A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. On rare occasions it is called Milkweed, but should not be confused with true Milkweed (ASCLEPIAS).

Apocynum venetum extract does not induce CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in rats. (1/5)

We investigated the effect of Apocynum venetum L. extract (AV) on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The plasma concentration of nifedipine (NF), which is a substrate for CYP3A, did not change after oral administration with AV (3.3 mg/kg). Also, AV (3.3 and 33 mg/kg) did not affect the intestinal absorption of NF. In the rats treated with multiple administrations (15 mg/kg/d) of St. John's wort extract (SJW) for 2 weeks, the plasma concentration of NF after oral administration was significantly decreased. On the other hand, there was no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of NF between AV-treated (3.3 mg/kg/d) and none-treated rats. Furthermore, the intestinal absorption of methylprednisolone, which is a substrate for P-gp, was not affected by AV treatment for 2 weeks. These results suggest that, unlike SJW, the recommended dose of AV (3.3 mg/kg/d) would not influence hepatic CYP3A and intestinal P-gp in rats.  (+info)

Approach to novel functional foods for stress control 5. Antioxidant activity profiles of antidepressant herbs and their active components. (2/5)

Oxidative stress is frequently mentioned in relation to the neurodegenerative diseases. This study examined the effect of three herb extracts, Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba L. and Apocynum venetum L., and their components on lipid hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells. Among them, the extract of Apocynum venetum and its components showed the remarkable inhibitory effect, indicating that this herb extract serves as a protective agent against lipid peroxidation-related oxidative stress in CNS. Oxidative stress may be associated with the progress of depression, as this extract has been proposed to be an effective antidepresant herb.  (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a salinity stress-induced gene encoding DEAD-box helicase from the halophyte Apocynum venetum. (3/5)

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Development of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-sequence characterized amplified region marker for identification of Apocynum venetum LINN. from A. pictum SCHRENK. (4/5)

Apocynum venetum LINN. is an important Chinese crude drug, and its sibling species A. pictum SCHRENK is a confusable herb which is similar to it. The purpose of this study is to develop DNA molecular markers to distinguish A. venetum from A. pictum through the combinative technologies of bulked segregate analysis (BSA) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Two putative markers B08-407 and B03-1368 specific for A. venetum were identified and sequenced. Based on the sequence information, two pairs of primers were designed and synthesized for sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. But only one primer pair, B03-1368, produced a clear SCAR band in all samples of A. venetum and not in A. pictum. This SCAR marker was found useful for rapid identification of A. venetum from A. pictum.  (+info)

Comparison of the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Apocynum venetum L. (Luo-Bu-Ma) and two of its alternative species. (5/5)

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'Apocynum' is a genus of plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It includes two common species, Apocynum cannabinum (Indian hemp) and Apocynum androsaemifolium (dogsbane), which are native to North America. These plants contain cardiac glycosides, which can have a toxic effect on the heart if ingested in large quantities. They have been used traditionally for various medicinal purposes, such as treating skin conditions, fever, and diarrhea, but their use should be monitored carefully due to their potential toxicity.

... southeastern Europe and Asia Flowers of Apocynum cannabinum Leaves of Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum venetum "Apocynum". ... Apocynum cannabinum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. Apocynum venetum (Chinese: 羅布麻) is used as an herbal tea ... northeastern Mexico Apocynum cannabinum L. - Canada, United States Apocynum × floribundum Greene (a hybrid of A. ... Apocynum, commonly known as dogbane or Indian hemp, is a small genus of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Its name comes ...
... leaves have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension. Subspecies include: Apocynum ... Turkey, Iran, Caucasus Apocynum venetum subsp. basikurumon (H.Hara) ined. - Japan Apocynum venetum subsp. lancifolium (Russanov ... ITIS Standard Report for Apocynum cannabinum Jepson Manual Treatment of Apocynum cannabinum - invasive plant species in ... Apocynum venetum, commonly known as sword-leaf dogbane, is a plant species in the dogbane family that is poisonous but used as ...
Thevs, N; Zerbe, S.; Kyosev, Y.; Rozi, A.; Tang, B.; Abdusalih, N.; Novitskiy, Z. (2012). "Apocynum venetum L. and Apocynum ... The pollen of Apocynum pictum is shed as permanent tetrads. It has been observed growing in sandy, silty soils along streams ... "Apocynum pictum Schrenk". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved July 11, ... Apocynum pictum is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It is native to China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and ...
"Apocynum androsaemifolium". Plants for a Future. CalFlora Database, University of California: Apocynum androsaemifolium ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apocynum androsaemifolium. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Apocynum androsaemifolium". The PLANTS ... Subspecies and varieties include: Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp. androsaemifolium - E Canada, W United States Apocynum ... widespread in Canada, United States, NE Mexico Apocynum androsaemifolium var. intermedium Woodson - Colorado Apocynum ...
USDA Plants Profile for Apocynum × floribundum Wisplants.uwsp.edu: Apocynum × floribundum (hybrid Intermediate Dogbane) Mit.edu ... Apocynum × floribundum, the intermediate dogbane, is a member of the family Apocynaceae. It is widespread across Canada, the ...
"Apocynum cannabinum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022. "Apocynum ... Native American Ethnobotany DB: Apocynum cannabinum Wikiversity has bloom time data for Apocynum cannabinum on the Bloom Clock ... Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum cannabinum in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley (Articles with ... Apocynum cannabinum grows up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. The stems are reddish and contain a milky latex. The leaves are opposite ...
This moth frequently uses milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and sometimes dogbane (Apocynum spp.) as larval host plants. Larvae often ...
The larvae feed on Apocynum species. While a close relationship to Hyles chamyla has long been suspected, a combination of DNA ...
The larvae feed on Apocynum species. Cycnia oregonensis oregonensis Cycnia oregonensis tristis Crabo, 2013 (Washington) ...
The larvae feed on Apocynum cannabinum. They mine the stem of their host plant. The mine has the form of a long whitish ...
The larvae possibly feed on Apocynum species. "Sphingidae Taxonomic Inventory: Hyles chamyla". sphingidae.myspecies.info. ...
... is a bacterium species from the genus Streptomyces which has been isolated from the plant Apocynum venetum ... nov., an endogenous actinomycete isolated from Apocynum venetum". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ...
... he classed it in the genus Apocynum (dogbane). Joseph Pitton de Tournefort erected a catch-all genus Bignonia in 1700, from ...
Apocynum L. Apteranthes J.C.Mikan Araujia Brot. Artia Guillaumin Asclepias L. Asketanthera Woodson Aspidoglossum E.Mey. ...
Frye, Theodore C.; Blodgett, Eleanor B. (1905). "A contribution to the life history of Apocynum androsaemifolium". Botanical ...
Apocynum spp.), phlox (Phlox spp.), and bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis). This species occurs in northern Mexico and ...
Its diet mainly consists of dogbane (Apocynum), specifically Apocynum cannabinum and Apocynum androsaemifolium, and ... Dogbane beetles feed on plants in the Apocynum genus. Plants in this genus contain toxins (cardenolides) that, when ingested, ...
Apocynum, dogbane or Indian hemp, including Apocynum cannabinum, a traditional source of fiber. Also the bluestars, Amsonia, ... The genus Apocynum was reportedly used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. The aromatic fruit juice from Saba comorensis ... Irie, K.; Sato, T.; Tanaka, I.; Nakajima, J.; Kawaguchi, M.; Himi, T. (2009). "Cardiotonic effect of Apocynum venetum L. ... Apocynaceae (/əˌpɑːsəˈneɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/, from Apocynum, Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes ...
Both adults and larvae feed on dogbane (Apocynum) and milkweed (Asclepias) species. Adults typically feed on the foliage and ...
Other reported host genera include Apocynum, Cynanchum (former Sarcostemma species), Gonolobus, and Stapelia. As an adult, its ...
Plants of the genus Apocynum, including Apocynum cannabinum and Apocynum venetum, contain cymarin. Cymarin is a cardiac ...
... such as Apocynum and Cynanchum by names equivalent to "dogbane"; Apocynum literally means "dog killer" or "dog remover", and " ... in particular Apocynum. Some plants in the Asclepiadoideae, now a subfamily of the Apocynaceae, but until recently regarded as ... in its strict sense to the genus Apocynum, but it is doubtful that any such narrow definition could be justified even if it ...
The larvae feed on the underside of the leaf blades of Apocynum species. Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T ...
Growing in many areas, Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) was harvested and dried before maturity. The grass was boiled to ...
The larvae feed on Apocynum (including Apocynum cannabinum) and Asclepias species (including Asclepias tuberosa). They create ...
The Klamath use Apocynum cannabinum as a fiber and eat the roots of Lomatium canbyi. They use the rootstocks of Sagittaria ...
The larvae feed on plants including dogbane (Apocynum), Lonicera, Viburnum, Amsonia, Triosteum, Diervilla, and Symphoricarpos. ...
The larvae feed on Poaceae species, as well as on Aster, Symphyotrichum, Apocynum and Solidago species. They feed within silken ...
Apocynum sp.), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum ( ...
However, he may have inadvertently prepared common dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), a poisonous somewhat similar-looking plant ...
... southeastern Europe and Asia Flowers of Apocynum cannabinum Leaves of Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum venetum "Apocynum". ... Apocynum cannabinum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. Apocynum venetum (Chinese: 羅布麻) is used as an herbal tea ... northeastern Mexico Apocynum cannabinum L. - Canada, United States Apocynum × floribundum Greene (a hybrid of A. ... Apocynum, commonly known as dogbane or Indian hemp, is a small genus of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Its name comes ...
... androsaemifolium ssp. detonsum *Apocynum pumilum *Apocynum xylosteaceum *Apocynum androsaemifolium var. pumilum; [FPN] ... Apocynum pubescens R. Br. *Apocynum cannabinum ssp. glaberrimum; [FPN], 362 *Apocynum glaberrimum DC; *Apocynum cannabinum var ... Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray *Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. *Apocynum sibiricum; [FPN], 362 *Apocynum ... Apocynum androsaemifolium var. incanum DC. *Apocynum incanum Greene *Apocynum scopulorum *Apocynum macranthum ...
Retrieve Jepson Interchange Index to Plant Names entry for Apocynum Retrieve dichotomous key for Apocynum Overlay Consortium of ... APOCYNUM. DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP. Stem ascending to erect. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence: flowers several many. Flower small; ...
Homeopathic Apocynum Androsaemifolium - HEAD indications, uses & symptoms from 12 cross linked materia medicas. Available 8X- ... Apocynum Androsaemifolium - Head symptoms Dog Bane, Apocynum Androsemifolium, Apocynum Androsaemifolium, Apoc-a.. ... Filter Apocynum Androsaemifolium head symptoms:. , , Apocynum Androsaemifolium- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e ... Have you ever used Apocynum Androsaemifolium? Yes No. ... Buy Apocynum Androsaemifolium. HEAD. Head. Heat of head and ...
This image has a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0) license. If you have questions, contact Julie Kierstead daffodil.jones[AT]gmail.com ...
Huisongtang Apocynum leaves 20g/bottle calming the liver, calming the nerves, clearing heat and diuresis kj ...
... Published online. Accessed: Sep 18 2018.. The Plant List 2013. Apocynum pictum in The Plant List Version 1.1. ... Apocynum hendersonii Hook.f. in G.Henderson & A.O.Hume, Lahore to Yarkand: 327 (1878).. Apocynum grandiflorum Danguy, Notul. ... Apocynum pictum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ... Apocynum pictum Schrenk, 1844. Synonyms. Homotypic. Poacynum pictum (Schrenk) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 757 (1888 ...
Similar to the related milkweeds, Apocynum are poisonous and produce a sticky milky sap. Beneficial to pollinators, the stems ...
Cal deeply divided into triangular or lanceolate lobes; cor campanulate, short-cylindric, or urceolate, with short lobes, bearing within a tooth or scale near the base of the tube opposite each lobe; filaments very short; anthers lance-triangular, connate, adherent to the stigma and prolonged into a cone beyond it; ovaries 2, subtended by 5 nectaries; ovules numerous; seeds numerous, comose; colonial perennial herbs with tough fibrous bark, mostly with erect or ascending stems, opposite mucronate lvs, and small white or pink fls in terminal cymes. 3, N. Amer. Hybridization is rampant in the group. Hybrids and hybrid segregates derived from A. androsaemifolium נeither A. cannabinum or A. sibiricum are called A. ئloribundum Greene (A. medium ...
Apocynum floribundum Greene, moreApocynum jonesii Woods., Apocynum medium Greene, Apocynum medium var. floribundum (Greene) ... medium , Apocynum medium var. sarniense (Greene) Woods., Apocynum medium var. vestitum (Greene) Woods., Apocynum milleri Britt ... Woods., Apocynum medium var. leuconeuron (Greene) Woods., Apocynum medium var. lividum (Greene) Woods., Apocynum medium var. ... Etymology: Apocynum is from Greek apo, away from, and kyon dog, hence dogbane, while floribundum means having many flowers. ...
Apocynum species can hybridize.. Other Names: Dogbane, milkweed, honeybloom, bitter root, black hemp, hemp dogbane, lechuguilla ...
The Linnean Collections is powered by EPrints 3 and is hosted by CoSector, University of London. , Accessibility ...
Indian hemp root, also known as Dogbane or Black Hemp, unpleasantly bitter stimulant irritant herb, acts on the heart, respiratory and urinary systems, and on the uterus. Mostly used for treating various complaints such as coughs, rheumatism, asthma, whooping cough, internal parasites, syphilis, or diarrhea. Use the we
Though related to milkweed species (Asclepias sp.), monarch caterpillars will not mature on a diet of Dogbane species (Apocynum ...
RES and Taylor Creek Restoration Nurseries are proud to be an equal opportunity workplace and are an affirmative action employer. ...
The root of Apocynum cannabinum was easily procured in commerce and identified by Prof. Maisch. A number of wholesale drug ... androsaemifolium which is sold in our market has been made of this substitute or of Apocynum cannabinum. ...
Buy Dr Willmar Schwabe India Apocynum Can from yourmedkart.com at the best price in India. ✓ Free Shipping ✓ Flat 10% OFF ✓ 10 ... Apocynum Cannabinum depresses the heart, kidneys, and intestines, relaxing sphincters.. *Apocynum Cannabinum causes and intense ... Causes & Symptoms for Dr Willmar Schwabe India Apocynum Cannabinum. *Apocynum Cannabinum produce intense gastric disturbance, ... Apocynum Cannabinum restore the menses when given in cases of dropsy.. *Diarrhoea is worse immediately after eating. Food or ...
Apocynum cannabinum. Published On August 10, 2020 In Materia MedicaMateria Medica by William Boericke ...
Apocynaceae, Apocynum cannabinum, L. U. S. A., Illinois, Jasper, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area: Frohning Farm prairie ...
ऐपोसाइनम एण्ड्रोसेमीफोलियम ( Apocynum Androsaemifolium Homeopathy In Hindi. Homeopathic Drug. By Dr G.P.Singh Last updated May ...
The Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas is a source of data for the distribution of plants within the state as well as taxonomic, conservation, invasive, and wetland information for each species. The website also provides access to a database and images of plants photos and herbarium specimens found at participating herbaria.
APOCYNUM - Falsehood, Deception. B. BASIL - I Hate You. BEE BALM - Your whims are Unbearable BEGONIA - Beware, A Fanciful ...
Apocynum Syriacum, Latifolium Flore Glomeroso Author: Abraham Munting Date: 1696 Medium: Hand-colored copperplate engraving ...
ActiveHerb� Luo Bu Ma (Dogbane Leaf) 5:1 Extract Granules 100 g
Apocynum venetum, and glycine have different mechanisms of action, which is important when creating a formula that addresses ... GABA and Apocynum venetum. The primary neurotransmitter in the central nervous system for exerting sedative and anti-anxiety ... GABA, Apocynum venetum, and glycine have different mechanisms of action, which is important when creating a formula that ... In this article, Im going to focus on three of my favorites: GABA, Apocynum venetum, and glycine. These nutraceuticals have ...
Apocynum androsaemifolium. 1983.103.11.p. * (Botanical plate, flowers numbered I-XIII). 1983.103.11.q. ...
Apocynum cannabinum. A drink was made by boiling the root in water and taken for a laxative. It was also used as a wash to ...
Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum). *. jute (Corchorus species)*. tossa jute (C. olitorius). *. white jute (C. capsularis) ...
Apocynum-androsaemifolium-spreading-dogbane-burned-forest-nr-Zumwalt-2008-07-20-img_0442.jpg ... Apocynum-androsaemifolium-spreading-dogbane-burned-forest-nr-Zumwalt-2008-07-20-img 0442 - ... Apocynum-androsaemifolium-spreading-dogbane-burned-forest-nr-Zumwalt-2008-07-20-img 0442. ...
  • Apocynum cannabinum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The root of Apocynum cannabinum was easily procured in commerce and identified by Prof. Maisch. (henriettes-herb.com)
  • Apocynum Cannabinum produce intense gastric disturbance, extreme depression of the heart's action, and control dropsical effusions and produce diuresis. (yourmedkart.com)
  • Apocynum Cannabinum causes and intense sinking sensation, drowsiness and a bewildered state of mind, Dizziness. (yourmedkart.com)
  • Apocynum Cannabinum restore the menses when given in cases of dropsy. (yourmedkart.com)
  • Cardiac glycosides are found in a diverse group of plants including Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata (foxgloves), Nerium oleander (common oleander), Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander), Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley), Urginea maritima and Urginea indica (squill), Strophanthus gratus (ouabain), Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane), and Cheiranthus cheiri (wallflower). (medscape.com)
  • Apocynum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth and the queen butterfly. (wikipedia.org)
  • We explored the hypothesis that the species Apocynum pictum (A. (cgiar.org)
  • This species is shorter with more erect flowers than Apocynum androsaemifolium. (flnps.org)
  • Apocynum x floribundum is probably most easily confused with one of its parent species, A. androsaemifolium, since both have pinkish flowers, but A. androsaemifolium has larger flowers (0.6 - 1 cm long, 0.5 - 1 cm wide), the petal lobes recurve, the flowers usually droop, and there are usually some axillary inflorescences in addition to the terminal inflorescences. (ngpherbaria.org)
  • Apocynum species can hybridize. (morningskygreenery.com)
  • 2018. Apocynum pictum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. (scientificlib.com)
  • Apocynum venetum (Chinese: 羅布麻) is used as an herbal tea in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • GABA, Apocynum venetum, and glycine have different mechanisms of action, which is important when creating a formula that addresses multiple sleep issues. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • In this article, I'm going to focus on three of my favorites: GABA, Apocynum venetum , and glycine. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • 9 Known for its long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Apocynum venetum is an herbal remedy with efficacy for soothing the nerves, insomnia, and for other purposes. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • For example, in one single-blind, placebo-controlled study, an EEG test demonstrated that 100 mg/day GABA and 25 mg/day Apocynum venetum leaf extract had beneficial effects on sleep. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • 11 Specifically, GABA shortened the time it took to fall asleep, and increased non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, while Apocynum venetum leaf extract induced deep sleep, and they functioned complementarily with simultaneous intake. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • 12 , 13 Likewise, studies on Apocynum venetum leaf extract significantly improved anxiety and reduced insomnia in the middle of the night as well as later in the sleep cycle. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • Apocynum hendersonii Hook.f. in G.Henderson & A.O.Hume, Lahore to Yarkand: 327 (1878). (scientificlib.com)
  • Similar to the related milkweeds, Apocynum are poisonous and produce a sticky milky sap. (flnps.org)
  • Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest indications or symptoms) of Apocynum Androsaemifolium in traditional homeopathic usage , not approved by the FDA. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • While Apocynum androsaemifolium does attract insects from several different orders, it is as a nectar plant for lepidoptera that it really shines. (10000thingsofthepnw.com)
  • Your search for APOCYNUM CANNABINUM ROOT did not return any results. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Apocynum venetum leaf extract alleviated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through the AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • To this end, l-theanine (200 mg/day), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (111.1 mg/day), Apocynum venetum leaf extract (AVLE) (50 mg/day), and l-serine (300 mg/day) were administered to subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Apocynin, also known as acetovanillone, is a naturally occurring organic compound isolated from the root of Apocynum cannabinum (Canadian hemp) and variety of plant sources. (researchgate.net)
  • Canadian Hemp (apocynum) .3260 mgms. (nih.gov)
  • Apocynum leaf is a traditional natural wild herb that contains a variety of bioactive ingredients and trace elements, which can help promote liver detoxification, improve blood vessel elasticity, or help stabilize blood pressure. (gogoherbs.com)
  • National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Cymarine "Apocynum L." Plants of the World Online. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apocynum venetum is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in). (pfaf.org)
  • One of the digitalis group of cardiac tonics, apocynum, is the most powerful in slowing the pulse, and its action on the vaso-motor system is also very strong. (evergreen.edu)
  • The dropsies of Apocynum are general dropsies with or without organic disease, swelling of every part of the body, cardiac dropsies. (yourmedkart.com)
  • Apocynum venetum , a medicinal, economical and ecological plant: a review update. (nih.gov)
  • Apocynum cannabinum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The product is selected from the desert wetland apocynum tea and high-quality green tea, which not only helps to promote cardiovascular and liver health, but also helps to resist oxidation, delay aging, relieve stress and improve sleep quality. (gogoherbs.com)
  • Similar to the related milkweeds, Apocynum are poisonous and produce a sticky milky sap. (flnps.org)
  • Apocynum Cannabinum produce intense gastric disturbance, extreme depression of the heart's action, and control dropsical effusions and produce diuresis. (yourmedkart.com)
  • Beetles fed significantly less on V. rossicum than on native Apocynum hosts. (nih.gov)