Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.
A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.
Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.
Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
The strengthening of a response with a social reward such as a nod of approval, a parent's love or attention.
A treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences.
Moving oneself through space while confused or otherwise cognitively impaired. Patterns include akathisia, exhibiting neuroleptic-induced pacing and restlessness; exit seekers who are often newly admitted institution residents who try to open locked exit doors; self-stimulators who perform other activities such as turning doorknobs, in addition to continuous pacing; and modelers who shadow other pacers.
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
Parasomnias characterized by behavioral abnormalities that occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep (or between sleep and wakefulness).
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
The motivational and/or affective state resulting from being blocked, thwarted, disappointed or defeated.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)
A practice whereby tokens representing money, toys, candy, etc., are given as secondary reinforcers contingent upon certain desired behaviors or performances.
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Propylamines are organic compounds consisting of an amino group (-NH2) attached to a propyl group (CH3CH2CH2-), which can act as central nervous system stimulants, local anesthetics, or vasopressors, depending on their specific chemical structure.
The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)
Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
The antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency.
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother.
The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.
An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.
A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that has high affinity for the antipsychotic CLOZAPINE.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Manipulation of the behavior of persons or animals by biomedical, physical, psychological, or social means, including for nontherapeutic reasons.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
Struggle or disagreement between parents, parent and child or other members of a family.
Abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience.
The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
The name of two islands of the West Indies, separated by a narrow channel. Their capital is Basse-Terre. They were discovered by Columbus in 1493, occupied by the French in 1635, held by the British at various times between 1759 and 1813, transferred to Sweden in 1813, and restored to France in 1816. Its status was changed from colony to a French overseas department in 1946. Columbus named it in honor of the monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe in Spain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p470 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p221)
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Interaction between a mother and child.
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

Nursing home characteristics and the development of pressure sores and disruptive behaviour. (1/275)

OBJECTIVE: To determine how nursing home characteristics affect pressure sores and disruptive behaviour. METHOD: Residents (n = 5518, aged > or =60 years) were selected from 70 nursing homes in the National Health Care chain. Homes were classified as high- or low-risk based on incidence tertiles of pressure sores or disruptive behaviour (1989-90). Point-prevalence and cumulative incidence of pressure sores and disruptive behaviour were examined along with other functional and service variables. RESULTS: The overall incidence of pressure sores was 11.4% and the relative risk was 4.3 times greater in high- than low-risk homes; for disruptive behaviour, the incidence was 27% and the relative risk was 7.1 times greater in the high-risk group. At baseline, fewer subjects in homes with a high risk of pressure sores were white or in restraints, but more had received physician visits monthly and had had problems with transfers and eating. High-risk homes also had fewer beds and used less non-licensed nursing staff time. At follow-up (1987-90), 52% of homes in the low-risk group and 35% of those in the high-risk group had maintained their risk status; low-risk homes were more likely to have rehabilitation and maintenance activities. Having multiple clinical risk factors was associated with more pressure sores in high- (but not low-) risk homes, suggesting a care-burden threshold. By logistic regression, the best predictor of pressure sores was a home's prior (1987-88) incidence status. Interestingly, 67% of homes with a high risk of pressure sores were also high-risk for disruptive behaviour, while only 27% of homes with a low risk of pressure sores were high-risk for disruptive behaviour. A threshold effect was also observed between multiple risk factors and behaviour. More homes with a high risk of disruptive behaviour (68%) remained at risk over 4 years, and the best predictor of outcome was a home's previous morbidity level. CONCLUSION: Nursing-home characteristics may have a greater impact than clinical factors on pressure sores and disruptive behaviour in long-stay, institutionalized elders.  (+info)

An evaluation of the properties of attention as reinforcement for destructive and appropriate behavior. (2/275)

The analogue functional analysis described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994) identifies broad classes of variables (e.g., positive reinforcement) that maintain destructive behavior (Fisher, Ninness, Piazza, & Owen-DeSchryver, 1996). However, it is likely that some types of stimuli may be more effective reinforcers than others. In the current investigation, we identified 2 participants whose destructive behavior was maintained by attention. We used concurrent schedules of reinforcement to evaluate how different types of attention affected both destructive and appropriate behavior. We showed that for 1 participant praise was not an effective reinforcer when verbal reprimands were available; however, praise was an effective reinforcer when verbal reprimands were unavailable. For the 2nd participant, we identified a type of attention that effectively competed with verbal reprimands as reinforcement. We then used the information obtained from the assessments to develop effective treatments to reduce destructive behavior and increase an alternative communicative response.  (+info)

A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. (3/275)

The social consequences delivered for problem behavior during functional analyses are presumed to represent common sources of reinforcement; however, the extent to which these consequences actually follow problem behavior in natural settings remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether access to attention, escape, or tangible items is frequently observed as a consequence of problem behavior under naturalistic conditions. Twenty-seven adults who lived in a state residential facility and who exhibited self-injurious behavior, aggression, or disruption participated. Observers recorded the occurrence of problem behavior by participants as well as a variety of consequences delivered by caregivers. Results indicated that attention was the most common consequence for problem behavior and that aggression was more likely to produce social consequences than were other forms of problem behavior.  (+info)

Child psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment: relationship and prognostic significance. (4/275)

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the relationships between psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis and psychosocial impairment. AIMS: To examine these contemporaneous relationships and prognostic significance in a large general population sample. METHOD: Symptoms of major depression, conduct and oppositional defiant disorders were assessed by interview in two waves of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent behavioural Development (2800 children aged 8-16 years). RESULTS: Many children below the DSM-III-R diagnostic threshold, especially for depression, had symptom-related impairment, whereas many children reaching the symptom threshold for conduct and oppositional defiant disorders were little impaired. Impairment score was linearly related to symptom count, with no evidence of any additional impairment at the diagnostic threshold. For depression, only symptoms predicted later symptoms and diagnosis. For conduct and oppositional defiant disorders, impairment was additionally predictive of later symptoms and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Impairment, in addition to symptoms, is important for both nosology and prognosis.  (+info)

Unintentional injury in preschool boys with and without early onset of disruptive behavior. (5/275)

OBJECTIVE: To determine subsequent risk of unintentional injury among preschool boys diagnosed with ODD, boys with comorbid ODD and ADHD, and boys matched demographically to the clinical sample; to test predictive validity of a measure of injury proneness; and to examine factors that might predict injury beyond clinic status. METHODS: Seventy-nine consecutive clinic-referred preschool-age boys and 76 demographically matched boys without disruptive behavior participated in a 2-year prospective longitudinal design. Time 1 assessment included clinical diagnosis, parent-reported injury proneness, attachment, and verbal abilities. Injury history was measured 1 and 2 years later. RESULTS: Clinic-referred children had more injuries than the comparison group. Children with comorbid ODD and ADHD had approximately the same injury rate as those with ODD but not ADHD. Parent-reported injury proneness was unrelated to subsequent injuries. Neither attachment nor verbal ability predicted injury significantly beyond clinic status. CONCLUSIONS: Children with early disruptive behavior are at increased risk of unintentional injury and therefore should be considered prime candidates for injury prevention campaigns.  (+info)

The influence of activity choice on problem behaviors maintained by escape versus attention. (6/275)

This study assessed whether the function of an individual's problem behavior was related to the effectiveness of an intervention involving choice among tasks. Analogue functional analyses were conducted with 7 students with various diagnoses to determine whether problem behaviors were maintained by escape or attention. Following identification of the function of each student's problem behavior, reversal designs were used to assess the effectiveness of an intervention that allowed the students to choose their own instructional tasks. Results showed that students who displayed escape-maintained problem behavior showed substantial reductions in such behavior when they were provided with opportunities to choose among tasks. On the other hand, students who displayed attention-maintained problem behavior did not show any effects as a result of the choice intervention. These findings are discussed in terms of the effective use of behavior management programs involving choice and the reduction of problem behavior.  (+info)

Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. (7/275)

This study used data from 6 sites and 3 countries to examine the developmental course of physical aggression in childhood and to analyze its linkage to violent and nonviolent offending outcomes in adolescence. The results indicate that among boys there is continuity in problem behavior from childhood to adolescence and that such continuity is especially acute when early problem behavior takes the form of physical aggression. Chronic physical aggression during the elementary school years specifically increases the risk for continued physical violence as well as other nonviolent forms of delinquency during adolescence. However, this conclusion is reserved primarily for boys, because the results indicate no clear linkage between childhood physical aggression and adolescent offending among female samples despite notable similarities across male and female samples in the developmental course of physical aggression in childhood.  (+info)

An evaluation of a brief functional analysis format within a vocational setting. (8/275)

We conducted and compared both brief and extended functional analyses of disruptive behaviors for 3 individuals with developmental disabilities who attended a vocational training program. Results demonstrated that the brief assessment identified the function of 2 of the 3 participants' disruptive behavior compared to the extended assessment.  (+info)

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (ADDBDs) are a group of childhood-onset disorders characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that are difficult for the individual to control. These disorders include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur in multiple settings, such as school, home, and social situations.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures, which includes arguing with adults, losing temper, actively defying rules, and deliberately annoying others. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur more frequently than in other children of the same age and developmental level.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. These behaviors include aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

It's important to note that these disorders can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing the symptoms and improving the individual's quality of life.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia, which is a disorder that involves undesirable experiences or abnormal behaviors during sleep. Specifically, RBD is a type of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia where the muscle atonia (lack of muscle tone) that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent or incomplete, allowing for the emergence of motor behaviors and vivid dreaming. These dreams can be quite intense and may result in the individual physically acting out their dreams, leading to potential harm for themselves or their bed partner. RBD can occur in isolation or as a symptom of another neurological condition.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Child psychiatry is a medical subspecialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and their families. It incorporates various disciplines, including psychology, pediatrics, neurology, social work, nursing, and education, to provide comprehensive care for children with complex needs.

Child psychiatrists use a biopsychosocial approach to understand the underlying causes of a child's difficulties, considering genetic, biological, developmental, environmental, and psychological factors. They are trained to perform comprehensive evaluations, including diagnostic interviews, cognitive and neuropsychological testing, and psychiatric assessments, to develop individualized treatment plans.

Treatment modalities may include psychotherapy (individual, family, or group), medication management, psychoeducation, and coordination with other healthcare professionals and community resources. Child psychiatrists often work in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, schools, and residential treatment facilities, to ensure that children receive the necessary support and care for their mental health concerns.

Aggression is defined in medical terms as behavior that is intended to cause harm or damage to another individual or their property. It can take the form of verbal or physical actions and can be a symptom of various mental health disorders, such as intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and dementia. Aggression can also be a side effect of certain medications or a result of substance abuse. It is important to note that aggression can have serious consequences, including physical injury, emotional trauma, and legal repercussions. If you or someone you know is experiencing problems with aggression, it is recommended to seek help from a mental health professional.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behaviors. It is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as follows:

A. A consistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms and rules, as indicated by the presence of at least three of the following:

1. Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; indication of this symptom may include promiscuity.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least 18 years of age.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

E. The individual's criminal behavior has not been better explained by a conduct disorder diagnosis or antisocial behavior that began before the age of 15 years.

It's important to note that ASPD can be challenging to diagnose, and it often requires a comprehensive evaluation from a mental health professional with experience in personality disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

There is no formal medical definition for "child of impaired parents." However, it generally refers to a child who has at least one parent with physical, mental, or psychological challenges that impact their ability to care for themselves and/or their children. These impairments may include substance abuse disorders, mental illnesses, chronic medical conditions, or developmental disabilities.

Children of impaired parents often face unique challenges and stressors in their lives, which can affect their emotional, social, and cognitive development. They may have to take on additional responsibilities at home, experience neglect or abuse, or witness disturbing behaviors related to their parent's impairment. As a result, these children are at higher risk for developing mental health issues, behavioral problems, and academic difficulties.

Support services and interventions, such as family therapy, counseling, and community resources, can help mitigate the negative effects of growing up with impaired parents and improve outcomes for these children.

Childhood behavior disorders are a group of disruptive behaviors that are more frequent or severe than is typical for the child's age and development. These behaviors can cause significant impairment in the child's life, including their relationships with family, friends, and at school. Common examples of childhood behavior disorders include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A chronic condition characterized by difficulty paying attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures.
3. Conduct Disorder: A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules.
4. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): A disorder characterized by recurrent impulsive aggressive behavior disproportionate to the situation.
5. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
6. Tourette Syndrome: A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics.

It's important to note that children with behavior disorders often have other conditions such as learning disabilities, mood disorders, or anxiety disorders. Early identification and treatment of these disorders can significantly improve the child's outcome.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "parents" is not a term that has a medical definition. In general usage, parents are the two people (typically) who bring up and care for a child, or who have given birth to or adopted a child. They are responsible for the child's housing, food, clothing, education, and medical care. Is there a specific medical or healthcare-related context you had in mind? I would be happy to help further if I can.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drug that is primarily used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain, which helps to improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

Methylphenidate is available under various brand names, including Ritalin, Concerta, and Methylin, among others. It comes in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, or extended-release formulations, and is typically taken orally. The dosage and duration of treatment are usually individualized based on the patient's response to the medication and any potential side effects.

It is important to note that methylphenidate has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and its use should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional. Additionally, it can interact with other medications and medical conditions, so it is essential to inform your doctor of any health concerns before starting treatment with methylphenidate.

Child behavior refers to the actions, reactions, and interactions exhibited by children in response to their environment, experiences, and developmental stage. It is a broad term that encompasses various aspects, including emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development.

Child behavior can be categorized into two main types:

1. Desirable or positive behaviors - These are behaviors that promote healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include sharing toys, following rules, expressing emotions appropriately, and demonstrating empathy towards others.
2. Challenging or negative behaviors - These are behaviors that hinder healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include aggression, defiance, tantrums, anxiety, and withdrawal.

Understanding child behavior is crucial for parents, caregivers, educators, and healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support, guidance, and interventions to promote positive developmental outcomes in children. Factors influencing child behavior include genetics, temperament, environment, parenting style, and life experiences.

Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve unwanted physical events or experiences that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, or waking up. These behaviors can include abnormal movements, talk, emotions, perceptions, or dreams. Parasomnias can be caused by various factors such as stress, alcohol, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. Some examples of parasomnias are sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep talking, and REM sleep behavior disorder. These disorders can disrupt sleep and cause distress to the individual and their bed partner.

Dreams are a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. They can be vivid or vague, positive or negative, and may involve memories, emotions, and fears. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. While the exact purpose and function of dreams remain a topic of debate among researchers, some theories suggest that dreaming may help with memory consolidation, problem-solving, emotional processing, and learning.

Dreams usually occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, although they can also happen in non-REM stages. They are typically associated with complex brain activities, involving areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and the neocortex. The content of dreams can be influenced by various factors, including a person's thoughts, experiences, emotions, physical state, and environmental conditions.

It is important to note that dreaming is a natural and universal human experience, and understanding dreams can provide insights into our cognitive processes, emotional well-being, and mental health.

Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying harmful or unhealthy behaviors, thoughts, and emotions by applying learning principles derived from behavioral psychology. The goal of behavior therapy is to reinforce positive behaviors and eliminate negative ones through various techniques such as systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, exposure therapy, and operant conditioning.

Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the individual to a feared situation or stimulus while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. Aversion therapy aims to associate an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to discourage the behavior. Exposure therapy exposes the individual to a feared situation or object in a controlled and safe environment to help them overcome their fear. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to encourage desirable behaviors and discourage undesirable ones.

Behavior therapy has been found to be effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, phobias, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. It is often used in combination with other forms of therapy and medication to provide a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals seeking help for mental health concerns.

Social reinforcement is a term used in psychology and psychiatry to describe the process by which certain behaviors are strengthened or increased due to positive social consequences. These consequences can include things like praise, attention, affection, or other forms of social recognition.

For example, if a child receives a lot of positive attention and praise from their parents for completing their homework, they may be more likely to continue doing their homework in the future because they have learned that this behavior is associated with positive social reinforcement. Similarly, if an employee is praised and recognized by their manager for a job well done, they may be more motivated to work hard and perform at a high level in order to receive further recognition and reinforcement.

Social reinforcement can play an important role in shaping behavior and promoting positive social interactions. However, it's important to note that the use of social reinforcement should be balanced with other forms of reinforcement, such as intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy, to ensure that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors for their own sake and not just to receive positive social feedback.

Aversive therapy is a behavioral treatment approach that uses negative reinforcement or punishment to help an individual reduce or stop undesirable behaviors. The goal of aversive therapy is to condition the person to associate the undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus, such as a taste, sound, or image, so that they are deterred from engaging in the behavior in the future.

In aversive therapy, the therapist may use several techniques, including:

1. Contingent negative reinforcement: This involves removing a positive reinforcer (a reward) after the undesirable behavior occurs. For example, if a child with a disruptive behavior disorder is given tokens for good behavior that can be exchanged for prizes, and then loses tokens for misbehaving, this is an example of contingent negative reinforcement.
2. Punishment: This involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus immediately after the undesirable behavior occurs. For example, if a person who bites their nails receives a mild electric shock every time they bite their nails, this is an example of punishment.
3. Avoidance conditioning: This involves associating a negative stimulus with a particular situation or object to create an aversion to it. For example, if a person has a phobia of spiders, the therapist may gradually expose them to images or objects associated with spiders while also presenting a mild electric shock. Over time, the person learns to associate the spider-related stimuli with the unpleasant shock and develops an aversion to spiders.

It's important to note that aversive therapy can be controversial due to concerns about potential harm, including physical discomfort or psychological distress. As a result, it is typically used as a last resort when other treatment approaches have been ineffective, and only under the close supervision of a qualified professional who can ensure that the therapy is administered safely and ethically.

Wandering behavior in a medical context often refers to the movement of individuals, particularly those with cognitive impairments such as dementia, who may aimlessly walk or wander away from safe environments. This behavior can pose risks to the individual's safety, as they may become disoriented, lost, or exposed to environmental hazards. It's important to note that wandering is not a diagnosis but a symptom of an underlying condition.

Clonazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is primarily used to treat seizure disorders, panic attacks, and anxiety. Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

The medication comes in tablet or orally disintegrating tablet form and is typically taken two to three times per day. Common side effects of clonazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems. It can also cause memory problems, mental confusion, and depression.

Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam has the potential for abuse and addiction, so it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and not to stop taking the medication suddenly, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders are a group of sleep disorders characterized by irregularities in the transition between sleep and wakefulness. These disorders include conditions such as:

1. Narcolepsy: A neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness, causing excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep.
2. Idiopathic Hypersomnia: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate or prolonged nighttime sleep.
3. Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A rare sleep disorder characterized by recurring episodes of excessive sleepiness and eating.
4. Insomnia with Non-REM Sleep Disorder: A condition in which a person has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, accompanied by abnormal behaviors during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
5. Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): A behavior disorder that originates during deep sleep and results in walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.
6. Night Terrors (Pavor Nocturnus): A parasomnia characterized by extreme fear, agitation, and arousal during sleep, typically occurring during deep non-REM sleep.
7. Sleep Paralysis: A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, caused by the failure of the brain to transition properly between sleep and wakefulness.
8. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A disorder characterized by the acting out of dreams during REM sleep, which can result in injury to the sleeper or their bed partner.

These disorders can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life, safety, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions effectively.

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.

The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.

Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. It's characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), where people experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time - while working, talking, eating, or even driving.

In addition to EDS, narcolepsy often includes cataplexy, a condition that causes loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness and sometimes collapse, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Other common symptoms are sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up), vivid hallucinations during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, and fragmented nighttime sleep.

The exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve genetic and environmental factors, as well as problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as hypocretin/orexin, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Narcolepsy can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

Psychomotor agitation is a state of increased physical activity and purposeless or semi-purposeful voluntary movements, usually associated with restlessness, irritability, and cognitive impairment. It can be a manifestation of various medical and neurological conditions such as delirium, dementia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance withdrawal. Psychomotor agitation may also increase the risk of aggressive behavior and physical harm to oneself or others. Appropriate evaluation and management are necessary to address the underlying cause and alleviate symptoms.

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are a class of drugs that increase alertness, attention, energy, and/or mood by directly acting on the brain. They can be prescribed to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression that has not responded to other treatments.

Examples of CNS stimulants include amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), and modafinil (Provigil). These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain.

In addition to their therapeutic uses, CNS stimulants are also sometimes misused for non-medical reasons, such as to enhance cognitive performance or to get high. However, it's important to note that misusing these drugs can lead to serious health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health issues.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

In medical or psychological terms, "frustration" is not defined as a specific medical condition or diagnosis. Instead, it refers to a common emotional reaction that people may experience when they are unable to achieve a goal or fulfill a desire, despite their efforts. This can lead to feelings of anger, disappointment, and aggression. While frustration itself is not a medical condition, chronic or extreme feelings of frustration can contribute to the development of mental health issues such as anxiety or depression.

A "social environment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is often used in the context of public health and social sciences to refer to the physical and social conditions, relationships, and organized institutions that influence the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

The social environment includes factors such as:

* Social support networks (family, friends, community)
* Cultural norms and values
* Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation)
* Housing and neighborhood conditions
* Access to resources (food, healthcare, transportation)
* Exposure to discrimination, violence, and other stressors

These factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes, as they can influence behaviors related to health (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), as well as exposure to disease and access to healthcare. Understanding the social environment is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies that promote health equity and reduce health disparities.

Olfaction disorders, also known as smell disorders, refer to conditions that affect the ability to detect or interpret odors. These disorders can be categorized into two main types:

1. Anosmia: This is a complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be caused by various factors such as nasal polyps, sinus infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
2. Hyposmia: This is a reduced ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, it can also be caused by similar factors including aging and exposure to certain chemicals.

Other olfaction disorders include parosmia, which is a distortion of smell where individuals may perceive a smell as being different from its original scent, and phantosmia, which is the perception of a smell that isn't actually present.

Lewy body disease, also known as dementia with Lewy bodies, is a type of progressive degenerative dementia that affects thinking, behavior, and movement. It's named after Dr. Friedrich Lewy, the scientist who discovered the abnormal protein deposits, called Lewy bodies, that are characteristic of this disease.

Lewy bodies are made up of a protein called alpha-synuclein and are found in the brain cells of individuals with Lewy body disease. These abnormal protein deposits are also found in people with Parkinson's disease, but they are more widespread in Lewy body disease, affecting multiple areas of the brain.

The symptoms of Lewy body disease can vary from person to person, but they often include:

* Cognitive decline, such as memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving
* Visual hallucinations and delusions
* Parkinsonian symptoms, such as stiffness, tremors, and difficulty walking or moving
* Fluctuations in alertness and attention
* REM sleep behavior disorder, where a person acts out their dreams during sleep

Lewy body disease is a progressive condition, which means that the symptoms get worse over time. Currently, there is no cure for Lewy body disease, but medications can help manage some of the symptoms.

A personality assessment is a systematic process used by healthcare professionals to evaluate and understand an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It typically involves the use of standardized measures, such as self-report questionnaires, interviews, and observational techniques, to gather information about an individual's personality traits, attitudes, values, and behaviors.

The goal of a personality assessment is to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of an individual's unique personality style, including their strengths, weaknesses, and potential vulnerabilities. This information can be useful in a variety of contexts, including clinical treatment planning, vocational counseling, and forensic evaluation.

It is important to note that personality assessments should always be conducted by qualified professionals with appropriate training and expertise in the use of these measures. Additionally, while personality assessments can provide valuable insights into an individual's personality style, they are not infallible and should always be considered alongside other sources of information when making important decisions about treatment or management.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including Parkinsonism (such as stiffness, slowness of movement, and tremors), cerebellar ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), autonomic dysfunction (problems with the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary actions like heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and digestion), and pyramidal signs (abnormalities in the corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movements).

The disorder is caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in various parts of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a loss of function in these areas. The exact cause of MSA is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for MSA, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

A token economy is a type of behavioral intervention that uses contingency management principles to modify and improve specific behaviors. It is commonly used in clinical settings to help individuals with various disorders, such as developmental disabilities, mental illnesses, or substance use disorders.

In a token economy system, desired behaviors are reinforced by the immediate delivery of a tangible symbol or token, which can later be exchanged for rewards or privileges. The tokens serve as a form of secondary reinforcement, and the rewards or privileges that can be earned with them function as primary reinforcers.

The specific behaviors targeted for modification and the criteria for earning tokens are clearly defined and communicated to the individual. Tokens may be earned for a variety of behaviors, such as completing tasks, following rules, demonstrating appropriate social interactions, or engaging in self-care activities. The use of a token economy system can help individuals develop new skills, increase motivation, and reduce challenging behaviors.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. It is characterized by the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, specifically in an area called the substantia nigra. The loss of these cells leads to a decrease in dopamine levels, which results in the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. These symptoms can include tremors at rest, stiffness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (impaired balance and coordination). In addition to these motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are also common in people with Parkinson's disease. The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.

Propylamines are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a propylamine group, which is a functional group consisting of a propyl chain (-C3H7) attached to an amino group (-NH2). Propylamines can be primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on the number of organic substituents attached to the nitrogen atom.

In a medical context, propylamines may refer to certain drugs that contain this functional group and have pharmacological activity. For example, some local anesthetics, such as procaine (Novocain), are derivatives of propylamine. Procaine is a ester of p-aminobenzoic acid and diethylaminoethanol, where the amino group is part of a propylamine chain.

It's important to note that not all compounds containing propylamines have medical applications or uses, as this functional group can also be found in various chemicals with different properties and applications.

Aromatherapy is defined as the use of essential oils from plants for therapeutic purposes. The essential oils are typically extracted through steam distillation or cold pressing, and they can be used in a variety of ways, including inhalation, topical application, or oral consumption. Aromatherapy is believed to promote physical and psychological well-being by engaging the smell receptors in the nose, which then send messages to the limbic system in the brain, which is responsible for emotions and memories. Some people use aromatherapy to help manage stress, improve sleep, or alleviate symptoms of various health conditions. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest that aromatherapy may have certain health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety.

I am not a medical professional, but I can provide you with some general information about parenting from a psychological and sociological perspective. Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child or children. It involves caring for their daily needs, providing a safe and nurturing environment, setting boundaries and expectations, modeling appropriate behavior, and fostering healthy relationships and communication skills. Parents also help their children develop coping strategies, resilience, and self-esteem by encouraging them to explore their interests, express their feelings, and learn from their mistakes. Effective parenting often requires patience, consistency, empathy, and adaptability, as the needs and developmental stages of children can vary widely.

Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.

Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Juvenile delinquency is a term used in the legal system to describe illegal activities or behaviors committed by minors, typically defined as individuals under the age of 18. It's important to note that the specific definition and handling of juvenile delinquency can vary based on different jurisdictions and legal systems around the world.

The term is often used to describe a pattern of behavior where a young person repeatedly engages in criminal activities or behaviors that violate the laws of their society. These actions, if committed by an adult, would be considered criminal offenses.

Juvenile delinquency is handled differently than adult offenses, with a focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment. The goal is to address the root causes of the behavior, which could include factors like family environment, social pressures, mental health issues, or substance abuse. Interventions may include counseling, education programs, community service, or, in more serious cases, residential placement in a juvenile detention facility.

However, it's important to remember that the specifics of what constitutes juvenile delinquency and how it's handled can vary greatly depending on the legal system and cultural context.

Cataplexy is a medical condition characterized by sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone or strength, typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. This can result in symptoms ranging from a slight slackening of the muscles to complete collapse. Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, which is a neurological disorder that affects sleep-wake cycles. It's important to note that cataplexy is different from syncope (fainting), as it specifically involves muscle weakness rather than loss of consciousness.

Special education is a type of education that is designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the United States, special education is defined as:

"Specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, including—

(A) Instruction conducted in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and in other settings; and

(B) Instruction in physical education."

Special education may include a variety of services, such as:

* Specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of the child
* Related services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, or physical therapy
* Assistive technology devices and services
* Counseling and behavioral supports
* Transportation services

Special education is provided in a variety of settings, including regular classrooms, resource rooms, self-contained classrooms, and specialized schools. The goal of special education is to provide students with disabilities with the skills and knowledge they need to be successful in school and in life.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

In the context of medicine and psychology, "temperament" refers to a person's natural disposition or character, which is often thought to be inherited and relatively stable throughout their life. It is the foundation on which personality develops, and it influences how individuals react to their environment, handle emotions, and approach various situations.

Temperament is composed of several traits, including:

1. Activity level: The degree of physical and mental energy a person exhibits.
2. Emotional intensity: The depth or strength of emotional responses.
3. Regularity: The consistency in biological functions like sleep, hunger, and elimination.
4. Approach/withdrawal: The tendency to approach or avoid new situations or people.
5. Adaptability: The ease with which a person adapts to changes in their environment.
6. Mood: The general emotional tone or baseline mood of an individual.
7. Persistence: The ability to maintain focus and effort on a task despite challenges or distractions.
8. Distractibility: The susceptibility to being diverted from a task by external stimuli.
9. Sensitivity: The degree of responsiveness to sensory input, such as touch, taste, sound, and light.
10. Attention span: The length of time a person can concentrate on a single task or activity.

These traits combine to create an individual's unique temperamental profile, which can influence their mental and physical health, social relationships, and overall well-being. Understanding temperament can help healthcare professionals tailor interventions and treatments to meet the specific needs of each patient.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Maternal behavior refers to the nurturing and protective behaviors exhibited by a female animal towards its offspring. In humans, this term is often used to describe the natural instincts and actions of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and early child-rearing. It encompasses a broad range of activities such as feeding, grooming, protecting, and teaching the young.

In the context of medical and psychological research, maternal behavior is often studied to understand the factors that influence its development, expression, and outcomes for both the mother and offspring. Factors that can affect maternal behavior include hormonal changes during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as social, cultural, and environmental influences.

Abnormal or atypical maternal behavior may indicate underlying mental health issues, such as postpartum depression or anxiety, and can have negative consequences for both the mother and the child's development and well-being. Therefore, it is important to monitor and support healthy maternal behaviors in new mothers to promote positive outcomes for both parties.

In the context of medicine and public health, "socialization" typically refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors that are considered appropriate within their particular cultural, social, or community group. This process is critical for developing a sense of identity, fostering social connections, and promoting mental and emotional well-being.

Socialization can have important implications for health outcomes, as individuals who are able to effectively navigate social norms and relationships may be better equipped to access resources, seek support, and make healthy choices. On the other hand, inadequate socialization or social isolation can contribute to a range of negative health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and poor physical health.

Healthcare providers may play an important role in promoting socialization and addressing social isolation among their patients, for example by connecting them with community resources, support groups, or other opportunities for social engagement.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Acetogenins are a type of compound that are produced by certain plants, particularly those in the family Annonaceae. They are known for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-cancer, anti-malarial, and insecticidal activities. Acetogenins have a complex structure, consisting of a long chain of carbon atoms with various functional groups attached. They work by inhibiting the function of certain enzymes that are necessary for the survival of cancer cells and other target organisms.

Impulsive behavior can be defined medically as actions performed without proper thought or consideration of the consequences, driven by immediate needs, desires, or urges. It often involves risky or inappropriate behaviors that may lead to negative outcomes. In a clinical context, impulsivity is frequently associated with certain mental health conditions such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and some neurological conditions. It's important to note that everyone can exhibit impulsive behavior at times, but when it becomes a persistent pattern causing distress or functional impairment, it may indicate an underlying condition requiring professional assessment and treatment.

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.

Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is a type of dopamine receptor that belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. It is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine and plays a role in various physiological functions, including regulation of movement, motivation, reward processing, cognition, and emotional responses.

The DRD4 gene contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in its coding region, which results in different isoforms of the receptor with varying lengths of the third intracellular loop. This genetic variation has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and personality traits like novelty seeking.

The D4 receptor is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. It has a lower affinity for dopamine than other dopamine receptors (D1-D3) and exhibits a slower rate of dissociation from dopamine, suggesting that it may act as a modulator of dopaminergic signaling rather than a primary mediator.

In summary, the Dopamine D4 receptor is a type of dopamine receptor involved in various physiological functions and has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders due to genetic variations in its coding region.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Behavior control refers to the methods and techniques used to modify or regulate an individual's actions, responses, or habits. This can be achieved through various means such as positive reinforcement (rewarding desired behavior), negative reinforcement (removing something unpleasant to encourage a certain behavior), punishment (imposing an unpleasant consequence for undesired behavior), and extinction (ignoring or withdrawing attention from unwanted behavior until it decreases).

In a medical context, behavior control is often used in the treatment of mental health disorders, addictions, and other behavioral issues. For example, therapists may use cognitive-behavioral therapy to help patients identify and change negative thought patterns that lead to undesirable behaviors. Additionally, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms associated with certain behaviors, such as impulse control disorders or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

It is important to note that behavior control should always respect the individual's autonomy, dignity, and human rights. Any interventions should be based on informed consent, evidence-based practices, and individualized treatment plans. Coercive or abusive methods of behavior control are not acceptable and can cause harm to the person being controlled.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Psychological techniques generally refer to various methods and approaches used in psychology to help individuals manage their emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and relationships. These techniques are often based on scientific research and theories from fields such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic psychology, and positive psychology. Here are some examples of psychological techniques:

1. Cognitive restructuring: This technique involves identifying and challenging negative or distorted thinking patterns to replace them with more realistic and adaptive ones.
2. Mindfulness meditation: Practicing mindfulness means focusing on the present moment without judgment, which can help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression.
3. Exposure therapy: This is a technique used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by gradually exposing individuals to their fears in a safe and controlled environment.
4. Systematic desensitization: A form of exposure therapy that involves pairing relaxation techniques with increasingly intense exposures to a feared stimulus.
5. Journaling: Writing down thoughts and feelings can help individuals process emotions, gain self-awareness, and track progress in therapy.
6. Role-playing: Acting out scenarios or conversations can help people practice new skills, build confidence, and improve communication.
7. Mental imagery: Visualizing positive outcomes or situations can help change negative thought patterns and promote personal growth.
8. Emotion regulation strategies: Learning to identify, understand, and manage emotions is an essential skill for mental well-being. Techniques include deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and distraction.
9. Behavioral activation: Engaging in enjoyable activities can help improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression.
10. Assertiveness training: This technique teaches individuals how to express their needs and desires clearly and respectfully while maintaining healthy boundaries.

These psychological techniques are often used by mental health professionals, such as psychologists, therapists, and counselors, to help clients overcome various emotional and behavioral challenges. However, some techniques can also be self-taught or practiced independently with the guidance of books, online resources, or support groups.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

'Behavior' is a term used in the medical and scientific community to describe the actions or reactions of an individual in response to internal or external stimuli. It can be observed and measured, and it involves all the responses of a person, including motor responses, emotional responses, and cognitive responses. Behaviors can be voluntary or involuntary, adaptive or maladaptive, and normal or abnormal. They can also be influenced by genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors. In a medical context, the study of behavior is often relevant to understanding and treating various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. It consists of two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases (also known as Autonomic Disorders or Autonomic Neuropathies) refer to a group of conditions that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These diseases can cause damage to the nerves that control automatic functions, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that primarily affect the autonomic nervous system without any underlying cause. Examples include:
* Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF): A rare disorder characterized by progressive loss of autonomic nerve function, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and constipation.
* Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A degenerative neurological disorder that affects both the autonomic nervous system and movement coordination. Symptoms may include orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and Parkinsonian features like stiffness and slowness of movements.
* Autonomic Neuropathy associated with Parkinson's Disease: Some individuals with Parkinson's disease develop autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and urinary dysfunction due to the degeneration of autonomic nerves.
2. Secondary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system as a result of an underlying cause or disease. Examples include:
* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: A complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the autonomic nerves, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), and sexual dysfunction.
* Autoimmune-mediated Autonomic Neuropathies: Conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can cause autonomic symptoms due to the immune system attacking the autonomic nerves.
* Infectious Autonomic Neuropathies: Certain infections, such as HIV or Lyme disease, can lead to autonomic dysfunction as a result of nerve damage.
* Toxin-induced Autonomic Neuropathy: Exposure to certain toxins, like heavy metals or organophosphate pesticides, can cause autonomic neuropathy.

Autonomic nervous system disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, devices or surgical interventions.

Family conflict refers to disagreements or discord between family members, which can range from minor misunderstandings or differences in opinion to more serious issues such as communication breakdowns, emotional distress, and negative behaviors. These conflicts can arise from various sources, including differing values, beliefs, expectations, and parenting styles, as well as financial problems, substance abuse, and chronic illness. In some cases, family conflicts may be resolved through open communication, compromise, and counseling, while in other situations, they may lead to more serious consequences such as divorce, separation, or estrangement.

Irritable mood is not a formal medical diagnosis, but it is often described as a symptom in various mental health conditions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) does not have a specific definition for irritable mood. However, the term "irritable" is used to describe a mood state in several psychiatric disorders such as:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): In MDD, an individual may experience an irritable mood along with other symptoms like depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Bipolar Disorder: In bipolar disorder, an individual may experience irritable mood during a manic or hypomanic episode. During these episodes, the person may also have increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, rapid speech, distractibility, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.
3. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): This disorder is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation and occur at least three times per week, along with an irritable or angry mood most of the time between temper outbursts.
4. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): In PMDD, an individual may experience irritability, anger, and increased interpersonal conflicts in addition to other symptoms like depressed mood, anxiety, and physical symptoms during the late luteal phase of their menstrual cycle.

It is essential to consult a mental health professional if you or someone else experiences persistent irritable mood or any other symptoms that may indicate an underlying mental health condition.

Psychopathology is a branch of psychology and medicine that involves the study and classification of mental disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various methods and perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain abnormal behavior and mental processes.

The term "psychopathology" can also refer specifically to the presence of a mental disorder or to the symptoms and features of a particular mental disorder. For example, one might say that someone has a psychopathology or that they exhibit certain psychopathological symptoms.

Psychopathology is often contrasted with normal psychology, which focuses on understanding and explaining typical behavior and mental processes. However, it is important to note that the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior is not always clear-cut, and many psychological phenomena exist on a continuum rather than falling neatly into one category or the other.

In the context of public health and medical research, a peer group is a social group whose members have similar interests, concerns, or social positions. Peer groups can play an important role in shaping individual behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood. In research, studying peer groups can help researchers understand how social norms and influences affect health-related behaviors, such as substance use, sexual behavior, and mental health. It's worth noting that the term "peer group" doesn't have a specific medical definition, but it is widely used in public health and medical research to refer to these types of social groups.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guadeloupe" is not a medical term. It is actually an overseas region and department of France, located in the Caribbean Sea. Guadeloupe is an archipelago consisting of several islands, with a total land area of approximately 1,700 square kilometers (656 square miles) and a population of around 400,000 people.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Mother-Child Relations," as it is more commonly studied in fields such as psychology, sociology, and social work. However, I can provide you with some related medical or psychological terms that might help you understand the concept better:

1. Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, attachment theory describes the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver (usually the mother). Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional and social development in children.
2. Mother-Infant Interaction: This refers to the reciprocal communication and interaction between a mother and her infant, which includes verbal and non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, touch, and vocalizations. Positive and responsive interactions contribute to healthy emotional development and secure attachment.
3. Parent-Child Relationship: A broader term that encompasses the emotional bond, communication patterns, and behaviors between a parent (in this case, the mother) and their child. This relationship significantly influences a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development.
4. Maternal Depression: A mental health condition in which a mother experiences depressive symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities, after giving birth (postpartum depression) or at any point during the first year after childbirth (major depressive disorder with peripartum onset). Maternal depression can negatively impact mother-child relations and a child's development.
5. Parenting Styles: Different approaches to raising children, characterized by the degree of demandingness and responsiveness. Four main parenting styles include authoritative (high demandingness, high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), permissive (low demandingness, high responsiveness), and neglectful/uninvolved (low demandingness, low responsiveness). These styles can influence mother-child relations and child development.

While not a direct medical definition, these terms highlight the significance of mother-child relations in various aspects of child development and mental health.

Psychological tests are standardized procedures or measures used to assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive functioning, personality traits, emotional status, and behavior. These tests are designed to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating specific psychological constructs such as intelligence, memory, attention, achievement, aptitude, interests, and values. They can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observational scales, or performance-based tasks. The results obtained from these tests help mental health professionals make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment planning, and educational or vocational guidance for their clients. It is important to note that psychological tests should only be administered, scored, and interpreted by trained and qualified professionals to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

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Children with attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders may show the following symptoms: Impulsivity or ... F90.0) Disturbance of activity and attention Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Attention deficit syndrome with ... 313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS: This category includes disorders similar to ... Alcohol or drug use Medication is often used to treat children with attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. ...
... conduct disorder (CD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). RFP- ... The ultimate goal of RFP-C is to help the caregiver and child understand that all behavior, even disruptive behavior, has ... time-limited psychodynamic treatment approach for children with disruptive behavior disorders, including oppositional defiant ... The basis for the therapeutic process in RFP-C is that all behavior has meaning and that some children engage in disruptive ...
... or disruptive. Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity ... including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) do not ... or are diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students ... Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various disruptive behavior disorders, ...
During treatment, the children experienced improvements in attention, disruptive behaviors, and hyperactivity, and an average ... "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder2013". NICE. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (update)". NICE. Ford-Jones, ... "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Controversy - mental disorder or state of mind?". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived ... "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ...
... and bipolar disorder in children.[page needed] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder ... Conduct disorder is a behavior disorder characterized by repeated, persistent patterns of behavior that violate the rights of ... Three disorders that most closely resemble DMDD are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant ... The symptoms of DMDD resemble those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), ...
... one for Disruptive Behavior and one for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Scores from the Oppositional subscale ... The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF) is an instrument designed to assess the behavior of children with intellectual ... Each item presents a behavior, and the respondent is asked to rate on a 4-point scale, if that behavior applies to the child ... The NCBRF-TIQ is a 66-item behavior rating form designed to assess the behavior of children and adolescents with typical ...
Attention Deficit Disorders: School-Based Interventions. Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ... Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and ... These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, motor disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in early childhood. ADHD affects 8 to 11 ...
... attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders MeSH F03.550.150.150 - attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity MeSH ... F03.550.150.300 - conduct disorder MeSH F03.550.300 - child behavior disorders MeSH F03.550.325 - child development disorders, ... panic disorder MeSH F03.080.725 - phobic disorders MeSH F03.080.931 - stress disorders, traumatic MeSH F03.080.931.249 - combat ... reactive attachment disorder MeSH F03.550.787 - stereotypic movement disorder MeSH F03.550.825 - tic disorders MeSH F03.550. ...
... bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), reactive ... home-based therapeutic services to children and families struggling with complex psychiatric profiles and disruptive behavior. ... attachment disorder (RAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Asperger syndrome, and nonverbal learning disorder (NLVD). ... "Links between personality judgments and contextualized behavior patterns: Situation-behavior profiles of personality prototypes ...
Associated conditions include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), learning ... disabilities and sleep disorders. Patients who have ADHD along with Tourette's may also have problems with disruptive behaviors ... August 2004). "Relative contribution of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and tic ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 41 (2): 215-23. ...
Defiant Disorder 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS 307.52 Pica 307.53 Rumination disorder 307.59 Feeding disorder of ... 299.80 Rett's Disorder 299.10 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 299.80 Asperger Syndrome 299.80 PDD-NOS Attention-Deficit ... disorder 307.46 Sleep terror disorder 307.46 Sleepwalking disorder 307.47 Parasomnia NOS Sleep disorder Sleep disorder due to ... 296.90 Mood Disorder NOS 300.4 Dysthymic disorder Major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder, recurrent 296.36 In full ...
Some practitioners use the WISC as part of an assessment to diagnose attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ... children with disruptive behavior, children who are English Language Learners, children with autism spectrum disorder with ... The WISC-V is also linked with measures of achievement, adaptive behavior, executive function, and behavior and emotion. ... When combined with other measures such as the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II (ABAS-II; Harrison & Oakland, 2003) and ...
Denckla MB (2006). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The childhood co-morbidity that most influences the disability ... "Disruptive behavior problems in a community sample of children with tic disorders". Advances in Neurology. 99: 184-90. PMID ... "Neuromotor functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". J. Child ... "Neuropsychological status of children with Tourette's syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". ...
Psychiatry portal Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Antisocial personality disorder Disruptive mood dysregulation ... When looking at disruptive behaviors such as ODD, research has shown that the causes of behaviors are multi-factorial. However ... bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or anxiety disorder. Diagnoses of ODD or conduct disorder are not ... "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Racial Bias". Insights of a ...
The low arousal theory is a psychological theory explaining that people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ... ADHD often co-occurs with conduct disorders 30-50% of the time; this can lead to the development of aggressive behavior which ... Weis, Robert (2014). "Disruptive Disorders and Substance Use Problems". Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent ... Sikström, S.; Söderlund, G. (October 2007). "Stimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". ...
A similarly common disorder is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is categorized as a childhood disorder ... Anxiety disorders are typically more difficult to recognize than disruptive behavior disorders such as ADHD because the ... ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is considered as one of the most common mental disorders for ... Next is mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and/or bipolar disorder), with a lifetime prevalence of ...
Lynskey M. T.; Fergusson D. M. (1995). "Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, ... Moreover, both disorders share relevant risk factors and disruptive behaviors, suggesting that oppositional defiant disorder is ... "Sources of covariation among attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: The ... Developmental epidemiology of disruptive behavior disorders. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive ...
Behavior therapy, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management, Parenting skills organizations, Evidence-based medicine) ... April 2013). "Toward an exportable parent training program for disruptive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders". ... Conflict is high in families of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with parents showing "more ... PMT for disruptive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders is an area of ongoing research. There is a great deal ...
Keirsey asserted that Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) was an altogether different matter, in that these children were inactive ... His research and observation of human behavior started after he returned from World War II, when he served in the Pacific as a ... unlike the children who are actually disruptive. Keirsey referred to the practice of medicating children with ADD as "The Great ... Keirsey regarded the prescription of psychotropic stimulants as a treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ...
... and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and ... "Effectiveness of Antidepressant Medications for Symptoms of Irritability and Disruptive Behaviors in Children and Adolescents ... and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and ... are useful in reducing aggression and oppositionality in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ...
... in antisocial personality disorder. Attention-seeking behavior should be distinguished from impulsive or disruptive behaviors ... "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention seeking? Ways of distinguishing two common childhood problems". British ... Attention seeking behavior is to act in a way that is likely to elicit attention. Attention seeking behavior is defined in the ... Repeated attention seeking behavior is a symptom of multiple personality disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder ...
Douglas had suggested that attention deficits were more important than hyperactive behavior for understanding the disorder. The ... of the following symptoms of inattention for at least six months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for ... "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241-55. doi: ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), is one of the three presentations of ...
... often leading to outright emotional disorders. These disorders are often related to a negative perception of the child by peers ... This deficit may not be noticeable in someone who has had strabismus since birth or early childhood, as they have likely ... Attention has also been drawn to potential socioeconomic impact resulting from cases of detectable strabismus. A socioeconomic ... Small-angle and intermittent strabismus are more likely to cause disruptive visual symptoms. In addition to headaches and eye ...
CD and ODD requires not only discrimination among the three disorders, but also from a wide range of other psyc ... Neurobiology - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Genetics - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior ... Treatment - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Psychopharmacology - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior ... Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Course and Natural History- Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior ...
Ohio Council for Children with Behavior Disorders 2014 Summer Behavior Institute Book ...
Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed (DSM-5 ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of posttraumatic stress and related disorders: A prospective longitudinal ... Attrition Rates and Incidence of Mental Health Disorders in an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Cohort, Active ... Attrition Rates and Incidence of Mental Health Disorders in an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Cohort, Active ...
Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed (DSM-5 ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of posttraumatic stress and related disorders: A prospective longitudinal ... Examining the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic ... The Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ADHD Medication Treatment in Active Component Service ...
Attention-deficit, conduct, and disruptive behavior disorders. 653. Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive ...
"The History of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - The Center of Attention for ADD". Retrieved May 29, 2019. Douglas, ... In H. C. Quay, & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 105-138). New York: Plenum. Berman, T., ... Cognitive deficits in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A long-term follow-up. Canadian Psychology, 46, ... Virginia I. (Feb 2005). "Cognitive Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Long-Term Follow-Up". ...
Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed (DSM-5 ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of posttraumatic stress and related disorders: A prospective longitudinal ... Attrition Rates and Incidence of Mental Health Disorders in an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Cohort, Active ... Attrition Rates and Incidence of Mental Health Disorders in an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Cohort, Active ...
Attention Deficit, and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.. The series begs for additional installments: Who Said That: The ... And then there is the recurring nightmare - Rickys abundant appearances in Sexual Disorders. Here, I join Camille Paglia in a ... In my anguished slumber, Ricky bounds through the whole Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders. Some evenings, Ricky lands in ... Most evenings, my id comes out for a midnight snack lugging the entire Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders. ...
Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. Emotions. Epidemiologic studies. Irritable mood. Mood disorders. ... which associates with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); a "vindictiveness" dimension, which associates with ... The Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined as a pattern of disobedient, hostile and defiant behavior beginning in ... "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder", ou dimensão irritável do TOD são formas distintas de classificar o fenótipo de ...
Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). CHADD does not endorse products, services, ... What are the types of disruptive behavior disorders?. Disruptive behavior disorders include two similar disorders: oppositional ... Disruptive behavior disorders and untreated ADHD have been found to lead to an increased risk of substance use disorders. In ... Given the high co-occurrence of ADHD with disruptive behavior disorders, all children with ADHD symptoms and disruptive ...
Disruptive Behavior Disorder(1). * Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd) (1) * Schizophrenia (3) ... empowers clients by decoding in advance the disruptive innovations in pharmaceuticals industry. Using patents data, ...
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. 2. 2018. 301. 0.270. Why? Patient Acceptance of Health Care. 1. 2018. 2954 ... Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3. 2018. 1914. 0.210. Why? ...
She was diagnosed with "disruptive behavior disorder," attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mild intellectual disability ...
Categories: Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, ...
Trends in antipsychotic use for youth with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders ...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. *Chapter 21. Behavioral Addictions: Gambling ... suicidal behavior, psychotic disorders, externalizing disorders (such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity), and behavioral ... Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Psychotic Disorders: Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Drug-Induced Psychotic Disorders ... Part 4. Co-occurring Disorders in Youth. *Chapter 17. Assessment and Treatment of Co-occurring Internalizing Disorders: ...
CD involves a number of problematic behaviors, including oppositional and defiant behaviors and antisocial activities (eg, ... lying, stealing, running away, physical violence, sexually coercive behaviors). ... Conduct disorder (CD) is one of the most difficult and intractable mental health problems in children and adolescents. ... Stepped Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Aggressive Behavior: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of ...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. *Chapter 21. Behavioral Addictions: Gambling ... suicidal behavior, psychotic disorders, externalizing disorders (such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity), and behavioral ... Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Psychotic Disorders: Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Drug-Induced Psychotic Disorders ... Part 4. Co-occurring Disorders in Youth. *Chapter 17. Assessment and Treatment of Co-occurring Internalizing Disorders: ...
... factor analyses examining attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and other childhood disruptive behaviors. DR Pillow ... Do boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have positive illusory self-concepts?. B Hoza, WE Pelham Jr, J Dobbs, JS ... The self-perceptions and attributions of attention deficit hyperactivity disordered and nonreferred boys. B Hoza, WE Pelham, R ... Predicting treatment response for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Introduction of a heuristic model to ...
... attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or disruptive behavior disorder.. Previous research has shown children on the drugs ... In adults and teens, risperidone is used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Risperidone is also approved by the U.S. ... The most common diagnosis was pervasive developmental disorder or mental retardation, ...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric disorder often comorbid with disruptive behavior ... Risk variants and polygenic architecture of disruptive behavior disorders in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity ... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (N = 14,397), schizophrenia (N = 2401), bipolar disorder (N = 1391), depression (N = ... Correlations with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression were also significant. We ...
This is a clinic-based program to help fathers of children with or at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ... can support the 1 in 5 students in the United States who experience a mental health disorder such as disruptive behavior, ... anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Below is a snapshot of some of that work. ... program for middle school counselors or psychologists to support students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ...
This is a clinic-based program to help fathers of children with or at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ... can support the 1 in 5 students in the United States who experience a mental health disorder such as disruptive behavior, ... anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Below is a snapshot of some of that work. ... program for middle school counselors or psychologists to support students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ...
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders 15% * Equivalence Trials 15% * Conduct Disorder 14% ...
contributing to disruptive behavior associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD); dirty electricity may elevate plasma ... of this study was to test the effect of the Graham/Stetzer microsurge filters on the wellbeing of teachers and on the behavior ...
Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological findings in conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.. ... discusses the distinction between oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other disruptive behavior in children ... including conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Consult your physician on ADHD or health professional on matters related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and ADHD ...
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, disruptive behaviors), family issues (e.g. family conflict, divorce), military family ... Clinical and Research Interests: Assessment and treatment of severe behavior disorders, autistic disorders, parent and teacher ... Clinical and Research Interests: Assessment and treatment of severe behavior disorders, drug-behavior interactions, behavioral ... Clinical and Research Interests: Applied behavior analysis, digital behavioral health, parent behavior, infant behavior, staff ...
... the children experienced improvements in attention, disruptive behaviors, and hyperactivity, and an average change of +4.5 in ... "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Controversy - mental disorder or state of mind?". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived ... "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" ... "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (update)". NICE.. *^ Ford-Jones, Polly Christine (May 2015). "Misdiagnosis of ...
  • She was a professor at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, noted for her contributions to the study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1971, in a Presidential Address to the Canadian Psychological Association, Douglas presented her theory that deficits in sustained attention and impulse control were more likely to account for the difficulties of children with hyperkinesis than hyperactivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was widely believed that hyperactivity, not attentional problems, was the main factor underlying this disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of Douglas's research, attention deficit disorder (ADD) with or without hyperactivity was included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cognitive deficits in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A long-term follow-up. (wikipedia.org)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood diagnosis and affects the pool of potential military applicants. (health.mil)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common diagnosis in childhood, characterized by persistent impairing inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (health.mil)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common diagnosis in childhood, characterized by persistent impairing inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity with symptoms recognized in patients before age 12. (health.mil)
  • Do boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have positive illusory self-concepts? (google.com.hk)
  • The most common diagnosis was pervasive developmental disorder or mental retardation, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or disruptive behavior disorder. (ablechild.org)
  • The Institute of Education Sciences (IES) has funded and supported work that seeks to identify how schools can support the 1 in 5 students in the United States who experience a mental health disorder such as disruptive behavior, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (ed.gov)
  • This is a clinic-based program to help fathers of children with or at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) get more involved and engaged in their child's school performance. (ed.gov)
  • Joshua Langberg (Virginia Commonwealth University) refined the HOPS (Homework, Organization, and Planning Skills) program for middle school counselors or psychologists to support students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who need help with organization and time management. (ed.gov)
  • Correlations with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression were also significant. (escholarship.org)
  • Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological findings in conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (newideas.net)
  • Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations were performed in a pilot study of adolescents with DSM-III-R disruptive behavior disorders, including conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (newideas.net)
  • Consult your physician on ADHD or health professional on matters related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and ADHD treatment. (newideas.net)
  • Despite the scientifically well-established nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), its diagnosis, and its treatment, [1] each of these has been controversial since the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nearly half of these Medicaid-covered pediatric patients receiving antipsychotic drugs had nonpsychotic diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or some other disruptive behavior disorder. (cchrint.org)
  • Our Psychiatrists are trusted experts who provide psychiatric assessments and treatment for children and adolescents with psychiatric mood and behavioral disorders, including depression, bipolar, effective dysregulation, anxiety, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and disruptive behaviors, as well as psychopharmacotherapy for all childhood disorders. (searhc.org)
  • His wide-ranging scientific contributions are reflected in his current efforts to develop research programs in integrated pediatric mental health services, pediatric psychopharmacology, bullying, epidemiology and the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). (bringchange2mind.org)
  • The most common is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • I am a Lifetime Member of the International Dyslexia Association (IDA), Children & Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD) & Autism Society of America (ASA). (newleavesclinic.com)
  • EF may be compromised in some developmental disorders, such as Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The big problem is that we're diagnosing and labeling common temper outbursts and other disruptive behavior in millions of children as attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (oneradionetwork.com)
  • In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association first used the label attention deficit disorder, or ADD, with or without hyperactivity, in the DSM-III, to describe this condition. (asu.edu)
  • In a 1987 revision, experts collapsed those diagnoses into Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. (asu.edu)
  • Now a neurologist at Boston Children's Hospital, Urion realizes in hindsight that this relentlessly impulsive boy likely had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - known as ADHD - a condition that causes children to exhibit symptoms including difficulty staying focused, controlling behavior and hyperactivity. (scoutingmagazine.org)
  • Doctors diagnose a child with the disorder if he displays six or more symptoms from either a list of nine inattention symptoms or from a list of nine signs of hyperactivity and impulsivity. (scoutingmagazine.org)
  • Volumes of published studies reveal the link between Artificial Food Additives in the Diet, hyperactivity, neurotoxicity and ADHD type behavior problems all of which resolves upon cleaning up the diet. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • ABSTRACT There is a knowledge gap in primary school teachers that affects their ability to detect attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (who.int)
  • hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which teachers to detect ADHD early and may affect all aspects of a child's life. (who.int)
  • Roughly half the children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). (medscape.com)
  • Proper differential diagnosis of ADHD, CD and ODD requires not only discrimination among the three disorders, but also from a wide range of other psychiatric, developmental and medical conditions. (brainkart.com)
  • ADHD can be conceptualized as a cognitive/devel-opmental disorder, with an earlier age of onset than CD. (brainkart.com)
  • ADHD children more frequently show deficits on measures of attentional and cognitive function, have increased motor activity and greater neurodevelopmental abnormalities. (brainkart.com)
  • Comorbid ADHD and CD is consistently reported to be more disabling with poorer long-term outcome than either disorder alone. (brainkart.com)
  • Differentiating ADHD from bipolar disorder in childhood is complicated by the low base rate of bipolar disorder and the variability in clinical presentation. (brainkart.com)
  • In addition, a variety of medical conditions such as epilepsy, Tourette's disorder, thyroid disease, postinfectious and/or post traumatic encephalopathy and sensory impairments can present with symptoms similar to ADHD and must also be considered. (brainkart.com)
  • Previous to Douglas' 1972 article Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children, ADHD was referred to as hyperkinesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following her paper, "Stop, look, and listen", Douglas proposed a three-component model of self-regulation to explain the cognitive and motor deficits associated with ADHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Douglas theorized that deficits in any one of these components might contribute to the difficulties experienced by individuals with ADHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Attentional: effortful attention Inhibitory: control of impulsive, inappropriate responding Strategic (organizational): processes that guide and direct cognitive processing Douglas emphasized the importance of correctly identifying which of the three components underlies symptom-related behaviour in any given individual with ADHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • New accessions in 2014 with ADHD diagnoses who received a prescription for ADHD medication started medication quickly (91.0% within 6 months) and had higher rates of attrition from service and higher incidence rates of comorbid mental health disorders than their untreated ADHD counterparts. (health.mil)
  • The treated ADHD group had higher rates of attrition and incidence of mental health disorders during the follow-up period. (health.mil)
  • 1 Since ADHD is the most common pediatric neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in the U.S., this condition has readiness and force health importance to the Department of Defense (DOD), and its high prevalence in the adolescent and adult civilian population affects the pool of military applicants. (health.mil)
  • 2 Current DOD accession policy lists ADHD as disqualifying for military applicants if they meet any of the following conditions: ADHD medication prescribed in the previous 24 months, an educational plan or work accommodation after age 14, a history of comorbid mental health disorders, or documentation of adverse academic, occupational, or work performance. (health.mil)
  • The prevalence of ADHD in U.S. children aged 2-17 is estimated to range from 9-11% with approximately two-thirds of children with ADHD having at least 1 other mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder. (health.mil)
  • Although patients with ADHD are more likely to have comorbid mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, 4,6-8 patients receiving ADHD medications may be protected from the development of these associated mental health conditions. (health.mil)
  • Having ADHD along with a coexisting disruptive behavior disorder (ODD/CD) can complicate diagnosis and treatment and also worsen the prognosis. (chadd.org)
  • Even though many children with ADHD ultimately adjust, some (especially those with an associated conduct or oppositional defiant disorder) are more likely to drop out of school, have fewer years of overall education, have less job satisfaction and fare less well as adults. (chadd.org)
  • Approximately one-third to one-half of all children with ADHD may have coexisting oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). (chadd.org)
  • In some cases, children with ADHD may eventually develop conduct disorder (CD), a more serious pattern of antisocial behaviors. (chadd.org)
  • Conduct disorder may occur in 25 percent of children and 45 percent of adolescents with ADHD. (chadd.org)
  • Given the high co-occurrence of ADHD with disruptive behavior disorders, all children with ADHD symptoms and disruptive behaviors need to be assessed for the possibility that ODD or CD may be present in addition to ADHD. (chadd.org)
  • Disruptive behavior disorders and untreated ADHD have been found to lead to an increased risk of substance use disorders. (chadd.org)
  • In addition, adolescents with disruptive behaviors disorders and ADHD are more likely to be aggressive and hostile in their interactions with others, and to be arrested. (chadd.org)
  • It has also been suggested that the greater impulsivity associated with the ADHD may cause greater antisocial behavior and its consequences. (chadd.org)
  • Thus, early recognition and treatment of both the ADHD and disruptive behaviors in children is essential. (chadd.org)
  • All children with symptoms of ADHD and ODD/CD need to be assessed so that both types of problem behaviors can be treated. (chadd.org)
  • Effects of methyphenidate and expectancy on children with ADHD: Behavior, academic performance, and attributions in a summer treatment program and regular classroom settings. (google.com.hk)
  • Positions range from the view that ADHD is within the normal range of behavior to the hypothesis that ADHD is a genetic condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] Some sociologists consider ADHD to be an example of the medicalization of deviant behavior, that is, turning the previously non-medical issue of school performance into a medical one. (wikipedia.org)
  • [3] [4] Most healthcare providers accept ADHD as a genuine disorder, at least in the small number of people with severe symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ), the leading authority in the US on clinical diagnosis, ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence rate in most cultures of about 5% in children and 2.5% in adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, of the privately insured pediatric patients receiving antipsychotics, about one fourth were diagnosed with ADHD or some other disruptive behavior disorder. (cchrint.org)
  • ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder are highly correlated , and up to one-half of all children with ADHD may have a co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Conduct disorder is also associated with ADHD. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Approximately 25% of children and 45% of teenagers with ADHD may develop conduct disorder. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • ODD is also commonly associated with other disorders, especially ADHD. (additudemag.com)
  • Autism / Asperger's / ASD , ADHD , Dyslexia and Behavioral Disorders. (newleavesclinic.com)
  • After a brief chat in the office, Nancy reveals she takes ADHD medication, a drug called Adderal which she started in school for a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • For decades, now, the diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD ADHD) has been criticized as a marketing ploy to sell dangerous and addictive Amphetamine drugs such as Ritalln, Adderal and Vyvanse to vulnerable children. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • Dr Breggin and Baughman oppose the use of ADHD drugs in children, claiming the drugs convert spontaneous, creative and inquisitive behavior into pacified, blunted and stereotyped behavior. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • If a child with a difficult temperament or ADHD grows up in a family with parents who respond to the child's behavior with harsh, punitive, or inconsistent parenting, there is a high risk of the child will develop oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). (medscape.com)
  • Children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) need to be assessed for the presence of ADHD and learning disorders, given the high comorbidity. (medscape.com)
  • 3] If ADHD is present, guanfacine or stimulants may be very useful in helping the child contain his or her behavior and reversing the vicious cycle the child and parents have gotten into. (medscape.com)
  • This long-awaited follow-up to the classic text Clinical Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment presents the latest research on substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) in adolescents 12-18 and emerging adults 18-25 years of age. (appi.org)
  • Conduct disorder (CD) is one of the most difficult and intractable mental health problems in children and adolescents. (medscape.com)
  • A preventable predisposing factor for the development of all mental health disorders in children and adolescents has been found in a cross-sectional survey involving second-hand smoke exposure in youth who are not themselves cigarette smokers. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Leventhal has directed a number of initiatives to advance cutting-edge translational research on the causes and prevention of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. (bringchange2mind.org)
  • Adolescents were interviewed using the Depression and Mania Rating Scales of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and given the Self-Report for Childhood Anxiety Related Disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CDC examined changes in U.S. emergency department (ED) visits for mental health conditions (MHCs) overall and for nine specific MHCs, § suicide-related behaviors (including suspected suicide attempts), and drug-involved overdoses (including opioids) among children and adolescents aged 12-17 years (adolescents) during January 2019-February 2023, overall and by sex. (cdc.gov)
  • School semester surveillance periods were used after visual inspection of visits related to MHCs, suicide-related behaviors, and drug overdoses for adolescents, which indicated substantial seasonal variation in visit patterns that mirrored U.S. K-12 education semesters (spring semester, summer vacation, fall semester). (cdc.gov)
  • In these circumstances, adolescents' determine their own behavior, which may be influenced by maturity and executive functioning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adolescents who feel warmth and support from their parents are less likely to develop serious problems, as are those whose parents convey clear expectations regarding their children's behavior and show consistent limit setting and monitoring. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adolescents whose behavior is dangerous or otherwise unacceptable despite their parents' best efforts may need professional intervention. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mood and anxiety disorders, learning disorders, mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorders, organic mental disorders and psychotic disorders may all present with impair-ment of attention, as well as hyperactive/impulsive behaviors. (brainkart.com)
  • A positive family history of bipolar disorder is especially helpful in diagnosing bipolar disor-der in children. (brainkart.com)
  • In adults and teens, risperidone is used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (ablechild.org)
  • Behavioral activation, inhibition and mood symptoms in early-onset bipolar disorder. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Bipolar disorder in adults is extremely rare and to have the arrogance to assert, on the basis of no evidence whatsoever, that it is common in children is staggering. (davidhealy.org)
  • These behaviors must be exhibited more frequently than in other children of the same age and must cause significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning to warrant the diagnosis. (chadd.org)
  • [ 7 ] This decrease in brain structure and functionality is also seen in youth with other diagnoses such as in cases of child abuse and neglect, causing reactive attachment disorder and temper dysregulation as well as schizophrenia, which makes careful attention to the differential of rule-breaking behaviors important for accurate diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, careful diagnosis to exclude irritability due to another unrecognized internalizing disorder is important in childhood cases. (medscape.com)
  • [11] The guidelines go on to state that the prevalence drops to 1.5% when using the stricter criteria for the ICD-10 diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder , used mainly in Europe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the pediatric patients who had been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder and had received Geodon, only 53.3 percent actually had a diagnosis of psychosis. (cchrint.org)
  • It is a fabricated diagnosis made from a checklist of classroom behaviors such as fidgeting in the seat, not paying attention to the teacher, or blurting out answers, etc. all of which they consider to be normal childhood behavior. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • recent data …show that the diagnosis (of ADD) had been made in 15 percent of high school-age children, and that the number of children on medication for the disorder had soared to 3.5 million from 600,000 in 1990. (bioidenticalhormones101.com)
  • What are the types of disruptive behavior disorders? (chadd.org)
  • Common symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors such as lying and stealing. (chadd.org)
  • It is felt that the difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder is in the severity of symptoms and that they may lie on a continuum often with a developmental progression from ODD to CD with increasing age. (chadd.org)
  • These include (1) development disorders such as autism, (2) behavior disorders that are often disruptive and may include some degree of attention deficit, (3) anxiety and stress disorders, (4) depression, (5) anorexia and other eating disorders (generally seen in young teen girls), (6) bipolar disorders, (7) schizophrenia, and (8) certain mental conditions that have symptoms such as bed-wetting and other delayed function problems. (bhia.org)
  • Anxiety symptoms can also be signs of disruptive behavior disorder because anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders are often linked . (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • For instance, a study in 2012 on 7-12-year-old boys found that oppositional defiant disorder was predictive of symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) . (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • However, mood symptoms in adolescent patients are closely tied to components of anxiety, which may lead to diminished approach behaviors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The American Psychiatric Association decides that certain behaviors ("symptoms") are abnormal and votes these sets of behaviors into existence as diseases. (pathwaystofamilywellness.org)
  • ODD is listed as a childhood disorder but it commonly persists into adult life and continues to be highly impairing with symptoms impacting a person's functioning and causing significant distress to family, friends, and educators. (additudemag.com)
  • Overweight children are at risk for poor quality of life (QOL), depression, self-worth, and behavior problems. (openrepository.com)
  • Problems with teachers and peers lead to depression, anxiety, and additional problematic behavior. (medscape.com)
  • Behavioral problems also may be a symptom of learning disabilities, depression, or other mental health disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After five years as Deputy Director, Nathan S. Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, in 2014, Dr. Leventhal moved the University of California San Francisco where he is Professor of Psychiatry, Director of Training in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Deputy Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Deputy Director of the UCSF STAR Center for Autism Spectrum and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. (bringchange2mind.org)
  • For these reasons, it does not cover diagnoses such as pervasive developmental disorders, speech and language disorders, or the organic brain syndromes. (cdc.gov)
  • The other children who received Geodon had one or more of the following diagnoses: 24.1 percent were diagnosed with explosive personality disorder, 17.6 percent were diagnosed with depressive disorder, and 13.1 percent of these kids who were prescribed Geodon had oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). (cchrint.org)
  • Disruptive behavior disorders include two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). (chadd.org)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) refers to a recurrent pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures lasting at least six months. (chadd.org)
  • CD usually appears in early or middle childhood as oppositional defiant behavior. (medscape.com)
  • Nearly one half of children with early oppositional defiant behavior have an affective disorder, CD, or both by adolescence. (medscape.com)
  • Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Disruptive behavior disorders, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, have a prevalence of 6.1% in the United States. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder - which is characterized by repeated angry outbursts and disobedience. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder usually develops before the age of 8 and conduct disorder can occur as early as 5 years old (mainly in boys). (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by persistent patterns of anger and irritability, argumentative behaviors, and vindictiveness toward others. (additudemag.com)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM5) as a recurrent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is most likely to arise when a strong-willed child with a reactive and high-energy temperament has a parent who is authoritarian rather than authoritative. (medscape.com)
  • For example, performance failure may be falsely attributed to executive problems (e.g. working memory) when the fundamental problem is a deficit in attention (e.g. the effortful aspect of cognitive processing) or inhibitory control (e.g. the inability to inhibit a prepotent response). (wikipedia.org)
  • The full range of interventions are described for each, including pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, motivational enhancement, and psychosocial strategies. (appi.org)
  • [ 4 ] which result in deficits in the perception of emotions and impairment in affect regulation, and this may cause early impairment in attachment that might possibly further interfere with the normative development of empathy, despite intellectual capacity for those cognitive functions. (medscape.com)
  • Aaron Thompson (University of Missouri) is testing the Self-Monitoring Training and Regulation Strategy (STARS) intervention to see if it can improve behavior, social emotional learning skills, and academic performance for fifth grade students who engage in disruptive or otherwise challenging classroom behaviors. (ed.gov)
  • 4] Parent management training (PMT) consists of procedures in which parents are trained to change their own behaviors and thereby alter their child's problem behavior in the home. (medscape.com)
  • Severe mood dysregulation", "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder", ou dimensão irritável do TOD são formas distintas de classificar o fenótipo de irritabilidade crônica. (usp.br)
  • Because youth are not simply miniature adults, the book uses a developmentally informed approach to understand the onset of substance use and the trajectory to SUD and behavioral addictive disorders. (appi.org)
  • In fact, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), it is the most common mental health disorder in the United States among adults and children. (nesca-newton.com)
  • Childhood disruptive behavior disorders are more common than disruptive behavior disorder in adults. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Some benefits of exercise in prior studies are probably attributable to program elements such as attention from adults. (openrepository.com)
  • These efforts have led to the creation of outstanding clinical research programs that have developed and shaped scientific approaches to the study of early emerging childhood disorders. (bringchange2mind.org)
  • Douglas also pushed for the use of rigorous, laboratory-based measures to identify specific deficits in the three self-regulatory components. (wikipedia.org)
  • Integrating both types of studies could allow the establishment of more reliable and validated predictions of which youth who are HEU are at the highest risk for specific negative health outcomes, such as mental health and neurocognitive disorders, and which interventional approaches may be most successful to address specific deficits both in terms of prevention and treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • These children show persistantly in-creased levels of aggressive behaviors at an early age. (brainkart.com)
  • Studies have shown that youths with disruptive behavior disorders display more physically aggressive behavior. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Disruptive Behavior Disorders is often show up against the aggressive behavior related to disease. (statsmarketresearch.com)
  • Children today are being medicated at alarming rates for what appears to be normal childhood behavior. (oneradionetwork.com)
  • These patterns of behavior are consistent over time. (medscape.com)
  • These patterns develop when parents inadvertently reinforce disruptive and deviant behaviors in a child by giving those behaviors a significant amount of negative attention. (medscape.com)
  • Disruptive behavior disorder statistics estimate that the prevalence of disruptive behavior disorder is 6.1% percent. (therecoveryvillage.com)
  • Emerging research on developmental psychopathology and adolescent development has implications for how we view current prevention, intervention, and treatment paradigms, and Clinical Manual of Youth Addictive Disorders is indispensable in helping the reader understand and implement effective strategies for these patients and their families. (appi.org)
  • Douglas's research and ideas were published the following year in the seminal article Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children. (wikipedia.org)
  • Few studies utilized an attention control condition, QOL outcomes, or a follow-up evaluation after the intervention ends. (openrepository.com)
  • Conduct-disordered youth exhibit a decreased dopamine response to reward and increased risk-taking behaviors related to abnormally disrupted frontal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortices (OFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that worsens over time due to dysphoria activation of brain stress systems and increases in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). (medscape.com)
  • Most of these students have or are at risk for emotional or behavioral disorders and exhibit social skill deficits (e.g., poor communication skills, inability to resolve conflict) that alienate peers. (ed.gov)
  • Rick Auger reviews some of the more common mental health disorders that educators might encounter and provides school counselors with recommendations for how they might approach intervention. (sagepub.com)
  • This book provides a solid foundation of information on mental health disorders and their potential impact on student success. (sagepub.com)
  • Although sex differences were observed, as of fall 2022, weekly ED visits among females were at or higher than the prepandemic baseline for mental health conditions overall, suicide-related behaviors, and drug overdoses. (cdc.gov)
  • The U.S. adolescent mental and behavioral health crisis is ongoing,* with high pre-COVID-19 pandemic baseline rates † ( 1 ) and further increases in poor mental health ( 2 ), suicide-related behaviors ( 3 ), and drug overdose deaths ( 4 ) reported during 2020-2021. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1980, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-III, renamed Kramer-Pollnow syndrome to be attention deficit disorder, or ADD. (asu.edu)
  • The American Psychiatric Association, or APA, publishes the DSM to provide a standardized classification of mental disorders. (asu.edu)
  • School refusing behaviors exist on a spectrum, from the mild (e.g., missing gym class every now and then due to fears of changing in front of classmates) to the more severe (e.g., missing entire weeks of school due to persistent worries about having panic attacks). (nesca-newton.com)
  • The person with ODD is also willing to suffer severe consequences for their disruptive behaviors. (additudemag.com)