NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound.
Part of the DIENCEPHALON inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal THALAMUS. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the OPTIC TRACT to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the AUDITORY CORTEX.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P300 stands for a positive deflection in the event-related voltage potential at 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)
The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
Sounds used in animal communication.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The functional anatomy of the normal human auditory system: responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz tones at varied intensities. (1/1597)

Most functional imaging studies of the auditory system have employed complex stimuli. We used positron emission tomography to map neural responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz sine-wave tones presented to the right ear at 30, 50, 70 and 90 dB HL and found activation in a complex neural network of elements traditionally associated with the auditory system as well as non-traditional sites such as the posterior cingulate cortex. Cingulate activity was maximal at low stimulus intensities, suggesting that it may function as a gain control center. In the right temporal lobe, the location of the maximal response varied with the intensity, but not with the frequency of the stimuli. In the left temporal lobe, there was evidence for tonotopic organization: a site lateral to the left primary auditory cortex was activated equally by both tones while a second site in primary auditory cortex was more responsive to the higher frequency. Infratentorial activations were contralateral to the stimulated ear and included the lateral cerebellum, the lateral pontine tegmentum, the midbrain and the medial geniculate. Contrary to predictions based on cochlear membrane mechanics, at each intensity, 4.0 kHz stimuli were more potent activators of the brain than the 0.5 kHz stimuli.  (+info)

Desynchronizing responses to correlated noise: A mechanism for binaural masking level differences at the inferior colliculus. (2/1597)

We examined the adequacy of decorrelation of the responses to dichotic noise as an explanation for the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). The responses of 48 low-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus of anesthetized guinea pigs were recorded to binaurally presented noise with various degrees of interaural correlation and to interaurally correlated noise in the presence of 500-Hz tones in either zero or pi interaural phase. In response to fully correlated noise, neurons' responses were modulated with interaural delay, showing quasiperiodic noise delay functions (NDFs) with a central peak and side peaks, separated by intervals roughly equivalent to the period of the neuron's best frequency. For noise with zero interaural correlation (independent noises presented to each ear), neurons were insensitive to the interaural delay. Their NDFs were unmodulated, with the majority showing a level of activity approximately equal to the mean of the peaks and troughs of the NDF obtained with fully correlated noise. Partial decorrelation of the noise resulted in NDFs that were, in general, intermediate between the fully correlated and fully decorrelated noise. Presenting 500-Hz tones simultaneously with fully correlated noise also had the effect of demodulating the NDFs. In the case of tones with zero interaural phase, this demodulation appeared to be a saturation process, raising the discharge at all noise delays to that at the largest peak in the NDF. In the majority of neurons, presenting the tones in pi phase had a similar effect on the NDFs to decorrelating the noise; the response was demodulated toward the mean of the peaks and troughs of the NDF. Thus the effect of added tones on the responses of delay-sensitive inferior colliculus neurons to noise could be accounted for by a desynchronizing effect. This result is entirely consistent with cross-correlation models of the BMLD. However, in some neurons, the effects of an added tone on the NDF appeared more extreme than the effect of decorrelating the noise, suggesting the possibility of additional inhibitory influences.  (+info)

Coding of sound envelopes by inhibitory rebound in neurons of the superior olivary complex in the unanesthetized rabbit. (3/1597)

Most natural sounds (e.g., speech) are complex and have amplitude envelopes that fluctuate rapidly. A number of studies have examined the neural coding of envelopes, but little attention has been paid to the superior olivary complex (SOC), a constellation of nuclei that receive information from the cochlear nucleus. We studied two classes of predominantly monaural neurons: those that displayed a sustained response to tone bursts and those that gave only a response to the tone offset. Our results demonstrate that the off neurons in the SOC can encode the pattern of amplitude-modulated sounds with high synchrony that is superior to sustained neurons. The upper cutoff frequency and highest modulation frequency at which significant synchrony was present were, on average, slightly higher for off neurons compared with sustained neurons. Finally, most sustained and off neurons encoded the level of pure tones over a wider range of intensities than those reported for auditory nerve fibers and cochlear nucleus neurons. A traditional view of inhibition is that it attenuates or terminates neural activity. Although this holds true for off neurons, the robust discharge when inhibition is released adds a new dimension. For simple sounds (i.e., pure tones), the off response can code a wide range of sound levels. For complex sounds, the off response becomes entrained to each modulation, resulting in a precise temporal coding of the envelope.  (+info)

The superior olivary nucleus and its influence on nucleus laminaris: a source of inhibitory feedback for coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem. (4/1597)

Located in the ventrolateral region of the avian brainstem, the superior olivary nucleus (SON) receives inputs from nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) and projects back to NA, NL, and nucleus magnocellularis (NM). The reciprocal connections between the SON and NL are of particular interest because they constitute a feedback circuit for coincidence detection. In the present study, the chick SON was investigated. In vivo tracing studies show that the SON projects predominantly to the ipsilateral NM, NL, and NA. In vitro whole-cell recording reveals single-cell morphology, firing properties, and postsynaptic responses. SON neurons are morphologically and physiologically suited for temporal integration; their firing patterns do not reflect the temporal structure of their excitatory inputs. Of most interest, direct stimulation of the SON evokes long-lasting inhibition in NL neurons. The inhibition blocks both intrinsic spike generation and orthodromically evoked activity in NL neurons and can be eliminated by bicuculline methiodide, a potent antagonist for GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. These results strongly suggest that the SON provides GABAergic inhibitory feedback to laminaris neurons. We discuss a mechanism whereby SON-evoked GABAergic inhibition can influence the coding of interaural time differences for sound localization in the avian auditory brainstem.  (+info)

Early visual experience shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain gaze fields of the barn owl. (5/1597)

Auditory spatial information is processed in parallel forebrain and midbrain pathways. Sensory experience early in life has been shown to exert a powerful influence on the representation of auditory space in the midbrain space-processing pathway. The goal of this study was to determine whether early experience also shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain. Owls were raised wearing prismatic spectacles that shifted the visual field in the horizontal plane. This manipulation altered the relationship between interaural time differences (ITDs), the principal cue used for azimuthal localization, and locations of auditory stimuli in the visual field. Extracellular recordings were used to characterize ITD tuning in the auditory archistriatum (AAr), a subdivision of the forebrain gaze fields, in normal and prism-reared owls. Prism rearing altered the representation of ITD in the AAr. In prism-reared owls, unit tuning for ITD was shifted in the adaptive direction, according to the direction of the optical displacement imposed by the spectacles. Changes in ITD tuning involved the acquisition of unit responses to adaptive ITD values and, to a lesser extent, the elimination of responses to nonadaptive (previously normal) ITD values. Shifts in ITD tuning in the AAr were similar to shifts in ITD tuning observed in the optic tectum of the same owls. This experience-based adjustment of binaural tuning in the AAr helps to maintain mutual registry between the forebrain and midbrain representations of auditory space and may help to ensure consistent behavioral responses to auditory stimuli.  (+info)

Auditory perception: does practice make perfect? (6/1597)

Recent studies have shown that adult humans can learn to localize sounds relatively accurately when provided with altered localization cues. These experiments provide further evidence for experience-dependent plasticity in the mature brain.  (+info)

Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems. (7/1597)

Thyroid hormone is an important epigenetic factor in brain development, acting by modulating rates of gene expression. The active form of thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is produced in part by the thyroid gland but also after 5'-deiodination of thyroxine (T4) in target tissues. In brain, approximately 80% of T3 is formed locally from T4 through the activity of the 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2), an enzyme that is expressed mostly by glial cells, tanycytes in the third ventricle, and astrocytes throughout the brain. D2 activity is an important point of control of thyroid hormone action because it increases in situations of low T4, thus preserving brain T3 concentrations. In this work, we have studied the expression of D2 by quantitative in situ hybridization in hypothyroid animals during postnatal development. Our hypothesis was that those regions that are most dependent on thyroid hormone should present selective increases of D2 as a protection against hypothyroidism. D2 mRNA concentration was increased severalfold over normal levels in relay nuclei and cortical targets of the primary somatosensory and auditory pathways. The results suggest that these pathways are specifically protected against thyroid failure and that T3 has a role in the development of these structures. At the cellular level, expression was observed mainly in glial cells, although some interneurons of the cerebral cortex were also labeled. Therefore, the T3 target cells, mostly neurons, are dependent on local astrocytes for T3 supply.  (+info)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (8/1597)

The common occurrence of hearing loss in both humans and mice, and the anatomical and functional similarities of their inner ears, attest to the potential of mice being used as models to study inherited hearing loss. A large-scale, auditory screening project is being undertaken at The Jackson Laboratory (TJL) to identify mice with inherited hearing disorders. To assess hearing sensitivity, at least five mice from each inbred strain had auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds determined. Thus far, we have screened 80 inbred strains of mice; 60 of them exhibited homogeneous ABR threshold values not significantly different from those of the control strain CBA/CaJ. This large database establishes a reliable reference for normal hearing mouse strains. The following 16 inbred strains exhibited significantly elevated ABR thresholds before the age of 3 months: 129/J, 129/ReJ, 129/SvJ, A/J, ALR/LtJ, ALS/LtJ, BUB/BnJ, C57BLKS/J, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, DBA/2J, I/LnJ, MA/MyJ, NOD/LtJ, NOR/LtJ, and SKH2/J. These hearing impaired strains may serve as models for some forms of human non-syndromic hearing loss and aid in the identification of the underlying genes.  (+info)

Auditory pathways refer to the series of structures and nerves in the body that are involved in processing sound and transmitting it to the brain for interpretation. The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the eardrum, which then move the bones in the middle ear. These movements stimulate hair cells in the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, causing them to release neurotransmitters that activate auditory nerve fibers.

The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are relayed through several additional structures before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. Here, the signals are processed and interpreted as sounds, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other environmental noises.

Damage or dysfunction at any point along the auditory pathway can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

The inferior colliculi are a pair of rounded eminences located in the midbrain, specifically in the tectum of the mesencephalon. They play a crucial role in auditory processing and integration. The inferior colliculi receive inputs from various sources, including the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, and cortical areas. They then send their outputs to the medial geniculate body, which is a part of the thalamus that relays auditory information to the auditory cortex.

In summary, the inferior colliculi are important structures in the auditory pathway that help process and integrate auditory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex for further analysis and perception.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Central auditory diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system, specifically in the brainstem and cortex. These disorders can result from various causes, such as head injuries, infections, tumors, or degenerative conditions. They can cause difficulties with understanding speech, locating the source of sounds, and perceiving complex or rapidly changing auditory stimuli.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is a common type of central auditory disease. It is a hearing problem that affects about 5% of school-aged children. Kids with CAPD can't process what they hear in the same way other kids do because their ears and brain don't fully coordinate. Something interferes with the way the brain recognizes and interprets sounds, especially speech.

CAPD is not a hearing loss or an intelligence problem. Children with CAPD have normal structural hearing and can often hear sounds that are presented to them individually. However, they may struggle to understand speech in noisy environments, follow complex directions, or distinguish similar sounds from one another.

Central auditory diseases are typically diagnosed through a series of tests that assess different aspects of auditory processing, such as speech recognition in noise, temporal processing, and binaural integration. Treatment for these disorders may include auditory training, assistive listening devices, and environmental modifications to help compensate for the processing difficulties.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

The cochlear nucleus is the first relay station in the auditory pathway within the central nervous system. It is a structure located in the lower pons region of the brainstem and receives sensory information from the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear.

The cochlear nucleus consists of several subdivisions, each with distinct neuronal populations that process different aspects of auditory information. These subdivisions include the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and the granule cell domain.

Neurons in these subdivisions perform various computations on the incoming auditory signals, such as frequency analysis, intensity coding, and sound localization. The output of the cochlear nucleus is then sent via several pathways to higher brain regions for further processing and interpretation, including the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and eventually the auditory cortex.

Damage or dysfunction in the cochlear nucleus can lead to hearing impairments and other auditory processing disorders.

Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.

The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.

Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

The olivary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem. It consists of two main parts: the inferior olive and the accessory olive. The inferior olive is further divided into several subnuclei.

The olivary nucleus plays an important role in the coordination of movements, particularly in the regulation of fine motor control and rhythmic movements. It receives input from various sources, including the cerebellum, spinal cord, and other brainstem nuclei, and sends output to the cerebellum via the climbing fibers.

Damage to the olivary nucleus can result in a variety of neurological symptoms, including ataxia (loss of coordination), tremors, and dysarthria (speech difficulties). Certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple system atrophy, may also affect the olivary nucleus and contribute to its degeneration.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

Auditory perceptual disorders, also known as auditory processing disorders (APD), refer to a group of hearing-related problems in which the ears are able to hear sounds normally, but the brain has difficulty interpreting or making sense of those sounds. This means that individuals with APD have difficulty recognizing and discriminating speech sounds, especially in noisy environments. They may also have trouble identifying where sounds are coming from, distinguishing between similar sounds, and understanding spoken language when it is rapid or complex.

APD can lead to difficulties in academic performance, communication, and social interactions. It is important to note that APD is not a hearing loss, but rather a problem with how the brain processes auditory information. Diagnosis of APD typically involves a series of tests administered by an audiologist, and treatment may include specialized therapy and/or assistive listening devices.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

Sound localization is the ability of the auditory system to identify the location or origin of a sound source in the environment. It is a crucial aspect of hearing and enables us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively. The process involves several cues, including time differences in the arrival of sound to each ear (interaural time difference), differences in sound level at each ear (interaural level difference), and spectral information derived from the filtering effects of the head and external ears on incoming sounds. These cues are analyzed by the brain to determine the direction and distance of the sound source, allowing for accurate localization.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It can be divided into three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal, which directs sound waves toward the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

A "reflex, acoustic" is not a standard medical term. However, it seems like you might be looking for a definition of the "acoustic reflex." The acoustic reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sounds. This reflex helps protect the inner ear from damage caused by high-intensity sounds.

When a loud sound reaches the ear, it stimulates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear, which then contracts and causes the stapes bone (one of the three bones in the middle ear) to become stiffer. This stiffening reduces the amount of sound that is transmitted to the inner ear, thus protecting it from potential harm.

The acoustic reflex can be measured using a device called an impedance audiometer, which measures changes in the pressure within the ear canal caused by muscle contraction during the reflex. This measurement provides valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring various hearing and balance disorders.

The geniculate bodies are part of the auditory pathway in the brainstem. They are two small, rounded eminences located on the lateral side of the upper pons, near the junction with the midbrain. The geniculate bodies are divided into an anterior and a posterior portion, known as the anterior and posterior geniculate bodies, respectively.

The anterior geniculate body receives inputs from the contralateral cochlear nucleus via the trapezoid body, and it is involved in the processing of sound localization. The posterior geniculate body receives inputs from the inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus and is involved in the processing of auditory information for conscious perception.

Overall, the geniculate bodies play a critical role in the processing and transmission of auditory information to higher brain areas for further analysis and interpretation.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Audiometry, evoked response is a hearing test that measures the brain's response to sound. It is often used to detect hearing loss in infants and young children, as well as in people who are unable to cooperate or communicate during traditional hearing tests.

During the test, electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity produced by the brain in response to sounds presented through earphones. The responses are recorded and analyzed to determine the quietest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. This information is used to help diagnose and manage hearing disorders.

There are several types of evoked response audiometry, including:

* Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR): measures the electrical activity from the brainstem in response to sound.
* Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR): measures the brain's response to continuous sounds at different frequencies and loudness levels.
* Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR): measures the electrical activity from the auditory cortex in response to sound.

These tests are usually performed in a quiet, sound-treated room and can take several hours to complete.

In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.

In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.

In the context of medicine, particularly in the field of auscultation (the act of listening to the internal sounds of the body), "sound" refers to the noises produced by the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. These sounds are typically categorized into two types:

1. **Bradyacoustic sounds**: These are low-pitched sounds that are heard when there is a turbulent flow of blood or when two body structures rub against each other. An example would be the heart sound known as "S1," which is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole (contraction of the heart's ventricles).

2. **High-pitched sounds**: These are sharper, higher-frequency sounds that can provide valuable diagnostic information. An example would be lung sounds, which include breath sounds like those heard during inhalation and exhalation, as well as adventitious sounds like crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs.

It's important to note that these medical "sounds" are not the same as the everyday definition of sound, which refers to the sensation produced by stimulation of the auditory system by vibrations.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

Pure-tone audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. During the test, pure tones are presented to the patient through headphones or ear inserts, and the patient is asked to indicate each time they hear the sound by raising their hand, pressing a button, or responding verbally.

The softest sound that the person can hear at each frequency is recorded as the hearing threshold, and a graph called an audiogram is created to show the results. The audiogram provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss in each ear. Pure-tone audiometry is a standard hearing test used to diagnose and monitor hearing disorders.

Cochlear microphonic potentials (CMs) are electrical responses that originate from the hair cells in the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These potentials can be recorded using an electrode placed near the cochlea in response to sound stimulation.

The CMs are considered to be a passive response of the hair cells to the mechanical deflection caused by sound waves. They represent the receptor potential of the outer hair cells and are directly proportional to the sound pressure level. Unlike other electrical responses in the cochlea, such as the action potentials generated by the auditory nerve fibers, CMs do not require the presence of neurotransmitters or synaptic transmission.

Cochlear microphonic potentials have been used in research to study the biophysical properties of hair cells and their response to different types of sound stimuli. However, they are not typically used in clinical audiology due to their small amplitude and susceptibility to interference from other electrical signals in the body.

Cochlear implantation is a surgical procedure in which a device called a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) of a person with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external component, which includes a microphone, processor, and transmitter, and an internal component, which includes a receiver and electrode array.

The microphone picks up sounds from the environment and sends them to the processor, which analyzes and converts the sounds into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the receiver, which stimulates the electrode array in the cochlea. The electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for normal hearing.

The brain interprets these electrical signals as sound, allowing the person to perceive and understand speech and other sounds. Cochlear implantation is typically recommended for people who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids and can significantly improve communication, quality of life, and social integration for those with severe to profound hearing loss.

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are brain responses that are directly related to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. P300 is a positive deflection in the ERP waveform that occurs approximately 300 milliseconds after the onset of a rare or unexpected stimulus. It is often used as an index of cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and decision-making. The amplitude of the P300 component is typically larger for targets than for non-targets, and it is thought to reflect the amount of attentional resources allocated to the processing of the stimulus. Additionally, the latency of the P300 component can be used as an indicator of the speed of cognitive processing.

It's important to note that ERPs are measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and it requires averaging multiple trials to extract the signal from the noise. Also, P300 is just one component of ERP, there are other components like N100, P100, N200 etc which also have their own significance in understanding the cognitive processes.

Loudness perception refers to the subjective experience of the intensity or volume of a sound, which is a psychological response to the physical property of sound pressure level. It is a measure of how loud or soft a sound seems to an individual, and it can be influenced by various factors such as frequency, duration, and the context in which the sound is heard.

The perception of loudness is closely related to the concept of sound intensity, which is typically measured in decibels (dB). However, while sound intensity is an objective physical measurement, loudness is a subjective experience that can vary between individuals and even for the same individual under different listening conditions.

Loudness perception is a complex process that involves several stages of auditory processing, including mechanical transduction of sound waves by the ear, neural encoding of sound information in the auditory nerve, and higher-level cognitive processes that interpret and modulate the perceived loudness of sounds. Understanding the mechanisms underlying loudness perception is important for developing hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices, as well as for diagnosing and treating various hearing disorders.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.

Animal vocalization refers to the production of sound by animals through the use of the vocal organs, such as the larynx in mammals or the syrinx in birds. These sounds can serve various purposes, including communication, expressing emotions, attracting mates, warning others of danger, and establishing territory. The complexity and diversity of animal vocalizations are vast, with some species capable of producing intricate songs or using specific calls to convey different messages. In a broader sense, animal vocalizations can also include sounds produced through other means, such as stridulation in insects.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

The thalamus is a large, paired structure in the brain that serves as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It is located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon and is made up of two symmetrical halves, each connected to the corresponding cerebral hemisphere.

The thalamus receives inputs from almost all senses, except for the olfactory system, and processes them before sending them to specific areas in the cortex. It also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness. Additionally, the thalamus is involved in motor control by relaying information between the cerebellum and the motor cortex.

The thalamus is divided into several nuclei, each with distinct connections and functions. Some of these nuclei are involved in sensory processing, while others are involved in motor function or regulation of emotions and cognition. Overall, the thalamus plays a critical role in integrating information from various brain regions and modulating cognitive and emotional processes.

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

Audiometry is the testing of a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is typically conducted using an audiometer, a device that emits tones at varying volumes and frequencies. The person being tested wears headphones and indicates when they can hear the tone by pressing a button or raising their hand.

There are two main types of audiometry: pure-tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Pure-tone audiometry measures a person's ability to hear different frequencies at varying volumes, while speech audiometry measures a person's ability to understand spoken words at different volumes and in the presence of background noise.

The results of an audiometry test are typically plotted on an audiogram, which shows the quietest sounds that a person can hear at different frequencies. This information can be used to diagnose hearing loss, determine its cause, and develop a treatment plan.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.

During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.

Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.

Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.

Chiroptera is the scientific order that includes all bat species. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, and they are distributed worldwide with the exception of extremely cold environments. They vary greatly in size, from the bumblebee bat, which weighs less than a penny, to the giant golden-crowned flying fox, which has a wingspan of up to 6 feet.

Bats play a crucial role in many ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers for plants, and they also help control insect populations. Some bat species are nocturnal and use echolocation to navigate and find food, while others are diurnal and rely on their vision. Their diet mainly consists of insects, fruits, nectar, and pollen, although a few species feed on blood or small vertebrates.

Unfortunately, many bat populations face significant threats due to habitat loss, disease, and wind turbine collisions, leading to declining numbers and increased conservation efforts.

Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.

Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.

During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.

Neural inhibition is a process in the nervous system that decreases or prevents the activity of neurons (nerve cells) in order to regulate and control communication within the nervous system. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows for the balance of excitation and inhibition necessary for normal neural function. Inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, reducing its likelihood of firing an action potential. This results in a decrease in neural activity and can have various effects depending on the specific neurons and brain regions involved. Neural inhibition is crucial for many functions including motor control, sensory processing, attention, memory, and emotional regulation.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Neuronal plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or neural plasticity, refers to the ability of the brain and nervous system to change and adapt as a result of experience, learning, injury, or disease. This can involve changes in the structure, organization, and function of neurons (nerve cells) and their connections (synapses) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neuronal plasticity can take many forms, including:

* Synaptic plasticity: Changes in the strength or efficiency of synaptic connections between neurons. This can involve the formation, elimination, or modification of synapses.
* Neural circuit plasticity: Changes in the organization and connectivity of neural circuits, which are networks of interconnected neurons that process information.
* Structural plasticity: Changes in the physical structure of neurons, such as the growth or retraction of dendrites (branches that receive input from other neurons) or axons (projections that transmit signals to other neurons).
* Functional plasticity: Changes in the physiological properties of neurons, such as their excitability, responsiveness, or sensitivity to stimuli.

Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental property of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in many aspects of brain function, including learning, memory, perception, and cognition. It also contributes to the brain's ability to recover from injury or disease, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A synapse is a structure in the nervous system that allows for the transmission of signals from one neuron (nerve cell) to another. It is the point where the axon terminal of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another, and it is here that neurotransmitters are released and received. The synapse includes both the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, as well as the cleft between them.

At the presynaptic side, an action potential travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic side, which can either excite or inhibit the receiving neuron. The strength of the signal between two neurons is determined by the number and efficiency of these synapses.

Synapses play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system, allowing for the integration and processing of information from various sources. They are also dynamic structures that can undergo changes in response to experience or injury, which has important implications for learning, memory, and recovery from neurological disorders.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Synaptic transmission is the process by which a neuron communicates with another cell, such as another neuron or a muscle cell, across a junction called a synapse. It involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal of the neuron, which then cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, leading to changes in the electrical or chemical properties of the target cell. This process is critical for the transmission of signals within the nervous system and for controlling various physiological functions in the body.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

... the auditory pathway is subdivided into parallel ascending pathways, which can simultaneously extract different types of ... Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve ... This pathway is called the ventral acoustic stria (VAS or, more commonly, the trapezoid body). Another pathway, called the ... Middlebrooks, J.C. (2009). "Auditory System: Central Pathways". In Squire (ed.). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Academic Press. ...
Cummings (2001). "Chapter 140: Cochlear Anatomy and Central Auditory Pathways". Stria vascularis (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 14 ... cite book}}: ,work= ignored (help) Hopkins, Kathryn (2015). "27 - Deafness in cochlear and auditory nerve disorders". Handbook ...
Moser T (October 2015). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway for research and future prosthetics". Current Opinion ... March 2014). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (3): 1114-1129. doi: ... December 2018). "Ultrafast optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway by targeting-optimized Chronos". The EMBO Journal. ... In addition, a rapid negative feedback loop in the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway was discovered using pulsatile activation of a ...
March 2014). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (3): 1114-1129. doi: ... December 2018). "Ultrafast optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway by targeting-optimized Chronos". The EMBO Journal. ... May 2018). "High frequency neural spiking and auditory signaling by ultrafast red-shifted optogenetics". Nature Communications ...
1992). The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97800-3. H Spoendlin (1972). "Innervation ... Their dendrites make synaptic contact with the base of hair cells, and their axons are bundled together to form the auditory ... These bipolar neurons are the first neurons in the auditory system to fire an action potential, and supply all of the brain's ... Auditory system, Sensory ganglia, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Otology, Audiology). ...
From the primary auditory cortex emerge two separate pathways: the auditory ventral stream and auditory dorsal stream. The ... Integrative functions in the mammalian auditory pathway. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 15. New York, NY: ... Both pathways project in humans to the inferior frontal gyrus. The most established role of the auditory dorsal stream in ... "Chapter 13: Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes". Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience Electronic Textbook. The ...
Tracing the responses of these combination-sensitive neurons to higher order regions of the auditory pathway reveals that there ... Oertel D, Fay RR, Popper AN (2002). Integrative functions in the mammalian auditory pathway. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 385 ... In the auditory system of bats, like in auditory systems of other vertebrates, primary sensory afferent neurons, which receive ... These pathways converge in the medial geniculate body-giving rise to more complex feature detectors that respond to specific ...
"The auditory pathway in cat corpus callosum". Experimental Brain Research. 104 (3): 534-40. doi:10.1007/BF00231988. PMID ...
Working with Pamela Rollins, he found signs that children seem to use the non-classical auditory pathways more than adults. In ... Moller, Aage R.; Rollins, Pamela R. (2002). "The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in children but not in ... Møller, Aage R.; Kern, Janet K.; Grannemann, Bruce (2005). "Are the non-classical auditory pathways involved in autism and PDD ... M.B found signs that the non-classical ascending auditory pathways are involved in creating the symptoms of tinnitus. In 2011, ...
Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Cristián; Andrew N. Iwaniuk; Douglas R. Wylie (2011). "Relative Size of Auditory Pathways in Symmetrically ... Publication Series: General Technical Report (GTR) Frost, B.J.; P. J. Baldwin; M. Csizy (1989). "Auditory localization in the ...
His thesis is titled "Analogue VLSI building blocks for an electronic auditory pathway" led to a journal article with Meddis. ... Van Schaik, André (1998). Analogue VLSI building blocks for an electronic auditory pathway. Retrieved 3 February 2023. {{cite ... who was an expert in computer simulation of the auditory pathway. ... termed virtual auditory space. In 1999 he joined the School of Electrical and Information Engineering at the University of ...
Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway. Nature 404: 871-876, 2000. Weng, J., J. ... Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the auditory pathway. Nature Neuroscience 7: 968-973, 2004. Sur, M. and ... Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex. Nature 404: 841-847, 2000. Von Melchner, L., S.L. Pallas and M. Sur ... Visual input altered the development of neuronal connections in the auditory cortex, thus enabling animals to use their " ...
"Identification of a motor-to-auditory pathway important for vocal learning". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (7): 978-986. doi:10.1038/ ... It projects to the song motor pathway via the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and to the Anterior Forebrain Pathway via ... It is located in the lateral caudal nidopallium and has projections to both the direct and the anterior forebrain pathways. It ... Akutagawa, Eugene; Konishi, Masakazu (2010-03-23). "New brain pathways found in the vocal control system of a songbird". The ...
... known for her cross-modal plasticity work and map compression studies in the visual and auditory cortical pathways. Sarah ... "Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway". Nature. 404 (6780): 871-876. Bibcode: ... Her prior work includes cross-modal plasticity of visual and auditory inputs in ferrets. In addition, Pallas has also worked on ... of Massachusetts Amherst and runs her own lab studying neural development and plasticity in auditory and visual pathways. Her ...
"Visual projections induced into the auditory pathway of ferrets. I. Novel inputs to primary auditory cortex (AI) from the LP/ ... "Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex". ... Roe, A.W., S.L. Pallas, J.O. Hahm, and M. Sur (1990). A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex. Science 250: ... Roe, AW; Pallas, SL; Hahm, JO; Sur, M (9 November 1990). "A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex". Science. ...
"Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway". Nature. 404 (6780): 871-876. Bibcode: ... Even highly evolved cortical areas such as the primary visual and auditory cortices can to a surprising degree take on new ... Semantics can develop in the visual cortex of those born blind, and vision can develop in the auditory cortex in experimental ...
Therefore, cartilage conduction is referred to as the "third auditory pathway". Since approximately 450 years ago, two pathways ... The peripheral auditory organ consists of the outer, middle, and inner (cochlea) ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and ... The new pathway was referred to as cartilage conduction. As of December, 2022, 32 academic papers have been published on this ... The cartilage-conduction pathway can be understood by comparison with air and bone conduction. Air conduction: Sound propagated ...
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test gives information about the inner ear (cochlea) and nerve pathways for hearing via ... Each waveform represents specific anatomical points along the auditory neural pathway. Delays of one side relative to the other ... Stapedius reflex (SR) and caloric vestibular response (CVR) are non-invasive otologic tests for auditory neural function. These ...
Additionally, multimodal "what" and "where" pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli. External receptors ... They call it Auditory Cognitive Psychology. The main point is to understand why humans are able to use sound in thinking ... Subjective visual and auditory experiences appear to be similar across humans subjects. The same cannot be said about taste. ... At the end of the auditory canal is the tympanic membrane, or ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves. The ...
Chambard JM, Ashmore JF (2005). "Regulation of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ4 in the auditory pathway". Pflügers ...
Chambard JM, Ashmore JF (2005). "Regulation of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ4 in the auditory pathway". Pflügers ... A targeted gene disruption strategy of prestin showed a >100-fold (or 40 dB) loss of auditory sensitivity. Prestin is a ... Prestin is essential in auditory processing. It is specifically expressed in the lateral membrane of outer hair cells (OHCs) of ...
"Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2148 ... "rapid auditory input". The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, ... This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the ... The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under fMRI for tone and semantic tasks. Transverse temporal ...
... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ... The encoded protein is required for the proper function of auditory pathway neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of non- ... Sequence analysis of DFNB59 gene in a Chinese family with dominantly inherited auditory neuropathy]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou ...
Kelly, Michael; Chen, Ping (2007). "Shaping the mammalian auditory sensory organ by the planar cell polarity pathway". The ... The PCP signaling pathway includes several components (Fz, Dsh and Gαo) of the ''canonical'' Wnt signaling pathway. However the ... The history of the PCP pathway as it was expanded by fly genetics work, which lead to the interesting names for PCP components ... There was a surge in interest in the Planar Cell Polarity pathway after conserved PCP genes were found to be involved in ...
Gale SD, Perkel DJ (January 2010). "A basal ganglia pathway drives selective auditory responses in songbird dopaminergic ...
The auditory ossicles continue to function in conducting transmitting sound through the auditory pathway; however, they have ... In reptiles, the columella function to transduce sound through the middle ear as part of the auditory pathway. The columella is ... In mammals, the newly specialized ossicles function to transduce and amplify these vibrations along the auditory pathway. In ... In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles and birds. The columella form thin, bony ...
This is important because spiking timing is needed for proper sound localization in the ascending auditory pathways. Songbirds ... Visually guided behaviors may be regulated through the inhibitory striato-tegmental pathway found in amphibians in a study ... The basal ganglia in amphibians is very important in receiving visual, auditory, olfactory, and mechansensory inputs; the ... calcium ion-independent pathway. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials have also been studied in the Purkinje cell through ...
Once a sound source has been identified, the cells of lower auditory pathways are specialized to analyze physical sound ... Cant, Nell B; Benson, Christina G (2003). "Parallel auditory pathways: projection patterns of the different neuronal ... The auditory nerve, also called the cochlear nerve, then transmits action potentials to the central auditory nervous system. In ... The auditory nuclei collect, integrate, and analyze afferent supply, the outcome is a representation of auditory space. The ...
This model organisms' simple system could lead to a deeper understanding of human speech and auditory pathways,. This ... The neuronal pathway for midshipman vocalization starts at the ventral medullary nucleus and continues to a hindbrain vocal ... doi:10.1038/news050711-1. Weeg, M. S. (22 June 2005). "Vocal Pathways Modulate Efferent Neurons to the Inner Ear and Lateral ... Mating in midshipman fish depends on auditory communication, the production and reception of sound signals. Males produce ...
One way to measure the developmental status and limits of plasticity of the auditory cortical pathways is to study the latency ... P1 latency represents the synaptic delays throughout the peripheral and central auditory pathways (Eggermont, Ponton, Don, ... The auditory structures that generate the auditory brainstem response are believed to be as follows: Wave I through III - ... Auditory steady-state response is an auditory evoked potential, elicited with modulated tones that can be used to predict ...
Although both auditory and motor-related activity may shape LMAN auditory responses, we think it unlikely that the auditory ... Auditory Plasticity in a Basal Ganglia-Forebrain Pathway during Decrystallization of Adult Birdsong. Arani Roy and Richard ... Auditory Plasticity in a Basal Ganglia-Forebrain Pathway during Decrystallization of Adult Birdsong ... Auditory Plasticity in a Basal Ganglia-Forebrain Pathway during Decrystallization of Adult Birdsong ...
Home/Sensation and Perception/Hearing/The Auditory Pathways. HearingSensation and Perception The Auditory Pathways. 02.06.2016 ... Where do the auditory pathways begin? Where is their endpoint? How does sound received by one ear travel to both cortexes? ...
Head to the official website of Auditory Pathways in Ontario, CA, to learn more about auditory processing disorder. ... This is done in large part through a complex network of auditory neurons, or "pathways". These auditory pathways help us do ... Little Listeners Auditory Skillsâ„¢ Program It is possible to determine if your childs auditory skill development is on track ... What is an Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)?. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is an umbrella term that describes various ...
The study of auditory development provides an understanding of the processes that underlie auditory function in adulthood and ... The evolution of the auditory system has helped many species adapt to their surroundings. This article discusses how the ... Some of the key embryological and perinatal milestones that contribute to the formation of the adult auditory system are ... The study of auditory development provides an understanding of the processes that underlie auditory function in adulthood and ...
... Author: Zuendorf, Ida C.; Lewald, Joerg; Karnath, Hans- ... Testing the dual-pathway model for auditory processing in human cortex. DSpace Repository. Login ...
... and spiritually.Pathway School builds confidence, social skills, and academic success in a safe, Christian environment for ... Pathway educates and equips students who struggle in a traditional classroom by providing them with skills and strategies to ... Is Your Child Affected by Auditory Processing Disorder?. Blog / By Pathway School ... Some schools, such as Pathway, have programs that will help children with auditory processing specifically. Fast ForWord is a ...
Microglia are essential for pruning away extra neural connections in the development of the auditory brainstem. ...
This article discusses the anatomy of the auditory pathway (see the following images), as well as a few physiologic ... Efferent auditory pathways. Efferent auditory pathways modulate the outer hair cells of the cochlea, protect against noise, and ... Descending pathways of the auditory nerve. Besides the conscious and reflex afferent auditory pathways, descending efferent ... The waves test the function of the auditory nerve and auditory pathways in the brainstem. Each wave is generated as follows (in ...
This article discusses the anatomy of the auditory pathway (see the following images), as well as a few physiologic ... Efferent auditory pathways. Efferent auditory pathways modulate the outer hair cells of the cochlea, protect against noise, and ... Descending pathways of the auditory nerve. Besides the conscious and reflex afferent auditory pathways, descending efferent ... The waves test the function of the auditory nerve and auditory pathways in the brainstem. Each wave is generated as follows (in ...
... the auditory pathway is subdivided into parallel ascending pathways, which can simultaneously extract different types of ... Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve ... This pathway is called the ventral acoustic stria (VAS or, more commonly, the trapezoid body). Another pathway, called the ... Middlebrooks, J.C. (2009). "Auditory System: Central Pathways". In Squire (ed.). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Academic Press. ...
The mammalian auditory midbrain, shown above, is part of the ascending auditory pathway, responsible for relaying sensory ... The trapezoid body, located in the brainstem, is part of the auditory pathway where nerve fibers from the cochlea on one side ... While Cajal may have erred in these two instances, he correctly observed another unusual signaling pathway between G and H: ... The clear signaling pathway through the retina, from the photoreceptors through the ganglion cells, was one of Cajals initial ...
We have investigated the responses of neurones in the guinea-pig superior colliculus to combinations of visual and auditory ... Auditory Pathways / physiology* * Guinea Pigs * Neurons / physiology* * Photic Stimulation * Reaction Time * Superior Colliculi ... Integration of visual and auditory information in bimodal neurones in the guinea-pig superior colliculus Exp Brain Res. 1985;60 ... We have investigated the responses of neurones in the guinea-pig superior colliculus to combinations of visual and auditory ...
There is no comparable text for a course in perception that emphasizes the neural basis of perception rather than simply perceptual phenomena and psychophysics…It is strong in the clarity with which some difficult concepts are explained. The author does not restrict himself to a physics and engineering approach, but rather gives the reader a mental image of what is happening biologically. Inclusion of disorders is another big advantage…The quality of writing is excellent. The level is appropriate for upper level undergraduates." ...
The auditory pathway. 12. Auditory neurophysiology and neuropharmacology. 13. Cortical basis and disorders of human auditory ... auditory and somatosensory systems, chemical senses through a series of sessions; Topics will include:. 1. Essential ... auditory and somatosensory systems. 3. gain an understanding of how basic experimental studies and clinical investigations ...
Auditory Pathways / anatomy & histology * Auditory Pathways / physiology * Brain / anatomy & histology* * Brain / diagnostic ...
Study of auditory pathways in type 1 diabetes mellitus through brainstem auditory evoked potentials and contralateral acoustic ... Study of auditory pathways in type 1 diabetes mellitus through brainstem auditory evoked p ... To investigate the functionalities of the neural pathways through the auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem and the ... in order to detect possible alterations in the central auditory pathways. METHODS:. This is a cross-sectional study with a ...
Hearing the light: neural and perceptual encoding of optogenetic stimulation in the central auditory pathway. Guo W, Hight AE, ... neural and perceptual encoding of optogenetic stimulation in the central auditory pathway, Scientific Reports 5:10319. ... Superior temporal resolution of Chronos versus channelrhodopsin-2 in an optogenetic model of the auditory brainstem implant. ... Superior Temporal Resolution of Chronos versus Channelrhodopsin-2 in an Optogenetic Model of the Auditory Brainstem Implant, ...
The thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit: a pathway to resilience in the face of stress and a potential target for ... The thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit: a pathway to resilience in the face of stress and a potential target for ... The thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit: a pathway to resilience in the face of stress and a potential target for ... The thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit: a pathway to resilience in the face of stress and a potential target for ...
Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: Receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex. / ... Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets : Receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex. ... T1 - Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets. T2 - Receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory ... Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: Receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex. ...
THE AUDITORY SYSTEM. ++. Auditory information travels from the inner ear through the auditory (cochlear) portion of CN 8 to ... The auditory pathway. See text for explanation. Reproduced with permission from Martin J: Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas, 4th ed. ... "The Auditory and Vestibular Pathways & Approach to Hearing Loss and Dizziness/Vertigo: Cranial Nerve 8." Clinical Neurology & ... The Auditory and Vestibular Pathways & Approach to Hearing Loss and Dizziness/Vertigo: Cranial Nerve 8. In: Berkowitz AL. ...
Auditory pathway Is the Subject Area "Auditory pathway" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
... or brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER), measures the functioning of the auditory nerve and auditory pathways in the ... 35] The auditory pathways are near the respiratory control centers in the brainstem; therefore, the electrophysiologic ... What are brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) tests?. What is the physiologic basis of auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs ... Because the VEP measures the pathway from the retina to area 17, a normal P100 does not exclude lesions of the visual pathway ...
Researchers develop new method for mapping the auditory pathway A study has demonstrated a new technique for mapping the human ... auditory pathway, granting insights into the development of the auditory-language network in children with profound hearing ...
Using maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (MLS BAER) to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation ... Moore, J. K., Perazzo, L. M. & Braun, A. Time course of axonal myelination in the human brainstem auditory pathway. Hear Res. ... Auditory pathway maturational study in small for gestational age preterm infants. Codas 26, 286-293 (2014). ... Burkard, R. F. & Don, M. The auditory brainstem response. In: Burkard, R. F., Don, M. & Eggermont, J. J. (eds.). Auditory ...
Beyond Trauma: A Multiple Pathways Approach to Auditory Hallucinations in Clinical and Nonclinical Populations Author(s): Tanya ... Auditory Cortex Characteristics in Schizophrenia: Associations With Auditory Hallucinations Author(s): Lynn Mørch-Johnsen, ... Auditory verbal hallucinations: neuroimaging and treatment Author(s): M. M. Bohlken, K. Hugdahl, I. E. C. Sommer Published in: ... Auditory hallucinations, top-down processing and language perception: a general population study Author(s): J. N. de Boer, M. M ...
Auditory-system; Ears; Animals; Laboratory-animals; Author Keywords: ICP-MS; Cochlea; Trace analysis; Auditory pathway; Iron; ... Little is known about the endogenous concentrations of these metals in the cochlea, the auditory portion of the inner ear which ...
New Auditory Pathway Map Offers Hope for Profound Hearing Loss. Bright-Light Treatments Power Over Stress-Induced Sleep ...
  • The ascending pathway transmits impulses from the spiral organ (of Corti) to the cerebral cortex (see the following image). (medscape.com)
  • The mammalian auditory midbrain, shown above, is part of the ascending auditory pathway, responsible for relaying sensory signals from the ear into the primary auditory cortex deep in the brain. (nih.gov)
  • Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
  • The thalamic-primary auditory cortex circuit: a pathway to resilience in the face of stress and a potential target for depression treatment [J].Chin J Nat Med, 2023, 21(11): 801-802. (cjnmcpu.com)
  • Following neonatal surgical manipulations, a specific population of retinal ganglion cells is induced to innervate the auditory thalamus and provides visual input to cells in auditory cortex (Sur et al. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 1988). We have now examined in detail the visual response properties of single cells in primary auditory cortex (A1) of these rewired animals and compared the responses to those in primary visual cortex (V1) of normal animals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Each inferior colliculus projects to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus, and each MGN projects to the ipsilateral auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus (Heschel's gyrus). (mhmedical.com)
  • The visual evoked potential (VEP) tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • It measures the conduction of the visual pathways from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • We tested whether modulation of inhibition or excitation in the auditory cortex of male mice could evoke such a variety of effects in tone-evoked responses and in behavioral frequency discrimination acuity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Indeed, the same optogenetic manipulation in the auditory cortex of different mice could improve or impair frequency discrimination acuity, predictable from the effects on cortical responses to tones. (jneurosci.org)
  • Describe the output pathway from the ear to the cortex and how sound properties of encoded. (powershow.com)
  • Modeling and MEG evidence of early consonance processing in auditory cortex. (mpg.de)
  • Tonotopie organization of the auditory cortex was visualized using stimulation by pulsed sine tones of 500 Hz and 4000 Hz. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Following monaural acoustic stimulation, increased activity of the contralateral auditory cortex could be demonstrated in 9 subjects. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The overlap of the different frequencies could explain the controversial discussion of the tonotopie organization of the auditory cortex. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The results of the monaural acoustic stimulation show clearly the predominant signal increase of contralateral areas in the primary auditory cortex. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Neuroscientists were able to prove that speech recognition in humans begins in the sensory pathways from the ear to the cerebral cortex and not, as previously assumed, exclusively in the cerebral cortex itself. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Previously, it was assumed that all auditory information was equally transmitted via the auditory pathways from the ear to the cerebral cortex. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The current recordings of the increased activity of the vMGB show that the processing of the auditory information begins before the auditory pathways reach the cerebral cortex. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This study shows that this is indeed the case: The part of the vMGB that transports information from the ear to the cerebral cortex processes auditory information differently when speech is to be recognized than when other components of communication signals are to be recognized, such as the speaker's voice for example. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Here we identify a previously unknown neuron type in the songbird brain that transmits vocal motor signals to the auditory cortex. (stanford.edu)
  • Progenitor cell therapy may also allow functional reorganization of the auditory pathways including primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus). (intechopen.com)
  • Subjective tinnitus is thought to be caused by abnormal neuronal activity in the auditory cortex. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This activity results when input from the auditory pathway (cochlea, auditory nerve, brain stem nuclei, auditory cortex) is disrupted or altered in some manner. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They discovered a direct pathway between two areas of the mice's brains: the auditory cortex, which receives and processes information about sound, and the thalamus, which receives and sends information about sensations such as pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In normal adult zebra finches, LMAN neurons exhibit highly selective responses to auditory presentation of the bird's own song (BOS), possibly providing a permanent referent for song maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast with the VCN that receives all acoustic input from the auditory nerve, the DCN receives input not only from the auditory nerve but it also receives acoustic input from neurons in the VCN (T stellate cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons that convey motor-related signals to the auditory system are theorized to facilitate vocal learning, but the identity and function of such neurons remain unknown. (stanford.edu)
  • 2. explore sensory physiology at an advanced level from single neuron function to complex neuronal networks in the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Sensitivity to sensory signals depends on neuronal tuning to specific parameters of sensory stimuli, such as orientation of edges for visual stimuli or tone frequency for auditory stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • Assessing the auditory dual-pathway model in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have investigated the responses of neurones in the guinea-pig superior colliculus to combinations of visual and auditory stimuli. (nih.gov)
  • Neurones whose responses to visual stimuli were enhanced by an auditory stimulus were found in the superficial layers. (nih.gov)
  • Neurones that responded to both visual and auditory stimuli presented separately and gave enhanced or depressed responses to bimodal stimulation were found throughout the deep layers, but were concentrated in the stratum griseum intermediale and extended into the stratum opticum. (nih.gov)
  • Altered processing of communication signals in the subcortical auditory sensory pathway in autism. (mpg.de)
  • Abstract rules drive adaptation in the subcortical sensory pathway. (mpg.de)
  • Study of auditory pathways in type 1 diabetes mellitus through brainstem auditory evoked potentials and contralateral acoustic reflex. (bvsalud.org)
  • The acoustic reflex arc and brainstem auditory potentials were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (MLS BAER) to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation in fetal growth restriction (FGR) babies born very prematurely and assess the effect of FGR on brainstem neural maturation. (nature.com)
  • Jiang, Z. D., Brosi, D. M., Wang, J. & Wilkinson, A. R. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses to different rates of clicks in small-for-gestational age preterm infants at term. (nature.com)
  • In older children, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia may result in brain damage, as measured on performance testing and assessment of brainstem auditory-evoked potentials. (medscape.com)
  • A study has demonstrated a new technique for mapping the human auditory pathway, granting insights into the development of the auditory-language network in children with profound hearing loss. (elifesciences.org)
  • Modern studies have shown, however, that the inferior colliculus actually processes nearly all the input sent to the medial geniculate body and receives signals from the descending auditory pathway, as well as providing the motor integration necessary for auditory reflexes hypothesized by Cajal, making it a true hub for auditory signaling. (nih.gov)
  • The evaluation of the recordings showed that a structure in the left auditory pathway -- the ventral medial geniculate body, (vMGB) -- has particularly high activity when the test persons perform a speech task (in contrast to the control task) and when the test persons are particularly good at recognizing speech. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Guo W, Hight AE, Chen JX, Klapoetke NC, Hancock KE, Shinn-Cunningham BG, Boyden ES, Lee DJ, Polley DB (2015) Hearing the light: neural and perceptual encoding of optogenetic stimulation in the central auditory pathway, Scientific Reports 5:10319. (mit.edu)
  • SCAN-3:A Tests for Auditory Processing Disorders in Adolescents and Adults (SCAN-3:A) is a battery of tests to detect auditory processing disorders in adolescents and adults. (pearsonassessments.com)
  • SCAN-3:A helps differentiate disorders from auditory comprehension skills and auditory attention difficulties. (pearsonassessments.com)
  • Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)
  • A narrative bibliographic review article was done with the search of original and review articles in international scientific mentales en adultos journals, in English and Spanish listing the relationship between the seroprevalence of T. gondii and the development of mental disorders in the adult population. (bvsalud.org)
  • Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) carry information from the inner ear, the cochlea, on the same side of the head, to the nerve root in the ventral cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The auditory nerve fibers form a highly organized system of connections according to their peripheral innervation of the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss can occur after ingestion of certain drugs due to their effects on the peripheral auditory system or central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • Both begin in the inner ear and travel to the brainstem: the auditory component projects to the cochlear nuclei (at the pontomedullary junction) and the vestibular component projects to the vestibular nuclei (in the medulla). (mhmedical.com)
  • Auditory information travels from the inner ear through the auditory (cochlear) portion of CN 8 to arrive at the cochlear nuclei at the pontomedullary junction ( Fig. 12-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • Auditory information crosses to become bilateral early in its connections within the brainstem, so unilateral hearing loss can only occur due to pathology of the inner ear or CN 8 (or rarely the entry zone of CN 8 or cochlear nuclei at the pontomedullary junction). (mhmedical.com)
  • Little is known about the endogenous concentrations of these metals in the cochlea, the auditory portion of the inner ear which is extremely small and difficult to access. (cdc.gov)
  • An auditory brainstem implant directly stimulates the hearing pathways in the brainstem, bypassing the inner ear and hearing nerve. (cdc.gov)
  • The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Central auditory processes can be visualized using functional MRI in a non-invasive manner and at high spatial resolution. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Further investigations using functional MRI are necessary for better understanding of physiological and pathophysiological central-auditory processes. (thieme-connect.com)
  • We anticipated dual n-back training to increase white matter integrity in pathways that connect brain regions related to WM processes. (lu.se)
  • Auditory brain stem response (ABR) test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Drugs and other substances that alter hearing or equilibrium by acting primarily at the level of the brain stem or the central auditory pathways are considered to be neurotoxic and not strictly ototoxic (Hawkins 1976). (cdc.gov)
  • The auditory thresholds of the acoustic reflex were statistically lower in the group with the disease at frequencies of 0.5 kHz and 1.0 kHz in the left ear (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings suggest that subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more likely to present alterations in the central auditory pathways , even with auditory thresholds within normal limits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Such auditory plasticity could be detected during the second week after nerve section, before the time birds typically decrystallized their songs. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover, all birds that underwent decrystallization at later times always manifested auditory plasticity in LMAN. (jneurosci.org)
  • Microglia are essential for pruning away extra neural connections in the development of the auditory brainstem. (unconsciousbelief.com)
  • To investigate the functionalities of the neural pathways through the auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem and the contralateral stapedial acoustic reflexes in normal- hearing individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus , in order to detect possible alterations in the central auditory pathways . (bvsalud.org)
  • These primary auditory fibers exit the modiolus through the internal meatus and enter the medulla oblongata. (medscape.com)
  • Another pathway, called the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS, also known as the stria of von Monakow), rises above the medulla into the pons where it hits the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus along with its kin, the intermediate acoustic stria (IAS, also known as the stria of Held). (wikipedia.org)
  • The peripheral segments of the cochlear and vestibular nerves join at the lateral part of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). (wikipedia.org)
  • The absolute latencies III and V of the auditory potentials of the brainstem in the right ear and V in the left ear were increased in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p=0.03, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). (bvsalud.org)
  • Auditory Processing is what the brain does with what the ears hear. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Researchers have uncovered that tinnitus, an incurable persistent ringing or other sounds in the ears, might result from underlying auditory nerve damage that can't be detected on conventional hearing tests. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This pathway is called the ventral acoustic stria (VAS or, more commonly, the trapezoid body). (wikipedia.org)
  • In support of this idea, juvenile zebra finches subjected to vocal nerve section fail to accurately imitate the tutor song and subsequently, as adults, lack auditory responses in LMAN ( Solis and Doupe, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • This matching model predicts that LMAN auditory responses in adults should diminish after manipulations that distort the adult BOS and trigger decrystallization. (jneurosci.org)
  • What is an Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)? (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is an umbrella term that describes various sub-types of auditory processing deficits that a person may experience. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a deficit of a specific magnitude in two or more of these areas. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Undiagnosed Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) can have significant consequences. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Their weak auditory processing skills may also affect achievement in other areas of life, including social interactions with peers. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • The Canadian Academy of Audiology Guidelines for Central Auditory Processing Assessment for Children and Adults (2012), suggests that a formal diagnosis of an Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) cannot be made until age 7 years or older. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • However, recent research suggests that early identification of auditory processing delay is possible as early as age 5 years (Geffner, 2010 and 2017). (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Treatment for a confirmed or suspected auditory processing delay is possible prior to age 7 years and provides a 'jump start' toward improved listening abilities. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • Is Your Child Affected by Auditory Processing Disorder? (pathwayschool.net)
  • Auditory processing disorder (APD), also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), has received an increased amount of public attention over the last few years. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Although auditory processing disorder cannot be diagnosed through a series of checklists, it is helpful to recognize the signs of APD. (pathwayschool.net)
  • An audiologist who specializes in auditory processing is the best person to make the diagnosis. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Auditory processing disorder is often mistaken as attention deficit disorder (ADD) and can mimic some of the characteristics of autism. (pathwayschool.net)
  • The difference with ADD is that the auditory processing relationship to the central nervous system is functioning normally. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Auditory processing disorder treatment is no different. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Some schools, such as Pathway, have programs that will help children with auditory processing specifically. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Fast ForWord is a computer-based program that works on sound discrimination, auditory memory, and overall language processing. (pathwayschool.net)
  • Auditory processing disorder (APD) is a hearing problem that affects about 3%-5% of school-aged children. (kidshealth.org)
  • Kids with this condition, also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), can't understand what they hear in the same way other kids do. (kidshealth.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Auditory Processing Disorder? (kidshealth.org)
  • How Is Auditory Processing Disorder Diagnosed? (kidshealth.org)
  • Only audiologists can diagnose auditory processing disorder. (kidshealth.org)
  • SCAN-3:A provides screening, diagnostic and supplementary tests to help evaluate key indicators of auditory processing ability in adolescents and adults. (pearsonassessments.com)
  • Adjudicating between local and global architectures of predictive processing in the subcortical auditory pathway. (mpg.de)
  • In this landmark book, Dr. Teri James Bellis, one of the world's leading authorities on auditory processing disorder (APD), explains the nature of this devastating condition and provides insightful case studies that illustrate its effect on the lives of its sufferers. (bookcellarinc.com)
  • All these factors can compound the difficulties in speech understanding that result from an aging peripheral and central auditory processing system. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • Auditory memory deficits, auditory attention problems, and sound sensitivity are not symptoms of APD, but also may involve trouble with using sound information correctly. (kidshealth.org)
  • It is possible to determine if your child's auditory skill development is on track through the administration of research-based standardized testing for children as young as 5 years of age. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • If their auditory skill development is found to be delayed, then specific early intervention strategies can be implemented to help your child's auditory skills improve. (auditorypathways.ca)
  • This article discusses the anatomy of the auditory pathway (see the following images), as well as a few physiologic considerations and clinical applications. (medscape.com)
  • Alternatively, LMAN auditory selectivity in the adult may change during decrystallization. (jneurosci.org)
  • At various times after nerve section, electrophysiological recordings made under anesthesia revealed that auditory selectivity in LMAN could shift to the spectrally distorted song. (jneurosci.org)
  • This selectivity develops in parallel with song learning (Solis and Doupe, 1997 ) and is compromised by chronically disrupting auditory feedback during song learning ( Solis and Doupe, 2000 ), suggesting that auditory feedback shapes LMAN selectivity ( Brainard and Doupe, 2000b ). (jneurosci.org)
  • At one extreme, BOS selectivity may be permanently fixed after crystallization, perhaps serving as an auditory referent for song maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • Edward Hight A, Kozin ED, Darrow K, Lehmann A, Boyden E, Brown MC, Lee DJ (2015) Superior Temporal Resolution of Chronos versus Channelrhodopsin-2 in an Optogenetic Model of the Auditory Brainstem Implant, Hearing Research 322:235-241. (mit.edu)
  • In the end, to provide their patients with constructive hearing rehabilitative services, audiologists and others who serve older adults with impaired auditory function should become more conversant in the important area of environmental design and speaker characteristics. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • Hearing loss due to a peripheral lesion is called conductive hearing loss if it is caused by problems in the outer or middle ear, and called sensorineural hearing loss if it is due to problems in the cochlea or auditory component of CN 8. (mhmedical.com)
  • Central hearing loss results from damage to the auditory nerve itself, or the brain pathways that lead to the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We will present a summary of the effect of hearing loss on auditory development, existing preclinical and clinical data on progenitor cell therapy, and its potential role in the (re)habilitation of non-genetic SNHL. (intechopen.com)
  • Infections and central nervous system lesions (eg, caused by tumor, stroke, multiple sclerosis) that affect auditory pathways also may be responsible. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although visual-enhanced and visual-depressed auditory neurones were found throughout the deep layers, the majority of them were recorded in the stratum griseum profundum. (nih.gov)
  • The auditory condition was verified by visual examination of the external ear canal, pure tone audiometry, and tympanometry. (scielo.br)
  • However, part of the problem may lie with the reverberant characteristics of the meeting room, the anechoic environment of their home, the combined effects of both auditory and visual distractions of a social environment, or the interaction of a speaker with less than adequate speaking habits with the environment. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • The task is demanding to the cognitive system because it includes a bi-modal (auditory and visual) dual-task component. (lu.se)
  • Cranial nerve 8 (CN 8) contains two components: auditory (cochlear) and vestibular. (mhmedical.com)
  • have shown that the kurtosis of the amplitude distribution, a statistical metric that is sensitive to the peak and temporal characteristics of a noise, could be a very good descriptor of the resulting auditory damage induced by complex noise exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Katharina von Kriegstein explains the results as follows: "For some time now, we have had the first indications that the auditory pathways are more specialized in speech than previously assumed. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The recognition of auditory speech is of extreme importance for interpersonal communication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, the complex nature of the aging peripheral and central auditory systems and the equally complex nature of older adults and their communicative requirements can challenge even the most skilled specialist in the hearing rehabilitation process. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • Dichotic listening tasks (poor performance may indicate lack of maturation or abnormality of the auditory nervous system). (pearsonassessments.com)
  • Since then, considerable progress toward understanding the effects of certain environmental and occupational chemicals on the auditory system and their interactions with noise has been made (Fechter et al. (cdc.gov)
  • eg, caused by cerumen impaction, otitis media, or eustachian tube dysfunction) may also be associated with subjective tinnitus, by altering sound input to the central auditory system. (msdmanuals.com)