An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.
A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.
Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.
Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
A federal area located between Maryland and Virginia on the Potomac river; it is coextensive with Washington, D.C., which is the capital of the United States.
Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.
('Costa Rica' in medical context is not a defined term) However, in general context, Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its advanced healthcare system and high life expectancy, which could be relevant to various medical or health-related discussions.
Uncontrolled release of biological material from its containment. This either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a biological hazard. Such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately.

Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/771)

From October 30 through December 23, 1998, CDC received reports of a series of bioterroristic threats of anthrax exposure. Letters alleged to contain anthrax were sent to health clinics on October 30, 1998, in Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During December 17-23 in California, a letter alleged to contain anthrax was sent to a private business, and three telephone threats of anthrax contamination of ventilation systems were made to private and public buildings. All threats were hoaxes and are under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement officials. The public health implications of these threats were investigated to assist in developing national public health guidelines for responding to bioterrorism. This report summarizes the findings of these investigations and provides interim guidance for public health authorities on bioterrorism related to anthrax.  (+info)

A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (2/771)

Aiming to develop a DNA marker specific for Bacillus anthracis and able to discriminate this species from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides, we applied the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique to a collection of 101 strains of the genus Bacillus, including 61 strains of the B. cereus group. An 838-bp RAPD marker (SG-850) specific for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. mycoides was identified. This fragment included a putative (366-nucleotide) open reading frame highly homologous to the ypuA gene of Bacillus subtilis. The restriction analysis of the SG-850 fragment with AluI distinguished B. anthracis from the other species of the B. cereus group.  (+info)

The efforts of WHO and Pugwash to eliminate chemical and biological weapons--a memoir. (3/771)

The World Health Organization and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Nobel Peace Prize 1995) have been involved in questions concerning chemical and biological arms since the early 1950s. This memoir reviews a number of milestones in the efforts of these organizations to achieve the elimination of these weapons through international treaties effectively monitored and enforced for adherence to their provisions. It also highlights a number of outstanding personalities who were involved in the efforts to establish and implement the two major treaties now in effect, the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.  (+info)

Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (4/771)

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to eucaryotic cell surface receptors and mediates the transport of toxins into the cell. In this study, the entire 2,294-nucleotide protective antigen gene (pag) was sequenced from 26 of the most diverse B. anthracis strains to identify potential variation in the toxin and to further our understanding of B. anthracis evolution. Five point mutations, three synonymous and two missense, were identified. These differences correspond to six different haploid types, which translate into three different amino acid sequences. The two amino acid changes were shown to be located in an area near a highly antigenic region critical to lethal factor binding. Nested primers were used to amplify and sequence this same region of pag from necropsy samples taken from victims of the 1979 Sverdlovsk incident. This investigation uncovered five different alleles among the strains present in the tissues, including two not seen in the 26-sample survey. One of these two alleles included a novel missense mutation, again located just adjacent to the highly antigenic region. Phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of the pag corresponded with previous strain grouping based on chromosomal variation, suggesting that plasmid evolution in B. anthracis has occurred with little or no horizontal transfer between the different strains.  (+info)

Role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis. (5/771)

We investigated the role of the functional domains of anthrax toxins during infection. Three proteins produced by Bacillus anthracis, the protective antigen (PA), the lethal factor (LF), and the edema factor (EF), combine in pairs to produce the lethal (PA+LF) and edema (PA+EF) toxins. A genetic strategy was developed to introduce by allelic exchange specific point mutations or in-frame deletions into B. anthracis toxin genes, thereby impairing either LF metalloprotease or EF adenylate cyclase activity or PA functional domains. In vivo effects of toxin mutations were analyzed in an experimental infection of mice. A tight correlation was observed between the properties of anthrax toxins delivered in vivo and their in vitro activities. The synergic effects of the lethal and edema toxins resulted purely from their enzymatic activities, suggesting that in vivo these toxins may act together. The PA-dependent antibody response to LF induced by immunization with live B. anthracis was used to follow the in vivo interaction of LF and PA. We found that the binding of LF to PA in vivo was necessary and sufficient for a strong antibody response against LF, whereas neither LF activity nor binding of lethal toxin complex to the cell surface was required. Mutant PA proteins were cleaved in mice sera. Thus, our data provide evidence that, during anthrax infection, PA may interact with LF before binding to the cell receptor. Immunoprotection studies indicated that the strain producing detoxified LF and EF, isogenic to the current live vaccine Sterne strain, is a safe candidate for use as a vaccine against anthrax.  (+info)

Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--U.S. Department of Defense, 1998-2000. (6/771)

Concerns about the potential use of anthrax as a biologic weapon prompted the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to announce on December 15, 1997, anthrax vaccination of all U.S. military personnel. This effort is coordinated by the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP). AVIP plans a phased vaccination process to achieve total force protection against anthrax by 2004. The current phase of implementation includes vaccination of all service members and mission-essential DoD civilian employees assigned or deployed to high-threat areas. On the basis of program monitoring, as of April 12, 2000, 425,976 service members had received 1,620,793 doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) (Bioport, Inc., Lansing, Michigan). Some service members have cited concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy in their decision to refuse vaccination, despite the possibility of administrative or disciplinary actions. To assess anthrax vaccination safety, DoD has conducted surveys of vaccinated personnel. This report describes three completed or ongoing surveys. The findings indicate that rates of local reactions were higher in women than men and that no patterns of unexpected local or systemic adverse events have been identified.  (+info)

Attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant Bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax. (7/771)

Several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated Bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rPA) were constructed. Biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and N terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rPA retains the characteristics of native PA. A single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant strains, MASC-10, expressing high levels of rPA (>/=100 microgram/ml) from a constitutive heterologous promoter induced high titers of neutralizing anti-PA antibodies. This immune response was long lasting (at least 12 months) and provided protection against a lethal challenge of virulent (Vollum) anthrax spores. The recombinant B. anthracis spore vaccine appears to be more efficacious than the vegetative cell vaccine. Furthermore, while results clearly suggest a direct correlation between the level of expression of PA and the potency of the vaccine, they also suggest that some B. anthracis spore-associated antigen(s) may contribute in a significant manner to protective immunity.  (+info)

Characterization of the operon encoding the alternative sigma(B) factor from Bacillus anthracis and its role in virulence. (8/771)

The operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma(B) and two proteins of its regulatory network, RsbV and RsbW, was cloned from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis by PCR amplification of chromosomal DNA with degenerate primers, by inverse PCR, and by direct cloning. The gene cluster was very similar to the Bacillus subtilis sigB operon both in the primary sequences of the gene products and in the order of its three genes. However, the deduced products of sequences upstream and downstream from this operon showed no similarity to other proteins encoded by the B. subtilis sigB operon. Therefore, the B. anthracis sigB operon contains three genes rather than eight as in B. subtilis. The B. anthracis operon is preceded by a sigma(B)-like promoter sequence, the expression of which depends on an intact sigma(B) transcription factor in B. subtilis. It is followed by another open reading frame that is also preceded by a promoter sequence similarly dependent on B. subtilis sigma(B). We found that in B. anthracis, both these promoters were induced during the stationary phase and induction required an intact sigB gene. The sigB operon was induced by heat shock. Mutants from which sigB was deleted were constructed in a toxinogenic and a plasmidless strain. These mutants differed from the parental strains in terms of morphology. The toxinogenic sigB mutant strain was also less virulent than the parental strain in the mouse model. B. anthracis sigma(B) may therefore be a minor virulence factor.  (+info)

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium produces spores that can survive in the environment for many years. Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans can get infected with anthrax by handling contaminated animal products or by inhaling or coming into contact with contaminated soil, water, or vegetation.

There are three main forms of anthrax infection:

1. Cutaneous anthrax: This is the most common form and occurs when the spores enter the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin. It starts as a painless bump that eventually develops into a ulcer with a black center.
2. Inhalation anthrax (also known as wool-sorter's disease): This occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores, which can lead to severe respiratory symptoms and potentially fatal illness.
3. Gastrointestinal anthrax: This form is rare and results from consuming contaminated meat. It causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which may be bloody.

Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a successful outcome. Preventive measures include vaccination and avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax is also considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of dissemination and high mortality rate if left untreated.

Anthrax vaccines are biological preparations designed to protect against anthrax, a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can affect both humans and animals, and it is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated animal products or, less commonly, through inhalation of spores.

There are two types of anthrax vaccines currently available:

1. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA): This vaccine is licensed for use in the United States and is approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk individuals, such as military personnel and laboratory workers who handle the bacterium. AVA contains a cell-free filtrate of cultured B. anthracis cells that have been chemically treated to render them non-infectious. The vaccine works by stimulating the production of antibodies against protective antigens (PA) present in the bacterial culture.
2. Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine (rPA): This vaccine, also known as BioThrax, is a newer generation anthrax vaccine that was approved for use in the United States in 2015. It contains only the recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of B. anthracis, which is produced using genetic engineering techniques. The rPA vaccine has been shown to be as effective as AVA in generating an immune response and offers several advantages, including a more straightforward manufacturing process, fewer side effects, and a longer shelf life.

Both vaccines require multiple doses for initial immunization, followed by periodic booster shots to maintain protection. Anthrax vaccines are generally safe and effective at preventing anthrax infection; however, they may cause mild to moderate side effects, such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, and muscle aches. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible.

It is important to note that anthrax vaccines do not provide immediate protection against anthrax infection. They require several weeks to stimulate an immune response, so they should be administered before potential exposure to the bacterium. In cases of known or suspected exposure to anthrax, antibiotics are used as a primary means of preventing and treating the disease.

'Bacillus anthracis' is the scientific name for the bacterium that causes anthrax, a serious and potentially fatal infectious disease. This gram-positive, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium can be found in soil and commonly affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Anthrax can manifest in several forms, including cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax, depending on the route of infection.

The spores of Bacillus anthracis are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can survive for years, making them a potential agent for bioterrorism or biowarfare. When inhaled, ingested, or introduced through breaks in the skin, these spores can germinate into vegetative bacteria that produce potent exotoxins responsible for anthrax symptoms and complications.

It is essential to distinguish Bacillus anthracis from other Bacillus species due to its public health significance and potential use as a biological weapon. Proper identification, prevention strategies, and medical countermeasures are crucial in mitigating the risks associated with this bacterium.

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.

The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.

Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.

In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.

Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological agents or toxins with the intent to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. These agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxic substances produced by living organisms. The purpose of using these agents is typically to cause widespread illness, fear, and disruption. Biological warfare is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is illegal under international law.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Bacteria do not produce spores; instead, it is fungi and other types of microorganisms that produce spores for reproduction and survival purposes. Spores are essentially reproductive cells that are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive under harsh conditions.

If you meant to ask about endospores, those are produced by some bacteria as a protective mechanism during times of stress or nutrient deprivation. Endospores are highly resistant structures containing bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes. They can survive for long periods in extreme environments and germinate into vegetative cells when conditions improve.

Here's the medical definition of endospores:

Endospores (also called bacterial spores) are highly resistant, dormant structures produced by certain bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. They contain a core of bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes surrounded by a protective layer called the spore coat. Endospores can survive under harsh conditions for extended periods and germinate into vegetative cells when favorable conditions return. Common examples of endospore-forming bacteria include Bacillus species (such as B. anthracis, which causes anthrax) and Clostridium species (such as C. difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea).

Peptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including regulation of appetite, pain perception, immune function, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Peptide receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily or the tyrosine kinase receptor family. Upon binding of a peptide ligand, these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior and communication with other cells.

Peptide receptors can be classified into two main categories: metabotropic and ionotropic. Metabotropic peptide receptors are GPCRs, which activate intracellular signaling pathways through coupling with heterotrimeric G proteins. These receptors typically have seven transmembrane domains and undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding, leading to the activation of downstream effectors such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, or ion channels.

Ionotropic peptide receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly modulate ion fluxes across the cell membrane upon ligand binding. These receptors contain four or five subunits arranged around a central pore and undergo conformational changes to allow ion flow through the channel.

Examples of peptide receptors include:

1. Opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) - bind endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins to modulate pain perception and reward processing.
2. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) - bind somatostatin and cortistatin to regulate hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
3. Neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1-Y5) - bind neuropeptide Y to modulate feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular function.
4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP-R) - binds calcitonin gene-related peptide to mediate vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation.
5. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) - binds bradykinin to induce pain, inflammation, and vasodilation.
6. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) - bind vasoactive intestinal peptide to regulate neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and smooth muscle contraction.
7. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) - binds oxytocin to mediate social bonding, maternal behavior, and uterine contractions during childbirth.
8. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) - binds angiotensin II to regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and cell growth.

Antitoxins are substances, typically antibodies, that neutralize toxins produced by bacteria or other harmful organisms. They work by binding to the toxin molecules and rendering them inactive, preventing them from causing harm to the body. Antitoxins can be produced naturally by the immune system during an infection, or they can be administered artificially through immunization or passive immunotherapy. In a medical context, antitoxins are often used as a treatment for certain types of bacterial infections, such as diphtheria and botulism, to help counteract the effects of the toxins produced by the bacteria.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Postal Service" is not a term used in medical definitions. It generally refers to the system for delivering mail and packages, such as the United States Postal Service (USPS). If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infection from occurring in the first place, rather than treating an existing infection. This practice is commonly used before certain medical procedures or surgeries that have a high risk of infection, such as joint replacements, heart valve surgery, or organ transplants. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infection by introducing antibiotics into the body before bacteria have a chance to multiply and cause an infection.

The choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis depends on several factors, including the type of procedure being performed, the patient's medical history and allergies, and the most common types of bacteria that can cause infection in that particular situation. The antibiotic is typically given within one hour before the start of the procedure, and may be continued for up to 24 hours afterward, depending on the specific guidelines for that procedure.

It's important to note that antibiotic prophylaxis should only be used when it is truly necessary, as overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis should be made carefully and in consultation with a healthcare provider.

The District of Columbia (DC) is a federal district and the capital of the United States. It is not a state, but rather a district that is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. DC is located between the states of Maryland and Virginia and has a population of approximately 700,000 people.

The medical definition of District of Columbia would not differ from its geographical and political definition. However, it is important to note that DC has its own unique healthcare system and challenges. As a federal district, DC has its own local government, but the U.S. Congress has the authority to review and approve its laws and budget. This can create some challenges in funding and implementing healthcare programs in DC.

DC has a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma, and also faces disparities in healthcare access and outcomes among different racial and ethnic groups. The District of Columbia Healthcare Alliance, which is the city's Medicaid program, provides health coverage to low-income residents, including children, pregnant women, and people with disabilities. DC also has a number of safety net hospitals and clinics that provide care to uninsured and underinsured patients.

Biological warfare agents are pathogenic organisms or toxins that are intentionally used in a military conflict or act of terrorism to cause disease, death, or disruption. These agents can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxins produced by living organisms. They can be spread through the air, water, or food and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms to serious diseases that can be fatal if left untreated.

Biological warfare agents are considered weapons of mass destruction because they have the potential to cause widespread harm and panic. The use of such agents is prohibited by international law, and their production, storage, and transportation are closely monitored and regulated. Despite these efforts, there remains a risk that biological warfare agents could be used in acts of terrorism or other hostile actions.

I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

A biohazard release refers to the uncontrolled or accidental escape, spill, or dissemination of biological agents or infectious materials that can pose a risk to the health and safety of living organisms, particularly humans. These biological agents may include pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other microorganisms that can cause disease or infection.

Biohazard releases can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, laboratories, research facilities, or industrial environments where biological materials are handled or stored. Examples of biohazard release incidents include accidental needle sticks, spills of infectious cultures, or breaches in containment systems designed to isolate dangerous pathogens.

In the event of a biohazard release, it is essential to follow established protocols and guidelines for containment, decontamination, and disposal to minimize the risk of exposure and prevent further spread of infectious materials. These measures typically involve the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, gowns, masks, or respirators, to protect against infection, as well as specialized disinfection procedures to eliminate any residual contamination.

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Marston, N.L. (1970). "Revision of the New World species of Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae) other than Anthrax albofasciatus ... Anthrax nigriventris is a species of bee flies (insects in the family Bombyliidae). Mexico, United States. ...
... is a species of fly in the family Bombyliidae. United States. Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (1828). ...
... anthrax Semenov, 1900 (China and Mongolia) Calosoma anthrax grumi Semenov, 1900 (China) "Calosoma anthrax ... Calosoma anthrax is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in China and Mongolia. These two subspecies ...
"Search for: Anthrax feat. Chuck D." charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 5, 2013. Soldiers of Metal (track listing). Anthrax ... "Hy Pro Glo , Anthrax , Music Video". MTV Music. Viacom Media Networks. July 7, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2013. "Fueled , Anthrax ... "Only , Anthrax , Music Video". MTV Music. Viacom Media Networks. May 2, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2013. "Black Lodge , Anthrax ... Official website Anthrax at AllMusic Anthrax discography discography at Discogs (CS1 German-language sources (de), CS1 Japanese ...
... is a species of ant in the subgenus Camponotus (Myrmentoma). It is endemic to western North America. AntWeb ... "Camponotus anthrax Species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 29 August 2020. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
... is a 2009 documentary film about the 2001 anthrax attacks and the rise of today's biomilitary industrial complex ... The Anthrax Attacks: In the Shadow of 9/11, 2022 docudrama about the same subject "Anthrax War". CBC Documentaries. Canadian ... Official website Anthrax War at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, 2009 ... Shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, anthrax-laced letters were mailed to offices of media outlets in New York City and ...
... is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Borneo. Hippa, H. (1990). "The genus Milesia Latreille ( ...
... is an A-B toxin. Each individual anthrax toxin protein is nontoxic. Toxic symptoms are not observed when these ... called anthrax toxin. Anthrax toxin is a mixture of three protein components: (i) protective antigen (PA), (ii) edema factor ( ... Bacillus anthracis-the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is ... Anthrax toxin is of the form A2B, where the two enzymes, EF and LF, are the A components and PA is the B component. Thus, PA ...
Anthrax may also refer to: Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium responsible for anthrax, the disease Anthrax toxin, the virulent ... Look up anthrax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. ... proteins secreted by Bacillus anthracis 2001 anthrax attacks in the US Anthrax (fly), a genus of bombyliid flies Anthrax ( ... a British anarcho-punk band formed in 1980 Anthrax, a fictional character seen in the video game Shrek SuperSlam Anthrax (2001 ...
... is a species of bee flies (insects in the family Bombyliidae). United States. Marston, N.L. (1963). "A revision ... of the Nearctic species of the albofasciatus group of the genus Anthrax Scopoli (Diptera: Bombyliidae)" (PDF). Technical ...
The specific name anthrax is Greek for Greek, meaning a carbuncle, a red gemstone. It refers to the red patches on the hidden ... Diasporus anthrax are small frogs, with a body size of 14-19 mm (0.55-0.75 in). It is easily distinguished from related species ... Diasporus anthrax is a species of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Colombia where it is found along ... Acosta Galvis, A. R. & Cuentas, D. (2017). "Diasporus anthrax (Lynch, 2001)". Lista de los Anfibios de Colombia V.07.2017.0. ...
... is a species of flat-footed flies (insects in the family Platypezidae). "Platypeza anthrax Report". ... "Platypeza anthrax species details". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-29. "Platypeza anthrax". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-29. " ... "Platypeza anthrax Species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-29. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
... is a species of orchid native to southern Colombia and Venezuela. "Pleurothallis anthrax Luer & R.Escobar ...
1935 Anthrax albofasciatus Macquart, 1840 Anthrax alruqibi El-Hawagry, 2013 Anthrax analis Say, 1823 Anthrax anthrax (Schrank, ... Anthrax moursyi El-Hawagry, 1998 Anthrax nidicola Cole, 1952 Anthrax nigriventris Marston, 1970 Anthrax nitidus Marston, 1970 ... 1804 Anthrax vallicola Marston, 1963 Anthrax varius Fabricius, 1794 Anthrax virgo Egger, 1859 Anthrax zohrayensis El-Hawagry, ... 1805 Anthrax painteri Marston, 1970 Anthrax pauper (Loew, 1869) Anthrax pelopeius François, 1966 Anthrax picea Marston, 1963 ...
The newly emerged Anthrax anthrax may be found sitting on a bee hotel. Their body is dull black with more transparent wings. A ... A. anthrax hovering near a nest entrance of a mason bee A. anthrax hovering above a flower Schrank, F. von Paula (1781). ... Anthrax anthrax is a species of fly in the family Bombyliidae. Unlike, for example, Bombylius major, this species does not ... Woods, M. J (2020). "First records of breeding of the bee-fly Anthrax anthrax (Schrank) (Diptera, Bombyliidae) in Britain in ...
... is a species of bee flies (insects in the family Bombyliidae). United States. Loew, H. (1869). "Diptera Americae ...
... is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae. It's a parasitoid whose hosts include Cicindela scutellaris, ... by Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 36 (1): 63-66. doi:10.1076/snfe.36.1.63.8885 ...
... is a species of armored catfish endemic to Venezuela where it is found in the Orinoco River basin. This ... Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pseudolithoxus anthrax" in FishBase. December 2011 version. v t e (Articles with ...
43 people tested positive to anthrax exposure and 22 cases of anthrax illness were diagnosed, where 11 were inhalation anthrax ... 96 cases of anthrax infection were reported where 79 were gastrointestinal anthrax and 17 were cutaneous, of these cases 64 out ... A mathematical model of a simulated large-scale airborne anthrax attack in a large city (1 kg anthrax spores in a city of 10 ... Similar to a warhead, an anthrax filled bomb, such as the E61 Anthrax Bomblet or other N-bomb cluster munition filled with ...
... is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae. Mexica, United States. Osten Sacken, C.R. (1886). " ...
... is a species of bee flies (insects in the family Bombyliidae). Canada, United States. Marston, N.L. (1963 ... "A revision of the Nearctic species of the albofasciatus group of the genus Anthrax Scopoli (Diptera: Bombyliidae)" (PDF). ...
... involving the use of white powder or labels to falsely suggest the use of anthrax are frequently reported in the ... "US anthrax hoax suspect arrested". BBC News. 6 December 2001. Retrieved 10 December 2009. "Man is convicted in anthrax hoax ... Hoaxes have increased following the 2001 anthrax attacks, after which no genuine anthrax attacks have occurred. The FBI and U.S ... 2001 anthrax attacks, Anthrax, Hoaxes in the United States, 2001 hoaxes). ...
Learn how anthrax gets into the body through the skin, lungs or gastrointestinal system. ... When anthrax spores get into the skin, usually through a cut or scrape, a person can develop cutaneous anthrax. This can happen ... Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of anthrax infection, and it is also considered to be the least dangerous. Infection ... Inhalation anthrax is considered to be the most deadly form of anthrax. Infection usually develops within a week after exposure ...
"Anthrax - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 25 January 2023. "Injection Anthrax , Anthrax , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 28 ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthrax (disease). Anthrax at Curlie Anthrax in humans and animals - Textbook from WHO ... Injection anthrax is the rarest form of anthrax, and has only been seen to have occurred in a group of heroin injecting drug ... Anthrax is especially rare in dogs and cats, as is evidenced by a single reported case in the United States in 2001. Anthrax ...
We offer information about anthrax symptoms, causes, vaccine, and treatment. ... You probably wont have to worry about getting anthrax disease. ... Anthrax (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Anthrax blood ... Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people dont know they have anthrax until it is too late to ... Anthrax is rare. It affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats more often than people. People can get anthrax from ...
Read Anthrax-Related Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. ... What is Anthrax?plus icon *Types of Anthrax. *History of ... Anthrax and Animal Products. *Inhalation Anthrax Associated with Dried Animal Hides - Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006 * ... Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States, ACIP Recommendations *MMWR 2000 Dec 15; 49(RR-15)Cdc-pdf pdf icon[PDF - 226KB] ... Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States, ACIP Recommendations *MMWR 2000 Dec 15; 49(RR-15)Cdc-pdf pdf icon[PDF - 226KB] ...
Learn about the different kinds of anthrax infections and how to get diagnosed if you think youve been exposed to the bacteria ... Anthrax is a very rare disease, but it can be serious. ... What Causes Anthrax?. Anthrax is caused by a type of bacteria ... How Is Anthrax Diagnosed?. If your doctor thinks you have anthrax, youll get a test to check to see if you have anthrax ... Anthrax has also been found in people who have injected heroin. Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax ...
FBI examines the offices of a Florida magazine publishers as hundreds of people queue to undergo tests for the deadly anthrax ... Officials have stressed that anthrax is not contagious. There is a delay between infection with anthrax and the appearance of ... Mr Stevens case was the first of respiratory anthrax in the US since 1978. One in a billion Dr Landis Crockett, director of ... It now says that foul play is the most likely explanation for two anthrax cases, one of which proved fatal. Hundreds of people ...
New genetic evidence may at last identify the sender of the anthrax-laden letters that killed five people in 2001 ... BRUCE IVINS, a leading anthrax researcher for the US army, died last week after reportedly taking a massive overdose of ... in the long-running mystery of who mailed anthrax to US news outlets and senators in 2001, killing five people. News media ...
... Maurice maurice_clayton at hotmail.com Fri Dec 13 05:34:22 EST 2002 *Previous message: Anthrax ... Tiny quantities of anthrax that you couldnt see, that you couldnt detect in an inventory can be used to propagate as much as ...
Tom Daschle served as Senate majority leader, when his office was targeted by one anthrax letter. He is now a distinguished ... Ten years ago, a series of anthrax attacks throughout the country followed hard on the heels of 9/11. The deadly powder made ...
... has accepted for review an adjuvanted version of its anthrax vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) of anthrax. ... FDA to review Emergents adjuvanted anthrax vaccine for adults. Emergent BioSolutions said in a news release late last week ... BARDA exercises contract option for next-generation anthrax vaccine. Emergent BioSolutions announced yesterday that the US ... 261 million to buy doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed with adjuvant (AV7909) for the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). ...
Anthrax have announced the release of their own whiskey, inspired by late Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell, who died in 2004. ... "The Healer," Anthraxs brand new, high-end, limited edition bourbon, Solera-aged in a Kings Barrel, and produced by Hillrock ... Anthrax have announced the release of their own whiskey, inspired by late Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell. ... Anthraxs Scott Ian and late Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell. Credit: Getty Images.. ...
Gene sequencing techniques helped to rule out a recent bioterrorism threat from anthrax in Texas in under a day ... Though closely related to B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, B. cereus produces severe infections only if it has gained a ... "The concern was that it was anthrax," says James Musser, head of pathology at the hospital. ... cluster of genes from the anthrax bacterium. But did Mussers strain do so with the help of bioterrorists? ...
If youre worried about potential exposure to anthrax, heres the information you need. Discover causes, risk factors, why its ... Also find out about diagnosis, treatment, and the anthrax vaccine. ... Learn about anthrax, an infectious illness caused by the microbe Bacillus anthracis. ... Cutaneous anthrax is anthrax contracted through contact with the skin. If your skin comes into contact with anthrax, you may ...
The agencys supporters argue that when there is even a hint of danger from a substance like anthrax, agents have little choice ... WASHINGTON - A federal judge on Monday cleared two men of all charges stemming from their involvement in an anthrax scare in ... The charges that Larry Wayne Harris and William Job Leavitt possessed anthrax for use in a weapon of mass destruction were ... Last Wednesday morning the agency was tipped off that Harris reportedly had boasted about having enough anthrax to wipe out Las ...
Remembering the Anthrax Scare. by Gary Leupp / August 6th, 2008. Remember the anthrax scare? Between Sept. 18 and mid-November ... ivins was not the first culprit for the anthrax letters. a scientist working at the american lab that produced the anthrax was ... Still, the anthrax scare had served to fan those fears about Iraq and prepare the country for Bushs plans to attack. Its one ... Anthrax was clearly used, not by a lone mad scientist (although he or even Steven Hatfill might have been involved in it too) ...
A few days ago, the popular gizmag.com reported about a handheld anthrax detection system by Veritide ... Anthrax Detector Hushed?. September 21st, 2006 Medgadget Editors Public Health Heres a little mystery item on our internet ... A few days ago, the popular gizmag.com reported about a handheld anthrax detection system by Veritide Ltd., a New Zealand ...
... which theyve already used to identify a candidate compound for treating anthrax. ...
Spores that cause anthrax can sit in the soil for as long as 100 years and are released during certain environmental conditions ... TEN cows in Sarapiquí, in north-central Costa Rica, have been struck down by anthrax. Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) officials ... anthrax usually stays localized in one area, MAG Animal Health assistant director Ligia Quirós told the daily.The bacteria have ... the daily La Nación reported.Anthrax gained notoriety in 2001 as a suspected biological weapon that left five dead in the ...
A bioterrorist trying to make anthrax or E. coli more deadly or more easily dispersed would often attempt to do so by adding ... Is It Anthrax or Just White Powder?. A microfluidic chip rapidly identifies pathogens by scanning their genomes. ...
A few days before the attacks, he sent an email that said: "Bin Laden terrorists or sure lave anthrax and sarin gas" and have " ... The Justice Department has finally released a trove of filings from the anthrax investigation. You can see them here. A press ... The letters read: "WE HAVE THIS ANTHRAX . . . DEATH TO AMERICA . . . DEATH TO ISRAEL." ...
vaccine, anthrax. Measurements. overall: 2 1/8 in x 1 1/4 in x 1 1/8 in; 5.3975 cm x 3.175 cm x 2.8575 cm. place made. United ... BioThrax Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed - BioPort - Sample for Display. National Museum of American History ...
Anthrax Strikes Wildlife in Rapidly Thawing Arctic. Record-high temperatures are believed to be among the main factors in the ... Anthrax, an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillum anthracis, can occur naturally in certain soils, with infection usually ... Another possible source of the outbreak is from the bodies of people who died from anthrax in the 1930s and early 1940s. The ... One of the main reasons cited for the outbreak of anthrax - one of the worlds most deadly pathogens - is an unprecedented ...
US officials have refused to bust Bayers monopoly on anthrax drugs, even though generic drugs would save $millions. Bayers ... For anthrax treatment, it is recommended that patients should take two pills a day for 60 days. Thus, the retail price for two ... The Price of Anthrax Drugs: Scarier Than the Disease. The current controversy on patented drugs started when the first signs of ... No doubt, it is unfair to compare the AIDS pandemic in South Africa with the current anthrax crisis in the US. Compared to over ...
Researchers find two new leads for anti-anthrax drugs. As fears over bioterrorism attacks spiral, researchers are making ... Of ten confirmed anthrax cases in the United States by Monday, four have been of the severe, inhaled form against which ... The anthrax vaccine is also problematic. Developed in the 1960s, it involves injecting a crude mix of the toxins protein ... Turning anthrax into an effective bioweapon is technically difficult - spores must be milled down into a very fine powder (less ...
Cutaneous anthrax usually begins as a small, raised bump that might itch. Within 1 to 2 days, the bump develops into a painless ... Cutaneous Anthrax Infection. Photograph contributed by Robert Aylesworth, M.D.. Cutaneous anthrax usually begins as a small, ...
Buy and sell your Anthrax concert tickets today. Tickets are 100% guaranteed by FanProtect. ... Anthrax tickets for the upcoming concert tour are on sale at StubHub. ...
Dave Grohl Visits Anthrax in Studio, Plays Nirvanas ... Anthrax are recording their long-awaited new album at Grohls ... Anthrax also shared pics of Grohl hanging out with the band in the studio, including one with him posing with Anthrax members ... As of now, Anthrax have a Latin American tour scheduled for the spring, with tickets available here. The band is also slated to ... Anthrax are currently working on their long-awaited new album at Dave Grohls Studio 606 in Los Angeles, and were recently paid ...
Nearly as much as Metallica or Megadeth, Anthrax were responsible for the emergence of speed and thrash metal. Combining the ...
  • When anthrax spores get into the skin, usually through a cut or scrape, a person can develop cutaneous anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • When a person breathes in anthrax spores, they can develop inhalation anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Once ingested, anthrax spores can affect the upper gastrointestinal tract (throat and esophagus), stomach, and intestines, causing a wide variety of symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. (wikipedia.org)
  • You can get anthrax if spores get into your body, break open and release the bacteria, which make toxins (poison) that harm you. (webmd.com)
  • If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation. (webmd.com)
  • If they think you may have breathed in the spores that yield anthrax bacteria, you may get a chest X-ray or CT scan . (webmd.com)
  • Public health officials began a search of Stevens' home and car to try to find the source of the anthrax spores. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Powdered anthrax spores were sent via letters in U.S. mail. (healthline.com)
  • You can get anthrax through indirect or direct contact by touching, inhaling, or ingesting anthrax spores. (healthline.com)
  • Once anthrax spores get inside your body and activate, the bacteria multiply, spread, and produce toxins. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax spores are microscopic. (healthline.com)
  • Spores that cause anthrax can sit in the soil for as long as 100 years and are released during certain environmental conditions such as precipitation followed by high heat and humidity.Humans can contract the disease by inhaling spores, by allowing an open wound to come into contact with blood from an infected animal, or by consuming an infected animal. (ticotimes.net)
  • The theory is that the hot weather has resulted in anthrax spores being released from burial sites and carried elsewhere by the wind. (truthdig.com)
  • Anthrax spores, the persistent, dormant form of the bacterium, can cause infection through the skin and intestine, but inhalation is the most dangerous - around 90% of cases result in death. (innovations-report.com)
  • Turning anthrax into an effective bioweapon is technically difficult - spores must be milled down into a very fine powder (less than 5 micrometres in diameter) for them to reach the depths of the lungs in sufficient quantities to cause infection. (innovations-report.com)
  • That would minimize disease by maximizing the chances that anthrax spores in the body are killed off before they can germinate in the lymph nodes and cause sickness. (bioedonline.org)
  • Later, two mailroom employees tested positive for anthrax, and anthrax spores were found on Bob Stevens' computer keyboard. (kzyx.org)
  • You can catch it from contact with infected animals or, very rarely, through anthrax spores. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Inhalational anthrax is caused by breathing bacterial spores into your lungs - this usually affects people who work with animal hides or products. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Anthrax spores are found in the soil in Australia and can stay there for many years. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • There have also been rare cases overseas where people have sent anthrax spores through the mail. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Envelopes containing Bacillus anthracis spores were mailed to several East Coast media outlets and two US senators' offices, leading to 22 anthrax cases and 5 deaths. (umn.edu)
  • Anthrax bacteria can survive in the environment for decades by forming spores. (who.int)
  • The identification tag, a fluorescent orange bar code on (5,6), and an intentional release of anthrax spores there was the back of the envelope, records the time and date that the let- considered unlikely. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with inhalational anthrax have a history of exposure to sources of anthrax spores. (medscape.com)
  • Stools negative for amebic cysts or trophs and for Shigella suggest the possibility of intestinal anthrax in patients residing near areas where anthrax is endemic (ie, in pastures where herbivores graze) or after ingestion of spores from hand/food contact. (medscape.com)
  • when it does, it usually results from skin contact but can result from inhaling anthrax spores, eating contaminated meat, or rarely by injecting contaminated illicit drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax spores are a potential biological weapon. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax bacteria produce spores that can live for years in soil. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although infection in people usually occurs through the skin, it can also result from inhaling spores (inhalation anthrax), eating contaminated, undercooked meat (gastrointestinal anthrax), or rarely by injecting contaminated illicit drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • because anthrax spores can be spread through the air and inhaled. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the anthrax bioattacks of 2001, spores were spread in envelopes mailed via the United States Postal Service. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Prussian scientist Robert Koch (1843-1910) was the first to identify Bacillus anthracis as the bacterium that causes anthrax. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a germ that lives in soil. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anthrax is caused by a type of bacteria called Bacillus anthracis . (webmd.com)
  • Anthrax is a serious infectious illness caused by the microbe Bacillus anthracis . (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax (also known as 'wool-sorter's disease') is a serious infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria known as bacillus anthracis . (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Anthrax is primarily a zoonotic disease in herbivores caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. (who.int)
  • This outbreak was caused by anthrax bacillus transmitted to contacts from the tissues of the sick cow. (who.int)
  • Lots of other more common bacteria can cause skin and injection site infections, so a skin or injection site infection in a drug user does not necessarily mean the person has anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax is an infectious disease that's caused by bacteria. (webmd.com)
  • And a stool test can look for signs of anthrax bacteria in order to diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax. (webmd.com)
  • You'll get a blood test to check for antibodies to anthrax or toxin made by the anthrax bacteria in your blood . (webmd.com)
  • Teams of FBI agents wearing protective clothing have been continuing to comb the offices of a Florida magazine publishers where traces of the deadly anthrax bacteria were found. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The second man to be infected with the potentially deadly anthrax bacteria, 73-year-old Ernesto Blanco, is a former colleague of the man who died from the disease on Friday. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Mr Blanco has not developed any symptoms of anthrax infection but a swab taken from his nose has tested positive for the bacteria which cause the illness. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic drug, is prescribed for patients suffering from anthrax and other bacteria. (corpwatch.org)
  • During the 2001 anthrax attacks, thousands of Americans who were possibly exposed to the deadly bacteria were given a powerful antibiotic, Cipro. (galen.org)
  • Anthrax is a very rare but serious disease caused by bacteria from infected animals. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • In cutaneous anthrax, bacteria enter your body through broken skin or wounds. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Anthrax bacteria produce several toxins, which cause many of the symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Likely delivery methods of weaponized anthrax include aerial dispersal or dispersal through livestock, notable bioterrorism uses include the 2001 anthrax attacks and an incident in 1993 by the Aum Shinrikyo group in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2001, the first inhalational anthrax case in the United States since 1976 was identified in a media company worker in Florida. (cdc.gov)
  • the cials, leading to the first bioterrorism-related cases of anthrax last reported case of inhalational anthrax in the United States in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of conducted through coordinated efforts of medical and labora- inhalational anthrax among humans were linked to occupa- tory communities and local, state, and federal public health tional exposures at a goat-hair-processing plant in New and law enforcement agencies. (cdc.gov)
  • After a patient in Connecticut died from inhalational anthrax on November 19, the center was sampled again on November 21 and 25 by using dry and wet swabs. (cdc.gov)
  • These results suggest cross-contaminated mail as a possible source of anthrax for the inhalational anthrax patient in Connecti- cut. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemio- machines, 5 optical character reader machines, 5 bar-code sort- logic investigation of the first nine patients with inhalational ing machines, and 13 digital bar-code sorting (DBCS) machines anthrax showed that they were exposed to particulate aerosols for processing letters. (cdc.gov)
  • The final case of inhalational anthrax in 2001, reported on that are not packages) and parcels (wrapped packages). (cdc.gov)
  • The differential diagnosis varies among cutaneous, inhalational, and intestinal anthrax. (medscape.com)
  • Do not confuse inhalational anthrax with the zoonotic atypical pneumonias. (medscape.com)
  • The primary clinical manifestation of inhalational anthrax is hemorrhagic mediastinitis with bloody pleural effusions. (medscape.com)
  • Mediastinitis very closely resembles inhalational anthrax on chest radiographs, but their clinical presentations are different. (medscape.com)
  • The initial phase of inhalational anthrax may resemble bacterial mediastinitis, but it is associated with hemoptysis, severe substernal chest pain, and shock, which is very different from bacterial mediastinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Inhalation anthrax is considered to be the most deadly form of anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation anthrax starts primarily in the lymph nodes in the chest before spreading throughout the rest of the body, ultimately causing severe breathing problems and shock. (cdc.gov)
  • Without treatment, inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • You might get an X-ray of your chest or CT scan if your doctor thinks you might have inhalation anthrax. (webmd.com)
  • Inhalation anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax, and injection anthrax are not spread from person to person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • What Causes Anthrax? (webmd.com)
  • Though closely related to B. anthracis , which causes anthrax, B. cereus produces severe infections only if it has gained a cluster of genes from the anthrax bacterium. (newscientist.com)
  • By comparison, the currently available anthrax vaccine, BioThrax Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed, which was initially licensed by the FDA in 1970, requires six doses over a period of eighteen months to achieve protective immunity and is required to be stored at between two degrees Celsius and eight degrees Celsius. (genengnews.com)
  • elivaldogene autotemcel, anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted. (medscape.com)
  • teplizumab decreases effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • Serious - Use Alternative (1) elivaldogene autotemcel, anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted. (medscape.com)
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax has rarely been reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • When a person eats raw or undercooked meat from an animal infected with anthrax, they can develop gastrointestinal anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. (cdc.gov)
  • The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually develop within a week of exposure. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax, an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillum anthracis , can occur naturally in certain soils, with infection usually spread by grazing animals. (truthdig.com)
  • Reindeer herds in the warming northern Siberia region could be carrying the anthrax bacterium. (truthdig.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, the first clinical descriptions of cutaneous anthrax were given by Maret in 1752 and Fournier in 1769. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that anthrax is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack. (healthline.com)
  • Tom Daschle, the former US Senator from South Dakota whose Washington office was targeted in the anthrax attacks, said he remembers a somewhat chaotic environment as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other federal agencies struggled to respond. (umn.edu)
  • The English name comes from anthrax (ἄνθραξ), the Greek word for coal, possibly having Egyptian etymology, because of the characteristic black skin lesions developed by people with a cutaneous anthrax infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • TRENTON --Rep. Rush Holt (D-Princeton) wants hearings into what he says is a lack of headway in the FBI's investigation into the deadly anthrax attacks of 2001. (911blogger.com)
  • Sep 1, 2011 (CIDRAP News) - Public health leaders, recalling and reflecting on the anthrax letter attacks of 2001 in a lengthy report released today, say the nation is better prepared to respond to such an emergency than it was 10 years ago, but their confidence is tinged with fear of slipping backward in the current era of budget cutting. (umn.edu)
  • All types of anthrax can eventually spread throughout the body and cause death if they are not treated with antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Preventive treatment consists of antibiotics and the anthrax vaccine. (healthline.com)
  • If you've been exposed to anthrax and have symptoms, your doctor will treat you with antibiotics for 60 to 100 days . (healthline.com)
  • Of ten confirmed anthrax cases in the United States by Monday, four have been of the severe, inhaled form against which antibiotics often fail. (innovations-report.com)
  • Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics - the sooner the better. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Anthrax is treated immediately with antibiotics . (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Anthrax isn't contagious, so you can't spread it to other people. (webmd.com)
  • Officials have stressed that anthrax is not contagious. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Anthrax in humans is not generally regarded as contagious, although rare records of person-to-person transmission exist. (who.int)
  • Anthrax is rare in humans and is not contagious from person to person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nearly as much as Metallica or Megadeth, Anthrax were responsible for the emergence of speed and thrash metal. (iheart.com)
  • In the Eastern Mediterranean region outbreaks of human anthrax have been reported from Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Morocco, Pakistan and Sudan. (who.int)
  • They made spatial locations of anthrax outbreaks diagnosed by registered veterinary laboratories in the study area's zone of influence. (bvsalud.org)
  • John Young, of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, and his colleagues have pinpointed the protein, on the surface of human cells, which the anthrax toxin latches onto 1 . (innovations-report.com)
  • Mezi zn m virulen n faktory pat t i proteiny ozna ovan spole n m n zvem antraxov toxin (viz n e) a antifagocyt rn kapsul rn polypeptid slo en z rezidu D-glutamov kyseliny spojen ch peptidickou vazbou obsahuj c gamakarboxylovou skupinu. (referaty-seminarky.cz)
  • Now, there's a new toxin in town: Anthrax. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • We rendered anthrax toxin so that it's not toxic. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • Anthrax toxin is a professional at delivering large enzymes into cells," says Bradley Pentelute, the Pfizer-Laubauch Career Development assistant professor of chemistry at MIT. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • We wondered if we could render anthrax toxin nontoxic, and use it as a platform to deliver antibody drugs into cells. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • In a new paper published in the journal ChemBioChem , Pentelute and his team showed that they could not only disarm the anthrax toxin, but use it to deliver two proteins that can kill cancer cells. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • We are taking the anthrax toxin and modifying it to use it as powerful therapeutic. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • For intestinal infection the risk of death is 25 to 75%, while respiratory anthrax has a mortality of 50 to 80%, even with treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intestinal anthrax develops from eating meat that comes from infected animals. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Intestinal anthrax is a difficult diagnosis that must be distinguished from dysentery. (medscape.com)
  • Dysentery may manifest as bloody diarrhea, as does intestinal anthrax, and may be accompanied by abdominal pain (eg, in cases of Shigella or amebic dysentery). (medscape.com)
  • A history of ingesting meat possibly contaminated with anthrax is helpful in suspected cases of intestinal anthrax. (medscape.com)
  • In tropical areas where bacillary and amebic dysentery are common, clinically differentiating intestinal anthrax from these endemic causes of dysentery is very difficult unless a cluster of dysentery cases or an outbreak is known to exist. (medscape.com)
  • Since vocalist Joey Belladonna rejoined the Anthrax line up a little more than a year ago, Anthrax has made one of the most impressive comebacks in metal. (noisecreep.com)
  • According to a posting at Blabbermouth , Scott Ian has announced to the official ANTHRAX fan club that Joey Belladonna has opted to leave the band and was not interested in recording any new material with the group. (metalinjection.net)
  • Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910), German physician and microbiologist, founder of modern bacteriology, identified the specific causative agents of TB, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease basing such discoveries on animal and human experimentation (Figure 1). (embs.org)
  • The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
  • Against the backdrop of the September 11th terrorist attacks in the US, the current anthrax crisis has raised highly controversial issues related to intellectual property rights. (corpwatch.org)
  • No doubt, it is unfair to compare the AIDS pandemic in South Africa with the current anthrax crisis in the US. (corpwatch.org)
  • Until the 20th century anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and animals each year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, another type of anthrax infection has been identified in heroin-injecting drug users in northern Europe. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the only type of anthrax recorded in Australia. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Most people with this type of anthrax die if they are not treated in time. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • NORRIS: On the 12th of October, another confirmed case of anthrax at NBC in New York. (kzyx.org)
  • After notification of a suspected case of anthrax following the slaughtering of a sick cow in Banlu village, an area that has not had any anthrax cases for decades, we aimed to confirm the outbreak, determine the transmission mechanism and implement control measures. (who.int)
  • The current controversy on patented drugs started when the first signs of anthrax attacks appeared in US in early October 2001. (corpwatch.org)
  • Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax in a lab or those exposed to it because of bioterrorism. (webmd.com)
  • Who's at risk for anthrax? (healthline.com)
  • WASHINGTON - A federal judge on Monday cleared two men of all charges stemming from their involvement in an anthrax scare in Las Vegas last week but ordered one man--a microbiologist with ties to white supremacy groups--to remain in jail to face a new charge of violating his Ohio probation. (chicagotribune.com)
  • It's one thing for the government to demand a lower price to stockpile drugs at the height of a public health or national security emergency - as with the anthrax scare. (galen.org)
  • Usually, anthrax is transmitted to people when they have contact with infected animals or animal products (such as wool, hides, and hair). (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in rare cases, skin anthrax (cutaneous anthrax) may be spread from person to person by direct contact with an infected person or an object contaminated by an infected person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A rare disease, human anthrax is most common in Africa and central and southern Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Worldwide, the estimated incidence of human anthrax decreased from between 20,000 - 100,000 cases per year in 1958, to 2,000 per year during the 1980s. (who.int)
  • Injection anthrax can spread throughout the body faster and be harder to recognize and treat. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, injection anthrax has developed in people in northern Europe who inject contaminated heroin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mr Stevens' case was the first of respiratory anthrax in the US since 1978. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike bruises or most other lesions, cutaneous anthrax infections normally do not cause pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms may be similar to those of cutaneous anthrax, but there may be infection deep under the skin or in the muscle where the drug was injected. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax was historically known by a wide variety of names indicating its symptoms, location and groups considered most vulnerable to infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Are the Symptoms of Anthrax? (webmd.com)
  • If you think you've been exposed to anthrax , seek medical help right away -- even if you don't notice symptoms, which may not show up right away. (webmd.com)
  • There is a delay between infection with anthrax and the appearance of symptoms. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The symptoms of anthrax exposure depend on the mode of contact. (healthline.com)
  • People who inhale anthrax usually develop symptoms within a week. (healthline.com)
  • Treatment for anthrax depends if you've developed symptoms or not. (healthline.com)
  • If you're exposed to anthrax but you have no symptoms, your doctor will begin preventive treatment. (healthline.com)
  • It is very clear that their symptoms are suspicious, and their deaths are likely due to anthrax. (kzyx.org)
  • While anthrax can be transmitted to humans via contact with animals, it's not spread through human-to-human contact. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax is very rare in Australia, with only been 3 cases occurring in humans since 2001. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • It is very unlikely for humans to catch anthrax from soil. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. (who.int)
  • Hampshire in 1957 and suspected accidental release of B. anthracis aerosols from a bioweapons facility in Sverdlovsk, 1Members of the National Anthrax Epidemiologic Investigation Team were Paul P. Abamonte, Joel Ackelsberg, S. (cdc.gov)
  • B. anthracis je velk (1 -1,5 m na 4 -10 m), nepohybliv , opouzd en , et zkuj c , aerobn , grampozitivn ty ka, kter tvo centr ln ulo en ov ln spory. (referaty-seminarky.cz)
  • Nelze s jistotou ci, zda v p d doch z k n jak mu v znamn mu pomno en B. anthracis a ani faktory ovliv uj c pravd podobnost, e u zv at pasouc ch se na kontaminovan m zem dojde k infekci, nebyly pln definov ny. (referaty-seminarky.cz)
  • A vaccine to prevent anthrax is available for people in the military and others at high risk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • ollowing the bioterrorism-related anthrax attacks in Octo- day, the center is in operation around the clock. (cdc.gov)
  • The Justice Department has finally released a trove of filings from the anthrax investigation. (propublica.org)
  • The report, titled "Remember 9/11 and Anthrax: Public Health's Vital Role in National Defense," includes essays from about 35 federal, state, and local public health officials who were involved in responding to the 2001 attacks, plus a chronology of key events and a summary of the anthrax investigation. (umn.edu)
  • If your doctor thinks you have anthrax, you'll get a test to check to see if you have anthrax antibodies or toxins in your blood . (webmd.com)
  • Anthrax became widely known in 2001 when it was used as a biological weapon . (healthline.com)
  • This anthrax attack resulted in five deaths and 17 illnesses, making it one of the worst biological attacks in the history of the United States. (healthline.com)
  • You can come into contact with anthrax through animals or biological weapons. (healthline.com)
  • Anthrax can be used as a biological weapon, but this is very rare. (healthline.com)
  • Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) officials do not expect more to be affected, or that the outbreak will expand to other areas of the country, the daily La Nación reported.Anthrax gained notoriety in 2001 as a suspected biological weapon that left five dead in the United States when it was sent through the mail. (ticotimes.net)
  • LONDON - A full-scale medical emergency has broken out in the Yamal region of Siberia , with troops from the Russian army's special biological warfare unit spearheading efforts to contain an outbreak of anthrax . (truthdig.com)
  • During World War I, the Germans developed anthrax, glanders, cholera, and a wheat fungus for use as biological weapons. (medscape.com)
  • It is the most common form (>90% of anthrax cases). (wikipedia.org)
  • We report the combined findings from the occurred in 1976, and the last reported case of cutaneous epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of these cases, anthrax occurred in the summer of 2001 (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • It now says that foul play is the most likely explanation for two anthrax cases, one of which proved fatal. (bbc.co.uk)
  • All suspected and confirmed cases of anthrax in Australia must be reported to the public health authorities. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • Cases of anthrax in livestock are reported in Australia from time to time. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • In its most common natural form called cutaneous anthrax (over 95% of cases), it creates dark sores on the skin, from which it derives its name, after the Greek word for coal. (who.int)
  • F ber 2001, a total of 22 cases of anthrax were identified: 11 2001, SCPDC employed 1,122 workers. (cdc.gov)
  • The center is equipped with 6 advanced-facer canceller and 4 suspected) cases of cutaneous anthrax (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Retrospective and prospective surveillance that are used to identify and sort letters for their final destina- detected no additional cases of anthrax in her community tion. (cdc.gov)
  • Most anthrax cases involve the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cutaneous anthrax presents as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar). (wikipedia.org)
  • No ulcer is present, and ulcer edema and eschar characteristic of anthrax are absent. (medscape.com)
  • The NIAID has given contracts to Emergent BioSolutions and PharmAthene worth $29.7 million and $83.9 million, respectively, to further their anthrax vaccines. (genengnews.com)
  • The chancre of primary syphilis may also be confused with cutaneous anthrax. (medscape.com)
  • The chancre of primary syphilis is painless, as is the lesion of cutaneous anthrax, but the syphilitic chancre is not pruritic and is not surrounded by an edematous halo. (medscape.com)
  • Generalized rather than local adenopathy accompanies syphilis, which is the opposite of what is expected with cutaneous anthrax. (medscape.com)
  • Tom Daschle served as Senate majority leader, when his office was targeted by one anthrax letter. (politico.com)
  • Researchers find two new leads for anti-anthrax drugs. (innovations-report.com)
  • As fears over bioterrorism attacks spiral, researchers are making progress towards better anthrax drugs - but these are unlikely to reach the drugstore soon. (innovations-report.com)
  • Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) recently unveiled a credit-card-size anthrax detector that works like a portable medical laboratory in the field. (darkdaily.com)
  • A team of MIT researchers are using a disarmed version of anthrax to administer cancer drugs. (bostonmagazine.com)
  • Any anthrax attack researchers among us? (911blogger.com)
  • CDC, JUDY SCHMIDT If the risks are low, researchers could be permitted to study the anthrax vaccine in children, according to a 146-page report released today (March 19) by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. (the-scientist.com)
  • Mass vaccination is not the best way to deal with the threat of anthrax attacks by terrorists, say researchers who have evaluated the outcomes of various strategies. (bioedonline.org)
  • BRUCE IVINS, a leading anthrax researcher for the US army, died last week after reportedly taking a massive overdose of painkillers. (newscientist.com)
  • Several groups are designing more effective versions using purified proteins, explains anthrax researcher Stephen Leppla of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Reseach in Bethesda, Maryland. (innovations-report.com)
  • Without treatment, up to 20% of people with cutaneous anthrax die. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people at high risk of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • But many people don't know they have anthrax until it is too late to treat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anthrax has also been found in people who have injected heroin. (webmd.com)
  • Most people who get anthrax work with infected animals, or with animal products like wool or hide. (webmd.com)
  • The next day, the US Department of Justice promised there would soon be "significant developments" in the long-running mystery of who mailed anthrax to US news outlets and senators in 2001, killing five people. (newscientist.com)
  • Anthrax illness is more common in farm animals than people. (healthline.com)
  • The last recorded outbreak of anthrax in Arctic Russia was in 1941, when several people and thousands of reindeer died. (truthdig.com)
  • Another possible source of the outbreak is from the bodies of people who died from anthrax in the 1930s and early 1940s. (truthdig.com)
  • Compared to over 4.7 million patients suffering from AIDS and nearly 300 AIDS patients dying every day in South Africa, the anthrax crisis in the US has only affected a dozen people and claimed four lives until now. (corpwatch.org)
  • As the spectre of anthrax epidemic loomed large in the public, people started piling up stocks of Cipro. (corpwatch.org)
  • The anthrax attacks through the postal system killed five people across the country and sickened 17 in the weeks after Sept. 11, 2001. (911blogger.com)
  • In all, a total of 5 people were killed and at least 17 people were sickened by anthrax in October 2001. (kzyx.org)
  • Most people recover from cutaneous anthrax. (healthdirect.gov.au)
  • People at high risk of being exposed to anthrax are vaccinated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The type of illness a person develops depends on how anthrax enters the body. (cdc.gov)