Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
Breaks in bones.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
The region of the lower limb between the FOOT and the LEG.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
Ankle fractures are breaks in one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint, namely the tibia, fibula, and/or talus, often caused by trauma or high-impact forces.
Fractures of the femur.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Objects of precious metal usually containing gems and worn to enhance personal appearance. Health concerns include possible contamination from lead content or bacteria.
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward. When referring to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion movements of the foot.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Systematic study of the body and the use of its static and dynamic position as a means of communication.
Fibrous cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE that attach bones to each other and hold together the many types of joints in the body. Articular ligaments are strong, elastic, and allow movement in only specific directions, depending on the individual joint.
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
LATERAL LIGAMENTS of the ANKLE JOINT. It includes inferior tibiofibular ligaments.
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
"Dislocation is a traumatic injury wherein the normal articulation between two bones at a joint is disrupted, resulting in the complete separation of the bone ends and associated soft tissues from their usual position."
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.
Fractures of the lower jaw.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.
The second largest of the TARSAL BONES. It articulates with the TIBIA and FIBULA to form the ANKLE JOINT.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body.
Fractures of the upper jaw.
Fractures of the zygoma.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.
Comparison of the BLOOD PRESSURE between the BRACHIAL ARTERY and the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY. It is a predictor of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
Manner or style of walking.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
The shaft of long bones.
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
The region in the hindlimb of a quadruped, corresponding to the human ANKLE.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Prostheses used to partially or totally replace a human or animal joint. (from UMDNS, 1999)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
The restriction of the MOVEMENT of whole or part of the body by physical means (RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL) or chemically by ANALGESIA, or the use of TRANQUILIZING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS. It includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility.
A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Closed total (pan-talar) dislocation of the talus with delayed presentation: a rare case report and review of the literature. (1/6)

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Research and application of absorbable screw in orthopedics: a clinical review comparing PDLLA screw with metal screw in patients with simple medial malleolus fracture. (2/6)

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of absorbable screw in medial malleolus fracture and discuss its clinical application in orthopedics. METHODS: A total of 129 patients with simple medial malleolus fracture were studied. Among them, 64 patients were treated with poly-D, L-lactic acid (PDLLA) absorbable screws, while the others were treated with metal screws. All the patients were followed up for 12-20 months (averaged 18.4 months) and the therapeutic effect was evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society clinical rating systems. RESULTS: In absorbable screw group, we obtained excellent and good results in 62 cases (96.88%); in steel screw group, 61 cases (93.85%) achieved excellent and good results. There was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of malleolus fracture, absorbable screw can achieve the same result compared with metal screw fixation. Absorbable screw is preferred due to its advantages of safety, cleanliness and avoiding the removal procedure associated with metallic implants.  (+info)

Orthopaedic surgeon's nightmare: iatrogenic fractures of talus and medial malleolus following tibial nailing. (3/6)

Intramedullary interlocking nailing is the gold standard for treatment of tibial shaft fractures. The growing use of intramedullary nailing has resulted in an increased number of tibial nailing in daily clinical practice. Despite adequate surgeon experience, tibial nailing is not without complications if proper techniques are not followed. A case of iatrogenic talar neck and medial malleolus fractures during intramedullary nailing of tibia in a 24-year-old male is reported. It is believed to be caused by forceful hammering of insertion zig with foot dorsiflexed. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has been reported in the literature. It is possible to reduce the risk of this complication by adoption of preventive measures.  (+info)

Bosworth fracture-dislocation of the ankle: a case report. (4/6)

Bosworth fracture-dislocation of the ankle is a rare injury in which the proximal fibular fragment is entrapped behind the tibia. Closed reduction is extremely difficult to achieve. Early open reduction and internal fixation enables a better outcome by minimising soft-tissue damage. We report on a 36-year-old man who underwent open reduction and internal fixation for a Bosworth fracture-dislocation of the ankle complicated by severe soft-tissue swelling and an impending risk of skin necrosis after failed closed reduction.  (+info)

3D model analysis of existing CT syndesmosis measurements. (5/6)

INTRODUCTION: Use of Computed Tomography (CT) to evaluate syndesmotic reduction following injury has significantly increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to compare existing clinical measurements of syndesmotic reduction to gold standard measurements of fibular motion obtained from a full 3D model. METHODS: Three common clinical measures for assessing syndesmotic congruity on axial CT slices were identified in the literature. Each measure was manually performed on 170 cadaveric ankle CT scans obtained with variable degrees of simulated syndesmotic displacement. Clinical measures were assessed for intraobserver and interobserver reliability and compared to objective measures of true medial/lateral and anterior/posterior translation and fibular rotation that were obtained from a 3D model. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) were computed to determine which clinical measurements were most accurate for describing syndesmotic motion obtained from the 3D model. RESULTS: All three clinical measurement techniques demonstrated good to excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Medial/lateral displacement of the fibula was best correlated with the difference between the anterior and posterior tibiofibular joint space measurements described by Elgafy et al (PCC = 0.29 small correlation). Anterior/posterior displacement of the fibula was well correlated with the anterior/posterior measurement described by Phisitkul et al (PCC = 0.69 large correlation). Fibular rotation was best correlated with the average of the Elgafy anterior and posterior tibiofibular joint space measurements (PCC = 0.33, moderate correlation). Proximal/ distal displacement of the lateral malleolus was best correlated with the Elgafy posterior tibiofibular joint space measurement (PCC = 0.49, moderate correlation). DISCUSSION: While the clinical measurements were adequately reproducible, they showed only moderate to small correlations with the 3D measurements of movement of the fibula in the longitudinal, medial/lateral or rotational directions. The only fibular translation measured by the 3D model that was well described by the three clinical measures was fibular movement in the anterior/ posterior direction. This work demonstrates a need for improved clinical measurements of syndesmotic congruity on axial CT scans to serve as surrogates for the true movement of the fibula.  (+info)

Combined ankle and talus fractures--a case report. (6/6)

A 50-year-old male patient sustained a supination-adduction type ankle fracture with an associated sagittal split fracture of the talus. The patient was treated initially in a short leg splint, and upon presentation to an orthopaedic surgeon, an external fixator was applied. After the soft tissue swelling improved enough to permit open reduction and internal fixation, the patient was brought back to the operating room for definitive treatment with removal of the external fixator and open reduction and placement of internal fixation. The patient's postoperative course was uncomplicated. At the 6-week follow-up visit, he was noted to have a radiographic Hawkin's sign in the dome of the talus. At 3 months postoperatively, he was weightbearing as tolerated with radiographic evidence of fracture healing, and his ankle range of motion was from 30 degrees of plantar flexion to 15 degrees of dorsiflexion. At 6 months postoperatively, the patient had no complaints and was ambulating in a regular shoe. His plantar flexion was 35 degrees and his dorsiflexion was 15 degrees . His subtalar motion was from 5 degrees of eversion to 10 degrees of inversion. He returned for his one-year follow-up doing well without complaints, and he had returned to his previous activities.  (+info)

Ankle injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the ankle joint and its surrounding structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. The ankle joint is a complex structure composed of three bones: the tibia (shinbone), fibula (lower leg bone), and talus (a bone in the foot). These bones are held together by various strong ligaments that provide stability and enable proper movement.

There are several types of ankle injuries, with the most common being sprains, strains, and fractures:

1. Ankle Sprain: A sprain occurs when the ligaments surrounding the ankle joint get stretched or torn due to sudden twisting, rolling, or forced movements. The severity of a sprain can range from mild (grade 1) to severe (grade 3), with partial or complete tearing of the ligament(s).
2. Ankle Strain: A strain is an injury to the muscles or tendons surrounding the ankle joint, often caused by overuse, excessive force, or awkward positioning. This results in pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the ankle.
3. Ankle Fracture: A fracture occurs when one or more bones in the ankle joint break due to high-impact trauma, such as a fall, sports injury, or vehicle accident. Fractures can vary in severity, from small cracks to complete breaks that may require surgery and immobilization for proper healing.

Symptoms of ankle injuries typically include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected ankle. Immediate medical attention is necessary for severe injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, or significant ligament tears, to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), immobilization with a brace or cast, physical therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the type and severity of the injury.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.

The ankle, also known as the talocrural region, is the joint between the leg and the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements. The ankle is composed of three bones: the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, and the talus of the foot. The bottom portion of the tibia and fibula, called the malleoli, form a mortise that surrounds and articulates with the talus.

The ankle joint is strengthened by several ligaments, including the medial (deltoid) ligament and lateral ligament complex. The ankle also contains important nerves and blood vessels that provide sensation and circulation to the foot.

Damage to the ankle joint, such as sprains or fractures, can result in pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. Proper care and rehabilitation are essential for maintaining the health and function of the ankle joint.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

The fibula is a slender bone located in the lower leg of humans and other vertebrates. It runs parallel to the larger and more robust tibia, and together they are known as the bones of the leg or the anterior tibial segment. The fibula is the lateral bone in the leg, positioned on the outside of the tibia.

In humans, the fibula extends from the knee joint proximally to the ankle joint distally. Its proximal end, called the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia and forms part of the inferior aspect of the knee joint. The narrowed portion below the head is known as the neck of the fibula.

The shaft of the fibula, also called the body of the fibula, is a long, thin structure that descends from the neck and serves primarily for muscle attachment rather than weight-bearing functions. The distal end of the fibula widens to form the lateral malleolus, which is an important bony landmark in the ankle region. The lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot and forms part of the ankle joint.

The primary functions of the fibula include providing attachment sites for muscles that act on the lower leg, ankle, and foot, as well as contributing to the stability of the ankle joint through its articulation with the talus bone. Fractures of the fibula can occur due to various injuries, such as twisting or rotational forces applied to the ankle or direct trauma to the lateral aspect of the lower leg.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.

There are three categories of tarsal bones:

1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.

2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.

3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.

Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

An ankle fracture is a medical condition referring to one or more breaks in the bones that make up the ankle joint. The ankle joint is formed by the meeting of three bones: the tibia, fibula, and talus. Ankle fractures can vary in severity, from stable injuries where the broken bones remain aligned, to unstable injuries where the bones are out of alignment or have moved significantly from their normal position.

Ankle fractures can occur as a result of a variety of mechanisms, including twisting, rotating, or rolling the ankle, as well as direct trauma such as a fall, car accident, or sports injury. Symptoms of an ankle fracture may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected limb.

Diagnosis of an ankle fracture typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bones, or rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and mobility to the affected limb.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly for an ankle fracture, as delaying treatment can lead to complications such as prolonged healing time, decreased range of motion, and increased risk of arthritis or other long-term joint problems.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "jewelry" is not a term that has a medical definition. Jewelry refers to decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings, which are typically made from precious metals and stones or other valuable materials. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, is a type of bone break where the skin remains intact and there is no open wound. The bone may be broken in such a way that it does not pierce the skin, but still requires medical attention for proper diagnosis, treatment, and healing. Closed fractures can range from hairline cracks to complete breaks and can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. It is important to seek immediate medical care if a closed fracture is suspected, as improper healing can lead to long-term complications such as decreased mobility, chronic pain, or deformity.

Supination is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of anatomy and orthopedics. It refers to the external rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forward or upward. This motion allows for the hand to be in a position to perform actions such as lifting, holding, or throwing objects. It's also used to describe the movement of the foot when it rolls outward, which is important for normal walking and running gait. Abnormal supination can lead to issues with mobility and pain in the affected limb.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Kinesics is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the field of communication and social sciences. It refers to the study of body motion and gestures as a means of communication. This includes facial expressions, posture, gestures, and other bodily movements that convey information or emotions.

However, understanding kinesics is important for healthcare professionals, particularly those involved in patient care and communication. Healthcare providers can use kinesic cues to better understand their patients' needs, feelings, and responses during medical examinations, treatments, and consultations. For instance, a furrowed brow or squinted eyes may indicate confusion or discomfort, while crossed arms might suggest defensiveness or resistance.

Therefore, while not a medical term itself, kinesics plays an essential role in the field of medicine as it helps healthcare professionals to improve their communication skills and build better rapport with patients.

Articular ligaments, also known as fibrous ligaments, are bands of dense, fibrous connective tissue that connect and stabilize bones to each other at joints. They help to limit the range of motion of a joint and provide support, preventing excessive movement that could cause injury. Articular ligaments are composed mainly of collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern, making them strong and flexible. They have limited blood supply and few nerve endings, which makes them less prone to injury but also slower to heal if damaged. Examples of articular ligaments include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee joint, and the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) in the elbow joint.

Osteoporotic fractures are breaks or cracks in bones that occur as a result of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis causes bones to lose density and strength, making them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor injuries or falls.

The most common types of osteoporotic fractures are:

1. Hip fractures: These occur when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks, often due to a fall. Hip fractures can be serious and may require surgery and hospitalization.
2. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the bones in the spine (vertebrae) collapse, causing height loss, back pain, and deformity. They are often caused by everyday activities, such as bending or lifting.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones in the wrist break, often due to a fall. Wrist fractures are common in older adults with osteoporosis.
4. Other fractures: Osteoporotic fractures can also occur in other bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and humerus (upper arm bone).

Prevention is key in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This includes getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

Stress fractures are defined as small cracks or severe bruising in bones that occur from repetitive stress or overuse. They most commonly occur in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs and feet, but can also occur in the arms, hips, and back. Stress fractures differ from regular fractures because they typically do not result from a single, traumatic event. Instead, they are caused by repeated stress on the bone that results in microscopic damage over time. Athletes, military personnel, and individuals who engage in high-impact activities or have weak bones (osteoporosis) are at increased risk of developing stress fractures. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected bone.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

An ulna fracture is a break in the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm and functions to support the elbow joint and assist in rotation and movement of the forearm. Ulna fractures can occur at various points along the bone, including the shaft, near the wrist, or at the elbow end of the bone. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to realign and stabilize the fractured bone.

The lateral ligaments of the ankle are a group of three major ligaments located on the outside (lateral) aspect of the ankle joint. They play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of the ankle joint by preventing excessive side-to-side movement or eversion of the foot. The three lateral ligaments are:

1. Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL): This is the most commonly injured ligament among the three, as it is the weakest and thinnest. It connects the anterior aspect of the fibula (the lateral malleolus) to the talus bone in the ankle joint. The primary function of the ATFL is to prevent excessive anterior displacement or tilting of the talus bone.

2. Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL): This ligament connects the lateral aspect of the calcaneus (heel bone) to the fibula, preventing excessive inversion and rotation of the ankle joint. The CFL plays a significant role in maintaining the stability of the subtalar joint, which is located just below the ankle joint.

3. Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL): This is the strongest and thickest of the lateral ligaments. It connects the posterior aspect of the fibula to the talus bone, preventing excessive posterior displacement or tilting of the talus. The PTFL also helps to stabilize the ankle joint during plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) movements.

Injuries to these lateral ligaments can occur due to sudden twisting motions, falls, or direct blows to the ankle, leading to conditions such as sprains or tears. Proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for ensuring optimal recovery and preventing long-term complications like chronic ankle instability.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

A dislocation is a condition in which a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint. This can happen as a result of trauma or injury, such as a fall or direct blow to the body. Dislocations can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, a dislocation may also damage surrounding tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Dislocations are typically treated by reducing the dislocation, which means putting the bone back into its normal position. This is usually done with the help of medication to relieve pain and relaxation techniques to help the person stay still during the reduction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or if the dislocation cannot be reduced through other methods. After the dislocation has been reduced, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or sling to allow it to heal properly.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dislocation. If left untreated, a dislocation can lead to further complications, such as joint instability and chronic pain.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

A sprain is a type of injury that occurs to the ligaments, which are the bands of tissue that connect two bones together in a joint. It's usually caused by a sudden twisting or wrenching movement that stretches or tears the ligament. The severity of a sprain can vary, from a minor stretch to a complete tear of the ligament.

A strain, on the other hand, is an injury to a muscle or tendon, which is the tissue that connects muscle to bone. Strains typically occur when a muscle or tendon is stretched beyond its limit or is forced to contract too quickly. This can result in a partial or complete tear of the muscle fibers or tendon.

Both sprains and strains can cause pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the affected joint or muscle. The severity of these symptoms will depend on the extent of the injury. In general, sprains and strains are treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce pain and inflammation, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and mobility.

A mandibular fracture is a break or crack in the lower jaw (mandible) bone. It can occur at any point along the mandible, but common sites include the condyle (the rounded end near the ear), the angle (the curved part of the jaw), and the symphysis (the area where the two halves of the jaw meet in the front). Mandibular fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as a direct blow to the face or a fall. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty chewing or speaking, and malocclusion (misalignment) of the teeth. Treatment usually involves immobilization with wires or screws to allow the bone to heal properly.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

An intra-articular fracture is a type of fracture that involves the joint surface or articular cartilage of a bone. These types of fractures can occur in any joint, but they are most commonly seen in the weight-bearing joints such as the knee, ankle, and wrist.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from significant heights, or by low-energy trauma, such as a simple fall in older adults with osteoporosis.

These types of fractures are often complex and may involve displacement or depression of the joint surface, which can increase the risk of developing post-traumatic arthritis. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and minimize long-term complications. Treatment options for intra-articular fractures may include surgical fixation with plates, screws, or pins, as well as joint replacement in some cases.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A compression fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when there is a collapse of a vertebra in the spine. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Compression fractures are often caused by weakened bones due to osteoporosis, but they can also result from trauma or tumors that weaken the bone.

In a compression fracture, the front part (anterior) of the vertebra collapses, while the back part (posterior) remains intact, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease. This can lead to pain, deformity, and decreased mobility. In severe cases, multiple compression fractures can result in a condition called kyphosis, which is an abnormal curvature of the spine that leads to a hunchback appearance.

Compression fractures are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may include pain medication, bracing, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is a type of bone injury in which the bone breaks and penetrates through the skin, creating an open wound. This condition exposes the fractured bone to the external environment, increasing the risk of infection and complicating the healing process. Open fractures can result from high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falls from significant heights, or industrial incidents. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper treatment and prevention of infection.

The talus is a bone in the foot that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint. It is unique because it doesn't have any muscle attachments and gets its blood supply from surrounding vessels. Its main function is to transfer weight and force during movement from the lower leg to the foot.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

A surgical wound infection, also known as a surgical site infection (SSI), is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as an infection that occurs within 30 days after surgery (or within one year if an implant is left in place) and involves either:

1. Purulent drainage from the incision;
2. Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from the incision;
3. At least one of the following signs or symptoms of infection: pain or tenderness, localized swelling, redness, or heat; and
4. Diagnosis of surgical site infection by the surgeon or attending physician.

SSIs can be classified as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space infections, depending on the depth and extent of tissue involvement. They are a common healthcare-associated infection and can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

A Colles' fracture is a specific type of fracture in the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm, which is the larger of the two bones in the lower arm. This type of fracture occurs when the wrist is forcefully bent backward (dorsiflexion), often as a result of falling onto an outstretched hand.

In a Colles' fracture, the distal end of the radius bone breaks and is displaced downward and angulated backward, resulting in a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity. This type of fracture is more common in older individuals, particularly women with osteoporosis, but can also occur in younger people as a result of high-energy trauma.

Colles' fractures are typically treated with immobilization using a cast or splint to hold the bones in proper alignment while they heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the fracture, particularly if there is significant displacement or instability of the bone fragments.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:

1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.

Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.

Bony callus is a medical term that refers to the specialized tissue that forms in response to a bone fracture. It is a crucial part of the natural healing process, as it helps to stabilize and protect the broken bone while it mends.

When a bone is fractured, the body responds by initiating an inflammatory response, which triggers the production of various cells and signaling molecules that promote healing. As part of this process, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to produce new bone tissue at the site of the fracture. This tissue is initially soft and pliable, allowing it to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone.

Over time, this soft callus gradually hardens and calcifies, forming a bony callus that helps to stabilize the fracture and provide additional support as the bone heals. The bony callus is typically composed of a mixture of woven bone (which is less organized than normal bone) and more structured lamellar bone (which is similar in structure to normal bone).

As the bone continues to heal, the bony callus may be gradually remodeled and reshaped by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down and remove excess or unwanted bone tissue. This process helps to restore the bone's original shape and strength, allowing it to function normally again.

It is worth noting that excessive bony callus formation can sometimes lead to complications, such as stiffness, pain, or decreased range of motion in the affected limb. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reduce the size of the bony callus and promote proper healing.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures that occur in close proximity to a prosthetic joint, such as those found in total hip or knee replacements. These types of fractures typically occur as a result of low-energy trauma, and can be caused by a variety of factors including osteoporosis, bone weakness, or loosening of the prosthetic implant.

Periprosthetic fractures are classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis, as well as the stability of the implant. Treatment options for periprosthetic fractures may include non-surgical management, such as immobilization with a brace or cast, or surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty.

The management of periprosthetic fractures can be complex and requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, bone quality, and functional needs. As such, these types of fractures are typically managed by orthopedic surgeons with experience in joint replacement surgery and fracture care.

Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.

Wrist injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the structures of the wrist, including bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related impacts, or repetitive stress. Common types of wrist injuries include fractures (such as scaphoid fracture), sprains (like ligament tears), strains (involving muscles or tendons), dislocations, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, limited mobility, and in severe cases, deformity or numbness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

In the field of dentistry, braces are devices used to align and straighten teeth and improve jaw position. They are typically made of metal or ceramic brackets that are bonded to the teeth, along with wires and rubber bands that apply pressure and move the teeth into proper alignment over time. The length of treatment with braces can vary but typically lasts from 1-3 years. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure effective movement of the teeth.

The purpose of wearing braces is to correct malocclusions, such as overbites, underbites, crossbites, and open bites, as well as crowded or crooked teeth. This can lead to improved dental health, better oral function, and a more aesthetically pleasing smile. It's important to maintain good oral hygiene while wearing braces to prevent issues like tooth decay and gum disease. After the braces are removed, retainers may be used to maintain the new alignment of the teeth.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse together the bones of a joint, in order to restrict its movement and provide stability. This procedure is typically performed when a joint has been severely damaged by injury, arthritis, or other conditions, and non-surgical treatments have failed to relieve symptoms such as pain and instability.

During the surgery, the cartilage that normally cushions the ends of the bones is removed, and the bones are realigned and held in place with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a solid fusion that restricts joint motion.

Arthrodesis can be performed on various joints throughout the body, including the spine, wrist, ankle, and knee. While this procedure can provide significant pain relief and improve function, it does limit the range of motion in the fused joint, which may impact mobility and daily activities. Therefore, arthrodesis is typically considered a last resort when other treatments have failed.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

I'm not aware of a medical term called "bone wires." The term "wiring" is used in orthopedic surgery to describe the use of metal wire to hold bones or fractures in place during healing. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition or term related to "bone wires." It may be a colloquialism, a term used in a specific context, or a term from science fiction. If you could provide more context about where you encountered this term, I might be able to give a more accurate answer.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.

Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.

The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot that is located between the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones. It is called a "joint" because it allows for movement, specifically inversion and eversion, which are the movements that allow the foot to roll inward or outward. The subtalar joint plays an essential role in the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, helping to absorb shock during walking and running, and contributing to the stability of the foot during standing and walking. Issues with the subtalar joint can lead to various foot and ankle problems, such as flatfoot or chronic ankle instability.

Orthotic devices are custom-made or prefabricated appliances designed to align, support, prevent deformity, or improve the function of movable body parts. They are frequently used in the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as foot and ankle conditions, knee problems, spinal alignment issues, and hand or wrist ailments. These devices can be adjustable or non-adjustable and are typically made from materials like plastic, metal, leather, or fabric. They work by redistributing forces across joints, correcting alignment, preventing unwanted movements, or accommodating existing deformities. Examples of orthotic devices include ankle-foot orthoses, knee braces, back braces, wrist splints, and custom-made foot insoles.

Maxillary fractures, also known as Le Fort fractures, are complex fractures that involve the upper jaw or maxilla. Named after the French surgeon René Le Fort who first described them in 1901, these fractures are categorized into three types (Le Fort I, II, III) based on the pattern and level of bone involvement.

1. Le Fort I fracture: This type of maxillary fracture involves a horizontal separation through the lower part of the maxilla, just above the teeth's roots. It often results from direct blows to the lower face or chin.

2. Le Fort II fracture: A Le Fort II fracture is characterized by a pyramidal-shaped fracture pattern that extends from the nasal bridge through the inferior orbital rim and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. This type of fracture usually results from forceful impacts to the midface or nose.

3. Le Fort III fracture: A Le Fort III fracture is a severe craniofacial injury that involves both the upper and lower parts of the face. It is also known as a "craniofacial dysjunction" because it separates the facial bones from the skull base. The fracture line extends through the nasal bridge, orbital rims, zygomatic arches, and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. Le Fort III fractures typically result from high-impact trauma to the face, such as car accidents or assaults.

These fractures often require surgical intervention for proper alignment and stabilization of the facial bones.

Zygomatic fractures, also known as "tripod fractures" or "malar fractures," refer to breaks in the zygomatic bone, which is the cheekbone. This type of facial fracture typically occurs due to significant trauma, such as a forceful blow to the face during sports injuries, traffic accidents, or physical assaults.

In zygomatic fractures, the bone can be displaced or depressed, leading to various symptoms, including:

* Facial asymmetry or flattening of the cheek area
* Bruising and swelling around the eyes (periorbital ecchymosis) and cheeks
* Diplopia (double vision) due to muscle entrapment or trauma to the eye muscles
* Subconjunctival hemorrhage (bleeding in the white part of the eye)
* Trismus (difficulty opening the mouth) due to muscle spasms or injury to the temporomandibular joint
* Numbness or altered sensation in the upper lip, cheek, or side of the nose

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination and imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment typically involves closed reduction (manipulation without surgery) or open reduction with internal fixation (surgical reconstruction using plates and screws). The primary goal of treatment is to restore the facial structure's integrity, symmetry, and function while minimizing complications and promoting optimal healing.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.

It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.

Forearm injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the anatomy and function of the forearm, which is the area between the elbow and wrist. This region consists of two long bones (the radius and ulna) and several muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels that enable movements such as flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the hand and wrist.

Common forearm injuries include:

1. Fractures: Breaks in the radius or ulna bones can occur due to high-energy trauma, falls, or sports accidents. These fractures may be simple (stable) or compound (displaced), and might require immobilization, casting, or surgical intervention depending on their severity and location.

2. Sprains and Strains: Overstretching or tearing of the ligaments connecting the bones in the forearm or the muscles and tendons responsible for movement can lead to sprains and strains. These injuries often cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility.

3. Dislocations: In some cases, forceful trauma might result in the dislocation of the radioulnar joint, where the ends of the radius and ulna meet. This injury can be extremely painful and may necessitate immediate medical attention to realign the bones and stabilize the joint.

4. Tendonitis: Repetitive motions or overuse can cause inflammation and irritation of the tendons in the forearm, resulting in a condition known as tendonitis. This injury typically presents with localized pain, swelling, and stiffness that worsen with activity.

5. Nerve Injuries: Direct trauma, compression, or stretching can damage nerves in the forearm, leading to numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the hand and fingers. Common nerve injuries include radial nerve neuropathy and ulnar nerve entrapment.

6. Compartment Syndrome: Forearm compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure within one of the forearm's fascial compartments restricts blood flow to the muscles, nerves, and tissues inside. This condition can result from trauma, bleeding, or swelling and requires immediate medical intervention to prevent permanent damage.

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing forearm injuries and ensuring optimal recovery. Patients should consult with a healthcare professional if they experience persistent pain, swelling, stiffness, weakness, or numbness in their forearms or hands.

The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test used to diagnose and evaluate peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels outside of the heart. The ABI measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, which can indicate whether there is reduced blood flow to the legs due to PAD.

To perform the test, healthcare professionals measure the blood pressure in both arms and ankles using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler ultrasound device. The systolic blood pressure (the higher number) is used for the calculation. The ABI value is obtained by dividing the highest ankle pressure by the highest arm pressure.

In healthy individuals, the ABI values typically range from 0.9 to 1.3. Values below 0.9 suggest that there may be narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, indicating PAD. The lower the ABI value, the more severe the blockage is likely to be. Additionally, an ABI of 1.4 or higher may indicate calcification of the arteries, which can also affect blood flow.

In summary, the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test that measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, providing valuable information about peripheral artery disease and overall circulatory health.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a long, slender bone that lies horizontally between the breastbone (sternum) and the shoulder blade (scapula). It is part of the shoulder girdle and plays a crucial role in supporting the upper limb. The clavicle has two ends: the medial end, which articulates with the sternum, and the lateral end, which articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. It is a common site of fracture due to its superficial location and susceptibility to direct trauma.

The pelvic bones, also known as the hip bones, are a set of three irregularly shaped bones that connect to form the pelvic girdle in the lower part of the human body. They play a crucial role in supporting the spine and protecting the abdominal and pelvic organs.

The pelvic bones consist of three bones:

1. The ilium: This is the largest and uppermost bone, forming the majority of the hip bone and the broad, flaring part of the pelvis known as the wing of the ilium or the iliac crest, which can be felt on the side of the body.
2. The ischium: This is the lower and back portion of the pelvic bone that forms part of the sitting surface or the "sit bones."
3. The pubis: This is the front part of the pelvic bone, which connects to the other side at the pubic symphysis in the midline of the body.

The pelvic bones are joined together at the acetabulum, a cup-shaped socket that forms the hip joint and articulates with the head of the femur (thigh bone). The pelvic bones also have several openings for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and reproductive and excretory organs.

The shape and size of the pelvic bones differ between males and females due to their different roles in childbirth and locomotion. Females typically have a wider and shallower pelvis than males to accommodate childbirth, while males usually have a narrower and deeper pelvis that is better suited for weight-bearing and movement.

Gait is a medical term used to describe the pattern of movement of the limbs during walking or running. It includes the manner or style of walking, including factors such as rhythm, speed, and step length. A person's gait can provide important clues about their physical health and neurological function, and abnormalities in gait may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, orthopedic problems, or injuries.

A typical human gait cycle involves two main phases: the stance phase, during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, during which the foot is lifted and moved forward in preparation for the next step. The gait cycle can be further broken down into several sub-phases, including heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, and toe off.

Gait analysis is a specialized field of study that involves observing and measuring a person's gait pattern using various techniques, such as video recordings, force plates, and motion capture systems. This information can be used to diagnose and treat gait abnormalities, improve mobility and function, and prevent injuries.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

The diaphysis refers to the shaft or middle portion of a long bone in the body. It is the part that is typically cylindrical in shape and contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The diaphysis is primarily composed of compact bone tissue, which provides strength and support for weight-bearing and movement.

In contrast to the diaphysis, the ends of long bones are called epiphyses, and they are covered with articular cartilage and contain spongy bone tissue filled with red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. The area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis is known as the metaphysis, and it contains growth plates that are responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development.

Internal fixators are medical devices that are implanted into the body through surgery to stabilize and hold broken or fractured bones in the correct position while they heal. These devices can be made from various materials, such as metal (stainless steel or titanium) or bioabsorbable materials. Internal fixators can take many forms, including plates, screws, rods, nails, wires, or cages, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

The main goal of using internal fixators is to promote bone healing by maintaining accurate reduction and alignment of the fractured bones, allowing for early mobilization and rehabilitation. This can help reduce the risk of complications such as malunion, nonunion, or deformity. Internal fixators are typically removed once the bone has healed, although some bioabsorbable devices may not require a second surgery for removal.

It is important to note that while internal fixators provide stability and support for fractured bones, they do not replace the need for proper immobilization, protection, or rehabilitation during the healing process. Close follow-up with an orthopedic surgeon is essential to ensure appropriate healing and address any potential complications.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

In animal anatomy, the tarsus is the section of the lower limb that is equivalent to the human ankle and rearfoot. It is the part of the leg between the metatarsus, which contains the bones of the toes, and the crus (the lower leg), which contains the tibia and fibula bones. The tarsus is made up of several bones, including the talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones in humans. In animals, these bones may be fused or partially fused, depending on the species. The tarsus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, providing stability and support for the animal's body.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

A joint prosthesis, also known as an artificial joint or a replacement joint, is a surgical implant used to replace all or part of a damaged or diseased joint. The most common types of joint prostheses are total hip replacements and total knee replacements. These prostheses typically consist of a combination of metal, plastic, and ceramic components that are designed to replicate the movement and function of a natural joint.

Joint prostheses are usually recommended for patients who have severe joint pain or mobility issues that cannot be adequately managed with other treatments such as physical therapy, medication, or lifestyle changes. The goal of joint replacement surgery is to relieve pain, improve joint function, and enhance the patient's quality of life.

Joint prostheses are typically made from materials such as titanium, cobalt-chrome alloys, stainless steel, polyethylene plastic, and ceramics. The choice of material depends on a variety of factors, including the patient's age, activity level, weight, and overall health.

While joint replacement surgery is generally safe and effective, there are risks associated with any surgical procedure, including infection, blood clots, implant loosening or failure, and nerve damage. Patients who undergo joint replacement surgery typically require several weeks of rehabilitation and physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected joint.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

Carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist joint in humans and other primates. These bones are arranged in two rows, with four bones in each row. The proximal row includes the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones, while the distal row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.

The carpal bones play an essential role in the function of the wrist joint by providing stability, support, and mobility. They allow for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, and circumduction. The complex structure of the carpal bones also helps to absorb shock and distribute forces evenly across the wrist during activities such as gripping or lifting objects.

Injuries to the carpal bones, such as fractures or dislocations, can be painful and may require medical treatment to ensure proper healing and prevent long-term complications. Additionally, degenerative conditions such as arthritis can affect the carpal bones, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility in the wrist joint.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.

The odontoid process, also known as the dens, is a tooth-like projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis). It fits into a ring formed by the first vertebra (atlas), allowing for movement between these two vertebrae. The odontoid process helps to support the head and facilitates movements such as nodding and shaking. It is an essential structure in maintaining stability and mobility of the upper spine.

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Immobilization is a medical term that refers to the restriction of normal mobility or motion of a body part, usually to promote healing and prevent further injury. This is often achieved through the use of devices such as casts, splints, braces, slings, or traction. The goal of immobilization is to keep the injured area in a fixed position so that it can heal properly without additional damage. It may be used for various medical conditions, including fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, and soft tissue injuries. Immobilization helps reduce pain, minimize swelling, and protect the injured site from movement that could worsen the injury or impair healing.

The elbow joint, also known as the cubitus joint, is a hinge joint that connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion and extension movements of the forearm, as well as some degree of rotation. The main articulation occurs between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, while the radial head of the radius also contributes to the joint's stability and motion. Ligaments, muscles, and tendons surround and support the elbow joint, providing strength and protection during movement.

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure used to treat spinal fractures, particularly those resulting from osteoporosis or cancer. The procedure involves injecting a type of bone cement called polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the damaged vertebra. This helps to stabilize the bone, reduce pain, and improve function.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the skin, and a hollow needle is guided using fluoroscopy (a type of X-ray guidance) into the fractured vertebra. Once in place, the PMMA cement is injected into the bone, where it hardens quickly, providing stability to the fractured vertebra.

It's important to note that while vertebroplasty can be an effective treatment for some patients with spinal fractures, it's not always necessary or appropriate. The decision to undergo this procedure should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider and based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's individual needs and circumstances.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense" and it's all about knowing where your body parts are, how they are moving, and the effort being used to move them. This information is crucial for motor control, balance, and coordination.

The proprioceptive system includes sensory receptors called proprioreceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that send messages to the brain through nerves regarding body position and movement. These messages are then integrated with information from other senses, such as vision and vestibular sense (related to balance), to create a complete understanding of the body's position and motion in space.

Deficits in proprioception can lead to problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

The "femur neck" is the narrow, upper part of the femur (thigh bone) where it connects to the pelvis. It is the region through which the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. The femur neck is a common site for fractures, especially in older adults with osteoporosis.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.

Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.

It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

... ankle fractures occur in about 1 per 1000 per year. Maisonneuve fracture Pilon fracture "Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle) - ... fracture of the ankle as seen on plain X-ray A triplane fracture of the ankle as seen on CT A triplane fracture of the ankle as ... Tillaux fracture The broad goals of treating ankle fractures are restoring the ankle joint to normal alignment, healing the ... Medical information about Ankle Fractures Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fractures of the human ankles. Wikiquote has ...
A trimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal ... Orthopaedic Trauma Association (September 2007). "Ankle Fractures". AAOS. Weber, Martin (2004). "Trimalleolar Fractures with ... Bucholz, R. W.; Henry, S; Henley, M. B. (1994). "Fixation with bioabsorbable screws for the treatment of fractures of the ankle ... Haraguchi, Naoki; Haruyama, H; Toga, H; Kato, F (2006). "Pathoanatomy of Posterior Malleolar Fractures of the Ankle". The ...
Bone fractures, Injuries of ankle and foot, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ... An avulsion fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal is sometimes called a "dancer's fracture" or a "pseudo Jones fracture ... Other proximal fifth metatarsal fractures exist, although they are not as problematic as a Jones fracture. If the fracture ... For several reasons, a Jones fracture may not unite. The diaphyseal bone (zone II), where the fracture occurs, is an area of ...
"Fractures and fracture dislocations of the midfoot: occurrence, causes and long-term results". Foot Ankle Int. 22 (5): 392-8. ... Open fractures occur in a small percentage. Chopart's fracture-dislocation is usually caused by falls from height, traffic ... High energy injuries and associated fractures worsen the outcome. François Chopart Chopart's Fracture Dislocation at ... Foot Ankle Clin. 13 (4): 679-93, viii. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2008.08.004. PMID 19013402. Klaue, K (Sep 2004). "Chopart fractures". ...
Kadakia AR, Seybold JD (2016). "Disorders of the foot and ankle, Section 18: Trauma: Calcaneous Fractures". In Miller MD, ... Type IV fractures consist of fractures with more than three intra-articular fractures. Extra-articular fractures include all ... of all fractures are calcaneal fractures. However, they make up 60% of fractures of the mid foot bones. Undisplaced fractures ... Type IIC: fracture occurs on medial aspect of calcaneus. Type III fractures consist of two intra-articular fractures that ...
A bimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus. Studies have ... A trimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal ... Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Lateral view. Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Image showing the ... Orthopaedic Trauma Association (September 2007). "Ankle Fractures". AAOS. Portal: Anatomy (Articles with short description, ...
"Ankle Fractures". orthoinfo.aaos.org. American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. ... Fractures, ligamentous injuries, and dislocations can easily be recognized with a 0.2 mm resolution. With modern dual-energy CT ... For the axial skeleton and extremities, CT is often used to image complex fractures, especially ones around joints, because of ... CT to assess stability criteria in C2 vertebral fractures". Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research. 1 (1): 80-83. ISSN ...
... fractures may result from excessive stress on the joint such as from rolling an ankle or from blunt trauma. Types of ... "Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle) - OrthoInfo - AAOS". www.orthoinfo.org. Retrieved 20 June 2019. Wire J, Slane VH (9 May 2019). " ... Occasionally a human ankle has a ball-and-socket ankle joint and fusion of the talo-navicular joint. The word ankle or ancle is ... Special X-ray views called stress views help determine whether an ankle fracture is unstable. Treatment depends on the fracture ...
A pilon fracture, is a fracture of the distal part of the tibia, involving its articular surface at the ankle joint. Pilon ... Ankle fracture Mandi, DM; Belin, RP; Banks, J; Barrett, B (Apr 2012). "Pilon fractures". Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and ... Pilon fractures are rare, comprising 3 to 10 percent of all fractures of the tibia and 1 percent of all lower extremity ... and Müller AO Classification of fractures. The treatment of pilon fractures depends on the extent of the injury. This includes ...
On 8 March, however, he fractured his ankle during a training session, requiring surgery; as a result, he was ruled out ... Campanale, Susy (8 March 2015). "Caceres fractures ankle". Football Italia. Retrieved 12 May 2015. "CACERES: "Vogliamo la ... Due to an ankle injury suffered in March 2015, Cáceres was excluded from the 2015 Copa América squad. A serious Achilles tendon ...
Le Fort's fracture of the ankle at Who Named It? v t e (Bone fractures, Injuries of ankle and foot, All stub articles, ... Le Fort's fracture of the ankle is a vertical fracture of the antero-medial part of the distal fibula with avulsion of the ... Ankle fracture Tim B Hunter; Leonard F Peltier; Pamela J Lund (2000). "Musculoskeletal Eponyms: Who Are Those Guys?". ... Le Fort, LC (1886). "Note sur une variete non-decrite de fracture verticale de la malleole externe par arrachement" [Note on an ...
synd/1126 at Who Named It? Sartoris DJ (1993). "Eponymic fractures of the ankle". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 32 (2 ... Pott's fracture, also known as Pott's syndrome I and Dupuytren fracture, is an archaic term loosely applied to a variety of ... The player receives a blow to the outside of the ankle, causing the ankle to roll inwards (so that the sole of the foot faces ... 2006 Wilson FC (2000). "Fractures of the ankle: pathogenesis and treatment". Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association. 9 ...
p. 4. "Frank Crossin Fractures Ankle". The Times Leader. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. 2 July 1919. "Crossin Was Drafted The ... On July 1, Crossin fractured his fibula after sliding into second base. On the season, he batted .265 with 35 hits, 12 doubles ...
"PRO BASKETBALL; Blazers' Dudley Fractures Ankle". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 10, 1993. Retrieved January 15 ... However, an ankle injury limited Dudley only to just six games. The Blazers held a 27-20 record at the All-Star break, and ... But Its High-Priced Center Suffers a Broken Left Ankle During the First Quarter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 26, ...
He was placed on the injured reserve list and had surgery on the fractured ankle. He left the game with one catch for 14 yards ... During the fourth quarter of the Cowboys' 38-35 victory over the Indianapolis Colts, Bryant went down with a fractured ankle. ... Sabin, Rainer (December 5, 2010). "Dez Bryant's season is over; Receiver fractures right ankle". Dallas Morning News. Archived ... During a Week 9 28-17 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs, Bryant sprained his ankle, and was sidelined for the rest of the ...
Bobby Thomson Fractures Ankle. Rare Newspapers website. Retrieved on March 14, 2018. Newly acquired Bobby Thomson of the Braves ... March 13 - Milwaukee Braves outfielder Bobby Thomson breaks his ankle while sliding into a base during a spring training game. ... breaks his ankle. Pinterest website. Retrieved on March 14, 2018. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book W ...
"W. Chester Routs P.M.C.; Cadet Back Fractures Ankle". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 12, 1946. pp. 14, 15 - via Newspapers. ...
In October 2001, Bombardir fractured his right ankle and was expected to miss two months to recover. The injury occurred during ... Jones, Tom (October 15, 2001). "Bombardir fractures right ankle". Minneapolis, Minnesota: Star Tribune. Retrieved March 7, 2021 ...
"Tillaux Fracture of the Ankle in an Adult: A Rare Injury". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 53 (6): 757-8. doi:10.1053/j. ... This fracture pattern is named after Paul Jules Tillaux, a French Anatomist and Surgeon (1834-1904).[citation needed] Ankle ... A Tillaux fracture is a Salter-Harris type III fracture through the anterolateral aspect of the distal tibial epiphysis. It ... at the opposite end to a Wagstaffe-Le Fort avulsion fracture The fracture commonly results from an abduction-external rotation ...
"Trail Blazers' Zach Collins: Re-fractures foot". CBSSports.com. Retrieved July 25, 2021. "Blazers' Zach Collins (ankle) ... On January 16, 2022, he was assigned to the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League, while recovering from his ankle injury. On ... "ZACH COLLINS UNDERGOES ANKLE SURGERY". NBA.com. December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020. Hostetler, L. (June 29, 2021 ... the Trail Blazers announced that he underwent a second revision surgery to repair his left medial malleolus stress fracture. He ...
"Foot and Ankle Malunion". clevelandclinic.org. Retrieved 20 March 2015. "Malunion Fracture". uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 20 March ... Monteggia fracture Duverney fracture Clavicle fracture "Malunion". floridahospital.com. florida hospital. Retrieved 29 March ... In some cases, the bone may be trimmed to allow full orientation at the fractured spot. It is also possible that a bone graft ... A malunion is when a fractured bone does not heal properly. Some ways that it shows is by having the bone being twisted, ...
1990). "Bosworth fracture-dislocation of the ankle. A case report and review of the literature". Clin Orthop Relat Res (255): ... Ashhurst, APC; Bromer RS (1922). "Classification and Mechanism of Fractures of the Leg Bones Involving the Ankle. Based on a ... Bosworth, DM (Jan 1947). "Fracture-Dislocation of the Ankle with Fixed Displacement of the Fibula behind the Tibia". J Bone ... The Bosworth fracture is a rare fracture of the distal fibula with an associated fixed posterior dislocation of the proximal ...
Khazen, G; Rassi, CK (December 2020). "Sinus Tarsi Approach for Calcaneal Fractures". Foot and Ankle Clinics. 25 (4): 667-81. ... This disorder can have a variety of causes; however, the most common is an inversion ankle sprain. In recent years, approaching ... The sinus tarsi helps stabilize the ankle, as the cervical ligament limits inversion of the (turning in) and the interosseous ... Arshad, Z; Bhatia, M (August 2021). "Current concepts in sinus tarsi syndrome: A scoping review". Foot and Ankle Surgery. 27 (6 ...
"Jets' Rookie Clayton Fractures Left Ankle". Sarasota Herald-Tribune (AP story). August 24, 1980. p. 6C. "Skorupan, Clayton Cut ... He sustained a stress fracture to the left fibula in August 1980 and did not appear in any regular season games during the 1980 ...
... in rehabilitating ankle bone fractures. However, a 2008 review found it to be ineffective in healing long-bone fractures. A ... Lin CW, Donkers NA, Refshauge KM, Beckenkamp PR, Khera K, Moseley AM (2012). Lin CC (ed.). "Rehabilitation for ankle fractures ... Mollon B, da Silva V, Busse JW, Einhorn TA, Bhandari M (November 2008). "Electrical stimulation for long-bone fracture-healing ...
April 2009). "Accuracy of Ottawa Ankle Rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and midfoot in children: a meta-analysis". Acad ... "Multicentre trial to introduce the Ottawa ankle rules for use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Multicentre Ankle Rule ... However the vast majority of patients with unclear ankle injuries do not have bone fractures. As a result, many unnecessary X- ... Evidence supports the rules as an accurate instrument for excluding fractures of the ankle and mid-foot, reducing the number of ...
Fractured left clavicle. <-> Called up OF Brett Carroll from Nashville Sounds. 07/27 - Traded C Wil Nieves to Atlanta Braves ... Sprained left ankle. <-> Called up 2B Eric Farris from Nashville Sounds. 07/28 - Traded cash considerations to Tampa Bay Rays ... success after All-Star second baseman Rickie Weeks suffered a bad ankle sprain in the last week of July and Carlos Gomez was ...
Ankle fusion Watkins, Jeffrey P. (9 January 2020). "Arthrodesis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint". In Nixon, Alan J. (ed ... The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly ... fracture, or collateral ligament rupture. It is also performed in horses with osteoarthritis, primarily of the distal hock ... Equine Fracture Repair. John Wiley & Sons. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-8138-1586-2. Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis (Use dmy ...
The eponymously named Maisonneuve fracture describes a specific fibular fracture. Wilson, F. C. (2000). Fractures of the ankle ... Maisonneuve is notable as the first surgeon to explain the role of external rotation in the production of ankle fractures. ... Maisonneuve, J. G. (1840). Recherches sur la fracture du péroné. Paris. France: Loquin & Cie. Maisonneuve, Jules and Cunasc, ...
However the following month he was sidelined after fracturing his left ankle in a 1-1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers. This ' ... "Port Vale defender Gareth Owen fractures ankle". BBC Sport. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Shaw, Steve (7 February ... In March 2009 Owen picked up an ankle injury, which kept him out of action for the rest of the season. During the downtime he ... However, in March 2002 he broke his leg in a youth team match against Leeds United; this meant two ankle operations which cost ...
Dega fractures his ankle in the fall. The trio meet Pascal and they escape into the night. In the jungle the next day, Pascal ...
... ankle fractures occur in about 1 per 1000 per year. Maisonneuve fracture Pilon fracture "Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle) - ... fracture of the ankle as seen on plain X-ray A triplane fracture of the ankle as seen on CT A triplane fracture of the ankle as ... Tillaux fracture The broad goals of treating ankle fractures are restoring the ankle joint to normal alignment, healing the ... Medical information about Ankle Fractures Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fractures of the human ankles. Wikiquote has ...
An ankle fracture is a break in 1 or more ankle bones. These fractures may: ... An ankle fracture is a break in 1 or more ankle bones. These fractures may: ... An ankle fracture is a break in 1 or more ankle bones. These fractures may:. *Be partial (the bone is only partially cracked, ... Malleolar fracture; Tri-malleolar; Bi-malleolar; Distal tibia fracture; Distal fibula fracture; Malleolus fracture; Pilon ...
... the radiologist plays a key role in the thorough evaluation of complex injuries and the detection of subtle fractures (see the ... The ankle is one of the most frequently injured areas of the skeleton. Although many of these injuries are ligament sprains, ... Triplane fracture. Triplane ankle fractures are complex traumatic Salter-Harris IV fractures. As the name implies, fractures ... 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] When evaluating for ankle fractures, also consider conditions such as ankle impingement syndrome, ankle ...
Fracture distal to ankle joint. Often avulsion. Tibiofibular ligaments intact. Type B. Fracture at the level of the ... Danis - Weber Classification of Ankle Fractures. *Lauge Hansen Classification of Ankle Fractures ... Ruedi and Allgower Classification of Pilon Fractures. * ... Hawkins Classification of Talar Fractures. *Calcaneal fractures ...
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez has suffered a fracture in her left ankle, the latest in a series of health setbacks. ... Argentinas president suffers fractured ankle. By The Associated Press , Posted - Dec. 27, 2014 at 5:30 p.m. ... BUENO AIRES (AP) - Argentine President Cristina Fernandez has suffered a fracture in her left ankle, the latest in a series of ... It said they have recommended the ankle be immobilized.. The 61-year-old leader has been sidelined with various ailments in ...
NonOperative Treatment of Ankle Fractures. NonOperative Treatment of Ankle Fractures. - Avulsion frx of lateral malleolus ( ... stable/non-displaced ankle injuries:. - after spinting for 3-5 days, try short leg cast: 4-6 wks;. - wt bearing after symptoms ... isolated fractures are treated closed if:. - they are undisplaced. - involve the distal portion of the malleolus. - and can be ... exploration of medial side of ankle is not necessary unless there is evidence of Deltoid Ligament disruption w/ ligament ...
Brian Weatherford, Orthopedic Surgeon with Fellowship Training in Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, about ankle fractures, and ... to unstable fractures, which may require surgery. Learn more from Dr. ... A fractured ankle can range from a stable break in one bone, which may not stop you from walking or bearing weight, ... Brian Weatherford, Orthopedic Surgeon with Fellowship Training in Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, about ankle fractures, and ...
... to several fractures, which forces your ankle out of place and may require that you not put weight on it for a few months. ... A fractured ankle can range from a simple break in one bone, which may not stop you from walking, ... A broken ankle is also known as an ankle fracture. This means that one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint are ... These fractures do not require surgery.. Displaced fracture. A displaced ankle fracture is where the broken bone fragments are ...
CCC stiffness was equal to or greater than that of SC in two measures of ankle cast resistance to torsion. The effect of ... This article presents the first quantitative study of ankle cast stability and hypothesises that a newly proposed close contact ... In older patients with compromised distal circulation, conservative treatment of fractures may be indicated. High rates of ... swelling reduction at the ankle site was significantly greater on CCC than on SC. The data support the hypothesis that CCC ...
... social factors may be important determinants of outcome in patients with traumatic fractures. Optimal orthopedic care may ... Health-related quality of life following operative treatment of unstable ankle fractures: a prospective observational study J ... Background: Although Weber type B ankle fractures are often considered benign with a good prognosis, evidence from ... The majority of fractures were the result of a fall (67%, 20 out of 30), and all were closed injuries. Almost half of all ...
... but your ankle is fractured in two places." Although neither fracture was particularly severe, I should definitely have been in ... EFT reduces pain and swelling, and speeds healing of a fractured ankle Important Note: This article was written prior to 2010 ... As it turned out the ankle was fractured in two places and, after examination, the nurse at the hospital said, "You have truly ... I used the knowledge from this newsletter feature to ascertain that my ankle was probably fractured because the pain was not ...
... never gave up hope of returning this season despite fracturing his ankle back in Week 5. ... Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive tackle Vita Vea never gave up hope of returning this season despite fracturing his ankle in Week ... Tampa Bay Buccaneers Vita Vea, back from ankle fracture, had faith in return. *. ...
1 Comment on NXT injury update - "The Drifter" Elias Samson fractured ankle * Matthias June 6, 2016 at 5:56 pm Isnt this the ... "The Drifter" Elias Samson is out indefinitely with a fractured left ankle, WWE announced Monday. ... His return will depend on how well the ankle heals after being immobilized in the cast. ...
... or broken ankle, is a break or multiple breaks in one or more bones in the ankle joint (fibula, talus, tibia). ... Ankle Fracture Ankle Immediate Pain Ankle swelling Ankle bruising Tenderness to touch ankle Inability to bear weight on ankle ... Ankle Fracture. An ankle fracture, or broken ankle, is a break or multiple breaks in one or more bones in the ankle joint ( ... The fractured ankle can be from a break in one bone or several fractures in the bone. The more bones that have broken, the more ...
The ankle joint complex can be divided into three parts: the talocrural, talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar parts. The ... Classifications of Fractures[edit , edit source]. Clinically relevant classifications for ankle fractures include the following ... In the ankle, fractures are divided into malleolar, distal tibia, and fibular fractures. This system of classification is most ... Lambert LA, Falconer L, Mason L. Ankle stability in ankle fracture. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2020 May-Jun;11(3):375-379. ...
New research suggests that ankle fractures should be considered in the same category as forearm fractures when it comes to ... "Prevalent ankle fractures," they said, "should be considered as a significant risk factor for subsequent fracture and taken ... New research suggests that ankle fractures should be considered in the same category as forearm fractures when it comes to ... New research suggests that ankle fractures should be considered in the same category as forearm fractures when it comes to ...
Information to assist you in returning back to normal following your fractured ankle. ...
Bru McCoy injury: Tennessee WR undergoes successful surgery after fracturing ankle against South Carolina McCoys injury came ... "Bru McCoy underwent successful surgery this morning after suffering a fracture-dislocation of his right ankle on Saturday night ... bru-mccoy-injury-tennessee-wr-undergoes-successful-surgery-after-fracturing-ankle-against-south-carolina , sport: ... Tennessee WR Bru McCoy has surgery after ankle injury Dean Straka 2 min read ...
The tissues surrounding a broken ankle may be affected by this injury. Additionally, t... ... A broken ankle is a serious injury that can cause immense pain. ... Ankles are more prone to fractures because the ankle is an area ... Broken Ankles. A broken ankle is experienced when a person fractures their tibia or fibula in the lower leg and ankle area. ... A specific type of ankle fracture is referred to as an ankle avulsion. This type of break can happen as a result of a small ...
... two anterior side by side comparisons of the bones of the right lower extremities before and after a fracture to the left ankle ... This exhibit was specifically designed to show the minimal appearance of a small distal fibular fracture as compared to normal ... Fractured Ankle Bones (Broken Ankle). This exhibit features ... Fractured Ankle Bones (Broken Ankle). This exhibit features two ... fracture, fractured, fractures, inital, injuries, injury, joint, joints, lateral, lateralis, leg, legs, lower, malleolar, ...
Glendening -- signed in the offseason to a four-year, $7.2 million extension -- suffered a fractured ankle in last nights loss ...
Home » Ask a Lawyer » If my daughter jumped from a friends pier into a river and fractured her ankle, will their homeowner ... If my daughter jumped from a friends pier into a river and fractured her ankle, will their homeowner insurance cover her ... If my daughter jumped from a friends pier into a river and fractured her ankle, will their homeowner insurance cover her ...
Orthopedics , Orthopedic Topics , Trauma , Ankle , AO Classification of Distal Tibia Fibula Ankle Fractures ... AO Classification of Distal Tibia Fibula Ankle Fractures. popular Visit Resource Review It Rate It Bookmark It ...
Share All sharing options for: Odell Beckham Will Have Surgery On Fractured Ankle [UPDATED] ... who fractured his left ankle on Sunday vs. the Los Angeles Chargers, will undergo surgery this week to repair the damage. ... The Giants also announced that wide receiver/kick returner Dwayne Harris will have surgery Tuesday to repair a fractured fifth ... Wide receiver Brandon Marshall is undergoing further testing today on his injured ankle. Sterling Shepard, another injured wide ...
2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.,/ref> === Ankle Joint === [[File:Ankle image.jpeg,thumb]] ==== Bones ==== The ankle is formed by ... Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Neural and Vascular,here]]. [[File: Ankle fracture.jpg,thumb]] ... Below is a summary of the ankle articulations: [[File:Ankle joint.png,frameless,700x700px]] [[File:Figure 3-Ankle ligaments.PNG ... The lower leg and foot constitute the ankle. The following bony elements of the ankle joint are part of this structure:,ref> ...
In ankle fractures treated with insertion of a syndesmotic screw through the plate, the orientation of the syndesmotic screw in ... Miller AN, Carroll EA, Parker RJ et al.: Direct visualization for syndesmotic stabilization of ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Int ... Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Briggs SM et al.: Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures. Foot Ankle ... Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures. . Foot Ankle Int. 27. : 788. , 2006. .. ), false ...
Ankle fractures are commonly occurring fractures, especially in the aging population, where they often present as fragility ... Ankle fractures: a systematic review of patient‑reported outcome measures and their measurement properties. Nguyen, Michael ... Only the Ankle Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM) presented some evidence on content validity. The Olerud- ... Studies that assessed the measurement properties of a PROM in an adult ankle fracture population were included. The included ...
Ankle fractures are very common injuries to the ankle which generally occur due to a twisting mechanism. ... restoration of marginal impaction of tibial plafond in SA ankle fracture leads to optimal functional outcomes ... lower risk of redislocation and skin complication in ankle fracture dislocation vs splint ... Ankle Simple Bimalleolar Fracture ORIF with 1/3 Tubular Plate and Cannulated Screw of Medial Malleol ...
Questions and answers regarding fractures of the foot and ankle ... Fractured Matatarsal by: Linda I twisted my left ankle and an ... Tri Malleor Fracture. by Nuala (N. Ireland) I am recovering from a tri malleor fracture to the left ankle I sustained a year ... Foot Fracture. I fractured my foot a month ago falling down stairs. it was late at night, thought i just twisted my ankle.. and ... Jones fractures historically can be tough fractures to heal because of the poor blood supply in the region of the fracture. Add ...
Braces & Supports > Foot & Ankle Braces > Fracture Walkers. Pain & Injury Center > Foot & Ankle Injuries > Stress Fracture. ... Home > Braces & Supports > Foot & Ankle Braces > Fracture Walkers > Deroyal Tracker EX Walker. ... Ossur Equalizer Premium Fracture Walker Aircast FP Walker (Foam Pneumatic) Fracture boot SideKick Walker W/Air ... Indications: Moderate to severe ankle sprains and strains; Stable foot and/or ankle fractures; Syndesmosis sprain; Post ORIF ...
  • The ankle joint is a highly constrained, complex hinge joint composed of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The talus and the fibula are connected by a strong group of ligaments, which provide support for the lateral aspect of the ankle. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also important to palpate the calf proximally (near the knee) because there may be an associated high fibula fracture[citation needed](Maisonneuve fracture). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to these views, a full-length view of the tibia and fibula may be necessary to evaluate for injuries to the proximal fibula associated with Maisonneuve fractures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Illustration showing the three bones that make up the ankle joint: the tibia, fibula, and talus. (aaos.org)
  • For example, a fracture at the end of the fibula is called a lateral malleolus fracture, or if both the tibia and fibular are broken, it is called a bimalleolar fracture. (aaos.org)
  • An ankle fracture, or broken ankle, is a break or multiple breaks in one or more bones in the ankle joint (fibula, talus, tibia). (nm.org)
  • The ankle is formed by three bones: the talus, tibia and fibula. (physio-pedia.com)
  • A broken ankle is experienced when a person fractures their tibia or fibula in the lower leg and ankle area. (feetnet.com)
  • When a physician is referring to a break of the ankle, he or she is usually referring to a break in the area where the tibia and fibula are joined to create our ankle joint. (feetnet.com)
  • The ankle is a complex joint made up of three bones (the talus, the fibula, and the tibia) that are all held together with ligaments for support and stability. (slipandfall.com)
  • A broken ankle that involves the fracturing of both the fibula bone and the tibia bone is referred to as a bimalleolar fracture . (slipandfall.com)
  • The ankle joint is comprised of three bones: the tibia, fibula, and talus which articulate together. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The ends of the fibula and tibia (lower leg bones) form the inner and outer malleolus, which are the bony protrusions of the ankle joint that you can feel and see on either side of the ankle. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Comminuted fracture of fibula above ankle mortise with medial malleolar fracture or deltoid injury. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Fractures in the ankle can range from the less serious avulsion injuries (small pieces of bone that have been pulled off) to severe shattering-type breaks of the tibia, fibula or both. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • These 3 bones (tibia, fibula, and talus) make up the bony elements of the ankle joint. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • 1) Anatomy: The ankle joint is made up of the medial malleolus (distal tibia), the lateral malleolus (distal fibula), posterior malleolus (distal posterior portion of tibia) all of which fit tightly around the talus to form the mortise. (emory.edu)
  • Ankle fractures occur in the medial or posterior malleolus of the tibia and/or lateral malleolus of the fibula. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The ankle bones and ligaments form a ring that connects the tibia and fibula to the talus and calcaneus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The proximal fibula may also be fractured (called a Maisonneuve fracture) when the medial malleolus is fractured, the ankle mortise (the joint between the tibia and the talus) is open, and the distal fibula is not fractured. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Without a fracture of the distal fibula, the joint can be disrupted only if the interosseous ligament between the tibia and fibula tears, as sometimes occurs when the proximal fibula is fractured. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this lateral view, a fracture of the distal fibula is visible as a small lucency and discontinuity (step-off) of the cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This lateral view of the ankle shows a fracture of the distal fibula. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This ankle fracture involves the medial malleolus (of the tibia) and lateral malleolus (of the fibula). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The distal tibia, distal fibula, and talus bones make up the ankle joint. (medscape.com)
  • With continuation of these forces, impaction of the distal lateral malleolus occurs, resulting either in rupture of the syndesmosis or in transverse fracture of the distal fibula. (medscape.com)
  • If the foot is supinated at the time of external rotation, an oblique fracture of the fibula ensues. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral complex consists of the distal fibula, the lateral facet of the talus, and the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle and subtalar joints. (medscape.com)
  • You can read more about ankle ligaments here . (physio-pedia.com)
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855022/ Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay]. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Anatomy of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The ankle joint is stabilized by different ligaments and other soft tissues, which may also be injured when an ankle fracture is suffered. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The ankle joint is stabilized by 3 groups of ligaments, which are fibers that hold these bones in place. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • If only the ligaments give way and tear, you have sprained the ankle. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Fractures can occur with simultaneous tears of the ligaments. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Arthroscopic ankle surgeries are most commonly used to treat torn ligaments, remove scar tissue, and smooth bone. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • When ligaments in the ankle become torn, either due to ankle sprains or a genetic predisposition for ligaments with more laxity, they can become a constant source of pain and instability in the ankle. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Arthroscopic ankle surgery is a minimally invasive way to repair these torn ligaments and improve stability in the ankle joint. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Eversion of the ankle causes injury to the superficial deltoid ligaments and, if sufficient, the deep deltoid ligament. (medscape.com)
  • 9] Kristianslund E, Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Kinematics and kinetics of an accidental lateral ankle sprain. (degruyter.com)
  • Sterling Shepard , another injured wide receiver, is listed as day-to-day with an ankle sprain. (bigblueview.com)
  • I am almost 10 weeks out from a bad fall resulting in a 3°ankle sprain and a complete non displaced fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • Syndesmotic injury - also called a high ankle sprain, is generally not considered a fracture but may be treated as a fracture since it causes ankle instability and long-term complications. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Without a radiologic study such as an x-ray or CT scan, it may be difficult to differentiate a broken ankle bone from other conditions such as a sprain, dislocation, or tendon injury. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Many people mistake an ankle fracture for an ankle sprain, but they are quite different and therefore require an accurate and early diagnosis. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Frequently it is difficult to diagnose a fracture (broken bone) over a sprain, a dislocation, or tendon injury without x-rays of the ankle. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • A severe ankle sprain can feel the same as a broken ankle, so every ankle injury should be evaluated by an OSI orthopedic specialist. (osifv.com)
  • Also, see eMedicineHealth's patient education articles Broken Ankle (Ankle Fracture) and Ankle Sprain. (medscape.com)
  • The Ottawa ankle rules determine the necessity of obtaining x-rays in patients with acute ankle injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ankle injuries are responsible for over 5 million emergency department visits each year. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Although many of these injuries are ligament sprains, the radiologist plays a key role in the thorough evaluation of complex injuries and the detection of subtle fractures (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • [ 13 ] In a prospective series of 51 patients with ankle fractures, Hermans et al confirmed that radiographic measurements of the syndesmotic space, amount of tibiofibular overlap, and width of the medial clear space did not correlate with ligamentous injuries that were shown on concurrent MRI studies. (medscape.com)
  • Many types of injuries can cause an ankle fracture. (aaos.org)
  • The majority of fractures were the result of a fall (67%, 20 out of 30), and all were closed injuries. (nih.gov)
  • Ankle fractures are very common injuries to the ankle which generally occur due to a twisting mechanism. (orthobullets.com)
  • Some of those ankle injuries are so severe that they require surgery and months of recovery, not to mention pain and suffering, and time out of work. (slipandfall.com)
  • Many of the most serious types of ankle injuries involve fractures or broken bones. (slipandfall.com)
  • Ankle injuries are common in athletes and patients engaged in physical work, often resulting in severe pain and impaired mobility. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Ankle fractures are common injuries most often caused by the ankle rolling inward or outward. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of ankle injuries and fractures tend to be obvious. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • In addition to fractures, musculoskeletal injuries include Joint dislocations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Arthroscopic ankle surgery is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to diagnose and treat a variety of ankle injuries. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • However, some people will develop more scar tissue than normal, or experience more frequent ankle injuries than normal. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • In many cases, arthroscopic ankle surgery is also a very effective way to assess and diagnose ankle injuries that are difficult to identify otherwise. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • For some ankle fractures, surgery is needed to repair the fracture and other soft tissue related injuries, if present. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • ere's what you should know about these injuries, including how Dr. Sarah Stewart of Grandville Foot and Ankle can help you heal so you can safely return to the sports you love. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • Ankle fractures and soft-tissue injuries like strains and sprains share many of the same symptoms. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • Because foot and ankle fractures encompass such a wide range of injuries, healing times vary. (osifv.com)
  • [ 2 ] Lateral ankle sprains account for 90% of all ankle injuries, whereas an ankle fracture occurs only approximately 15% of the time. (medscape.com)
  • Inversion ligamentous injuries of the ankle are the most commonly observed soft-tissue trauma in sports. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence and variance of foot and ankle injuries in elite college football players. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with ankle fractures were then propensity score matched to 2 control groups patients discharged with injuries not requiring lower limb immobilization (ie, finger wounds and wrist fractures ) to compare relative hazard of venous thromboembolism . (bvsalud.org)
  • the back, ankles, and knees contributed to 66 percent of all such injuries. (cdc.gov)
  • Contusions accounted for 14.6 percent of all injuries, and fractures represented 13.1 percent. (cdc.gov)
  • Sprains and fractures were the most frequent serious injuries. (cdc.gov)
  • In the free-text descriptions of the 100 most expensive claims to the OHBWC, the words that appeared most frequently for serious injuries (and second-most in less-serious injuries) in the landscaping services industry were, "foot," "knee," "ankle," "leg," or "toe. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms of an ankle fracture can be similar to those of ankle sprains (pain, swelling, limited range of motion), though typically they are often more severe by comparison. (wikipedia.org)
  • Have you had previous ankle fractures, sprains, or surgeries? (highlandsfoot.com)
  • In a displaced, fracture the skin is sometimes tented over a sharp edge of broken bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In children, the fracture involves the part of the ankle bone where bone is growing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A fractured ankle can range from a stable break in one bone, which may not stop you from walking or bearing weight, to unstable fractures, which may require surgery. (ibji.com)
  • Doctors classify ankle fractures according to the area of the bone that is broken. (aaos.org)
  • Ankle fractures can be classified by how much the pieces of bone have moved out of their normal position. (aaos.org)
  • A displaced ankle fracture is where the broken bone fragments are separated. (aaos.org)
  • The fractured ankle can be from a break in one bone or several fractures in the bone. (nm.org)
  • New research suggests that ankle fractures should be considered in the same category as forearm fractures when it comes to assessing risk of bone breaks in postmenopausal women. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • In the study, researchers from the University of Geneva investigated the association between bone microstructure and prevalence of ankle fracture in 749 women aged 65.0 ±1.4 years. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • aBMD -7.7% for spine, -6.4% for femoral neck, and -4.1% for distal third radius and lower distal radius total volumetric BMD -7.9%, cortical thickness -7%, and bone volume -10.9%) Differences in aBMD between women with prevalent ankle and forearm fractures were not statistically significant. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • The results, according to the authors, underscore lower aBMD and altered bone microstructure in postmenopausal women who have prevalent ankle or forearm fracture. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Biver E, Duriosier C, Chevalley T, Herrmann F, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. Ankle fractures are associated with low areal BMD and bone microstructural alterations in postmenopausal women. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • This type of break can happen as a result of a small piece of the ankle bone being pulled away from the surrounding ligament or tendon. (feetnet.com)
  • 2. you might consider trying a bone stimulator which is designed to heal fractures that do not heal on their own. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • Cuboid bone fracture. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • It was misdiagnosed by the first x-ray and an MRI shows the cubiod bone fracture but in 3 places. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • If there is a question in regards to the MRI report, you can either request that another radiologist read the films or consider having a bone scan which if 'hot' would be highly suggestive of a fracture. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • A malunion (a bad union) when the bone fracture healed before it was in its proper place. (slipandfall.com)
  • So the vision of a complete non fractured leg bone breaking through the thin skin of the ankle passed through your brain too? (orioleshangout.com)
  • Ankle fractures are classified according to the location and type of ankle bone involved. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Treatment of an ankle fracture usually depends on both the type and stability of the fractured bone. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • With non-surgical treatment, the ankle bone is realigned, and a plaster splint is placed around the joint, for at least 2-3 weeks. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • With surgical treatment, the fractured bone is usually accessed by making an incision over the ankle and then the broken pieces are aligned and compressed together. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • A fracture is a partial or complete break in a bone. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • If a bone gives way and breaks, you have an ankle fracture. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • While all fractures involve a break in the bone , the properties of fractures can vary significantly. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A fracture that breaks the bone in multiple places, resulting in three or more pieces. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A fracture at an angle across the bone. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A horizontal fracture perpendicular to the length of the bone. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A type of fracture resulting from twisting force on the bone. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Stable fracture: A clean break where the broken ends of the bone are more or less still lined up and in place. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A fracture resulting from a bone compressing when driven together with another bone. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A fracture in which the bone bends and only partially breaks along the edge, like a broken stick of green wood. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A fracture at the joint which can lead to a shortened bone. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Women are much more likely to experience a fracture given the same level of trauma, especially as they age, due to lower bone density and a higher risk of osteoporosis. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • A history of stress fractures can increase your likelihood of experiencing them in the same bone, as can incomplete healing of other types of fracture. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Overview of Fractures A fracture is a break in a bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most fractures result from a single, significant force applied to normal bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fractures that disrupt the ring in one place often disrupt it in another (eg, if only one bone is fractured, a ligament is often simultaneously and severely torn). (msdmanuals.com)
  • When this happens, the rough or jagged portions of bone can compress or otherwise irritate sensitive areas of the ankle. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • An arthroscopic procedure can be used to "shave" down certain areas of bone and improve ankle symptoms. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Foot and ankle fractures, or broken feet and ankles, vary in severity from tiny cracks to severe breaks that result in bone piercing the skin. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • If you have a stress fracture, a tiny crack resulting from overuse, you'll need to avoid putting more stress on the affected foot or ankle and give the bone time to heal. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • If you have a more severe foot or ankle fracture, they may recommend surgery to stabilize the broken bone and fit you for a boot, cast, or splint to help it to heal. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • When a bone is broken (or fractured), the obvious goal is to mend the pieces so that the bone will be aligned with full integrity once again. (punefootankle.com)
  • While we usually refer to this procedure as "re-setting" the bone, the medically correct term used to describe this is a "reduction" for fracture fixation. (punefootankle.com)
  • Conservative fracture treatment consists of closed reduction to restore the bone alignment. (punefootankle.com)
  • An "open" fracture fixation may include implants, which many include metal screws to nails that fit inside the central portion of the bone. (punefootankle.com)
  • In any instance of a fracture, the goal is simple: to create an environment where the bone has the best chance of enabling fast healing of the injured bone, and the ability to return to full mobility and full function post injury. (punefootankle.com)
  • Ankle fractures (also known as broken ankles) are caused when an excessive force is applied to the ankle to the point where the bone is broken. (footanklelondon.com)
  • X-rays: X-rays will show your OSI foot and ankle specialist if the bone is broken and whether there is displacement (a gap between broken bones). (osifv.com)
  • You may not require surgery if your ankle or foot is stable, meaning the broken bone is not out of place or just barely out of place. (osifv.com)
  • More serious fractures may require bone grafting. (osifv.com)
  • The association between peripheral arterial disease and risk for hip fractures in elderly men is not explained by low hip bone mineral density. (lu.se)
  • The deltoid ligament provides support to the medial part of the ankle (closest to the midline). (wikipedia.org)
  • Park et al reported that stress views with dorsiflexion and external rotation of the ankle best show tears of the deltoid ligament by resultant widening of the medial clear space when measured at 5 mm or more. (medscape.com)
  • When accompanied by medial malleolus fracture or with deltoid ligament rupture the ankle is considered unstable. (ankleinfo.net)
  • However, in the setting of an ankle fracture, the talus can become unstable and subluxate or dislocate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pilon Fractures: The talus is driven upward into the tibial plafond resulting a comminuted intraarticular trimaleolar fracture with extension into the distal tibial metaphysis usually from a fall from height. (emory.edu)
  • The anatomic relationship of the tibial plafond (joint surface of the distal tibia) to the talus is important for ankle stability. (medscape.com)
  • Most unstable ankle fractures are the result of excessive external rotation of the talus with respect to the tibia. (medscape.com)
  • With continuation of this force, the talus impacts the medial malleolus, causing an oblique fracture of the distal tibia. (medscape.com)
  • There are many different types of ankle fractures that could be caused in a slip and fall. (slipandfall.com)
  • There are different types of ankle fractures and it is relevant to differentiate between stable and unstable fractures. (footanklelondon.com)
  • These types of fractures can be very disabling. (aaos.org)
  • Broken ankles are a common injury, as well as one of the most common types of fractures-particularly among people who play sports or enjoy maintaining an active lifestyle. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • The three bones that make up the ankle joint can break in a variety of combinations, leading to a wide range of different types of fractures, categorized by the number and position of breaks. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • BUENO AIRES (AP) - Argentine President Cristina Fernandez has suffered a fracture in her left ankle, the latest in a series of health setbacks. (ksl.com)
  • The Drifter" Elias Samson is out indefinitely with a fractured left ankle, WWE announced Monday . (pwtorch.com)
  • This exhibit features two anterior side by side comparisons of the bones of the right lower extremities before and after a fracture to the left ankle. (doctorstock.com)
  • As had been expected, the New York Giants announced on Monday that wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. , who fractured his left ankle on Sunday vs. the Los Angeles Chargers , will undergo surgery this week to repair the damage. (bigblueview.com)
  • https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77856-8 The double fascicular variations of the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament correlate with interconnections between lateral ankle structures revealed on magnetic resonance imaging. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Joint instability often suggests multiple fractures, a fracture with a ligament injury, or sometimes ligament injury alone. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • In case of a displacement of the fracture, instability of the bones and additional ligament involvement (deltoid or syndesmosis) surgery will be necessary. (footanklelondon.com)
  • Determining the position of the ankle during the injury can assist in assessing for ligament stability. (medscape.com)
  • The inversion force first strains the lateral ligament complex or avulses (transverse fracture) the lateral malleolus. (medscape.com)
  • in fact, they are the fourth most common type of fracture in adults. (aaos.org)
  • A common type of fracture is a bimalleolar ankle fracture. (slipandfall.com)
  • Lateral malleolus injury (most common type of fracture involving the ankle) typically occurs with supination external rotation forces. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, bruising and redness occur at the ankle and foot and sometimes fracture blisters appear in severe cases. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Ankle and foot fracture usually stems from accidents and thus aren't wholly within your control, but taking care of your body can greatly strengthen your bones, reduce the likelihood of trauma, and ensure better recovery if an accident does occur. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Pain and swelling occur first at the injury site, then often extend diffusely around the ankle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blisters may occur over the fracture site. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • Ankle and foot fractures occur when one or more of the bones in the foot or ankle break. (osifv.com)
  • About 8-9 weeks ago I fractured my left baby toe at the proximal phalanx. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • The fracture is proximal to the plafond, and may be as high as fibular neck (Maisonneuve) with associated syndesmotic injury. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Fractures of the proximal humerus, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities. (bvsalud.org)
  • This exhibit was specifically designed to show the minimal appearance of a small distal fibular fracture as compared to normal anatomy. (doctorstock.com)
  • In addition to standard plain radiographs, CT scan may be useful in highly comminuted fractures for mapping out fracture anatomy and preoperative planning. (ankleinfo.net)
  • See Ankle Joint Anatomy for more information. (medscape.com)
  • Most ankle fractures with dislocations require surgical treatment. (aaos.org)
  • Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating ankle fractures in adults. (degruyter.com)
  • A bimalleolar ankle fracture is considered a serious break that most likely will need surgical intervention in order to heal. (slipandfall.com)
  • However, in cases where the fracture is unstable and/or cannot be realigned, surgical treatment may be required right away. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Some studies have directly compared the outcome of conservative and surgical treatment, however it is difficult to establish a sound conclusion due to flaws in study designs, smaller no of patients and variation in fracture patterns. (ankleinfo.net)
  • showed there was insufficient evidence to justify surgical management of type B ankle fractures. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Medical and surgical management of the foot and ankle. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • The procedure involves inserting a small camera and other surgical tools through small incisions in the skin around the affected area of the ankle. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • This procedure requires surgical intervention and is a much more invasive approach to successfully stabilize the fracture, allowing for optimum healing. (punefootankle.com)
  • In the past decade, surgical procedures for "open" fracture fixation have become more and more minimally invasive to reduce the overall "trauma" to the area of injury, protecting the local skin and muscles to a much greater extent. (punefootankle.com)
  • The more severe fractures often need surgical treatment whereas the more simple fractures are often stable and can be treated conservatively. (footanklelondon.com)
  • Some fractures are "stable", others need surgical intervention. (footanklelondon.com)
  • It is exceedingly rare for the ankle joint to dislocate in the presence of ligamentous injury alone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically evaluation begins with x-rays, which can provide information about the mechanism of injury, severity of injury, and stability of fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your provider may do x-rays periodically after your injury to see how your ankle is healing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diagram showing the typical locations for ankle fractures occurring from the 4 major injury mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • Anteroposterior radiograph from a 37-year-old man with a supination adduction stage 2 ankle injury as a result of a motor vehicle collision. (medscape.com)
  • When the broken bones break through the skin, the injury is called an open or compound fracture. (aaos.org)
  • After discussing your medical history and how the injury occurred, your doctor will do a careful examination of your ankle, lower leg, and foot. (aaos.org)
  • A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional X-ray images of the ankle and is sometimes done to further evaluate the ankle injury. (aaos.org)
  • It is helpful in evaluating the extent of the injury to the ankle joint. (aaos.org)
  • A broken ankle is a serious injury that can cause immense pain. (feetnet.com)
  • The tissues surrounding a broken ankle may be affected by this injury. (feetnet.com)
  • #NYG bracing for Brandon Marshall to miss multiple games with ankle injury. (bigblueview.com)
  • Treatment can be nonoperative or operative depending on fracture displacement, ankle stability, presence of syndesmotic injury, and patient activity demands. (orthobullets.com)
  • Any slip and fall accident could result in injury to the ankle. (slipandfall.com)
  • What is a Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture Injury? (slipandfall.com)
  • If you or a loved one suffered a personal injury -including bimalleolar ankle fractures after a fall on the property of another person, business, or government entity, call Shaw Law at (260) 777-7777 to schedule a FREE consultation with our experienced slip and fall lawyers in Indiana. (slipandfall.com)
  • Diagnosis of an ankle injury begins with a physical examination and is usually followed by an X-ray and possibly a CT scan for a more detailed view. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Depending on the nature of the injury, the physical examination may include a "stress test" which evaluates the stability of a suspected ankle fracture, which, in turn, may determine whether surgery is necessary. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Immediately following an ankle injury (and prior to seeing a provider), patients should apply ice packs and keep their injured ankle elevated, to minimize pain and swelling. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The statement also said: "Johnny has sustained a painful injury to his ankle following his recent appearances and has been advised by his doctor not to travel. (yahoo.com)
  • C - Fractures above the joint line, generally with syndesmotic injury. (ankleinfo.net)
  • This is based on, firstly the position of the foot at the time of injury, and secondly the deforming force on the ankle. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Weber B) The SER fracture type II, has no medial injury, mechanically stable and do not require surgery. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Management of ankle fractures depends on accurate determination of the nature and severity of the injury. (ankleinfo.net)
  • When you stress an ankle joint beyond the strength of its elements, you injury the joint. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • These questions are important because different mechanisms of injury are associated with different fracture patterns. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Treatment of ankle fractures depends on the type and severity of the injury. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Even the mildest stress foot or ankle fracture is unpleasant - an irritating source of pain that will have you moving gingerly and avoiding physical activity for a few weeks so that the injury doesn't get worse. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Jimmy Butler will miss tonight's game because of his ankle injury. (bing.com)
  • In 1922, Ashhurst and Bromer [14] provided the first comprehensive classification of ankle fractures by mechanism of injury. (bing.com)
  • Ankle fractures are common and can result from multiple injury mechanisms, but inversion injury while running or jumping is most common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An injury to your ankle can limit your ability to work and have a serious impact on your everyday life. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • If you've experienced an ankle injury while working for your Georgia employer, then you may need an important medical procedure such as an arthroscopic ankle surgery to make a full recovery and return to work. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Your ankle injury and the treatment you need will depend on your situation. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • We understand that the workers' compensation system can be challenging to work with, but with the help of one of our expert workers' compensation attorneys at Gearhart Law, you can build a strong case for your ankle injury and get the compensation that you deserve. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Because of this, it's common for an orthopedic surgeon to identify and repair an ankle injury during the same procedure. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Combined, your feet and ankles contain 58 bones, and if you break any of them, proper treatment and expert advice on how to take care of your injury is crucial. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • Following an ankle injury it is important to have the ankle evaluated by a foot and ankle surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • The affected limb will be examined by the foot and ankle surgeon by touching specific areas to evaluate the injury. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • The foot and ankle surgeon will select the procedure that is appropriate for your injury. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • Diagram showing the typical locations for ankle fractures occurring from the 4 major injury mechanisms (SA= supination adduction, SE= supination external rotation, PA= pronation abduction, PE= pronation external rotation). (medscape.com)
  • Although simple unidirectional forces can be involved in an ankle injury, multidirectional forces are usually involved, making diagnosis a challenge. (medscape.com)
  • This image shows a small avulsion fracture at the tip of the lateral malleolus (stage 1) and an oblique fracture across the base of the medial malleolus (stage 2). (medscape.com)
  • B - Fracture begins at joint level and extends proximally in an oblique fashion. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Ankle x-rays are taken in anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique (mortise) views. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In potentially unstable fractures treated non-operatively with cast application, it may be necessary to follow the patient weekly with serial x-rays to assess the position of the fracture, with cast removal at approximately 6 weeks depending on clinical and radiographic evidence of healing. (ankleinfo.net)
  • Treatment is usually casting or a walking boot for stable fractures and often open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) for unstable fractures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The primary plantarflexors of the ankle are located in the posterior compartment. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Posterior Malleolus fracture - the posterior malleolus, or bony hump of the tibia, is fractured. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Trimalleolar fractures - the lateral, medial, and posterior malleolus bones are all fractured. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • A break with fractures in the tibia's medial malleolus, as well as the lateral malleolus and posterior malleolus of the lower tibia. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • The volar aspect of the foot is innervated by the posterior tibial and sural nerves on the posterolateral aspect of the ankle. (medscape.com)
  • A combination of posterior tibial nerve block, saphenous nerve block, superficial peroneal nerve block, deep peroneal nerve block, and sural nerve block results in complete block of sensory perception beneath the ankle, as shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • The areas to anesthetize include a line along the anterior ankle for the superficial peroneal nerve (blue line), the deep peroneal nerve (red star), the saphenous nerve (pink star), the sural nerve (green arrow), and the posterior tibial nerve (orange arrow). (medscape.com)
  • At the level of ankle, the posterior tibial nerve can be found midway between the medial malleolus and the heel. (medscape.com)
  • The tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum tendon, posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus tendon at the ankle level. (medscape.com)
  • The fibular fracture may require a bridging technique or a nail. (ankleinfo.net)
  • If the foot is pronated at the time of external rotation, a mid- or high-fibular fracture results. (medscape.com)
  • Broken ankles need immediate treatment. (feetnet.com)
  • Broken ankles can cause an array of temporarily debilitating symptoms, such as significant pain, swelling, bruising, and tenderness to the touch. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • When surgery is needed, it may require metal pins, screws, or plates to hold the bones in place as the fracture heals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Without surgery, your ankle will be placed in a cast or splint for 4 to 8 weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Learn more from Dr. Brian Weatherford, Orthopedic Surgeon with Fellowship Training in Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, about ankle fractures, and how they are diagnosed and treated. (ibji.com)
  • Several fractures, which may require surgery. (aaos.org)
  • These fractures do not require surgery. (aaos.org)
  • Predictors of short-term functional outcome following ankle fracture surgery. (degruyter.com)
  • Tennessee receiver Bru McCoy underwent successful surgery Sunday morning after suffering a fracture-dislocation of his right ankle during the Volunteers' 41-20 home win against South Carolina in Week 5, the team announced . (cbssports.com)
  • Bru McCoy underwent successful surgery this morning after suffering a fracture-dislocation of his right ankle on Saturday night," Tennessee announced in a statement Sunday. (cbssports.com)
  • The Giants also announced that wide receiver/kick returner Dwayne Harris will have surgery Tuesday to repair a fractured fifth metatarsal in his foot. (bigblueview.com)
  • People who are not considered good candidates for bimalleolar ankle surgery are those for whom the risks of surgery outweigh the rewards, such as anyone with a significant underlying health issue. (slipandfall.com)
  • Serious fractures like bimalleolar ankle fractures make the ankle very unstable and will likely require surgery to heal. (slipandfall.com)
  • After ankle surgery, patients are instructed to avoid placing weight on the ankle by using crutches, a walker, and/or a knee scooter for at least six weeks. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Physical therapy is usually necessary to rehabilitate the ankle after surgery. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Before deciding if this procedure is right for you, it's important to know the basics of arthroscopic ankle surgery, the potential benefits and risks, and how an ankle surgery can fit into your recovery. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • What is Arthroscopic Ankle Surgery? (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • During surgery, an orthopedic surgeon views the inside of the ankle joint on a monitor which allows them to accurately diagnose and, if needed, remove or repair tissue within the joint. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Because no large incisions are required, patients can experience faster recovery times compared to traditional ankle surgery methods. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • The biggest difference between arthroscopic ankle surgery and other ankle surgeries such as an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) is the level of invasiveness. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • More traditional surgery approaches involve larger incisions to expose more of the ankle for operating, while arthroscopic ankle surgery only uses small incisions to operate within the ankle. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • The recovery period after arthroscopic ankle surgery will depend on the problem that's being addressed. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Arthroscopic ankle surgery can be used to "clean out" the ankle by removing excessive scar tissue. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • In most cases, arthroscopic ankle surgery is considered to be a relatively safe procedure that is far less invasive compared to traditional surgery methods. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • It is especially important to talk with your doctor about all potential risks and benefits associated with an ankle surgery before proceeding. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • Some of the most common side effects after an arthroscopic ankle surgery are swelling, soreness, and stiffness in the ankle. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • To minimize these symptoms and protect your ankle during healing, you will be given an ankle immobilizer boot to wear for several weeks after surgery. (workcompgeorgia.com)
  • You will need surgery on your ankle because the severity and location of your fracture requires you to do so by a healthcare professional. (onewelbeck.com)
  • As with any surgery, there can be risks with ankle surgery. (onewelbeck.com)
  • If the fracture is too complicated for "closed" means to be ultimately successful, an "open" fracture fixation surgery is recommended. (punefootankle.com)
  • If your foot or ankle is unstable and/or out of place, your OSI orthopedic surgeon may need to do surgery. (osifv.com)
  • ref>Pflüger P, Braun KF, Mair O, Kirchhoff C, Biberthaler P, Crönlein M. [https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/6/8/2058-5241.6.200138.xml Current management of trimalleolar ankle fractures. (physio-pedia.com)
  • An ankle fracture is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. (wikipedia.org)
  • This means that one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint are broken. (aaos.org)
  • Yankees pitcher Joba Chamberlain suffered an open dislocation and fracture of his right ankle Thursday while playing with his son. (orioleshangout.com)
  • Tiger Woods says his right ankle is pain-free. (bing.com)
  • He underwent right ankle fusion weeks of therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • The dorsal aspect of the foot is innervated by 3 nerves that run on the anterior side of the lower leg and ankle - the superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, and saphenous nerves. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with ankle fractures may have variable findings on physical examination. (wikipedia.org)
  • This systematic review assesses the evidence for the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in the evaluation of adult patients with ankle fractures. (uib.no)
  • Further research should focus on validation of the content validity of the instruments used in patients with ankle fractures. (uib.no)
  • Secondary objectives were to examine individual factors associated with venous thromboembolism in this population and to compare the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with ankle fractures against a priori-selected control groups . (bvsalud.org)
  • There were 86,081 eligible patients with ankle fractures . (bvsalud.org)
  • The fracture extends into the ankle joint (intra-articular fracture). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ankle is one of the most frequently injured areas of the skeleton and the site of the most common intra-articular fracture of a weight-bearing joint. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on the type of ankle fracture, your doctor may put pressure on the ankle and take a special X-ray called a stress X-ray. (aaos.org)
  • A specific type of ankle fracture is referred to as an ankle avulsion. (feetnet.com)
  • Hutchinson and Barrie suggested that the majority of ankle fractures seen in clinic are stable, are not likely to displace and do not require plaster casting to achieve union in a good position. (ankleinfo.net)
  • They reviewed 163 patients with stable ankle fractures over a period of 8 years. (ankleinfo.net)
  • These fractures may be stable or unstable. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ankle stability largely dictates non-operative vs. operative treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • This article presents the first quantitative study of ankle cast stability and hypothesises that a newly proposed close contact cast (CCC) system provides similar biomechanical stability to standard casts (SC). (degruyter.com)
  • There are some obvious signs when a person experiences a fractured ankle, and the following symptoms may be present. (feetnet.com)
  • A board-certified OSI foot and ankle specialist will examine you for signs and symptoms of an ankle or foot fracture. (osifv.com)
  • This guideline covers assessing and managing pelvic fractures, open fractures and severe ankle fractures (known as pilon fractures and intra-articular distal tibia fractures) in pre-hospital settings (including ambulance services), emergency departments and major trauma centres. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment depends on the fracture type. (wikipedia.org)
  • The length of time you must wear a cast or splint depends on the type of fracture you have. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment of foot and ankle fractures depends on the severity and exact location of the fracture. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • Ankle fractures may result from excessive stress on the joint such as from rolling an ankle or from blunt trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a large ankle-joint effusion on the initial lateral radiograph suggests an occult fracture. (medscape.com)
  • The ankle joint allows you to bend your foot up and down and to move it from side to side. (aaos.org)
  • There may be breaks in one, two, or three areas, and the ankle joint may also be dislocated. (aaos.org)
  • The ankle joint complex can be divided into three parts: the talocrural, talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar parts. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The talocrural joint (TC or sometimes called the tibiotalar joint) is referred to as the ankle joint . (physio-pedia.com)
  • The main motions at this joint are inversion and eversion of the ankle and hindfoot. (physio-pedia.com)
  • An ankle fracture is a painful condition involving a break in one or more bones forming the ankle joint. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Ankle fractures usually result from trauma or excessive rolling and twisting of the ankle, which are generally caused by a specific accident or a variety of physical activities such as jumping or falling that places stress on the joint. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The ankle joint is made up of 3 bones coming together. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • The integrity of the ankle mortise is crucial to allow full function of the joint. (footanklelondon.com)
  • The aim is to permit weight bearing and mobilisation of the ankle joint as soon as possible to regain good function. (footanklelondon.com)
  • The ankle joint is the most commonly injured joint in sports. (medscape.com)
  • His return will depend on how well the ankle heals after being immobilized in the cast. (pwtorch.com)
  • At Grandville Foot and Ankle, our exceptional podiatrist Dr. Stewart is dedicated to making sure your ankle fracture heals correctly, so you can get back to the sports and athletic activities you enjoy. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • Non-operative treatment includes splinting or casting while operative treatment includes fixing the fracture with metal implants through an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). (wikipedia.org)
  • A common term for operative fracture stabilization is "open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). (punefootankle.com)
  • What is Fracture Fixation? (punefootankle.com)
  • Fractures can be treated conservatively or with external and internal fixation. (punefootankle.com)
  • External fixators provide fracture fixation based on the principle of splinting. (punefootankle.com)
  • But did you know the medical term for casts and splints is termed "closed" fracture fixation? (punefootankle.com)
  • Glendening -- signed in the offseason to a four-year, $7.2 million extension -- suffered a fractured ankle in last night's loss to Carolina, and is done for the year. (nbcsports.com)
  • Butler turned his ankle during last night's loss to the Knicks. (bing.com)
  • Lateral Malleolus fracture - the lateral malleolus, or outer part of the ankle, is fractured. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • [ 1 ] In one study, regional anesthesia of the foot and ankle, when performed by surgeons, was completely successful 95% of the time. (medscape.com)
  • Van Gerven et al found that routine follow-up radiographs rarely affect the treatment strategy for ankle fractures. (medscape.com)
  • In older patients with compromised distal circulation, conservative treatment of fractures may be indicated. (degruyter.com)
  • A broken ankle requires the expert medical attention of a podiatrist, and it is suggested that you consult with this type of doctor who can offer you the best treatment methods. (feetnet.com)
  • If you suspect an ankle fracture, it is recommended to seek treatment as soon as possible. (feetnet.com)
  • Non-operative treatment of unstable ankle fractures is associated with a non-union rate of between 48 and 73% compared to 0 and 19% after operative treatment. (ankleinfo.net)
  • As for more severe fractures, or fractures at an older age, these can rapidly become a source of chronic pain that lasts a lifetime and our Rancho Santa Margarita foot fracture specialist will help choose the correct treatment for you. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • If you're experiencing pain in your foot or ankle or need follow-up treatment for a fracture after an emergency, make an appointment at Landmark Foot and Ankle Center by calling or using the online booking tool. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • Fortunately, with proper treatment from an experienced sports podiatrist , a broken ankle doesn't have to interrupt your goals-or athletic progress-in the long term. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • As a result, a podiatrist will perform a thorough physical examination and may take advantage of CT scans, MRIs, or other types of radiology imaging in order to diagnose your fracture and come up with a treatment plan. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • Methods: Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was assessed in the Swedish MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study, a prospective observational study including 3014 men aged 69-81 years at baseline. (lu.se)
  • Secondary survey for apparent intoxication and ankle deformity. (emory.edu)
  • Sometimes one can still walk on a minor fracture but most of the times there is immediate swelling, pain and at times a visible deformity. (footanklelondon.com)
  • You may also have difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected ankle, or notice a visible deformity. (grandvillefootcare.com)
  • If fractures disrupt ≥ 2 of the structures that stabilize the ankle ring, the ankle is unstable. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 7] Kannus P, Palvanen M, Niemi S, Parkkari J, Jarvinen M. Increasing number and incidence of low-trauma ankle fractures in elderly people: Finnish statistics during 1970-2000 and projections for the future. (degruyter.com)
  • Nearly any form of trauma or stress can lead to a fracture - and for those with certain medical conditions, even minor impacts can lead to serious fractures. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Overuse can also lead to more significant fractures, especially with an underlying abnormality or a final intense trauma. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • The ankle region refers to where the leg meets the foot (talocrural region). (wikipedia.org)
  • The mortise view is an AP x-ray taken with the ankle internally rotated 15-20 degrees since the foot is naturally externally rotated relative to the ankle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lower leg and foot constitute the ankle. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Muscles of the lateral compartment plantarflex the ankle and evert the foot. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Foot Ankle Int. 1998 Nov;19(11):757-60. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) and Self-reported Foot and Ankle Score (SEFAS) displayed good evidence of construct validity and internal consistency. (uib.no)
  • It may continue to heal, give it a couple more weeks, but if it is not any better than it is today, you will need to see a doctor especially one familiar with foot fractures. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • On July 8th, 2016 I rolled my ankle and my foot basically folded. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • If none of these options appeal to you, then consider treating the foot as if it is fractured. (foot-pain-explained.com)
  • You may experience associated fractures of your foot (especially on the side of the small toe) or knee that also cause pain. (highlandsfoot.com)
  • Do you have any new numbness or tingling in your leg, ankle, or foot? (highlandsfoot.com)
  • While it's impossible to eliminate all risk of ankle or foot fractures in Newport Beach , it's important to understand what risk you're at, as well as what activities and health decisions increase or decrease that risk. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Repetitive motions increase the risk of stress foot or ankle fracture, and high impact and hard falls increase the risk of more serious fractures. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • As with sports, proper precautions for regular risks can greatly reduce your chance of an ankle or foot fracture. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Philip Garrett, DPM, Dong Kim, DPM, and the highly skilled team are experienced in treating foot and ankle fractures at Landmark Foot and Ankle Center in Alexandria, Virginia. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • Depending on what type of work you do or how you exercise, you may be at an elevated risk of foot and ankle fractures. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • Because many foot and ankle fractures are small and don't necessarily have an easily traceable cause, you may have one and not realize it. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • You should book an appointment at Landmark Foot and Ankle Center right away if you're experiencing foot and ankle pain, difficulty bearing weight on your foot, a change in the shape of your foot, swelling, bruising, or tenderness. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • How are foot and ankle fractures treated? (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • The team at Landmark Foot and Ankle Center may give you a walking boot or crutches to help you get around, and they'll advise you on how to safely and gradually become more active again while reducing your risk of future stress fractures. (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • How can I prevent foot and ankle fractures? (landmarkfootandankle.com)
  • These should be promptly treated by a foot and ankle surgeon. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • If you are unable to do so right away, go to the emergency room and then follow up with a foot and ankle surgeon as soon as possible for a more thorough assessment. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • Certain fractures are treated by protecting and restricting the ankle and foot in a cast or splint. (morningsidepodiatry.com)
  • The more bones that are broken, the more painful and unstable your foot and ankle will be. (osifv.com)
  • What causes an Ankle or Foot Fracture? (osifv.com)
  • Ankle and foot fractures can happen to anyone at any age. (osifv.com)
  • How do you know you have an Ankle or Foot Fracture? (osifv.com)
  • How does OSI fix an Ankle or Foot Fracture? (osifv.com)
  • Physical exam: Your OSI doctor will check for points of tenderness in your foot or ankle. (osifv.com)
  • X-rays may be taken of the leg, ankle, and foot to make sure nothing else is injured. (osifv.com)
  • Left untreated, a foot or ankle fracture can lead to cartilage damage and arthritis. (osifv.com)
  • It will take at least six weeks for broken foot and ankle bones to heal. (osifv.com)
  • Regional anesthesia of the ankle presents a challenge to the provider because of the complicated nerve supply to the foot and the varied locations of the nerves around the ankle. (medscape.com)
  • A bimalleolar fracture is the medical name for a certain type of broken ankle. (slipandfall.com)
  • Bimalleolar fracture - both lateral and medial malleolus bones are fractured. (cuanschutz.edu)