomas exceeding 10 mm (0.39 in) in size are defined as macroadenomas, with those smaller than 10 mm (0.39 in) referred to as ...
A sebaceous adenoma, a type of adenoma, a cutaneous condition characterized by a slow-growing tumor usually presenting as a ... It is also linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). It is not the same as "adenoma sebaceum" by F ... At this time, they were incorrectly termed adenoma sebaceum. We now know that the sebaceous glands are only passively involved ... "adenoma sebaceum", thought to be benign tumors of sebaceous glands, although the skin lesions are angiofibromas. Facial ...
... than tubular adenomas. These adenomas may become malignant (cancerous). Villous adenomas have been demonstrated to contain ... Being an adenoma, the mass is covered in columnar epithelial cells.[citation needed] Micrograph of a colorectal villous adenoma ... The colorectal adenoma is a benign glandular tumor of the colon and the rectum. It is a precursor lesion of the colorectal ... "Villous Adenoma Follow-up". Medscape. Updated: Oct 24, 2016 Rosty, C; Hewett, D. G.; Brown, I. S.; Leggett, B. A.; Whitehall, V ...
... may at times be associated with tuberous sclerosis. Gradually the papules become more prominent with time and ... Adenoma sebaceum is a misnamed cutaneous disorder consisting of angiofibromas that begin in childhood (generally present ... ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. "DermIS - Adenoma Sebaceum (information on the diagnosis)". www.dermis.net. Retrieved 2016-01-01. v t e ...
Even though it is a benign tumor, it must be separated from a basal cell adenoma, pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma ... Canalicular adenoma is a benign, epithelial salivary gland neoplasm arranged in interconnecting cords of columnar cells. This ... Suarez P, Hammond HL, Luna MA, Stimson PG (Aug 1998). "Palatal canalicular adenoma: report of 12 cases and review of the ... Thompson LD, Bauer JL, Chiosea S, McHugh JB, Seethala RR, Miettinen M, Müller S (Jun 2015). "Canalicular adenoma: a ...
Warthin's tumor - monomorphic adenoma Carcinoma Sialadenitis Bin Xu, M.D., Ph.D. "Pleomorphic adenoma". Pathology Outlines.{{ ... Pleomorphic adenoma (or benign mixed tumor) is a common benign salivary gland neoplasm characterised by neoplastic ... Though it is classified as a benign tumor, pleomorphic adenomas have the capacity to grow to large proportions and may undergo ... An important point of view is that recurrent pleomorphic adenomas may occur after a very long time from primary surgery, on ...
... is a rare, low-grade benign salivary gland neoplasm. The most common involved site is the parotid gland, ... González-García, R; Nam-Cha, SH; Muñoz-Guerra, MF; Gamallo-Amat, C (1 March 2006). "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland. ...
... is a cutaneous condition characterized by an uncommon benign sweat gland neoplasm that presents as a ... Blasini W, Hu S, Gugic D, Vincek V (2007). "Papillary eccrine adenoma in association with cutaneous horn". Am J Clin Dermatol. ... ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. Laxmisha C, Thappa DM, Jayanthi S (2004). "Papillary eccrine adenoma". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. ... Jackson EM, Cook J (December 2002). "Mohs micrographic surgery of a papillary eccrine adenoma". Dermatol Surg. 28 (12): 1168-72 ...
"From traditional serrated adenoma to tubulovillous adenoma and beyond". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 8 (12): 805 ... Traditional serrated adenoma is a premalignant type of polyp found in the colon, often in the distal colon (sigmoid, rectum). ... Usually, traditional serrated adenomas are found in the distal colon and are usually less than 10 mm in size. Traditional ... Traditional serrated adenomas are the least common type of serrated polyps found in the colon, accounting for 5% of serrated ...
... (or Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma) is a subtype of thyroid adenoma. Ünlütürk, U; Karaveli, G; ...
Salivary gland Pleomorphic adenoma Di Palma, S. (Jul 2013). "Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, with particular emphasis on ... Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (ca ex PA) is a type of cancer typically found in the parotid gland. It arises from the benign ... Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is diagnosed by examining it under the microscope with consideration of the individual history ... In approximately 75% of cases ca ex PAs arise in a pleomorphic adenoma that is apparent when the tumour is excised. In the ...
Neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear has gone by several different names, including middle ear adenoma, carcinoid tumor, ... Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear (NAME) is a tumor which arises from a specific anatomic site: middle ear. NAME is a benign ... amphicrine adenoma, adenocarcinoid, and adenomatoid tumor of middle ear. The various names have created some confusion about ...
Canalicular adenoma • Canine tooth • Cantilever mechanics • Carbon dioxide laser • Caries vaccine • Carnassial • Case School of ... Pleomorphic adenoma • Pleurodont • Plica fimbriata • Polk E. Akers • Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma • Polynoxylin • ...
Shreenath AP, Kahloon A (January 2022). "Hepatic Adenoma". StatPearls. PMID 30020636. Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, La Spada E, ... Adenoma and beyond". Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 60: 110-121. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2019.04.010. PMID 31009688. S2CID 128359413. ...
... or parathyroid adenoma). It is used by surgeons to locate ectopic parathyroid adenomas, most commonly found in the anterior ... Parathyroid adenomas have been linked with DDT although a causal link has not yet been established. Normal parathyroid glands ... "Parathyroid Adenoma". BrighamRAD Teaching Case Database. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Carroll MF, Schade DS (May ... Parathyroid adenomas are very rarely detectable on clinical examination. Surgical removal of a parathyroid tumor eliminates the ...
TCF4 Pituitary adenoma, ACTH-secreting; 219090; AIP Pituitary adenoma, growth hormone-secreting; 102200; AIP Pituitary adenoma ... PRKN Adenomas, multiple colorectal; 608456; MUTYH Adenomas, salivary gland pleomorphic; 181030; PLAG1 Adenomatous polyposis ... EIF2B4 Leydig cell adenoma, somatic, with precocious puberty; 176410; LHCGR Leydig cell hypoplasia with hypergonadotropic ... SCN4A Parathyroid adenoma with cystic changes; 145001; HRPT2 Parathyroid carcinoma; 608266; HRPT2 Parietal foramina 1; 168500; ...
This adenoma is extremely rare; when it occurs, it usually occurs in women. Often the adenoma is harmless but is removed after ... There are three main treatments for Hürthle cell adenomas. Once the adenoma is detected most often the nodules removed to ... 1998), "Unilateral lobectomy for Hürthle cell adenoma", Am Surg, 64 (8): 729-732, PMID 9697901. "Hurthle Cell Adenoma". www. ... "Appearance of Hürthle cell carcinoma soon after surgical extirpation of Hürthle cell adenoma and follicular adenoma of the ...
... villous adenoma): Tubular adenoma: 5% risk of cancer Tubulovillous adenoma: 20% risk of cancer Villous adenoma: 40% risk of ... Neoplastic polyps of the bowel are often benign hence called adenomas. An adenoma is a tumor of glandular tissue, that has not ... villous adenoma which are long finger like projections on the surface, and tubulovillous adenoma which has features of both.: ... villous adenomas are no more likely than tubular or tubulovillous adenomas to become cancerous if their sizes are all the same ...
Horwich, Perry J. (December 20, 2018). Eugene C Lin (ed.). "Adrenal Adenoma Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved July 28, 2023. Feeman ... tumor with a radiodensity of less than 10 HU is rather fatty in composition and almost certainly a benign adrenal adenoma. Cone ...
... such that oxyphil cell parathyroid adenomas have a very high avidity for sestamibi, while chief cell parathyroid adenomas have ... A sestamibi parathyroid scan is a procedure in nuclear medicine which is performed to localize parathyroid adenoma, which ... Adequate localization of parathyroid adenoma allows the surgeon to use a minimally invasive surgical approach. Tc99m-sestamibi ... Approximately 60 percent of parathyroid adenomas may be imaged by sestamibi scanning. The natural distribution of causation for ...
Types include: Parathyroid adenoma Parathyroid carcinoma[citation needed] Sekine O, Hozumi Y, Takemoto N, Kiyozaki H, Yamada S ... Konishi F (March 2004). "Parathyroid adenoma without hyperparathyroidism". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 34 (3): 155-8 ...
Hepatic adenomas are a rare benign tumour of the liver, which may present with hepatomegaly or other symptoms. Breast adenomas ... An adenoma is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. Adenomas can grow ... Over time adenomas may transform to become malignant, at which point they are called adenocarcinomas. Most adenomas do not ... Bronchial adenomas are adenomas in the bronchi. They may cause carcinoid syndrome, a type of paraneoplastic syndrome. A ...
An aldosterone-producing adenoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, which is a small hormone- ... Aldosterone-producing adenomas are caused by mutations in one of several genes. The most commonly mutated gene is KCNJ5, ... An aldosterone-producing adenoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, which is a small hormone- ... Aldosterone-producing adenomas are generally not inherited but arise from a mutation in the bodys cells that occurs after ...
Villous adenomas are associated more often with larger adenomas and more severe degrees of dysplasia. These adenomas occur more ... The prevalence of adenomas closely parallels the risk of colorectal cancer in a region. Adenomas are found in 30-40% of persons ... Villous Adenoma. Endoscopic view of a sessile polyp, which histology studies revealed to be a villous adenoma. Courtesy of H. ... The loss of the normal DCC gene is important in the transition from an intermediate adenoma to a late adenoma. [6] ...
A head-to-head trial found that the G-EYE balloon detects more adenomas than the Endocuff Vision attachment. ... more sessile serrated adenomas per patient, more large adenomas per patient, and more right colon adenomas per patient. ... The same was true for advanced adenomas.. When using the G-EYE, the researchers also found more adenomas per patient, ... "the G-EYE demonstrated a meaningful increase in adenoma detection rate [ADR] over Endocuff, particularly for advanced adenomas ...
Well explain tubular adenoma and what to expect following a diagnosis. ... in three years if you had an adenoma 0.4 inches or larger, if you had more than two adenomas, or if you had certain types of ... If adenomas become cancerous, theyre referred to as adenocarcinomas.. Less than 10 percent of all adenomas will turn into ... Most small adenomas are tubular, while larger ones are typically villous. An adenoma is considered small when its less than 1/ ...
A pituitary adenoma is a growth, or tumor, in the pituitary gland. The pituitary is a small gland at the base of the brain. It ... Pituitary adenomas are usually not cancer and will not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can lead to vision and ... Pituitary Adenoma. (Pituitary Tumor; Nervous System Tumor). Pronounced: Pi-TU-eh-tar-E ad-eh-NO-muh ... A pituitary adenoma can also change the balance of hormones of the thyroid, adrenal, and gonad glands. ...
... are also known as hepatic adenomas or liver cell adenomas. They are rare, benign tumors of presumable epithelial origin and ... encoded search term (Hepatocellular Adenoma (Hepatic Adenoma)) and Hepatocellular Adenoma (Hepatic Adenoma) What to Read Next ... Hepatocellular Adenoma (Hepatic Adenoma). Updated: Dec 03, 2020 * Author: Michael H Piper, MD; Chief Editor: BS Anand, MD more ... Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) (hepatic adenomas) are extremely rare, occurring in less than 0.007-0.012% of the population. [1 ...
Parathyroid adenomas tend to be hypervascular lesions. An extrathyroidal artery may lead to a parathyroid adenoma in up to 83% ... A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor on a parathyroid gland. In primary hyperparathyroidism due to adenomas, the normal ... In a study of 11 patients with parathyroid adenoma in whom 4D-MRI was used, parathyroid adenomas were identified in 10 patients ... encoded search term (Parathyroid Adenoma Imaging) and Parathyroid Adenoma Imaging What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Two different types of amyloid deposits in pituitary adenomas are described herein. The deposits of the first type are stellate ... Adenomas with amyloid spheroids are very rare, and most have been proved or suspected prolactin-producing adenomas. ... Amyloid deposits in pituitary adenomas. Differentiation of two types Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1987 May;111(5):453-8. ... The fibrils originate in the adenoma cells adjacent to the deposits. The amyloid nature of both types of deposits can be proved ...
Identifying more adenomas during colonoscopy exams may be possible with the addition of AI, say researchers at NYU Grossman ... Adding artificial intelligence to colonoscopy exams can help providers identify and remove more adenomas. ... When applying the technology, they found that overall detection rose by 27% in average-risk patients, and that the adenoma per ... AI increases detection of adenoma in colonoscopies: researchers by John R. Fischer, Senior Reporter , June 02, 2022 ...
... Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 ...
Through an Ultrasound, my endocrinologist found a suspicious mass that was later determined to be an adenoma (a benign tumor). ...
Very well treated by Dr. Finger. He explained everything I needed to know about my issue with detail and attention, putting me at ease and giving me confidence to handle this problem for the rest of my life ...
View mouse Thada Chr17:84497504-84773633 with: phenotypes, sequences, polymorphisms, proteins, references, function, expression
This video demonstrates a tubular adenoma of the hepatic flexure.. Donated to the SAGES Video Atlas of Endoscopy by Eric M ...
The facial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, scalp, stapedius, stylohyoideus and posterior belly of the digastric. It is sensory from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste), external auditory meatus, soft palate and adjacent pharynx. It carries parasympathetic fibers which are secretomotor to the submaxillary, sublingual, lacrymal, nasal and palatine glands. It enters the substance of the parotid at the posterior border of the gland and immediately divides into a temporofacial and cervicofacial branch. Each branch subdivides into numerous nerves exiting the anterior borders of the gland to spread over the face. The marginal mandibular branch is variable, sometimes coming off the main trunk before the bifurcation. Notes ...
Colorectal adenomas and cancer: pathologic relationships. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... AdenomaColonColonic DiseasesColonic NeoplasmsHumansHyperplasiaIntestinal PolypsPrecancerous ConditionsRectal DiseasesRectal ... Colorectal adenomas and cancer: pathologic relationships.. Cancer. 1982 Dec 01; 50(11 Suppl):2601-8.C ... Colorectal Adenomas and Cancer: Pathologic Relationships. Cancer. 1982 Dec 1;50(11 Suppl):2601-8. PubMed PMID: 7139554. ...
Keyword(s): calcium, CT scan, minimally invasive, PTH, retrosternal parathyroid adenoma, sestamibi scan, transaxillary ...
Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. ... Adenoma (Adenomas). Subscribe to New Research on Adenoma A ... Adenomas; Follicular Adenoma; Monomorphic Adenoma; Adenoma, Follicular; Adenomas, Basal Cell; Adenomas, Follicular; Adenomas, ... Adenomas, Papillary; Adenomas, Trabecular; Basal Cell Adenoma; Basal Cell Adenomas; Follicular Adenomas; Microcystic Adenoma; ... Monomorphic Adenomas; Papillary Adenoma; Papillary Adenomas; Trabecular Adenoma; Trabecular Adenomas; Adenoma, Basal Cell; ...
Power Doppler Findings of Adenoma malignum of Uterine Cervix Subject Area: Further Areas , Womens and Childrens Health ... Adenoma malignum (minimum deviation adenocarcinoma) is a rare neoplasma of the uterine cervix, the diagnosis of wich cannot be ... We report here a case of adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix, for which MRI findings could not neglect deep-seated nabothian ... Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was reported as useful for its diagnosis, but differentiation of adenoma malignum ...
Tubulovillous adenoma. 18 (2.8). 0 (0). 19 (3.2). 0.86 (0.46-1.63). Villous adenoma. 2 (0.3). 0 (0). 2 (0.3). 0.91 (0.13-6.45) ... Adenoma polyp. 690 (43.5). 590 (44.7). 0.49. 0.97 (0.90-1.06). Sessile serrated adenoma. 10 (0.6). 11 (0.8). 0.52. 0.76 (0.32- ... Table 4 Overall adenoma detection rate in patients of the subgroup NBI group (n = 2016). LCI group (n = 97). WLI group (n = ... Adenoma polyp. 647 (42.6). 43 (62.3). 590 (44.7). 0.25. 0.95 (0.88-1.04). 0.01. 1.39 (1.15-1.69). 0.01. 0.68 (0.56-0.83). ...
Parotid pleomorphic adenomas: delayed CT enhancement.. M H Lev, K Khanduja, P P Morris and H D Curtin ... Parotid pleomorphic adenomas: delayed CT enhancement. Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal ... BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Weak or absent CT enhancement in pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland has been observed immediately ... The purpose of this study was to document the delayed CT enhancement characteristics of parotid pleomorphic adenomas and to ...
Colorectal adenoma is the primary precursor lesion of colorectal cancer (CRC). For this reason, endoscopic resection of adenoma ... Factors associated with complete endoscopic resection of an invasive adenocarcinoma in a colorectal adenoma ... In this context, it is possible to detect advanced adenomas in more than 50% of colonoscopies (22). On the other hand, it is ... As for the invasive adenocarcinoma in the adenoma, the most common location was distal to the splenic flexure (rectum, 26 cases ...
... já os adenomas hipofisários funcionantes (por exemplo, acromegalia, síndrome de Cushing, prolactinoma) são tratados ... Adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF hipofisários) são abordados aqui; ... adenomas de células nulas e a maioria dos adenomas gonadotróficos) são conhecidos como adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não ... Adenoma secretor de hormônio do crescimento (acromegalia). *Adenoma secretor de hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (síndrome de ...
Decrease Quantity of 3D Printed Pedunculated Adenoma of the Colon Increase Quantity of 3D Printed Pedunculated Adenoma of the ... Tubular adenomas tend to be small, pedunculated polys composed of rounded or tubular glands. Pedunculated adenomas have a ... The size of the adenoma is the biggest predictor of progression to adenocarcinoma. Progression is rare in adenomas ,1cm in ... Most adenomas are asymptomatic and slow growing. Large polyps may present with symptoms of anemia from occult bleeding. Villous ...
A tumor that grows from the pituitary gland is called an adenoma. Most adenomas are benign, slow growing, and relatively common ... Pituitary adenomas develop in 25% of patients with MEN 1.. Who is affected?. Pituitary tumors are common and occur in 15% of ... Pituitary tumors (adenoma, craniopharyngioma). Overview. Tumors that grow from the pituitary gland can affect the whole body by ... Of hormonally active adenomas, about 50% secrete prolactin, 20% secrete growth hormone, 20% secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ...
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  • At a later date, the tumor was diagnosed through biopsy as a pleomorphic adenoma (see Figure 1). (rdhmag.com)
  • The pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, accounting for 53 to 57% of parotid tumors and 44 to 68% of submandibular tumors. (rdhmag.com)
  • Pleomorphic adenoma tumors occur in the major salivary glands of the parotid and the submandibular region. (rdhmag.com)
  • Figure 2: Clinical representation of a pleomorphic adenoma. (rdhmag.com)
  • The pleomorphic adenoma is a slow-growing, non-ulcerative benign neoplasm that arises from the proliferation of glandular epithelium and myoepithelial cells. (rdhmag.com)
  • The term "mixed tumor" is still used by some pathologists and dental educators and is often interchanged with pleomorphic adenoma by many. (rdhmag.com)
  • The majority appear to prefer pleomorphic adenoma because of the lack of clarity regarding the origin when using benign mixed tumor (see Figure 2). (rdhmag.com)
  • Clinically, the pleomorphic adenoma will manifest as a slow-growing, painless, mobile mass when found in the lower lobe of the parotid gland. (rdhmag.com)
  • When the pleomorphic adenoma is found in the parotid gland, facial nerve involvement is a consideration and the parotid gland may need to be partially removed. (rdhmag.com)
  • Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common neoplasm in major and minor salivary glands. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study is to report a case of an unusual minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma in the hard palate, describing the most important aspects of this pathology. (bvsalud.org)
  • An adenoma is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular tissue, such as the mucosa of stomach, small intestine, and colon, in which tumor cells form glands or gland like structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • An aldosterone-producing adenoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, which is a small hormone-producing gland located on top of each kidney. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor on a parathyroid gland. (medscape.com)
  • Through an Ultrasound, my endocrinologist found a suspicious mass that was later determined to be an adenoma (a benign tumor). (uclahealth.org)
  • Adrenal cortical adenoma is a common benign tumor arising from the cortex of the adrenal gland. (medscape.com)
  • Adenomas of the colon, also called adenomatous polyps, are quite prevalent. (wikipedia.org)
  • In villous adenomas, mesenchymal proliferation results in longer projections and larger polyps. (medscape.com)
  • Tubular adenomas are small, benign polyps that form in the colon. (healthline.com)
  • Sometimes doctors refer to polyps as being tubulovillous adenomas because they have features of both types. (healthline.com)
  • Once you have an adenoma, you'll need to have frequent follow-up testing to make sure you don't develop any more polyps. (healthline.com)
  • Clinical, autopsical, and epidemiological studies provide evidence of adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. (medscape.com)
  • The mean age of adenoma diagnosis is 10 years earlier than with carcinoma, and progression to carcinoma takes a minimum of 4 years. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple sources have provided evidence for an adenoma-to-carcinoma progression: one third of operative specimens containing colon cancer contain one or more synchronous adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • Molecular genetic studies also describe an adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence through accumulation of lesions in a variety of genes, with activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. (medscape.com)
  • The progressive accumulation of multiple genetic mutations results in the transition from normal mucosa to adenoma to severe dysplasia and finally to carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Lesions included eight pleomorphic adenomas, four Warthin's tumors, two squamous cell carcinomas, two mucoepidermoid cancers, one acinic cell carcinoma, and one melanoma metastasis. (ajnr.org)
  • Inhalation of 1-BP produced alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in female mice, adenomas of the large intestine in female rats, and keratoacanthoma/squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in male rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The K-ras oncogene is described in 9% of small adenomas, 58% of adenomas larger than 1 cm, and 46% of colorectal carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • The loss of the DCC (deleted in colon cancer) gene, on 18q, occurs in 50% of patients with adenomas and 70% of patients with carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • There is a continuum of neoplastic alterations from adenomas to invasive carcinomas, which is defined. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Colorectal adenomas are intraepithelial neoplasms that characteristically display epithelial dysplasia. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • In hollow organs (digestive tract), the adenoma grows into the lumen - adenomatous polyp or polypoid adenoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endoscopic view of a sessile polyp, which histology studies revealed to be a villous adenoma. (medscape.com)
  • Endoscopic view of a sessile polyp histologically determined to be a villous adenoma. (medscape.com)
  • An adenoma is a type of polyp, or a small cluster of cells that forms on the lining of your colon. (healthline.com)
  • In the first head-to-head comparison of two mechanical enhancement colonoscopy devices, "the G-EYE demonstrated a meaningful increase in adenoma detection rate [ADR] over Endocuff, particularly for advanced adenomas," said Seth Gross, MD, a professor of medicine at New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City. (medscape.com)
  • While this may be due to a lower prevalence of risk factors for adenomas in this sample, our findings were confounded by a lower detection rate by consultant gastroenterologists at one institution. (scirp.org)
  • High-quality screening colonoscopies are expected to have an adenoma detection rate of at least 25%, resulting in a large number of older adults (65+ years) with history of adenomas. (jabfm.org)
  • Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are also known as hepatic adenomas, telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) or, less commonly, liver cell adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • In 10-15% of cases, multiple glands are involved (ie, either multiple adenomas or hyperplasia). (medscape.com)
  • People with an aldosterone-producing adenoma may develop severe high blood pressure ( hypertension ), and they have an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or an irregular heart beat ( atrial fibrillation ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Villous adenomas are associated more often with larger adenomas and more severe degrees of dysplasia. (medscape.com)
  • If your adenoma looks more abnormal and more like cancer, it's described as having high-grade dysplasia. (healthline.com)
  • Authors report their experience in the treatment of adenomas with severe dysplasia and early cancer of the colon-rectum confirming that the endoscopic resection of these lesions is safe and curative when completely removed and no submucosal invasion is found. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Severe dysplasia was found in 15 adenomas. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A pituitary adenoma is a growth, or tumor, in the pituitary gland. (epnet.com)
  • Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), also called hepatic adenoma, is an uncommon benign solid liver tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Retinal adenoma - Juxtapapillary tumor with dark coloration and pod-like extensions. (eyecancer.com)
  • A tumor that grows from the pituitary gland is called an adenoma. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • A hepatocellular adenoma is a relatively uncommon noncancerous liver tumor that may be mistaken for cancer. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was reported as useful for its diagnosis, but differentiation of adenoma malignum from deep-seated nabothian cysts remains problematic. (karger.com)
  • Adenomas are divided into three subtypes based on histologic criteria, as follows: (1) tubular, (2) tubulovillous, and (3) villous. (medscape.com)
  • According to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, villous adenomas are composed of greater than 80% villous architecture. (medscape.com)
  • Although rare, villous adenomas of the duodenum and the small bowel, particularly at the ampulla, can occur. (medscape.com)
  • Villous adenomas are of concern primarily because of the risk of malignant transformation. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The primary focus of this article is colonic villous adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • Where appropriate, certain aspects of small bowel villous adenomas are addressed. (medscape.com)
  • There are two types of adenomas: tubular and villous. (healthline.com)
  • Most small adenomas are tubular, while larger ones are typically villous. (healthline.com)
  • Villous adenomas are more likely to turn cancerous. (healthline.com)
  • Villous adenomas occasionally secrete large amounts of mucoid protein and/or potassium rich fluid, leading possibly to hypokalemia. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Its phenotype is changing from single lesions to multiple lesions owing to the reduction in estrogen exposure and increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome as driving factors in the formation of hepatic adenoma. (medscape.com)
  • Transcranial surgery(TCS) for pituitary adenoma(PA) is mostly reserved for lesions with widespread extensions. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • On CT scans, adrenal cortical adenomas are well-circumscribed mass lesions that are homogeneous in their attenuation and enhancement patterns. (medscape.com)
  • Some adenomas grow from epithelial tissue in nonglandular areas but express glandular tissue structure (as can happen in familial polyposis coli). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ashkenazi Jews have a 6% higher risk rate of getting adenomas, and then colon cancer, than do the general population, so it is important that they have regular actual colonoscopies, and specifically none of the less invasive diagnostic methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • These adenomas occur more frequently in the rectum and rectosigmoid, although they may occur anywhere in the colon. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who refuse polypectomy for adenomas develop colon cancer at a rate of about 4% after 5 years and 14% after 10 years. (medscape.com)
  • When using the G-EYE, the researchers also found more adenomas per patient, more sessile serrated adenomas per patient, more large adenomas per patient, and more right colon adenomas per patient. (medscape.com)
  • Less than 10 percent of all adenomas will turn into cancer, but more than 95 percent of colon cancers develop from adenomas. (healthline.com)
  • la polipectomía endoscópica puede permitir la resección con intención curativa del adenocarcinoma invasivo sobre adenoma de colon. (isciii.es)
  • Hepatic adenomas are a rare benign tumour of the liver, which may present with hepatomegaly or other symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to this, a study by Edmonson reported finding only two hepatic adenomas among 50,000 autopsy specimens at Los Angeles County Hospital between 1907 and 1958. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] In 1973, Baum et al first suggested an association between hepatic adenomas and OCPs. (medscape.com)
  • This video demonstrates a tubular adenoma of the hepatic flexure. (sages.org)
  • endoscopic polypectomy may allow curative resection of invasive adenocarcinoma on colorectal adenoma. (isciii.es)
  • endoscopic polypectomy allows complete resection of 91.4% of invasive adenocarcinomas on colorrectal adenoma in our series. (isciii.es)
  • For this reason, endoscopic resection of adenoma is performed to prevent progression to CRC (1). (isciii.es)
  • Should patients with recurrent or residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) undergo stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), fractionated radiation therapy (eg, XRT, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy [SRT], or intensity modulated radiotherapy[IMRT]), or repeat resection? (cns.org)
  • Surgical resection of the parathyroid adenoma was planned but the patient refused surgical excision because of personal reasons. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Your search for Hurthle cell thyroid adenoma did not return any results. (nih.gov)
  • Did you mean hurdle cell thyroid adenoma ? (nih.gov)
  • What is a tubular adenoma? (healthline.com)
  • Doctors can take out a tubular adenoma with a retractable wire loop that's placed through the scope that's used during a colonoscopy. (healthline.com)
  • Colonoscopy was incomplete in 84% of the patients and 60.3% had synchronous adenomas. (isciii.es)
  • Rarely, a hepatocellular adenoma suddenly ruptures and bleeds into the abdominal cavity, requiring emergency surgery. (merckmanuals.com)
  • An adenoma of a parathyroid gland may secrete inappropriately high amounts of parathyroid hormone and thereby cause primary hyperparathyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In primary hyperparathyroidism due to adenomas, the normal feedback on parathyroid hormone production by extracellular calcium seems to be lost, resulting in a change in the set point. (medscape.com)
  • In approximately 85-90% of cases, primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a single adenoma. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the advancement of microsurgical and endoscopic techniques, some nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) can be difficult to cure. (cns.org)
  • This feature may be useful in selecting an appropriate contrast delay when scanning possible pleomorphic adenomas to improve lesion conspicuity and, potentially, to better distinguish these tumors from other parotid abnormalities. (ajnr.org)
  • Colorectal adenoma is the primary precursor lesion of colorectal cancer (CRC). (isciii.es)
  • The size of the adenoma is the biggest predictor of progression to adenocarcinoma. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Assessment of NFPA proliferative index and ACTH staining to identify silent corticotrophic adenomas are recommended for providing guidance regarding the risk of adenoma progression and the benefit of earlier adjuvant radiation. (cns.org)
  • Medicine may be useful for prolactin or growth hormone-secreting adenomas. (epnet.com)
  • Adenomas with amyloid spheroids are very rare, and most have been proved or suspected prolactin-producing adenomas. (nih.gov)
  • Of hormonally active adenomas, about 50% secrete prolactin, 20% secrete growth hormone, 20% secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, and 10% secrete multiple hormones. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • 75 years and/or those with limited life expectancies, there is no clear guidance on when surveillance colonoscopies following prior adenoma detection should stop. (jabfm.org)
  • How primary care clinicians weigh the potential risks and benefits of surveillance colonoscopies in older adults with prior adenomas is unknown. (jabfm.org)
  • We asked how clinicians decided whether to continue or stop surveillance colonoscopies in older adults (65+ years) with prior adenomas. (jabfm.org)
  • We found a range of decision-making approaches among primary care clinicians on whether to continue surveillance colonoscopies in older adults with prior adenomas. (jabfm.org)
  • Imaging studies to detect parathyroid adenomas should be performed only after the diagnosis of primary HPT is established on the basis of biochemical findings. (medscape.com)
  • Adenoma malignum (minimum deviation adenocarcinoma) is a rare neoplasma of the uterine cervix, the diagnosis of wich cannot be determined by cervical smear. (karger.com)
  • These findings indicate that, at least in the case reported here, transvaginal power and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography is a useful tool for the diagnosis of adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix. (karger.com)
  • [ 13 ] If the adrenal mass is less than 10 Hounsfield units (HU), a diagnosis of adrenal adenoma can be made. (medscape.com)
  • The most commonly mutated gene is KCNJ5 , accounting for an estimated 40 percent of the tumors, followed by the CACNA1D and ATP1A1 genes, which are mutated in about 9 percent and 6 percent of aldosterone-producing adenomas, respectively. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to document the delayed CT enhancement characteristics of parotid pleomorphic adenomas and to preliminarily compare these results with the enhancement characteristics of other parotid gland tumors. (ajnr.org)
  • There are various kinds of pituitary tumors: adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and Rathke's cleft cysts. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • However, the prevalence of aldosterone-producing adenomas is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These impressive percentages are a result of the relatively high prevalence of adrenal adenomas in the general population and the extensive radiologic research with imaging methods, primarily CT and MRI. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy usually confirms the growth to be an adenoma, but, sometimes, excision at surgery is required, especially when the cells found at biopsy are of the follicular type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Separate bodies of evidence currently exist on how prior adenoma characteristics influence colorectal cancer risk and on how older age and declining health influence the benefit/harm balance of screening. (jabfm.org)
  • Some adenomas are too small to be seen macroscopically but can still cause clinical symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. (epnet.com)
  • A sebaceous adenoma is a cutaneous condition characterized by a slow-growing tumour usually presenting as a pink, flesh-coloured, or yellow papule or nodule. (wikipedia.org)
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  • Sebaceous Gland Adenoma in a Dog" by M. ÖZGÜR ÖZYİĞİT, AHMET AKKOÇ et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • A 14-year-old male cocker spaniel was diagnosed with sebaceous gland adenoma in the right external ear canal. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Cite this: Balloon-Enhanced Colonoscopy Finds More Adenomas - Medscape - Oct 26, 2021. (medscape.com)
  • Many times, adenomas don't cause any symptoms at all and are only detected when they show up during a colonoscopy . (healthline.com)
  • Adding artificial intelligence to colonoscopy exams can help providers identify and remove more adenomas. (dotmed.com)
  • When applying the technology, they found that overall detection rose by 27% in average-risk patients, and that the adenoma per colonoscopy rate went up 22%, from 0.82 to 1.05. (dotmed.com)
  • Adenoma detection by Endocuff-assisted versus standard colonoscopy in an organized screening program: the "ITAVISION" randomized controlled trial. (asge.org)
  • Cases were patients with any adenoma on index colonoscopy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • NFPA = nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, SRS = stereotactic radiosurgery, XRT = fractionated radiation therapy. (cns.org)
  • These recommendations apply to adult patients with recurrent or residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). (cns.org)
  • These patients can be particularly challenging for the imager because of distortion of normal anatomic landmarks and an increasing incidence of ectopic adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • Past studies have mapped four susceptibility loci (Pas1-4) for pulmonary adenoma in which A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) mice have different alleles that affect incidence and multiplicity of tumours. (bmj.com)
  • BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Weak or absent CT enhancement in pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland has been observed immediately after i.v. contrast administration. (ajnr.org)
  • Craniopharyngiomas typically grow from the pituitary stalk upward into the third ventricle and cause symptoms similar to pituitary adenomas. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas are seen in 10% of neurological patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • The loss of TP53 is frequent in patients with adenomas (50%) and occurs in more than 75% of patients with adenocarcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers detected adenomas in a higher percentage of patients with the G-EYE than with the Endocuff Vision. (medscape.com)
  • We included 151 patients with invasive adenocarcinoma on adenomas endoscopically resected between 1999 and 2009. (isciii.es)
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for colorectal adenomas and cancer because of endogenous hyperinsulinemia. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Patients without any adenoma composed the control group. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Chronic insulin therapy is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with type 2 diabetes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • While some adrenal adenomas do not secrete hormones at all, often some secrete cortisol, causing Cushing's syndrome, aldosterone causing Conn's syndrome, or androgens causing hyperandrogenism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over time adenomas may transform to become malignant, at which point they are called adenocarcinomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutation on the TP53 gene, on 17p, results in malignant transformation of adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • Adrenal cortical adenomas are not considered to have the potential for malignant transformation. (medscape.com)
  • Se incluyeron 151 individuos con un adenocarcinoma invasivo sobre adenoma resecado endoscópicamente entre 1999 y 2009. (isciii.es)
  • Not all adenomas evolve into adenocarcinoma. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • A CT scan of the upper abdomen showing a large cyst in the pancreas (cystic adenoma of the pancreas) seen on the upper right side of the picture. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • A pituitary adenoma can also change the balance of hormones of the thyroid, adrenal, and gonad glands. (epnet.com)
  • Tubular adenomas tend to be small, pedunculated polys composed of rounded or tubular glands. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • To take it a step further, when you look at mechanical devices, especially these two, in past studies, the G-EYE has been sort of the leader in adenoma detection," he told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • These abnormalities overactivate a biochemical process that increases adrenal cell growth and division (proliferation), which promotes adenoma formation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Adenomas are believed to have an abnormal process of cell proliferation and apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • Previously, classical genetic studies involving cross breeding of mouse strains with differing susceptibilities have identified chromosomal areas associated with predisposition to developing spontaneous and chemically induced lung adenomas. (bmj.com)