Araceae
Amorphophallus
Philodendron
Inflorescence
Alismatidae
Colocasia
Alocasia
Angiosperms
Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid and conversion of carbons 1 and 2 of L-ascorbic acid to oxalic acid occurs within individual calcium oxalate crystal idioblasts. (1/90)
L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) and its metabolic precursors give rise to oxalic acid (OxA) found in calcium oxalate crystals in specialized crystal idioblast cells in plants; however, it is not known if AsA and OxA are synthesized within the crystal idioblast cell or transported in from surrounding mesophyll cells. Isolated developing crystal idioblasts from Pistia stratiotes were used to study the pathway of OxA biosynthesis and to determine if idioblasts contain the entire path and are essentially independent in OxA synthesis. Idioblasts were supplied with various (14)C-labeled compounds and examined by micro-autoradiography for incorporation of (14)C into calcium oxalate crystals. [(14)C]OxA gave heavy labeling of crystals, indicating the isolated idioblasts are functional in crystal formation. Incubation with [1-(14)C]AsA also gave heavy labeling of crystals, whereas [6-(14)C]AsA gave no labeling. Labeled precursors of AsA (L-[1-(14)C]galactose; D-[1-(14)C]mannose) also resulted in crystal labeling, as did the ascorbic acid analog, D-[1-(14)C]erythorbic acid. Intensity of labeling of isolated idioblasts followed the pattern OxA > AsA (erythorbic acid) > L-galactose > D-mannose. Our results demonstrate that P. stratiotes crystal idioblasts synthesize the OxA used for crystal formation, the OxA is derived from the number 1 and 2 carbons of AsA, and the proposed pathway of ascorbic acid synthesis via D-mannose and L-galactose is operational in individual P. stratiotes crystal idioblasts. These results are discussed with respect to fine control of calcium oxalate precipitation and the concept of crystal idioblasts as independent physiological compartments. (+info)Interaction of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Lemna minor. (2/90)
Cysteine synthesis from sulfide and O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) is a reaction interconnecting sulfate, nitrogen, and carbon assimilation. Using Lemna minor, we analyzed the effects of omission of CO(2) from the atmosphere and simultaneous application of alternative carbon sources on adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APR) and nitrate reductase (NR), the key enzymes of sulfate and nitrate assimilation, respectively. Incubation in air without CO(2) led to severe decrease in APR and NR activities and mRNA levels, but ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was not considerably affected. Simultaneous addition of sucrose (Suc) prevented the reduction in enzyme activities, but not in mRNA levels. OAS, a known regulator of sulfate assimilation, could also attenuate the effect of missing CO(2) on APR, but did not affect NR. When the plants were subjected to normal air after a 24-h pretreatment in air without CO(2), APR and NR activities and mRNA levels recovered within the next 24 h. The addition of Suc and glucose in air without CO(2) also recovered both enzyme activities, with OAS again influenced only APR. (35)SO(4)(2-) feeding showed that treatment in air without CO(2) severely inhibited sulfate uptake and the flux through sulfate assimilation. After a resupply of normal air or the addition of Suc, incorporation of (35)S into proteins and glutathione greatly increased. OAS treatment resulted in high labeling of cysteine; the incorporation of (35)S in proteins and glutathione was much less increased compared with treatment with normal air or Suc. These results corroborate the tight interconnection of sulfate, nitrate, and carbon assimilation. (+info)Fatty acid composition of Dracunculus vulgaris Schott (Araceae) seed oil from Turkey. (3/90)
Dracunculus vulgaris Schott is only one taxon of the genus Dracunculus (Araceae) in Turkey. The tubers and the fruits with the seeds of D. vulgaris have long been in use for the treatment of rheumatism and hemorrhoids, respectively. The fatty acid composition of D. vulgaris seeds have been analyzed as their methyl esters by GC and GC-mass spectrometry. C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, C18:1n-7 (cis -vaccenic acid), C18:2n-6 and 13-phenyl tridecanoic acids were found to be the main components in the seed oil. (+info)Identification of Streptomyces coelicolor proteins that are differentially expressed in the presence of plant material. (4/90)
Streptomyces coelicolor and Lemna minor were used as a model to study the modulation of bacterial gene expression during plant-streptomycete interactions. S. coelicolor was grown in minimal medium with and without L. minor fronds. Bacterial proteomes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and a comparison of the two culture conditions resulted in identification of 31 proteins that were induced or repressed by the presence of plant material. One-half of these proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The induced proteins were involved in energetic metabolism (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation), protein synthesis, degradation of amino acids, alkenes, or cellulose, tellurite resistance, and growth under general physiological or oxidative stress conditions. The repressed proteins were proteins synthesized under starvation stress conditions. These results suggest that root exudates provide additional carbon sources to the bacteria and that physiological adaptations are required for efficient bacterial growth in the presence of plants. (+info)Isolation of a crystal matrix protein associated with calcium oxalate precipitation in vacuoles of specialized cells. (5/90)
The formation of calcium (Ca) oxalate crystals is considered to be a high-capacity mechanism for regulating Ca in many plants. Ca oxalate precipitation is not a stochastic process, suggesting the involvement of specific biochemical and cellular mechanisms. Microautoradiography of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) tissue exposed to 3H-glutamate showed incorporation into developing crystals, indicating potential acidic proteins associated with the crystals. Dissolution of crystals leaves behind a crystal-shaped matrix "ghost" that is capable of precipitation of Ca oxalate in the original crystal morphology. To assess whether this matrix has a protein component, purified crystals were isolated and analyzed for internal protein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one major polypeptide of about 55 kD and two minor species of 60 and 63 kD. Amino acid analysis indicates the matrix protein is relatively high in acidic amino acids, a feature consistent with its solubility in formic acid but not at neutral pH. 45Ca-binding assays demonstrated the matrix protein has a strong affinity for Ca. Immunocytochemical localization using antibody raised to the isolated protein showed that the matrix protein is specific to crystal-forming cells. Within the vacuole, the surface and internal structures of two morphologically distinct Ca oxalate crystals, raphide and druse, were labeled by the antimatrix protein serum, as were the surfaces of isolated crystals. These results demonstrate that a specific Ca-binding protein exists as an integral component of Ca oxalate crystals, which holds important implications with respect to regulation of crystal formation. (+info)Genetic relationships of Aglaonema species and cultivars inferred from AFLP markers. (6/90)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Aglaonema is an important ornamental foliage plant genus, but genetic relationships among its species and cultivars have not been reported. This study analysed genetic relatedness of 54 cultivars derived from nine species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. METHODS: Initially, 48 EcoRI + 2/MseI + 3 primer set combinations were screened, from which six primer sets that showed clear scoreable and highly polymorphic fragments were selected and used for AFLP reactions. AFLP fragments were scored and entered into a binary data matrix as discrete variables. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was calculated for all pair-wise comparisons among the 54 cultivars, and a dendrogram was constructed by the unweighted pair-group method using the arithmetic average (UPGMA). KEY RESULTS: The number of AFLP fragments generated per primer set ranged from 59 to 112 with fragment sizes varying from 50 to 565 bp. A total of 449 AFLP fragments was detected, of which 314 were polymorphic (70 %). All cultivars were clearly differentiated by their AFLP fingerprints. The 54 cultivars were divided into seven clusters; cultivars within each cluster generally share similar morphological characteristics. Cluster I contains 35 cultivars, most of them are interspecific hybrids developed mainly from A. commutatum, A. crispum or A. nitidum. However, Jaccard's similarity coefficients among these hybrids are 0.84 or higher, suggesting that these popular hybrid cultivars are genetically much closer than previously thought. This genetic similarity may imply that A. nitidum and A. crispum are likely progenitors of A. commutatum. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate the efficiency and ease of using AFLP markers for investigating genetic relationships of ornamental foliage plants, a group usually propagated vegetatively. The AFLP markers developed will help future Aglaonema cultivar identification, germplasm conservation and new cultivar development. (+info)Effects of a PAL inhibitor on phenolic accumulation and UV-B tolerance in Spirodela intermedia (Koch.). (7/90)
Duckweed (Spirodela intermedia) was grown axenically on 1/2 strength Hutner's nutrient solution plus 1% sucrose, with the l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) inhibitor 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) at 0.0, 0.05, or 10 microM, at constant 25 degrees C and a light intensity of 300 micromol m(-2) s(-1) photosynthetically active radiation from CW fluorescent lamps. Growth with 10 microM AIP led to decreased frond area and fresh weight, but dry weight was unchanged. Microscopic examination of fronds revealed increased frond thickness and a lack of reticulate aerenchyma. Ultraviolet epifluorescence microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy of methanolic extracts confirmed the dose-dependent inhibition of secondary phenolic synthesis with the near total elimination of secondary phenolic accumulation at the 10 microM level. AIP-treated plants showed increased sensitivity to UV-B as shown by a reduced F(v)/F(m). The results provided direct evidence of the working hypothesis that phenols function to screen UV radiation from reaching photosynthetic tissues or damaging other sensitive tissues. A novel histochemical method employing zirconyl chloride to visualize phenols is discussed. (+info)Coronamycins, peptide antibiotics produced by a verticillate Streptomyces sp. (MSU-2110) endophytic on Monstera sp. (8/90)
Coronamycin is a complex of novel peptide antibiotics with activity against pythiaceous fungi and the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. It is also active against the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with an IC(50) of 9.0 ng ml(-1). Coronamycin is produced by a verticillate Streptomyces sp. isolated as an endophyte from an epiphytic vine, Monstera sp., found in the Manu region of the upper Amazon of Peru. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the fermentation broths of this endophyte on silica gel and HPLC chromatography yielded two principal, inseparable, peptides with masses of 1217.9 and 1203.8 Da. Three other minor, but related components, are also present in the preparation. Amino acid analysis of coronamycin revealed residues of component 1, component 2, methionine, tyrosine and leucine at a ratio of 2:2:1:1:3. Other compounds with antifungal activities are also produced by this endophytic streptomycete. (+info)Araceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the arum or aroid family. It includes a diverse range of species, such as calla lilies, peace lilies, and jack-in-the-pulpit. These plants are characterized by their unique inflorescence structure, which consists of a specialized leaf-like structure called a spathe that surrounds and protects a spike-like structure called a spadix, where the flowers are located.
The flowers of Araceae plants are often small and inconspicuous, and may be surrounded by showy bracts or modified leaves. Many species in this family produce attractive berries or fruits that contain seeds. Some members of Araceae contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes if handled improperly.
Araceae plants are found worldwide, with a majority of species occurring in tropical regions. They are grown for their ornamental value, as well as for their edible fruits and tubers. Some species have medicinal uses, while others are invasive and can cause ecological damage in certain areas.
"Amorphophallus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, also known as the aroid family. These plants are native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. They are characterized by their large, distinctive inflorescences, which are often accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor that attracts pollinators such as flies and beetles.
The name "Amorphophallus" comes from the Greek words "amorphos," meaning formless, and "phallos," meaning penis, and refers to the shape of the inflorescence in some species. The most well-known species is Amorphophallus titanum, also known as the corpse flower, which produces one of the largest and smelliest inflorescences in the plant kingdom.
In addition to their unusual inflorescences, many species of Amorphophallus are also grown for their large, starchy tubers, which are used as a food source in some cultures.
Arisaema is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, also known as "Jack-in-the-pulpit." These herbaceous perennial plants are native to Asia and North America and are characterized by their unique inflorescence, which consists of a hooded spathe surrounding a club-shaped spadix. Some species of Arisaema contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and swelling if ingested. These plants have been used in traditional medicine in some cultures, but it is important to note that they can also be toxic and should only be used under the guidance of a trained medical professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philodendron" is not a medical term. It is a genus of flowering plants in the arum family, Araceae. These are native to the tropical Americas and some parts of the West Indies. Some philodendron species are popular as indoor houseplants due to their adaptability to various environments.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!
Inflorescence is a term used in the field of botany, which includes the study of plants. However, I understand that you are asking for a medical definition. In the context of medicine, specifically in pathology, inflorescence may refer to the arrangement or growth pattern of lesions or neoplasms (abnormal growths) in a particular area of the body.
To provide a precise medical definition, I would need more context about how the term is being used. Nonetheless, based on the botanical definition, inflorescence refers to the cluster or arrangement of flowers on a stem or branch. It can take various forms, such as spikes, racemes, panicles, umbels, and corymbs, depending on the pattern in which flowers are arranged.
Alismatidae is a subclass of monocotyledonous aquatic and semi-aquatic flowering plants, also known as the water plantains. This group includes several families of plants that are typically found in wetlands, marshes, and along the edges of bodies of water. The plants in this group have adapted to their aquatic environments with specialized structures such as floating leaves and air-filled tissues that help them float on the water's surface. Some examples of plants in Alismatidae include waterlilies, pondweeds, and cattails.
Colocasia is a genus of flowering plants in the arum family, Araceae. It includes several species commonly known as taro or elephant ears, which are cultivated for their edible corms and leaves. The term "colocasia" is also used more specifically to refer to certain species within this genus, such as Colocasia esculenta, which is one of the most widely consumed types of taro.
It's important to note that while colocasia plants have many uses and are an important food source in many parts of the world, they also contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and discomfort if eaten raw or improperly prepared. Proper cooking and preparation is necessary to remove these crystals and make colocasia safe to eat.
Alocasia is a genus of flowering plants in the arum family, Araceae. It includes several species that are commonly grown as ornamental houseplants for their attractive, often large and colorful leaves. Some popular species include Alocasia amazonica (Elephant's Ear), Alocasia x calidora (Kris Plant), and Alocasia polyphylla (Silver Dragon). These plants are native to tropical regions of Asia and Eastern Australia.
It is important to note that some species of Alocasia contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and discomfort if ingested or come into contact with the skin or eyes. Therefore, it is recommended to handle these plants with care and keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek words "angeion," meaning "case" or "capsule," and "sperma," meaning "seed." This group includes the majority of plant species, with over 300,000 known species.
Angiosperms are characterized by their reproductive structures, which consist of flowers. The flower contains male and female reproductive organs, including stamens (which produce pollen) and carpels (which contain the ovules). After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, while the ovary matures into a fruit, which provides protection and nutrition for the developing embryo.
Angiosperms are further divided into two main groups: monocots and eudicots. Monocots have one cotyledon or embryonic leaf, while eudicots have two. Examples of monocots include grasses, lilies, and orchids, while examples of eudicots include roses, sunflowers, and legumes.
Angiosperms are ecologically and economically important, providing food, shelter, and other resources for many organisms, including humans. They have evolved a wide range of adaptations to different environments, from the desert to the ocean floor, making them one of the most diverse and successful groups of plants on Earth.
Araceae
List of Araceae genera
List of foliage plant diseases (Araceae)
Hendrik de Wit
Anubias hastifolia
Anubias heterophylla
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Hiroyoshi Ohashi
Scaphispatha gracilis
Anubiadeae
Cryptocoryne dewitii
Spathicarpa
Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
List of alismatid families
Anthurium vittariifolium
APG III system
Allium rubens
Culcasia scandens
Zoophily
White-fronted capuchin
Bogor Botanical Gardens
Black titi monkey
Miguel Lillo
Anthurium
Reveal system
Philodendron billietiae
Homalomena
Philodendron
Thomsonieae
Epipremnum ceramense
Araceae - Wikipedia
SEINet Portal Network - Araceae
Amorphophallus konjac {Araceae} Devil's Tongue
Biarum tenuifolium; Araceae (2) - a photo on Flickriver
Between Leaves and Shapes: A Journey to the Universe of Araceae - Inhotim
Catagóir:Araceae - Vicipéid
Palme - Araceae, Palmae, Cycadaceae, ...
Araceae
Situs bola online Archives - Cate-araceae.org
Casino Online Archives - Cate-araceae.org
An Anthurium (Araceae) growing on the bank Rio Claro
Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal multiple whole-genome duplication events, the history of diversification and adaptations in...
Studies on Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) of Borneo XVIII: Additional observations on Schottariella mirifica - UNIMAS...
Araceae Archives - Plantophia
Alocasia brisbanensis ARACEAE
Araceae - Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
General discussion | CATE Araceae
Pothos longipes ARACEAE
ecuagenera araceae Archives - Today Time
AGLAONEMA SIAM (Araceae) PLANT + PAFCAL
Wolffia columbiana {Araceae} Common Wolffia
Змиярникови (Araceae) - My Board
Calla palustris (Araceae) image 36706 at
Morton Arboretum : Search Objects : termid:"araceae"
Tax name Report for: Araceae
Thermogenesis and pollination in Araceae
View of A new diminutive species of Schismatoglottis (Araceae) from Samar Island, Philippines | Webbia
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin
Alocasia Micholitziana {Araceae} Elephant's Ear Plant
Species6
- Species within Araceae are often rhizomatous or tuberous, and the leaves nearly always contain calcium oxalate crystals or raphides, in varying degrees. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by Theophrastus in his work Enquiry into Plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite the toxic effects of Araceae, species of several genera are cultivated as food plants, mainly as subsistence crops in tropical areas. (swbiodiversity.org)
- The major edible Araceae are Colocasia esculenta and several species of Xanthosoma, grown primarily for their corms and sometimes for their leaves. (swbiodiversity.org)
- Most North American species of Araceae were historically used by Native Americans, as both food and medicine (T. Plowman 1969). (swbiodiversity.org)
- Selection of Lectotype Species for Genera of the Family Araceae. (wikimedia.org)
Alismatales2
- Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the Lemnoideae, duckweeds) to be monophyletic, and the first diverging group within the Alismatales. (wikipedia.org)
- Floral vasculature and its variation for carpellary supply in Anthurium (Araceae, Alismatales). (medscape.com)
Genera6
- Many Araceae exhibit typical monocotyledonous parallel leaf venation, but some genera have net leaf venation more typical of dicotyledons. (swbiodiversity.org)
- The number of genera of Araceae occurring in temperate North America is low in comparison with other continents, and primitive taxa are disproportionately represented. (swbiodiversity.org)
- Orontioideae and Calloideae, which include four of the seven native genera found in the flora area, are the basal clades within Araceae. (swbiodiversity.org)
- Plants in these subfamilies possess the primitive states for many characteristics in Araceae and share few derived characteristics with other aroid genera (M. H. Grayum 1990). (swbiodiversity.org)
- Araceae contain crystals of calcium oxalate, which are often cited as causing the intense irritation experienced when handling or consuming the raw plant tissue of many genera in the family. (swbiodiversity.org)
- Whether irritation is caused by enzymes or crystals, that aspect of Araceae has resulted in aroid genera being included in many lists of poisonous plants (e.g. (swbiodiversity.org)
Genus2
- Acorus, a genus historically included in Araceae, is treated as a separate family in theat flora based on extensive morphologic and chemical evidence that supports its removal from Arales (M. H. Grayum 1987). (swbiodiversity.org)
- This name is the accepted name of an infraspecific taxon in the genus Aglaonema (family Araceae ). (theplantlist.org)
Plants7
- The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. (wikipedia.org)
- The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. (wikipedia.org)
- Explore the universe of Araceae and the traditional knowledge surrounding these fascinating plants. (inhotim.org.br)
- 2018. Heteropsis ( Araceae ) in Kew Science Plants of the World Online . (wikimedia.org)
- In the tropics the tubers of some Araceae end up in the kitchen, but the human interest for these plants is mainly horticultural due to the splendour of the inflorescences and the scultural beauty of the leaves. (monaconatureencyclopedia.com)
- Zhong LY, Wu H. [Current researching situation of mucosal irritant compontents in Araceae family plants]. (medscape.com)
- This article describes poisoning caused by eating parts of the Caladium plant and other plants in the Araceae family. (medlineplus.gov)
Family3
- Scientifically speaking, they are all part of the Araceae family, the second biggest at Inhotim's botanical collection, and also the protagonists of this virtual exhibition. (inhotim.org.br)
- The Araceae are a family of pantropical monocotyledons with some members in the temperate zones. (monaconatureencyclopedia.com)
- A subfamily of the family ARACEAE . (nih.gov)
Cate-araceae7
- cate-araceae - Pialabet Dalam dunia judi online, kemampuan untuk membaca peluang adalah kunci kesuksesan. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae - Pialabet Poker online adalah permainan yang penuh dengan strategi, kecerdasan, dan kejutan. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae - Pialabet Roulette online adalah salah satu permainan kasino paling ikonik dan menggoda. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae.org - Baccarat adalah permainan kartu kasino yang populer di seluruh dunia. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae - Pialasport Casino online telah mengalami perkembangan pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae - Pialasport Dalam era digital yang semakin maju, perjudian online telah menjadi salah satu industri yang paling berkembang pesat. (cate-araceae.org)
- cate-araceae-Memasang taruhan pada permainan judi bola online sudah menjadi kewajiban bagi para pemain cara bermain bola online. (cate-araceae.org)
Amorphophallus1
- Some examples of thermogenic Araceae are: Symplocarpus foetidus (eastern skunk cabbage), Amorphophallus titanum (titan arum), Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam), Helicodiceros muscivorus (dead horse arum lily), and Sauromatum venosum (voodoo lily). (wikipedia.org)
20191
- However Lemna and its allies were incorporated in Araceae in the 2019 edition. (wikipedia.org)
Lemnaceae2
- The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae was not immediately universally accepted. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, the 2010 New Flora of the British Isles used a paraphyletic Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae. (wikipedia.org)
Pollination1
- Plastid and mitochondrial genes have been used to investigate the phylogeny and to interpret shifts in the pollination biology and biogeography of the Araceae. (nih.gov)
Dieffenbachia1
- Wang B, Han L, Chen C, Wang Z. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae). (medscape.com)
Inflorescences1
- In Araceae, during the development of inflorescences (called spadices), a strong increase in respiration (respiratory crisis) is observed, coupled with a strong increase in temperature. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
Mayo1
- A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. (wikipedia.org)
Date1
- 10 Alpha/beta hydrolase fold proteins are known to date in Araceae. (inrae.fr)
Time1
- The cyanide resistance of Araceae respiration, which is particularly important at the time of respiratory crisis, was observed as early as the 1950s [2] . (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
Description1
- Description of a Neotropical gall inducer on Araceae: Arastichus, gen. nov. (pensoft.net)
Study1
- Infrafamilial classification of the Araceae is under active study. (swbiodiversity.org)