A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.
Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).

Urinary tract infections in adults. (1/205)

Urinary tract infections remain a significant cause of morbidity in all age groups. Recent studies have helped to better define the population groups at risk for these infections, as well as the most cost-effective management strategies. Initially, a urinary tract infection should be categorized as complicated or uncomplicated. Further categorization of the infection by clinical syndrome and by host (i.e., acute cystitis in young women, acute pyelonephritis, catheter-related infection, infection in men, asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly) helps the physician determine the appropriate diagnostic and management strategies. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are caused by a predictable group of susceptible organisms. These infections can be empirically treated without the need for urine cultures. The most effective therapy for an uncomplicated infection is a three-day course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Complicated infections are diagnosed by quantitative urine cultures and require a more prolonged course of therapy. Asymptomatic bacteriuria rarely requires treatment and is not associated with increased morbidity in elderly patients.  (+info)

A trial comparing low-dose, short-course ciprofloxacin and standard 7 day therapy with co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. (2/205)

The study was undertaken to compare the safety and efficacy of twice-daily ciprofloxacin for 3 days with standard 7 day therapy with either co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of women with acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI). This multicentre, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial compared oral ciprofloxacin (100 mg bd) for 3 days with co-trimoxazole (160/800 mg bd) or nitrofurantoin (100 mg bd) for 7 days. Bacteriological and clinical evaluations were performed at study entry, during therapy and 4-10 days and 4-6 weeks after the completion of therapy. The primary efficacy parameter was eradication of the causative organism 4-10 days following treatment. Of 713 women enrolled and evaluable for safety, 521 were evaluable for efficacy (168 ciprofloxacin, 174 co-trimoxazole, 179 nitrofurantoin). Escherichia coli (83%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen in all treatment groups. Bacteriological eradication was reported in 88% of ciprofloxacin patients, 93% of co-trimoxazole patients and 86% of nitrofurantoin patients. At the 4-6 week follow-up, ciprofloxacin had statistically significantly higher eradication rates (91%) than co-trimoxazole (79%; 95% confidence limit (CL) = -20.6%, -3.9%) and nitrofurantoin (82%; 95% CL = -17.1%, -0.9%). Clinical resolution 4-10 days after therapy and at the 4-6 week follow-up was similar among the three treatment groups. The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was not significantly different (P = 0.093) among the three drug regimens, although co-trimoxazole was associated with a greater number of adverse events than ciprofloxacin (P < or = 0.05). Ciprofloxacin also caused fewer episodes of nausea than either of the other agents (P < or = 0.01).  (+info)

Risk factors for resistance to "first-line" antimicrobials among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in children. (3/205)

BACKGROUND: There are increasing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance in Canada. Data are limited on the prevalence, patterns of resistance and risk factors associated with resistant organisms, including coliforms, in children. This study was done to address these issues as they relate to urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in a tertiary care pediatric centre in Ottawa. METHODS: A surveillance study was conducted from December 1992 to December 1994. Susceptibility testing of urinary tract isolates of E. coli was performed using a panel of antimicrobial agents. A case-control study was also conducted for subjects with isolates resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T-S), this drug being used a representative "first-line" agent. RESULTS: A total of 1636 consecutive isolates were obtained from 967 subjects. Of the 1636 isolates, 736 (45.0%) were resistant to ampicillin, 514 (31.4%) were resistant to T-S, 363 (22.2%) were resistant to both ampicillin and T-S, and 27 (1.7%) were resistant to both ampicillin and gentamicin. In the case-control study 274 children with isolates resistant to T-S were matched with 274 children who had T-S-sensitive isolates obtained during the study period or the preceding or subsequent 6 months. Multivariate analyses indicated that subjects who had received antimicrobials for more than 4 weeks in the previous 6 months were about 23 times more likely to have isolates resistant to T-S than were subjects without this risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 23.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.0-47.6). Children with genitourinary tract abnormalities were 2.4 times more likely to have resistant isolates than those without such abnormalities (95% CI 1.2-4.5). Compared with children who had no hospital admissions in the previous year, those with 1 admission in that period were more likely to have resistant isolates (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.5), as were those with 2 or more admissions in that period (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.8). Compared with children aged 2-6 years, children under 2 years of age were less likely to have resistant isolates (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). INTERPRETATION: Selective antimicrobial pressure and multiple admissions to hospital were among the risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance. The finding of a low but definite level of resistance to both ampicillin and gentamicin is important for the selection of empiric therapy for sepsis in neonates. The role of inexpensive first-line agents in the outpatient treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections requires re-examination, particularly in children who have recently received antimicrobial therapy.  (+info)

Recurrent cystitis in nonpregnant women. (4/205)

Consistent evidence from RCTs shows that antibiotic prophylaxis (either continuous or postcoital), using trimethoprim TMP-SMZ, nitrofurantoin, or a quinolone, reduces infection rates in women with high rates of recurrent cystitis (at least two per year). Limited evidence suggests that intermittent patient-administered treatment (taken at the onset of symptoms) is an effective alternative management strategy to continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in women with high rates of infection (at least two per year). Limited evidence suggests that long-term prophylaxis is likely to benefit women with a baseline rate of more than two infections per year over many years. However, long-term treatment has not yet been evaluated in RCTs. In women who experience recurrent, uncomplicated cystitis, there is no evidence to support routine investigation of the urinary tract with excretory urography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy, or voiding cystourethrography. No specific subgroups of women who would clearly benefit from investigation have yet been adequately defined.  (+info)

Factors associated with trimethoprim-resistant bacteria isolated from urine samples. (5/205)

Urine samples with trimethoprim-resistant or trimethoprim-sensitive Gram-negative bacteria and samples with no bacterial growth (NG) were identified. Age-sex matched community controls were generated with each trimethoprim-resistant case. These four groups were evaluated for exposure. Prior trimethoprim use was significantly more common in the trimethoprim-resistant group when compared with the trimethoprim-sensitive or the NG group. Prior hospitalization was significantly less common in the trimethoprim-resistant than the trimethoprim-sensitive group, but not with the NG group. Prior oestrogen exposure was associated with trimethoprim resistance. There were no associations found for diabetes or prior corticosteroid exposure. Community controls were found to be inappropriate controls for the study of trimethoprim-resistant bacteria in urine samples.  (+info)

Antimicrobial resistance patterns in urinary isolates from nursing home residents. Fifteen years of data reviewed. (6/205)

The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from nursing home patients between 1983 and 1997 were analysed. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent isolate (48%) followed by Proteus spp. (26%) and other Enterobacteriaceae (20%). During the study period, the susceptibility of E. coli decreased for co-trimoxazole (79% to 62%), increased for nitrofurantoin (79% to 91%) and remained unchanged for amoxycillin (41%). Susceptibility to norfloxacin, available from 1990, decreased from 87% to 71%. Similar trends were observed when the susceptibilities of all gram-negative urinary pathogens were combined. The changes in susceptibility can probably be attributed to the empirical prescribing practices in the nursing homes studied.  (+info)

Variation by specialty in the treatment of urinary tract infection in women. (7/205)

To determine practicing physicians' strategies for diagnosing and managing uncomplicated urinary tract infection, we surveyed physicians in general internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, and emergency medicine in four states. Responses differed significantly by respondents' specialty. For example, nitrofurantoin was the antibiotic of first choice for 46% of obstetricians, while over 80% in the other specialties chose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Most surveyed said they do not usually order urine culture, but the percentage who do varied by specialty. Most use a colony count of 10(5) colony-forming units or more for diagnosis although evidence favors a lower threshold, and 70% continue antibiotic therapy even if the culture result is negative. This survey found considerable variation by specialty and also among individual physicians regarding diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection and also suggests that some of the new information from the literature has not been translated to clinical practice.  (+info)

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance among urinary coliform isolates. (8/205)

OBJECTIVE: A large majority of urinary tract infections are caused by coliform organisms. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance among uropathogens is increasing in many areas. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for TMP-SMX-resistant coliforms in patients with urinary tract infections. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Emergency department of a tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: We studied 448 emergency department patients aged 14 years or older with a urinary tract infection caused by a coliform organism. Cases consisted of all patients with a culture-documented urinary tract infection caused by a TMP-SMX-resistant coliform, while control patients were those with a TMP-SMX-sensitive organism. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A univariate analysis of clinical variables associated with TMP-SMX resistance was performed. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of TMP-SMX resistance. Resistance to TMP-SMX was seen in 15% of isolates. Numerous variables were associated with TMP-SMX resistance on the univariate screen. Independent predictors of resistance were diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 8.4), recent hospitalization (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1, 5.7), current use of antibiotics (OR 4.5; 95% CI 2.0, 10.2), and recent use of TMP-SMX (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.2, 11.5). When those with recent hospitalization were excluded from analysis, independent predictors were current use of any antibiotic (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4, 8. 4) and recent use of TMP-SMX (OR 5.9; 95% CI 2.4, 14.3). CONCLUSIONS: Coliforms resistant to TMP-SMX are common in our emergency department. Diabetes, recent hospitalization, and the use of antibiotics, particularly the use of TMP-SMX, are independent risk factors for TMP-SMX resistance. Clinicians should consider these findings when deciding on antimicrobial therapy for patients with urinary tract infections.  (+info)

Pityriasis is a general term used to describe a group of skin conditions characterized by scaling. It includes several specific types, the most common being Pityriasis rosea and Pityriasis simplex capillitii (also known as dandruff).

1. Pityriasis rosea: This is a temporary skin rash that often begins with a single, round, scaly patch on the chest, abdomen, or back. A few days to weeks later, more patches appear. These patches are oval and scaly, and they may be pink, red, or tan. The rash usually lasts about 6-8 weeks.

2. Pityriasis simplex capillitii: This is a very common condition characterized by flaking or scaling of the scalp, which is often referred to as dandruff.

The term "pityriasis" comes from the Greek word "pitýrios," which means "bran."

The urinary bladder is a muscular, hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it is released from the body. It expands as it fills with urine and contracts when emptying. The typical adult bladder can hold between 400 to 600 milliliters of urine for about 2-5 hours before the urge to urinate occurs. The wall of the bladder contains several layers, including a mucous membrane, a layer of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle), and an outer fibrous adventitia. The muscles of the bladder neck and urethra remain contracted to prevent leakage of urine during filling, and they relax during voiding to allow the urine to flow out through the urethra.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).

Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.

Urinary calculi, also known as kidney stones or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the urinary system. These calculi can develop in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The formation of urinary calculi typically occurs when there is a concentration of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or struvite, in the urine. When these substances become highly concentrated, they can crystallize and form small seeds that gradually grow into larger stones over time.

The size of urinary calculi can vary from tiny, sand-like particles to large stones that can fill the entire renal pelvis. The symptoms associated with urinary calculi depend on the stone's size, location, and whether it is causing a blockage in the urinary tract. Common symptoms include severe pain in the flank, lower abdomen, or groin; nausea and vomiting; blood in the urine (hematuria); fever and chills; and frequent urge to urinate or painful urination.

Treatment for urinary calculi depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with increased fluid intake and pain management. Larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) to break up or remove the stone. Preventive measures include maintaining adequate hydration, modifying dietary habits, and taking medications to reduce the risk of stone formation.

Urinary catheterization is a medical procedure in which a flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. This may be done to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output, or obtain a urine sample for laboratory testing. It can be performed as a clean, intermittent catheterization, or with an indwelling catheter (also known as Foley catheter) that remains in place for a longer period of time. The procedure should be performed using sterile technique to reduce the risk of urinary tract infection.

Urinary retention is a medical condition in which the bladder cannot empty completely or at all, resulting in the accumulation of urine in the bladder. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and difficulty in passing urine. Urinary retention can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term). Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention, while chronic urinary retention may be managed with medications or surgery. The causes of urinary retention include nerve damage, bladder muscle weakness, prostate gland enlargement, and side effects of certain medications.

Padberg S (2014-09-17). "Anti-infective agents: Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary infection". In Schaefer C, Peters PW, Miller ... Antiprotozoal agents, Chagas disease, Bayer brands, Hydrazones, Nitrofurans, Sulfones, Thiomorpholines, World Health ...
A course of oral antibiotics or anti-infective agents will be prescribed. Additionally, a urinary analgesic such as ... An IV antibiotic or other anti-infective medication is administered in conjunction with intravenous normal saline, and allowed ... and the urinary meatus is cleansed with an appropriate surgical cleansing agent (scrub), usually containing Povidone-iodine, ... The catheter is then attached to a urinary catheter drainage system (large bag or leg bag) via clear polypropylene tubing. ...
Antiinfective agent, treatment of impetigo, treatment of conjunctivitis, treatment of urinary tract infections." Drugs Fut. ... a Promising Class of Well-Tolerated Topical Anti-Infectives". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 57 (3): 1107-1114. doi: ... NovaBay is developing a formulation of Auriclosene to be used against eye, skin, and urinary tract infections. These products ... The products are intended to replace current classical antibiotics used in eye, skin, and urinary tract infections. Ron Najafi ...
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Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 6 (5): 593-600. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593. PMID 18847400. S2CID 13158593. Zhanel GG ... Fosfomycin, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower urinary tract ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 39 (7): 1569-1573. doi:10.1128/aac.39.7.1569. PMC 162783. PMID 7492106. Brown ED, Vivas ... Falagas ME, Giannopoulou KP, Kokolakis GN, Rafailidis PI (April 2008). "Fosfomycin: use beyond urinary tract and ...
Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (4): 459-473. doi:10.1586/eri.12.25. PMID 22512755. S2CID 31496981. García-Salguero ... Plazomicin is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adults with complicated urinary tract infections, ... November 2010). "Synthesis and spectrum of the neoglycoside ACHN-490". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (11): 4636- ... Clinical trial number NCT02486627 for "A Study of Plazomicin Compared With Meropenem for the Treatment of Complicated Urinary ...
Injection of other anti-infective (99.23) Injection of steroid (99.24) Injection of other hormone (99.25) Injection or infusion ... Urinary diversion to intestine Internal urinary diversion NOS (56.8) Repair of ureter (56.9) Other operations on ureter (57) ... Injection of sclerosing agent into vein (39.93) Insertion of vessel-to-vessel cannula (39.94) Replacement of vessel-to-vessel ... Other repair of urinary bladder (57.9) Other operations on bladder (58) Operations on urethra (55.81) Suture of laceration of ...
Anti-Infective Agents. 18 (3): 233-238. doi:10.2174/2211352517666190531110829. S2CID 191139942. "What Is E. Coli?". WebMD. ... and urinary tract infections. Observed in the muscle of mice, the venom of S. polymorpha is able to cause muscle damage, ...
Pendleton JN, Gorman SP, Gilmore BF (March 2013). "Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens". Expert Review of Anti-Infective ... Some strains cause urinary tract (UTI) and blood infections and are resistant to multiple drug therapies, which therefore puts ... International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 35 (4): 322-32. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011. PMID 20149602. Santajit S ... The opportunistic pathogen can cause hospitalized patients to have infections in the lungs (as pneumonia), blood, urinary tract ...
... synthetic anti-infectives compounds. These compounds are designed to mimic the body's defense system against infection. The ... "Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Wound Care Agent Part I" (PDF). "510(k) Summary NeutroPhase® Skin and Wound Cleaner OTC" (PDF ... Potential applications include flesh-eating disease, problems related to in-dwelling urinary catheters, and common eye ... The company is currently developing compounds with anti-bacterial and anti-viral action. ...
... anti-infective agents, local MeSH D27.505.954.122.237 - anti-infective agents, urinary MeSH D27.505.954.122.250 - antiparasitic ... anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.085 - anti-bacterial agents MeSH D27.505 ... renal agents MeSH D27.505.954.613.056 - anti-infective agents, urinary MeSH D27.505.954.613.860 - uricosuric agents MeSH ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ...
Antimicrobial medications (aka antimicrobials or anti-infective agents) include antibiotics, antibacterials, antifungals, ... Surveillance definitions exist for infections of the bloodstream, urinary tract, pneumonia, surgical sites and gastroenteritis ... Pandemic prevention - Organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics "Anti-infectives". Drugs.com. ... Various forms of isolation exist, and are applied depending on the type of infection and agent involved, and its route of ...
... and ten other oral antimicrobial agents against urinary bacterial isolates". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 21 (5): 848 ... Levine GJ, Szarfman A (15 December 2006). "Data Mining Analysis of Multiple Antibiotics in AERS". Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory ... The urinary pH may affect the solubility of norfloxacin. Norfloxacin is least soluble at urinary pH of 7.5 with greater ... Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (including cystitis) Complicated urinary tract infections (restricted use) Uncomplicated ...
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 8 (6): 657-70. doi:10.1586/eri.10.41. PMID 20521894. S2CID 2511048. Uçkay, I; Harbarth ... Stephan, F.; Sax, H.; Wachsmuth, M.; Hoffmeyer, P.; Clergue, F.; Pittet, D. (2006). "Reduction of Urinary Tract Infection and ... Since 2002, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) Planning Committee member Since 2011, Co- ... Stéphan, F; Sax, H; Wachsmuth, M; Hoffmeyer, P; Clergue, F; Pittet, D (2006). "Reduction of urinary tract infection and ...
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 17 (3): 189-200. doi:10.1080/14787210.2019.1577136. ISSN 1478-7210. PMC 7155971. PMID ... Often, symptoms are similar to those of a urinary tract infection.[citation needed] When C. trachomatis presents in the eye in ... The bacterium is still classified as gram-negative C. trachomatis agent was first cultured and isolated in the yolk sacs of ... This was a significant milestone because it became possible to preserve these agents which could then be used for future ...
Nanda, N; Michel, RG; Kurdgelashvili, G; Wendel, KA (2006). "Trichomoniasis and its treatment". Expert Review of Anti-infective ... T. vaginalis has also been reported in the urinary tract, fallopian tubes, and pelvis and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and ... Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a sexually transmitted disease ... Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, and is a sexually transmitted infection ...
Both gram positive and gram negative infections are commonly spread through the blood from an infective source; but can be ... Gram negative infections are usually acquired through urinary tract infections, drug abuse, and skin infections. Older people ... Risk of septic arthritis increases with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment. Immunosuppressive medication Intravenous ... or joint infection is the invasion of a joint by an infectious agent resulting in joint inflammation. Generally speaking, ...
... has also been formulated as a broad-spectrum anti-infective for fish under the name Terramycin 200 (TM200). It ... In this final step, the cofactor NADPH is employed by TchA (reductase) as the reducing agent. Upon reduction, the enol form is ... Oxytetracycline is used to treat infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts, skin, ear, eye and gonorrhoea, although its ... Other compounds produced via type II PKSs are important bioactive compounds which span from anticancer agents doxorubicin to ...
When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs ... First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the ... Infections can be classified by the anatomic location or organ system infected, including:[citation needed] Urinary tract ... Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids ...
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 10 (4): 487-499. doi:10.1586/eri.12.20. PMID 22512757. S2CID 207218803. Zarei, Omid; ... When M. genitalium is a co-infectious agent risk associations are stronger and statistically significant. M. genitalium is ... small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the mucous epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. Medical ... Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 10 (4): 487-499. doi:10.1586/eri.12.20. ISSN 1478-7210. PMID 22512757. S2CID 207218803 ...
Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 7 (6): 709-722. doi:10.1586/eri.09.44. PMC 2739015. PMID 19681699. "Rifampicin". ... Rifampicin is relatively ineffective against spirochetes, which has led to its use as a selective agent capable of isolating ... Only about 7% of the administered drug is excreted unchanged in urine, though urinary elimination accounts for only about 30% ... Leschine SB, Canale-Parola E (December 1980). "Rifampin as a selective agent for isolation of oral spirochetes". Journal of ...
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 6 (5): 593-600. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593. PMID 18847400. S2CID 13158593. Durante- ... These agents exhibit a post-antibiotic effect in which there is no or very little drug level detectable in blood, but there ... complicated urinary tract infections, and nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Usually, once cultures of the causal ... Agents Chemother. 43 (4): 727-37. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.4.727. PMC 89199. PMID 10103173. ME Levison, MD, 2012, Aminoglycosides, ...
Maresso AW, Schneewind O (March 2008). "Sortase as a target of anti-infective therapy". Pharmacological Reviews. 60 (1): 128-41 ... Cossart P, Jonquières R (May 2000). "Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against gram-positive bacteria?". ... to biofilm formation and a murine model of urinary tract infection". Infection and Immunity. 75 (11): 5399-404. doi:10.1128/IAI ...
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery. 5 (2): 124-51. doi:10.2174/157489110791233522. PMC 2935806. PMID 20429870. ... "The potential clinical and economic benefits of silver alloy urinary catheters in preventing urinary tract infection". Archives ... With the development of modern antibiotics in the 1940s, the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent diminished, although it ... A number of wound dressings containing silver as an anti-bacterial have been cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( ...
... is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for both acute and long-term inflammation, as well as for the treatment of ... Several studies investigated the anti-infective properties of aspirin for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Aspirin ... A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization ... Aspirin, along with several other agents with anti-inflammatory properties, has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for ...
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (1): 49-56. doi:10.2174/187152107779314179. Archived from the original (PDF) on ... It was introduced in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans. Nalidixic acid was discovered by George ... Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (1): 49-56. doi:10.2174/187152107779314179. Archived (PDF) from the original on ... The earlier-generation agents are, in general, more narrow-spectrum than the later ones, but no standard is employed to ...
Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 5 (3): 365-83. doi:10.1586/14787210.5.3.365. PMID 17547502. S2CID 68837323. Benli A, ... and urinary, mainly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other infectious bacteria. They are primarily used in current and ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40 (4): 829-34. doi:10.1128/AAC.40.4.829. PMC 163214. PMID 8849235. Rice LB, Carias LL, ... Thus piperacillin is sometimes referred to as an "anti-pseudomonal penicillin". When used alone, piperacillin lacks strong ...
For the treatment of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract (chronic bronchitis) and urinary tract, and as a pre- ... It is also used as a prophylactic or preventative treatment to prevent urinary tract infections in patients undergoing ... Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat chronic bronchitis, as well as complicated and uncomplicated urinary ... operative prophylactic to prevent urinary tract infection caused by: S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, E. ...
Padberg S (2014-09-17). "Anti-infective agents: Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary infection". In Schaefer C, Peters PW, Miller ... Antiprotozoal agents, Chagas disease, Bayer brands, Hydrazones, Nitrofurans, Sulfones, Thiomorpholines, World Health ...
Urinary tract anti-infective agents. Quinolones: SAR of quinolones, Nalidixic Acid,Norfloxacin, Enoxacin, Ciprofloxacin*, ... Anti-tubercular Agents. Synthetic anti tubercular agents: Isoniozid*, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Para amino sali- ... Anti-protozoal Agents: Metronidazole*, Tinidazole, Ornidazole, Diloxanide, Iodoquinol, Pentamidine Isethionate, Atovaquone, ... Anti tubercular antibiotics: Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Cycloserine Streptomycine, Capreomycin sulphate.. ...
Ammonium benzoate agent detailed information in Haz-Map database. ... as a urinary anti-infective; [HSDB] ...
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They include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antituberculosis, antimalarial and urinary anti-infective agents. However, ... Frontiers in Anti-infective Agents. × This volume of Frontiers in Anti-Infective Agents provides updates on the most recent ... Frontiers in Anti-infective Agents. × Anti-infective agents are a distinct class of pharmacologically important molecules that ... Frontiers in Anti-infective Agents. × Anti-infective agents are a distinct class of pharmacologically important molecules that ...
... and urinary anti-infective agents [5]. In modern experimental studies, TF has been reported to have protective effects against ... Dorsal skin tissues were stained with anti-CD3 (a) or anti-Orai-1 (b) antibodies and then observed under a microscope (×100). ... C with antibodies against anti-CD3 and anti-Orai-1 (Cell Signaling Co., Danvers, USA). Unbound antibodies were removed the ... The cells were stimulated with anti-DNP-IgE (0.1 μg/mL) for 24 hr, treated with TF extract (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/mL), DSCG (30 ...
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Mactal-Haaf C, Hoffman M, Kuchta A. Use of anti-infective agents during lactation, Part 3: Antivirals, antifungals, and urinary ...
Includes information on classification and safety of anti-infective agents - Includes treatment of urinary tract infections - ... Frontiers in Anti-infective Agents. Pregnancy and Anti-Infective Agents. Volume: 4. Editor(s) : Ricardo Ney Cobucci. DOI: ... Anti-Infective Agents for Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy Page: 141-150 (10). Author: Igor Thiago Queiroz* and Carolina A. D. Santos ... Anti-Infective Agents for HIV in Pregnancy Page: 110-131 (22). Author: Igor Thiago Queiroz*, Themis Rocha Souza, Juliana ...
... anti-infective agents halofantrine, maraviroc); statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin); cardioactive drugs ( ... and urinary tract agents (darifenacin) (reviewed in 171). Because of the potential for adverse drug interactions, some ... antihypertensive agents, antiarrhythmic agents, chemotherapeutic (anticancer) agents, antifungal agents, HIV protease ... Potential anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti/estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of ...
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C: anti-infective agents;. *. D: womens health and urinary disorders;. *. E: musculoskeletal; ... C: Anti-infective agents. 12. Mefloquine to a patient with a history of convulsions ... D: Womens health and urinary disorders. 13. Combined hormonal contraceptive to a woman with a history of venous or arterial ...
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone anti-infective agent.. Laboratory Test Interferences. Tests for Urinary Glucose. ... Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone anti-infective agent. Like other commercially available fluoroquinolones, ... Unlike b-lactam anti-infectives, which are most active against susceptible bacteria when they are in the logarithmic phase of ... Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infectives, ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of the ...
Acute urinary retention in a 9-year-old child: an atypical presentation of acute appendicitis. J Emerg Med. 2006 Aug. 31(2):173 ... Anti-infective Agents. Class Summary. Anti-infectives such as metronidazole and tigecycline are effective against many types of ... This agent is a drug combination of beta-lactamase inhibitor with ampicillin. It is used as a single agent and interferes with ... Urinary 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid as a test for early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Clin Biochem. 2004 Nov. 37(11):985-9 ...
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... ; Azuma TabletsAzuma SyrupNOR-T TabletsLEVOZ-500 TabletsCHLORAMPHENICOL Capsules & SuspensionCIPRON-500 ... It is also used in Haemophilus influenzae, meningitis, chronic infections of urinary tract with a sensitive strain of Proteus ... Cipron is a broad spectrum and potent synthetic Fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. It is indicated in various respiratory, ... Urinary tract infections : Uncomplicated and complicated urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, epididymitis. ...
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  • Cipron is a broad spectrum and potent synthetic Fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. (betashelys.com)
  • Sulfamethoxazole is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. (medswow.com)
  • Immunosuppressive therapies, including irradiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, cytotoxic drugs and corticosteroids (used in greater than physiologic doses), may reduce the immune response to cholera vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment includes aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids during severe carditis, and antimicrobials to eradicate residual streptococcal infection and prevent reinfection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat chronic bronchitis, as well as complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Although these therapeutic agents have greatly improved patient outcomes, the current treatments for AD are still not ideal and novel therapeutic strategies are required in the search for better drugs with safety and efficacy. (hindawi.com)
  • This chapter aims to discuss the anti-infective agents to broaden the understanding of the fundamental concepts, practical applications of the drugs prescribed and the necessary care for pregnant women. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Because of the relatively common occurrence of some infections during pregnancy, there is a great importance of studying them, therefore, knowing the classification of the drugs and identifying which agents are safe during pregnancy will both be discussed in this chapter. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Due to fluid retention properties of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), the effect of diuretics may be reduced, and increased dosage of diuretics may be needed. (ratguide.com)
  • Cardiovascular Drugs / Antilipemic Agents / HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (i.e. (tevausa.com)
  • Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution. (lookformedical.com)
  • Recently preparations of prickly pear have been used for hyperglycemia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, alcohol hangover, acidosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes and problems of the urinary system in women among other disorders. (shopwondrousroots.com)
  • both sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are folate-antagonist anti-infectives. (medswow.com)
  • Atta-ur- Rahman, M. Iqbal Choudhary , " Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery ", Bentham Science Publishers (2018). (benthamscience.com)
  • Ricardo Ney Cobucci , " Frontiers in Anti-infective Agents ", Bentham Science Publishers (2020). (eurekaselect.com)
  • Antibiotic agents are effective in decreasing the rate of postoperative wound infection and in improving outcome in patients with appendiceal abscess or septicemia. (medscape.com)
  • The Surgical Infection Society recommends starting prophylactic antibiotics before surgery, using appropriate spectrum agents for less than 24 hours for nonperforated appendicitis and for less than 5 days for perforated appendicitis. (medscape.com)
  • CABP is the leading cause of infection-related deaths and causes the second-most hospitalizations in the U.S. Not to mention a decision regarding the approval of NBRV's second candidate, Contepo, an antibiotic for urinary tract infections, is expected in mid-2020. (investorplace.com)
  • Complicated urinary tract infections represent a serious infection in patients with underlying functional or structural abnormality of the urinary tract or in the presence of catheterization, and includes patients with acute pyelonephritis, regardless of underlying abnormalities of the urinary tract. (chronicleshealth.com)
  • HA286 trade name] is indicated in combination with another antiretroviral agent for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adults, adolescents and children weighing over 25 kg. (who.int)
  • Acute sinusitis, Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Community-acquired pneumonia, Uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections, Urinary tract infections including acute pyelonephritis and Chronic bacterial prostatitis. (betashelys.com)
  • Nabriva Therapeutics is also developing CONTEPO (fosfomycin) for injection, a potential first-in-class epoxide antibiotic for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), including acute pyelonephritis. (chronicleshealth.com)
  • Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for gram-negative coverage, as well as in combination with an agent against gram-positive organisms and another one against anaerobes. (medscape.com)
  • Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone anti-infective agent. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infectives, ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of the enzymatic activities of 2 members of the DNA topoisomerase class of enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • This drug is also a second-generation cephalosporin that is indicated as single agent for the management of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods. (medscape.com)
  • It is indicated in various respiratory, urinary and other infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. (betashelys.com)
  • and 4: should be studied in urinary tract pathogens isolated in urine and other specimens). (mssm.edu)
  • Comment: Palifermin should not be administered within 24 hr before, during infusion of, or within 24 hr after administration of antineoplastic agents. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, on the basis of applications, the global advanced parenteral drug delivery devices market is bifurcated as central nervous system agents, hormones & related agents, respiratory agents, gastrointestinal agents, anti-infective agents, cardiovascular agents, genito-urinary agents, and nutritional agents. (acumenresearchandconsulting.com)
  • Each drug Other Cardiovascular Agents product is associated with a coverage tier, shown to the right of each drug product. (medpdffinder.com)
  • When used as a single agent, it inhibits biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide and is effective during active multiplication stages. (medscape.com)
  • An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal. (lookformedical.com)
  • An anti-infective agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections. (lookformedical.com)
  • NBRV ) is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company looking to find treatments for serious infections using anti-infective agents. (investorplace.com)
  • Nabriva Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company engaged in the commercialization and development of innovative anti-infective agents to treat serious infections. (chronicleshealth.com)
  • In the drug market, polymer-encapsulated medicines, hormones and central nervous system agents are gaining importance that further requires parenteral drug delivery. (acumenresearchandconsulting.com)
  • The cladodes are used in the treatment of whooping cough, as "anti-infective agents" and in the reduction of gastric ulcer. (shopwondrousroots.com)
  • It is also used in Haemophilus influenzae, meningitis, chronic infections of urinary tract with a sensitive strain of Proteus vulgaris and rickettsial infections. (betashelys.com)
  • Most anti-infective agents administered to pregnant women cross the placental barrier and expose the developing fetus to their pharmacological effects, which may be teratogenic. (eurekaselect.com)
  • It is used as a single agent and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication, causing bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms. (medscape.com)
  • Nopal Cactus powder combines its betalains with other anti-toxic ingredients to combat these poisons directly at a cellular level. (shopwondrousroots.com)
  • Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. (lookformedical.com)
  • A synthetic nonsteroidal drug that is analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. (ratguide.com)
  • Reviews in this series also include research on specific receptor targets and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. (benthamscience.com)
  • It is also used as a prophylactic or preventative treatment to prevent urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transrectal or transurethral surgical procedures. (pharmacycode.com)
  • However, in this period, physiological changes take place that make the woman more vulnerable to infectious agents. (eurekaselect.com)
  • BKPyV has been suggested to spread via various transmission routes, including respiratory, fecal-oral, and bloodborne [ 2 ], and it is ubiquitous in the general population as a lifelong latent or asymptomatic infectious agent in immunocompetent individuals. (biomedcentral.com)