Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.
A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Time interval, or number of non-contraceptive menstrual cycles that it takes for a couple to conceive.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.
Absence of menstruation.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.
Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.
The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.
In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).
The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.
Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.
Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.
The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
A condition of competitive female athletes in which there are interrelated problems of EATING DISORDERS; AMENORRHEA; and OSTEOPOROSIS.
Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities.
Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.
Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.
Acquiring information from a patient on past medical conditions and treatments.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
A book is not a medical term, but generally refers to a set of printed or written sheets of paper bound together that can contain a wide range of information including literature, research, educational content, and more, which may be utilized in the medical field for various purposes such as learning, reference, or patient education.

Histopathological findings of the ovaries in anovulatory women. (1/209)

Wedge resection of the ovary was carried out in 45 anovulatory women to study the correlation between the degree of disturbance of ovulation and the histopathological findings. Polycystic ovary was always found in patients with anovulatory cycles. The ovaries in grade 1 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to gestagen alone belonged to the nonspecific type, polycystic type and sclerotic type. These histological changes were relatively mild in many cases. The ovaries in grade 2 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to estrogen and gestagen but not to gestagen alone belonged to the non-specific type, polycystic type, sclerotic type, atrophic type and streak type. Even within the same histological entity, the histological findings of the ovaries were more pronounced in grade 2 amenorrhea than in grade 1 amenorrhea. The patients with primary amenorrhea had only hypoplastic and aplastic ovaries with marked histological abnormalities.  (+info)

Effects of time of suckling during the solar day on duration of the postpartum anovulatory interval in Brahman x Hereford (F1) cows. (2/209)

Previously published reports have indicated that postpartum anovulatory intervals can be markedly reduced and rebreeding performance enhanced in Bos taurus cows by eliminating nighttime suckling. We sought to confirm this hypothesis by examining the effects of day, nighttime, and ad libitum suckling on suckling behavior of calves, duration of the postpartum anovulatory interval, and pregnancy rates in 45 fall-calving Brahman x Hereford (F1) cows. Beginning on d 9 to 12 postpartum, calves were removed from lactating cows from 0700 to 1900 (Night-Suckled, n = 15) or from 1900 to 0700 (Day-Suckled, n = 15), or remained with their dams continuously (Ad Libitum-Suckled, n = 15). Cows in each group were maintained with fertile Angus bulls from d 10 postpartum until the first normal luteal phase or 100 d postpartum, whichever occurred first. Cows were observed for estrous behavior twice daily, and jugular blood samples were collected twice weekly for the determination of serum progesterone concentration. Mean number of suckling episodes per 24 h was greater (P < .0001) for the Ad Libitum-Suckled group than either Night- or Day-Suckled groups (5.9+/-.42 vs 3.8+/-.14, and 3.9+/-.32, respectively). Hourly analysis of suckling episodes in the Ad Libitum group indicated that they were not skewed toward a particular period, with suckling occurring at a periodicity of 4 to 6 h. Intervals to the first rise in progesterone > or = 1 ng/mL (32+/-2.5, 32+/-4.5, and 31+/-1.7 d, respectively), first normal luteal phase (38+/-3.1, 38+/-3.8, and 37+/-2.5 d, respectively), and first estrus (43+/-3.5, 40+/-3.9, and 36+/-1.1 d, respectively) did not differ (P > .05) among the three groups. Similarly, cumulative pregnancy rates within 100 d after calving did not differ (P > .05). These results in Bos indicus x Bos taurus (F1) cattle do not support the previous conclusions in Bos taurus that eliminating nighttime suckling reduces the postpartum anovulatory interval.  (+info)

Anovulations in an ovary during two menstrual cycles enhance the pregnancy potential of oocytes matured in that ovary during the following third cycle. (3/209)

The aim of this study was to test whether ovulation from an ovary affects the health of oocytes from dominant follicles in that ovary two cycles later. A total of 80 women each with two intact ovaries underwent 270 treatment cycles (155 natural cycles and 115 clomiphene citrate cycles) all showing unilateral ovulation. The results from the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment were grouped according to whether ovulation (O) or anovulation (A) (no ovulation) was observed in the ovary with dominant follicle during the treatment cycle in the previous two cycles: O-O, A-O, O-A and A-A (previous second cycle-previous first cycle). The rate of pre-embryo formation in A-A was significantly higher than that of O-A. The pregnancy rate in A-A (29%) was also higher than those of O-A (13%), A-O (9%) and O-O (5%). These rates increased from O-O to A-A as the number of previous ovulations in an ovary decreased. The presence of a corpus luteum and/or a dominant follicle is likely to exert local negative effects on the health of the oocyte contained in the follicle selected to ovulate up to two cycles later. Anovulations in an ovary for two menstrual cycles may therefore provide improved conditions for the development of a healthier oocyte with an increased pregnancy potential.  (+info)

Nutritionally induced anovulation in beef heifers: ovarian and endocrine function preceding cessation of ovulation. (4/209)

Angus x Hereford heifers were used to determine endocrine and ovarian function preceding nutritionally induced anovulation. Six heifers were fed to maintain body condition score (M), and 12 heifers were fed a restricted diet (R) until they became anovulatory. Starting on d 13 of an estrous cycle, heifers were given PGF2alpha every 16 d thereafter to synchronize and maintain 16 d estrous cycles. Ovarian structures of M and R heifers were monitored by ultrasonography daily from d 8 to ovulation (d 1 of the subsequent cycle) until R heifers became anovulatory. Concentrations of LH and FSH were quantified in serum samples collected every 10 min for 8 h on d 2 and 15 (48 h after PGF2alpha), and estradiol and IGF-I were quantified in daily plasma samples from d 8 to 16 during the last ovulatory cycle (Cycle -2) and the subsequent anovulatory cycle (Cycle -1). During the last two cycles before anovulation, M heifers had 50% larger (P < .0001) ovulatory follicles than R heifers and 61% greater (P < .0001) growth rate of the ovulatory follicles. There was a treatment x cycle x day effect (P < .001) for concentrations of estradiol. The preovulatory increase in estradiol occurred in the R and M heifers during Cycle -2 but only in M heifers during Cycle -1. A treatment x cycle x day effect (P < .05) influenced LH concentrations. During Cycle -2, LH concentrations were similar for M and R heifers, but during Cycle -1, M heifers had greater LH concentrations than did R heifers. Concentrations of FSH were greater (P < .05) in R than M heifers after induced luteolysis when R heifers failed to ovulate. There was a treatment x cycle interaction (P < .05) for IGF-I concentrations, and M heifers had 4.7- and 8.6-fold greater IGF-I concentrations than did R heifers during Cycle -2 and -1, respectively. We conclude that growth rate and diameter of the ovulatory follicle, and concentrations of LH, estradiol, and IGF-I are reduced before the onset of nutritionally induced anovulation in beef heifers.  (+info)

Induction of ovulation by Sairei-to for polycystic ovary syndrome patients. (5/209)

In anovulatory patients ovulation is usually induced by clomiphene citrate (CC) or gonadotropin therapy, but in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diagnosed by the presence of several micropolycysts in the ovaries and a high LH/FSH ratio in the serum, CC is only minimally effective, and side effects are often a problem with gonadotropin therapy. In the present study we administered a Chinese herbal medicine Sairei-to which appears to have a steroidal effect in anovulatory PCOS patients. As a result of the treatment, serum LH and the LH/FSH ratio significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the ovulatory rate was 70.6%. Serum testosterone levels were within normal limits before the treatment, and did not significantly change during the treatment. Sairei-to may therefore be useful for the treatment of anovulation in PCOS patients.  (+info)

Twice daily suckling but not milking with calf presence prolongs postpartum anovulation. (6/209)

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether milking beef cows two or five times daily in the presence or absence of their own nonsuckling calves would alter postpartum interval to first ovulation. Multiparous Angus x Hereford cow-calf pairs were assigned randomly between 13 and 18 d postpartum to treatments for 4 wk. In Exp. 1, pairs were assigned to six treatments: 1) calf was weaned permanently from its dam (CW; n = 9); 2) same as CW, but dam was milked twice daily (CW+2xM; n = 9); 3) calf was present continuously with its dam but restricted from contact with the udder (CR; n = 9); 4) same as CR, but dam was milked twice daily (CR+2xM; n = 9); 5) same as CR, but calf was allowed to suckle twice daily (CR+2xS; n = 8); and 6) calf was present continuously with its dam and suckled ad libitum (CP; n = 9). The interval from onset of treatments to first postpartum ovulation was shorter (P<.05) in the CW (14.1+/-3.1 d), CR (14.2+/-3.1 d), CW+2xM (13.0+/-3.1 d), and CR+2xM (17.2+/-3.1 d) than in the CP (34.7+/-3.1 d) and CR+2xS (33.9+/-3.3 d) treatments. Daily milk yield during treatment was greater (P<.01) for CR+2xM cows (7.1+/-.6 kg) than for CW+2xM cows (3.5+/-.6 kg). In Exp. 2, cow-calf pairs were assigned to three treatments: 1) CR+2xM (n = 10); 2) same as CR+2xM but cows were milked five times daily (CR+5xM; n = 10); or 3) CP (n = 10). The interval to first postpartum ovulation was shorter (P<.05) in the CR+2xM (23.6+/-3.5 d) and CR+5xM (26.1+/-3.7 d) treatments than in the CP (37.7+/-3.7 d) treatment. Daily milk yield during treatment was greater (P<.05) for CR+5xM cows (7.7+/-.6 kg) than for CR+2xM cows (6.4+/-.6 kg) by 17%. We conclude that suckling twice daily was sufficient to prolong postpartum anestrus as much as suckling ad libitum. Furthermore, milk removal by suckling, but not by milking two or five times daily, even in the presence of the cow's own nonsuckling calf, is essential to prolong postpartum anovulation.  (+info)

Adipocyte insulin action following ovulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. (7/209)

The role of anovulation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the metabolic abnormality of insulin resistance in PCOS reflects, rather than causes, the ovarian dysfunction. Eight subjects with classical PCOS were studied on two occasions. Adipocyte insulin sensitivity together with hormonal and metabolic changes were investigated in patients with PCOS following prolonged amenorrhoea and then again in the early follicular phase after ovulation. Insulin receptor binding in amenorrhoeic subjects with PCOS was low at 0.78 +/- 0.08% and this increased to 1.18 +/- 0.19% after an ovulatory cycle (P < 0.05). Maximal insulin stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake was 0.70 +/- 0. 14 during amenorrhoea and increased to 1.08 +/- 0.25 pmol/10 cm(2) cell membrane (P < 0.05). Plasma testosterone fell (4.0 +/- 0.4 to 2. 3 +/- 0.2 nmol/l; P < 0.001), luteinizing hormone fell (17.6 +/- 2.3 to 6.7 +/- 0.8 IU/l; P < 0.001) but plasma insulin concentrations remained unchanged following ovulation (14.6 +/- 1.9 and 15.7 +/- 3. 8 pmol/l during amenorrhoea and after ovulation respectively). The results of this study suggest that chronic anovulation per se appears to modify the factors contributing to cellular insulin resistance seen in PCOS.  (+info)

Neonatal handling induces anovulatory estrous cycles in rats. (8/209)

Since previous work has shown that stimulation early in life decreases sexual receptiveness as measured by the female lordosis quotient, we suggested that neonatal handling could affect the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. The effects of neonatal handling on the estrous cycle and ovulation were analyzed in adult rats. Two groups of animals were studied: intact (no manipulation, N = 10) and handled (N = 11). Pups were either handled daily for 1 min during the first 10 days of life or left undisturbed. At the age of 90 days, a vaginal smear was collected daily at 9:00 a.m. and analyzed for 29 days; at 9:00 a.m. on the day of estrus, animals were anesthetized with thiopental (40 mg/kg, ip), the ovaries were removed and the oviduct was dissected and squashed between 2 glass slides. The number of oocytes of both oviductal ampullae was counted under the microscope. The average numbers for each phase of the cycle (diestrus I, diestrus II, proestrus and estrus) during the period analyzed were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences between intact and handled females during any of the phases. However, the number of handled females that showed anovulatory cycles (8 out of 11) was significantly higher than in the intact group (none out of 10). Neonatal stimulation may affect not only the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, as previously demonstrated, but also the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in female rats.  (+info)

Anovulation is a medical condition in which there is a failure to ovulate, or release a mature egg from the ovaries, during a menstrual cycle. This can occur due to various reasons such as hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, excessive exercise, stress, low body weight, or certain medications. Anovulation is common in women with irregular menstrual cycles and can cause infertility if left untreated. In some cases, anovulation may be treated with medication to stimulate ovulation.

Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. The Rotterdam criteria are commonly used for diagnosis, which require at least two of the following three features:

1. Oligo- or anovulation (irregular menstrual cycles)
2. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g., hirsutism, acne, or high levels of androgens in the blood)
3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination (presence of 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter, or increased ovarian volume >10 mL)

The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and obesity are common findings in women with PCOS, which can contribute to the development of metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.

Management of PCOS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss), medications to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce hyperandrogenism (e.g., oral contraceptives, metformin, anti-androgens), and fertility treatments if desired. Regular monitoring of metabolic parameters and long-term follow-up are essential for optimal management and prevention of complications.

Pregnanediol is a steroid hormone that is produced as a metabolite of progesterone. It is primarily used as a biomarker to measure the exposure to progesterone, particularly in cases where progesterone levels need to be monitored, such as during pregnancy or in certain medical conditions. Pregnanediol can be measured in urine, blood, or other bodily fluids and is often used in clinical and research settings to assess hormonal status. It is important to note that pregnanediol itself does not have any known physiological effects on the body, but rather serves as an indicator of progesterone levels.

Ovulation is the medical term for the release of a mature egg from an ovary during a woman's menstrual cycle. The released egg travels through the fallopian tube where it may be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse has occurred recently. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break down and leave the body along with the uterine lining during menstruation. Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, but the timing can vary widely from woman to woman and even from cycle to cycle in the same woman.

During ovulation, there are several physical changes that may occur in a woman's body, such as an increase in basal body temperature, changes in cervical mucus, and mild cramping or discomfort on one side of the lower abdomen (known as mittelschmerz). These symptoms can be used to help predict ovulation and improve the chances of conception.

It's worth noting that some medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian failure, may affect ovulation and make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote ovulation and increase the chances of conception.

Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by excessive levels of androgens (male sex hormones) in the body. This can lead to various symptoms such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, irregular menstrual periods, and infertility in women. It can be caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and tumors in the ovaries or adrenal glands. Proper diagnosis and management of hyperandrogenism is important to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Clomiphene is a medication that is primarily used to treat infertility in women. It is an ovulatory stimulant, which means that it works by stimulating the development and release of mature eggs from the ovaries (a process known as ovulation). Clomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which means that it binds to estrogen receptors in the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in certain tissues, while enhancing the effects of estrogen in others.

In the ovary, clomiphene works by blocking the negative feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which results in an increase in the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones stimulate the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. As the follicles grow and mature, they produce increasing amounts of estrogen, which eventually triggers a surge in LH that leads to ovulation.

Clomiphene is typically taken orally for 5 days, starting on the 3rd, 4th, or 5th day of the menstrual cycle. The dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's response to treatment. Common side effects of clomiphene include hot flashes, mood changes, breast tenderness, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which is a potentially serious complication characterized by the enlargement of the ovaries and the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

It's important to note that clomiphene may not be suitable for everyone, and its use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare provider. Women with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, thyroid disorders, or uterine fibroids, may not be able to take clomiphene. Additionally, women who become pregnant while taking clomiphene have an increased risk of multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins or triplets), which can pose additional risks to both the mother and the fetuses.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.

Time-to-Pregnancy (TTP) is a measure used in reproductive medicine and epidemiology to assess fertility. It refers to the length of time it takes for a sexually active couple to conceive from the start of trying to become pregnant, typically measured in menstrual cycles. A shorter TTP indicates higher fertility, while a longer TTP may suggest decreased fertility or potential underlying fertility issues. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines TTP of 12 months or more as a useful cut-off point for identifying couples who may require further evaluation and medical intervention to address infertility concerns.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles in the ovary, which ultimately leads to the maturation and release of an egg (ovulation). In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It works in conjunction with luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate reproductive processes. The secretion of FSH is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its release is influenced by the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, inhibin, and androgens.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In humans, FSH plays a crucial role in the reproductive system. Specifically, in females, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary and the production of estrogen. In males, FSH promotes the formation of sperm within the testes' seminiferous tubules. The human FSH is a heterodimer, consisting of two noncovalently associated subunits: α (alpha) and β (beta). The alpha subunit is common to several pituitary hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In contrast, the beta subunit is unique to FSH and determines its biological specificity. The regulation of FSH secretion is primarily controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, involving complex feedback mechanisms with gonadal steroid hormones and inhibins.

Oligomenorrhea is a medical term used to describe infrequent menstrual periods, where the cycle length is more than 35 days but less than 68 days. It's considered a menstrual disorder and can affect people of reproductive age. The causes of oligomenorrhea are varied, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, excessive exercise, significant weight loss or gain, and stress. In some cases, it may not cause any other symptoms, but in others, it can be associated with infertility, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, or obesity. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle modifications, hormonal medications, or surgery in rare cases.

Hirsutism is a medical condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is typically androgen-dependent, such as the face, chest, lower abdomen, and inner thighs. This hair growth is often thick, dark, and coarse, resembling male-pattern hair growth. Hirsutism can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, certain medications, and genetic conditions. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience excessive or unwanted hair growth to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.

There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

An ovarian follicle is a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg or ovum (oocyte). It's a part of the female reproductive system and plays a crucial role in the process of ovulation.

Ovarian follicles start developing in the ovaries during fetal development, but only a small number of them will mature and release an egg during a woman's reproductive years. The maturation process is stimulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

There are different types of ovarian follicles, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary or Graafian follicles. The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle that ruptures during ovulation to release the egg into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm.

It's important to note that abnormal growth or development of ovarian follicles can lead to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer.

Androstenedione is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. It is a precursor to both male and female sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. In the adrenal glands, it is produced from cholesterol through a series of biochemical reactions involving several enzymes. Androstenedione can also be converted into other steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and estrone.

In the body, androstenedione plays an important role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair and a deep voice in men, and breast development and menstrual cycles in women. It also contributes to bone density, muscle mass, and overall physical strength.

Androstenedione is available as a dietary supplement and has been marketed as a way to boost athletic performance and increase muscle mass. However, its effectiveness for these purposes is not supported by scientific evidence, and it may have harmful side effects when taken in high doses or for extended periods of time. Additionally, the use of androstenedione as a dietary supplement is banned by many sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee and the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Ovulation induction is a medical procedure that involves the stimulation of ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) in women who have difficulties conceiving due to ovulatory disorders. This is typically achieved through the use of medications such as clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, which promote the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries containing eggs. The process is closely monitored through regular ultrasounds and hormone tests to ensure appropriate response and minimize the risk of complications like multiple pregnancies. Ovulation induction may be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF).

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.

Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system over an approximate 28-day interval, marking the body's preparation for potential pregnancy. It involves the interplay of hormones that regulate the growth and disintegration of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstrual phase: The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining is shed through the vagina, lasting typically for 3-7 days. This shedding occurs due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which are hormones essential for maintaining the endometrium during the previous cycle.

2. Follicular phase: After menstruation, the follicular phase commences with the pituitary gland releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH stimulates the growth of several ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg. One dominant follicle usually becomes selected to mature and release an egg during ovulation. Estrogen levels rise as the dominant follicle grows, causing the endometrium to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

3. Luteal phase: Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to further support the endometrial thickening. If fertilization does not occur within approximately 24 hours after ovulation, the corpus luteum will degenerate, leading to a decline in hormone levels. This drop triggers the onset of menstruation, initiating a new menstrual cycle.

Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial for monitoring reproductive health and planning or preventing pregnancies. Variations in cycle length and symptoms are common among women, but persistent irregularities may indicate underlying medical conditions requiring further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

Female fertility agents are medications or treatments that are used to enhance or restore female fertility. They can work in various ways such as stimulating ovulation, improving the quality of eggs, facilitating the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus, or addressing issues related to the reproductive system.

Some examples of female fertility agents include:

1. Clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene): This medication stimulates ovulation by causing the pituitary gland to release more follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
2. Gonadotropins: These are hormonal medications that contain FSH and LH, which stimulate the ovaries to produce mature eggs. Examples include human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
3. Letrozole (Femara): This medication is an aromatase inhibitor that can be used off-label to stimulate ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate.
4. Metformin (Glucophage): This medication is primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes, but it can also improve fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by regulating insulin levels and promoting ovulation.
5. Bromocriptine (Parlodel): This medication is used to treat infertility caused by hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by high levels of prolactin in the blood.
6. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART): These include procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). They involve manipulating eggs and sperm outside the body to facilitate fertilization and implantation.

It is important to consult with a healthcare provider or reproductive endocrinologist to determine the most appropriate fertility agent for individual needs, as these medications can have side effects and potential risks.

Menstruation is the regular, cyclical shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in women and female individuals of reproductive age, accompanied by the discharge of blood and other materials from the vagina. It typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for approximately 2-7 days. This process is a part of the menstrual cycle, which is under the control of hormonal fluctuations involving follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstruation phase: The beginning of the cycle is marked by the start of menstrual bleeding, which signals the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium due to the absence of pregnancy and low levels of estrogen and progesterone. This phase typically lasts for 2-7 days.

2. Proliferative phase: After menstruation, under the influence of rising estrogen levels, the endometrium starts to thicken and regenerate. The uterine lining becomes rich in blood vessels and glands, preparing for a potential pregnancy. This phase lasts from day 5 until around day 14 of an average 28-day cycle.

3. Secretory phase: Following ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), which usually occurs around day 14, increased levels of progesterone cause further thickening and maturation of the endometrium. The glands in the lining produce nutrients to support a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels will drop, leading to menstruation and the start of a new cycle.

Understanding menstruation is essential for monitoring reproductive health, identifying potential issues such as irregular periods or menstrual disorders, and planning family planning strategies.

The postpartum period refers to the time frame immediately following childbirth, typically defined as the first 6-12 weeks. During this time, significant physical and emotional changes occur as the body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate dramatically, leading to various symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and breast engorgement. The reproductive system also undergoes significant changes, with the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and shape, and the cervix closing.

It is essential to monitor physical and emotional health during this period, as complications such as postpartum depression, infection, or difficulty breastfeeding may arise. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are recommended to ensure a healthy recovery and address any concerns. Additionally, proper rest, nutrition, and support from family and friends can help facilitate a smooth transition into this new phase of life.

Estrus is a term used in veterinary medicine to describe the physiological and behavioral state of female mammals that are ready to mate and conceive. It refers to the period of time when the female's reproductive system is most receptive to fertilization.

During estrus, the female's ovaries release one or more mature eggs (ovulation) into the fallopian tubes, where they can be fertilized by sperm from a male. This phase of the estrous cycle is often accompanied by changes in behavior and physical appearance, such as increased vocalization, restlessness, and swelling of the genital area.

The duration and frequency of estrus vary widely among different species of mammals. In some animals, such as dogs and cats, estrus occurs regularly at intervals of several weeks or months, while in others, such as cows and mares, it may only occur once or twice a year.

It's important to note that the term "estrus" is not used to describe human reproductive physiology. In humans, the equivalent phase of the menstrual cycle is called ovulation.

"Suckling animals" refers to young mammals that are in the process of nursing from their mother's teats or nipples, typically for the purpose of obtaining milk and nutrition. This behavior is instinctual in newborn mammals and helps to establish a strong bond between the mother and offspring, as well as providing essential nutrients for growth and development.

The duration of suckling can vary widely among different species, ranging from just a few days or weeks in some animals to several months or even years in others. In many cases, suckling also helps to stimulate milk production in the mother, ensuring an adequate supply of milk for her offspring.

Examples of suckling animals include newborn humans, as well as young mammals such as puppies, kittens, piglets, lambs, calves, and fawns, among others.

Gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the gonads (sex glands) to produce sex steroids and gametes (sex cells). In humans, there are two main types of gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland.

FSH plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. LH triggers ovulation in females, causing the release of a mature egg from the ovary, and stimulates testosterone production in males.

Gonadotropins are often used in medical treatments to stimulate the gonads, such as in infertility therapies where FSH and LH are administered to induce ovulation or increase sperm production.

The follicular phase is a term used in reproductive endocrinology, which refers to the first part of the menstrual cycle. This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until ovulation. During this phase, several follicles in the ovaries begin to mature under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released by the pituitary gland.

Typically, one follicle becomes dominant and continues to mature, while the others regress. The dominant follicle produces increasing amounts of estrogen, which causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy. The follicular phase can vary in length, but on average it lasts about 14 days.

It's important to note that the length and characteristics of the follicular phase can provide valuable information in diagnosing various reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or thyroid dysfunction.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Androgens are a class of hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and reproductive function. Testosterone is the most well-known androgen, but other androgens include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Androgens are produced primarily by the testes in men and the ovaries in women, although small amounts are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes. They play a critical role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, such as the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.

In addition to their role in sexual development and function, androgens also have important effects on bone density, mood, and cognitive function. Abnormal levels of androgens can contribute to a variety of medical conditions, including infertility, erectile dysfunction, acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and prostate cancer.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.

GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.

GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

The pregnancy rate is a measure used in reproductive medicine to determine the frequency or efficiency of conception following certain treatments, interventions, or under specific conditions. It is typically defined as the number of pregnancies per 100 women exposed to the condition being studied over a specified period of time. A pregnancy is confirmed when a woman has a positive result on a pregnancy test or through the detection of a gestational sac on an ultrasound exam.

In clinical trials and research, the pregnancy rate helps healthcare professionals evaluate the effectiveness of various fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or ovulation induction medications. The pregnancy rate can also be used to assess the impact of lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, or medical conditions on fertility and conception.

It is important to note that pregnancy rates may vary depending on several factors, including age, the cause of infertility, the type and quality of treatment provided, and individual patient characteristics. Therefore, comparing pregnancy rates between different studies should be done cautiously, considering these potential confounding variables.

The Female Athlete Triad Syndrome is a medical condition that affects physically active females, particularly athletes. It is characterized by the interrelatedness of three components: energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density.

1. Energy availability refers to the amount of energy remaining for bodily functions, growth, and repair after exercise and dietary energy intake have been considered. Inadequate energy availability can lead to a range of issues, including menstrual dysfunction and decreased bone mineral density.
2. Menstrual function is often disrupted in this syndrome, with athletes experiencing amenorrhea (the absence of menstruation) or oligomenorrhea (infrequent or light menstruation). This disruption can be caused by low energy availability and is associated with a range of health issues, including decreased bone mineral density.
3. Bone mineral density refers to the amount of mineral content in bones. In the Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, low energy availability and menstrual dysfunction can lead to decreased bone mineral density, which increases the risk of stress fractures and other injuries.

The Female Athlete Triad Syndrome is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Athletes who are experiencing any of the symptoms associated with this syndrome should seek medical attention from a healthcare provider who is knowledgeable about the condition. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying causes of the syndrome, such as improving energy availability and restoring menstrual function, as well as addressing any related health issues, such as stress fractures or nutritional deficiencies.

An "athlete" is defined in the medical field as an individual who actively participates in sports, physical training, or other forms of exercise that require a significant amount of physical exertion and stamina. Athletes are often divided into different categories based on the specific type of sport or activity they engage in, such as:

1. Professional athletes: These are individuals who compete in organized sports at the highest level and earn a living from their athletic pursuits. Examples include professional football players, basketball players, golfers, tennis players, and soccer players.
2. Collegiate athletes: These are students who participate in intercollegiate sports at the university or college level. They may receive scholarships or other forms of financial aid to support their athletic and academic pursuits.
3. Amateur athletes: These are individuals who engage in sports or physical activity for recreation, fitness, or personal enjoyment rather than as a profession. Examples include weekend warriors, joggers, swimmers, and hikers.
4. Elite athletes: These are individuals who have achieved a high level of skill and performance in their chosen sport or activity. They may compete at the national or international level and represent their country in competitions.
5. Para-athletes: These are athletes with disabilities who compete in sports specifically adapted for their abilities. Examples include wheelchair basketball, blind soccer, and deaf swimming.

Regardless of the category, athletes are prone to various medical conditions related to their physical exertion, including musculoskeletal injuries, cardiovascular issues, respiratory problems, and nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, it is essential for athletes to receive regular medical check-ups, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and follow proper training and nutrition guidelines to prevent injuries and optimize their performance.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sports" is not a medical term. It refers to physical activities that are governed by a set of rules and often engaged in competitively. However, there are fields such as Sports Medicine and Exercise Science that deal with various aspects of physical activity, fitness, and sports-related injuries or conditions. If you have any questions related to these areas, I'd be happy to try to help!

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are synthetic hormonal medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain a combination of synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which work together to inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to reach the egg), and thin the lining of the uterus (making it less likely that a fertilized egg will implant).

There are several different types of oral contraceptives, including combination pills, progestin-only pills, and extended-cycle pills. Combination pills contain both estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills contain only progestin. Extended-cycle pills are a type of combination pill that are taken for 12 weeks followed by one week of placebo pills, which can help reduce the frequency of menstrual periods.

It's important to note that oral contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it's still important to use barrier methods like condoms if you are at risk for STIs. Additionally, oral contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits before starting to take them.

Oral combined contraceptives, also known as "the pill," are a type of hormonal birth control that contain a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin. These hormones work together to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Combined oral contraceptives come in various brands and forms, such as monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. Monophasic pills contain the same amount of hormones in each active pill, while biphasic and triphasic pills have varying amounts of hormones in different phases of the cycle.

It is important to note that oral combined contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used in conjunction with condoms for safer sex practices. Additionally, there are potential risks and side effects associated with oral combined contraceptives, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in women who smoke or have certain medical conditions. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to determine if it is safe and appropriate for individual use.

Medical history taking is the process of obtaining and documenting a patient's health information through a series of questions and observations. It is a critical component of the medical assessment and helps healthcare providers understand the patient's current health status, past medical conditions, medications, allergies, lifestyle habits, and family medical history.

The information gathered during medical history taking is used to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and management plans for the patient's care. The process typically includes asking open-ended questions, actively listening to the patient's responses, clarifying any uncertainties, and documenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.

Medical history taking can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, or virtual consultations, and may be performed by physicians, nurses, or other healthcare professionals. It is essential to ensure that medical history taking is conducted in a private and confidential setting to protect the patient's privacy and maintain trust in the provider-patient relationship.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after an oocyte (egg) has been released from a follicle during ovulation. It's formed by the remaining cells of the ruptured follicle, which transform into large, hormone-secreting cells.

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estrogen during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will typically degenerate and stop producing hormones after approximately 10-14 days, leading to menstruation.

However, if pregnancy occurs, the developing embryo starts to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen until the placenta takes over hormonal production, usually around the end of the first trimester.

Physiology is the scientific study of the normal functions and mechanisms of living organisms, including all of their biological systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules. It focuses on how various bodily functions are regulated, coordinated, and integrated to maintain a healthy state in an organism. This field encompasses a wide range of areas such as cellular physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, endocrine physiology, reproductive physiology, and exercise physiology, among others. Physiologists use a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches to understand the principles underlying normal biological function and to investigate how these functions are altered in various disease states.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

I apologize for any confusion, but "books" is a general term that refers to bound sets of pages that are printed or written with text, illustrations, or signs, and are meant to be read, studied, or consulted. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you're looking for information about a specific medical term or concept, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!

The identification of anovulation is not easy; contrary to what is commonly believed, women undergoing anovulation still have ( ... Hyperprolactinemia anovulation makes up 5 to 10 percent of women with anovulation. Hyperprolactinemia inhibits gonadotropin ... Treatment should be based on diagnosis of anovulation. Treatment varies based on the 4 most common causes of anovulation: ... Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. ...
Although anovulation is not considered a disease, it can be a sign of an underlying condition such as polycystic ovary syndrome ... Any alteration to balance of hormones can lead to anovulation. Stress, anxiety and eating disorders can cause a fall in GnRH, ... Chronic anovulation occurs in 6-15% of women during their reproductive years. Around menopause, hormone feedback dysregulation ... Cycles in which ovulation does not occur (anovulation) are common in girls who have just begun menstruating and in women around ...
Hamilton-Fairley, Diana; Taylor, Alison (2003-09-06). "Anovulation". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 327 (7414): 546-549. doi: ...
Coelingh HJ, Vemer HM (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. pp. 151-. ISBN 978-1-85070-322-8. ...
279-. ISBN 978-0-7514-0499-9. Horsky J (6 December 2012). "Therapy of Anovulation". In Horsky J, Presl J (eds.). Ovarian ...
H.J.T. Coelingh Benni; H.M. Vemer (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. pp. 152-. ISBN 978-1- ...
Coelingh HJ, Vemer HM (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. pp. 152-. ISBN 978-1-85070-322-8. ...
71-. ISBN 978-1-60327-829-4. Benni HJ, Vemer HM (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. pp. 153-. ...
26-. ISBN 978-0-323-48408-4. H.J.T. Coelingh Benni; H.M. Vemer (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC ...
Coelingh Benni H, Vemer H (15 December 1990). Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. pp. 152-. ISBN 978-1-85070-322-8 ...
In patients who do not want to get pregnant anovulation can be managed with the use of cyclic progesterone or progestin ... Anovulation Menstrual cycle Ovulation Park, KH; Song, CH (Feb 1995). "Bone mineral density in premenopausal anovulatory women ... Anemia Bone density loss Endometrial cancer Infertility A physician needs to investigate the cause of anovulation. Common ...
Anovulation at eMedicine Menstruation Disorders at eMedicine Oriel KA, Schrager S (October 1999). "Abnormal uterine bleeding". ... The absence of ovulation is called anovulation. Normal menstrual flow can occur without ovulation preceding it: an anovulatory ...
The anovulation chapter discusses its multiple possible causes. Longstanding anovulation can also lead to endometrial ... Causes of gynecologic bleeding include: Anovulation is a common cause of gynecological hemorrhage. Under the influence of ...
Anovulation and amenorrhea is the characteristic feature of FHA. If hypoestrogenism and impaired HPO axis occurs during puberty ... Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a form of amenorrhea and chronic anovulation and is one of the most common types of ... Because anovulation is a characteristic feature, patients often suffer from infertility. When diagnosing individuals with FHA ... and in turn leads to anovulation. Inhibition of the HPO axis also results in inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid ( ...
It is the main initial medical treatment for anovulation. Environment can have large impact on the HPG axis. For example, women ...
For those who do, anovulation is a common cause. The mechanism of this anovulation is uncertain, but there is evidence of ... PCOS usually causes infertility associated with anovulation, and therefore, the presence of ovulation indicates absence of ... ovulation induction to reverse the anovulation is the principal treatment used to help infertility in PCOS. Letrozole and ... metformin was recommended treatment for anovulation.[citation needed] A systematic review and meta-analysis in 2012 concluded ...
Masculinization is preceded by anovulation, oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea and defeminization. Additional signs include acne and ...
Masculinization is preceded by anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and defeminization. Additional signs include acne and ...
The ovary is normal until sexual maturity, at which point there is complete anovulation and the ovaries become enlarged, ... Because there is complete anovulation, female αERKO mice are infertile. The ovarian phenotype closely resembles that of ... However, there is partial anovulation and subfertility, which is due to ovarian defects, namely compromised follicular ...
Diagnosis is based on two of the following three findings: anovulation, high androgen levels, and ovarian cysts. Cysts may be ... Including medical care and a healthy lifestyle to follow.[citation needed] For those that do, anovulation or infrequent ... February 2018). "Inositol treatment of anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomised ... Previously, the anti-diabetes medication metformin was recommended treatment for anovulation, but it appears less effective ...
... caused by anovulation is called "anovulatory infertility", as opposed to "ovulatory infertility" in which ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (also see infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome) Anovulation. ... Ovulation induction for anovulation In vitro fertilization in for example tubal abnormalities Female infertility varies widely ...
Women with lipoid CAH have been infertile presumably due to anovulation.[citation needed] The genitalia of XY fetuses with ...
PCOS is the primary cause of anovulation, which results in female infertility. The induction of mono-ovulatory cycles can ... "Treatment strategies for women with WHO group II anovulation: systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ. 356: j138. doi ...
females with PCOS usually experience anovulation (where they will not regularly release an egg). The link between infertility ...
Hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenic anovulation: i.e., premature ovarian failure Hyperprolactinemic anovulation: i.e., pituitary ... Oligo-ovulation or anovulation results in infertility because no oocyte will be released monthly. In the absence of an oocyte, ... 50% are female causes with 25% being due to anovulation and 25% tubal problems/other. In Sweden, approximately 10% of couples ... World Health Organization subdivided ovulatory disorders into four classes: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadal anovulation: i.e., ...
In some cases, it is used in ovulation induction for reversal of anovulation as well. FSH is available mixed with LH activity ...
In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after 7 to 12 attempted cycles of antiestrogens (as evidenced by clomifene ... In women with anovulation, 7 - 12 attempted cycles of pituitary feedback regimens (as evidenced by clomifene citrate) are ... Clomifene citrate (or clomid) is the medication which is most commonly used to treat anovulation. It is a selective estrogen- ... It is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of ovarian follicles to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation ...
FSH in Patients With Anovulation and Elevated LH Levels". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 51 (3): 270-277. doi:10.1097/00006250- ...
Anovulation was rare in winter, which suggested the effect of seasons on the estrous cycle. Gestation period lasts 257-270 days ...
PCOS accounts for approximately 90% of anovulation infertility, affecting 5-10% of woman of reproductive age. In women with ...
The identification of anovulation is not easy; contrary to what is commonly believed, women undergoing anovulation still have ( ... Hyperprolactinemia anovulation makes up 5 to 10 percent of women with anovulation. Hyperprolactinemia inhibits gonadotropin ... Treatment should be based on diagnosis of anovulation. Treatment varies based on the 4 most common causes of anovulation: ... Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. ...
encoded search term (Anovulation) and Anovulation What to Read Next on Medscape ... Anovulation Guidelines. Updated: Jan 06, 2023 * Author: Armando E Hernandez-Rey, MD; Chief Editor: Richard Scott Lucidi, MD, ... Anovulation. On the left is an unaffected patient aged 12 years. On the right is the same patient aged 13 years after ... Anovulation and monophasic cycles. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Jun 17. 816:173-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Malpani Infertility Clinic is one of the best IVF Clinic in India for Infertility Treatment. This ivf clinic in mumbai has highest pregnancy rate.
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Anovulation other imaging findings All Images. X-rays. Echo & Ultrasound. CT Images. ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Anovulation_other_imaging_findings&oldid=745930" ...
Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. ...
I have a low thyroid condition, can that be a cause of my ovulation problems?
Chronic anovulation. Anovulation refers to the ovaries not releasing an egg cell during the menstrual cycle. ... People with PCOS may experience chronic anovulation - a menstrual cycle that typically lasts more than 35 days. , in adults, or ...
Distinctive subpopulations of the intestinal microbiota are present in women with unexplained chronic anovulation. [2019] [ ...
Anovulation treatment is followed that helps to cure ovulation problems. You will be taken through intrauterine insemination to ...
Anovulation. The term anovulation refers to an asymptomatic subclinical menstrual disorder in which follicular development is ... The incidence of anovulation declines from approximately 55% to less than 5% during the first decade after menarche and ... Approximately 78% of regularly menstruating female runners have luteal suppression or anovulation at least 1 month out of 3. [ ... The incidence of luteal suppression and anovulation is high in regularly menstruating recreational and competitive athletes. ...
ANOVULATION (natural remedy) Ce traitement naturel régule efficacement et rapidement le cycle ovulatoire. Il est entièrement ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of anovulation within the ... HomeInfertility, Sterility & SubfertilityFemale InfertilityEndocrine Causes of Female InfertilityWhat is anovulation? - Causes ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of anovulation within the group of hormonal disorders. However, PCOS is not ... Read the full article on: What is anovulation? - Causes, symptoms and treatment ( 97). ...
The behavioral antecedents leading to the development of non-organic forms of chronic hypothalamic anovulation and amenorrhea ... The behavioral antecedents leading to the development of non-organic forms of chronic hypothalamic anovulation and amenorrhea ... S.L, B. (2007). O-78:Stress-Induced Anovulation. Cell Journal (Yakhteh), 9(supplement1), -. ... S.L, B. (2007). O-78:Stress-Induced Anovulation, Cell Journal (Yakhteh), 9(supplement1), pp. -. ...
... * Treating anovulation with plants in its ... Treating anovulation with plants in its entirety in Africa. Query associated with the search. What is anovulation? what are the ...
But what happens when we dont ovulate, or experience anovulation? ... Ovulation and Anovulation: Everything you want and need to know today. July 16, 2021 ...
Anovulation * 2002252928-overview. Diseases & Conditions Amenorrhea * 2002274143-overview. Diseases & Conditions Infertility * ...
Anovulation: *If a person is not ovulating (anovulation), ovulation-inducing drugs can help them get pregnant. ...
Hyperandrogenic Chronic Anovulation; Stein-Leventhal Syndrome). By JoAnn V. Pinkerton , MD, University of Virginia Health ... This syndrome involves anovulation or ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess of unclear etiology. However, some evidence ... Polycystic ovary syndrome is a clinical syndrome typically characterized by anovulation or oligo-ovulation, signs of androgen ... 1 General reference Polycystic ovary syndrome is a clinical syndrome typically characterized by anovulation or oligo-ovulation ...
Oligo-anovulation and/or polycystic ovaries. Oligo-anovulation and/or polycystic ovaries. Clinical or biochemical (free ... Oligo-anovulation (nonspecified). Polycystic ovaries (,12 follicles 2 to 9 mm, or ovarian volume ,10 mL). Clinical or ...
Anovulation. *Diminished ovarian reserve. *Luteal dysfunction. *Premature menopause. *Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner syndrome) ...
Anovulation. *Anovulatory Bleeding. *Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. *Atrophic Vaginitis. *Atypical Glandular Cells Of Undetermined ...
Dive into the research topics of Treatment strategies for women with WHO group II anovulation: systematic review and network ... Treatment strategies for women with WHO group II anovulation: systematic review and network meta-analysis. ...
Anovulation * Anovulatory Bleeding * Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) * Asthenospermia * Clomid * Congenital Adrenal ...
"There could be anovulation [when]. , either due to BMI being too high or too low, or there could be environmental effects ...
anovulation (including polycystic ovarian disease, PCOD) in women who have been unresponsive to treatment with clomiphene ...
hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation is in the range of 4-6% of the female population.. Improvements in insulin sensitivity in ... PCOS is characterized by excess circulating androgen levels and chronic anovulation. PCOS is. also characterized by insulin ...
This is called anovulation.. What I would suggest is that you maybe create a thread and title it pcos mommas. I know there are ...
PCOS, Anovulation and Infertility Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulation, or the lack or ... And anovulation is a common cause of infertility, responsible for nearly 30% of female infertility problems. Fertility ...
  • Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long-term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic anovulation can cause infertility. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • And anovulation is a common cause of infertility, responsible for nearly 30% of female infertility problems. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The estimated prevalence of PCOS is 8% to 13%, and affected patients often present with anovulation , hyperandrogenism , obesity, metabolic syndrome , and infertility . (medscape.com)
  • Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). (wikipedia.org)
  • The criteria for a PCOS diagnosis is referred to as the Rotterdam criteria and consists of oligoovulation and/or anovulation excess androgen activity polycystic ovaries (by gynecologic ultrasound) Hypothalamic causes of HA include functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • The behavioral antecedents leading to the development of non-organic forms of chronic hypothalamic anovulation and amenorrhea are variable. (celljournal.org)
  • ii) Signs or complains of ovulatory dysfunction such as irregular menses (oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhea or polymenorrhoea), history of anovulation or ultrasonographic findings of polycystic ovarian morphology. (who.int)
  • For most women, alteration of menstrual periods is the principal indication of chronic anovulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with PCOS may experience chronic anovulation - a menstrual cycle that typically lasts more than 35 days , in adults, or more than 40 days, in adolescents. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • PCOS is characterized by excess circulating androgen levels and chronic anovulation. (knowcancer.com)
  • Several recent studies in a variety of non-hospital based populations have provided evidence that the incidence of hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation is in the range of 4-6% of the female population. (knowcancer.com)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of anovulation within the group of hormonal disorders. (invitra.com)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulation, or the lack or absence of ovulation. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Balancing ovulation and anovulation: integration of the reproductive and energy balance axes by neuropeptides. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome is a clinical syndrome typically characterized by anovulation or oligo-ovulation, signs of androgen excess (eg, hirsutism, acne), and multiple ovarian cysts in the ovaries. (merckmanuals.com)
  • This syndrome involves anovulation or ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess of unclear etiology. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anovulation refers to the ovaries not releasing an egg cell during the menstrual cycle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The first step is the diagnosis of anovulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Temperature charting is a useful way of providing early clues about anovulation, and can help gynaecologists in their diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • My diagnosis is anovulation and my husband has no issues. (sharedjourney.com)
  • Hormonal imbalance is the most common cause of anovulation and is thought to account for about 70% of all cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hormonal therapy is geared towards producing anovulation. (nih.gov)
  • Anovulation is usually associated with specific symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anovulation refers to a woman who is not ovulating and therefore cannot conceive. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • contrary to what is commonly believed, women undergoing anovulation still have (more or less) regular periods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anovulation is a significant challenge for reproductive age women. (reachmd.com)
  • Anovulation treatment is followed that helps to cure ovulation problems. (treatpa.com)
  • if anovulation needs to be confirmed, serum progesterone levels can be measured. (medscape.com)
  • The criteria for a PCOS diagnosis is referred to as the Rotterdam criteria and consists of oligoovulation and/or anovulation excess androgen activity polycystic ovaries (by gynecologic ultrasound) Hypothalamic causes of HA include functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current diagnosis for PCOS surrounds the cluster of signs and symptoms that the syndrome encompasses, namely anovulation, hyperandrogenaemia, insulin resistance and polycystic ovaries. (intechopen.com)
  • It is widely accepted among specialty society guidelines that the diagnosis of PCOS must be based on the presence of at least two of the following three criteria: chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism (clinical or biological), and polycystic ovaries. (nih.gov)
  • Anovulation, hyperandrogenism, or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound are three major criteria for the confirmation of PCOS ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These features include oligomenorrhea or anovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. (ukessays.com)
  • There can be various underlying factors that contribute to anovulation. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • Obesity is known to contribute to anovulation, menstrual irregularities and sub-fertility. (laparoscopic.md)
  • The induction of ovulation is done using a variety of medicines, including the implantation of a pump which releases pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at regular intervals to normalize ovarian actions, if the woman has a hypothalamic cause for her anovulation. (news-medical.net)
  • Surgical treatment of anovulation consists of ovarian drilling (using minimally invasive techniques) which somehow restores egg release in a significant percentage of patients with PCOD who do not respond to medical treatment. (news-medical.net)
  • Ovarian cysts, which can develop as a result of anovulation, can cause pelvic pain. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Any disruption of the delicate interactions of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis, which must operate within precise quantitative limits and accurate temporal sequences, may lead to anovulation. (biu.ac.il)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome is a clinical syndrome typically characterized by anovulation or oligo-ovulation, signs of androgen excess (eg, hirsutism, acne), and multiple ovarian cysts in the ovaries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Women with POS have elevated male hormones, irregular or anovulation and other clinical features including acne, Shainhouse says. (aarp.org)
  • FHA accounts for around 10-15% of all cases of anovulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This syndrome involves anovulation or ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess of unclear etiology. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One of the primary symptoms of anovulation is irregular or absent menstrual periods. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • Anovulation is the absence of ovulation, the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Anovulation is a stage where there is less ovulation or absence of ovulation compared to those of fertile women. (drritabakshi.in)
  • These symptoms are due to increased production of male hormones, in particular testosterone, by the ovary and disordered secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins, LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH, resulting in anovulation (the absence of ovulation). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Anovulation is a term which refers to a menstrual cycle in which an egg is not released from the ovary. (news-medical.net)
  • Anovulation and the polycystic ovary syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Franks S, Mason H, White D, Willis D. Etiology of anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Other ovulation issues that seriously impact your fertility include: anovulation, oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. (sharedjourney.com)
  • Even slight irregularities in the hormone system can prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs (anovulation). (ccli.org)
  • Anovulation can cause a woman's menstrual periods to become irregular or stop altogether. (icloudhospital.com)
  • However, in anovulation, this process is disrupted, and no egg is released, leading to an irregular menstrual cycle. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • Anovulation and monophasic cycles. (medscape.com)
  • Women with anovulation may experience unpredictable cycles, making it difficult to track ovulation. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, if you are struggling to conceive due to anovulation, various treatments and interventions are available, including female fertility treatments, to improve your chances of becoming pregnant. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • The diagnosis of anovulation and determination of its underlying cause require patient history and specific tests of hormone levels, ultrasound imaging of the ovaries and other imaging tests. (news-medical.net)
  • Excessive exercise, eating disorders, stress , and aging can also impact hormone levels and lead to anovulation. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Anovulation can result in weight changes, either weight gain or weight loss, due to changes in hormone levels. (icloudhospital.com)
  • 12. Ectopic luteinizing hormone secretion and anovulation. (nih.gov)
  • Hypothyroidism (low levels) can cause anovulation and early pregnancy loss. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the ovaries still contain healthy eggs and ovulation (egg release) can be induced by treating the cause of anovulation. (news-medical.net)
  • Anovulation is a condition in which a woman does not ovulate (or release an egg from her ovaries during her menstrual cycle). (tempdrop.com)
  • Anovulation is a condition where a woman's ovaries fail to release an egg during her menstrual cycle. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • Lunenfeld, E & Lunenfeld, B 1988, ' Modern approaches to the diagnosis and management of anovulation ', International Journal of Fertility , vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 308-318. (biu.ac.il)
  • longstanding anovulation can also lead to endometrial hyperplasia and facilitate the development of endometrial cancer. (bionity.com)
  • Thyroid imbalances can affect the menstrual cycle and lead to anovulation. (kindlyhealth.com)
  • However, the mechanisms responsible for perimenopausal anovulation remain unclear. (glowm.com)