The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.
Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.
An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.
Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Peptidoglycan is a complex, cross-linked polymer of carbohydrates and peptides that forms the rigid layer of the bacterial cell wall, providing structural support and protection while contributing to the bacterium's susceptibility or resistance to certain antibiotics.
The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria.
Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.
One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.
A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts TRYPSINOGEN into its active form TRYPSIN by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.
The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.
A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A 25-kDa peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS cell wall. EC 3.4.24.75.
A cephalosporin antibiotic.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino sugar that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of various tissues, particularly in the synthesis of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, which are essential components of cartilage and synovial fluid in joints.
Exotoxins produced by certain strains of streptococci, particularly those of group A (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES), that cause HEMOLYSIS.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

Autolysosomal membrane-associated betaine homocysteine methyltransferase. Limited degradation fragment of a sequestered cytosolic enzyme monitoring autophagy. (1/238)

We compared the membrane proteins of autolysosomes isolated from leupeptin-administered rat liver with those of lysosomes. In addition to many polypeptides common to the two membranes, the autolysosomal membranes were found to be more enriched in endoplasmic reticulum lumenal proteins (protein-disulfide isomerase, calreticulin, ER60, BiP) and endosome/Golgi markers (cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, transferrin receptor, Golgi 58-kDa protein) than lysosomal membranes. The autolysosomal membrane proteins include three polypeptides (44, 35, and 32 kDa) whose amino-terminal sequences have not yet been reported. Combining immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses, we identified the 44-kDa peptide as the intact subunit of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase and the 35- and 32-kDa peptides as two proteolytic fragments. Pronase digestion of autolysosomes revealed that the 44-kDa and 32-kDa peptides are present in the lumen, whereas the 35-kDa peptide is not. In primary hepatocyte cultures, the starvation-induced accumulation of the 32-kDa peptide occurs in the presence of E64d, showing that the 32-kDa peptide is formed from the sequestered 44-kDa peptide during autophagy. The accumulation is induced by rapamycin but completely inhibited by wortmannin, 3-methyladenine, and bafilomycin. Thus, detection of the 32-kDa peptide by immunoblotting can be used as a streamlined assay for monitoring autophagy.  (+info)

Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation. (2/238)

Research on development of the secondary palate has, in the past, dealt primarily with morphological aspects of shelf elevation and fusion. The many factors thought to be involved in palatal elevation, such as fetal neuromuscular activity and growth of the cranial base and mandible, as well as production of extracellular matrix and contractile elements in the palate, are mostly based on gross, light microscopic, morphometric or histochemical observations. Recently, more biochemical procedures have been utilized to described palatal shelf elevation. Although these studies strongly suggest that palatal extracellular matrix plays a major role in shelf movement, interpretation of these data remains difficult owing to the complexity of tissue interactions involved in craniofacial development. Shelf elevation does not appear to involve a single motive factor, but rather a coordinated interaction of all of the abovementioned developmental events. Further analysis of mechanisms of shelf elevation requires development of new, and refinement of existing, in vitro procedures. A system that enables one to examine shelf elevation in vitro would allow more meaningful analysis of the relative importance of the various components in shelf movement. Much more is known about fusion of the palatal shelves, owing in large part to in vitro studies. Fusion of the apposing shelves, both in vivo and in vitro, is dependent upon adhesion and cell dealth of the midline epithelial cells. Adhesion betweeen apposing epithelial surfaces appears to involve epithelial cell surface macromolecules. Further analysis of palatal epithelial adhesion should be directed towards characterization of those cell surface components responsible for this adhesive interaction. Midline epithelial cells cease DNA synthesis 24-36 h before shelf elevation and contact, become active in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins, and subsequently manifest morphological signs of necrosis. Death of the midline epithelial cells is thought to involve a programmed, lysosomal-mediated autolysis...  (+info)

Suppression of the lytic and bactericidal effects of cell wallinhibitory antibiotics. (3/238)

The bacteriolytic effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on Bacillus subtilis and on Streptococcus pneumoniae was found to be a function of the pH; lysis was suppressed if the pH of the pneumococcal culture was below 6.0 during penicillin treatment. In the case of B. subtilis, growth at pH 6.6 prevented penicillin-induced lysis. In pneumococci, the addition of trypsin to the growth medium also protected against lysis. The pH-dependent protection phenomenon resembled in several respects the antibiotic "tolerance" of pneumococci with a defective autolytic system. (i) At the pH nonpermissive for lysis, the bacteria retained their normal sensitivity to beta-lactam and to other cell wall inhibitors; however, instead of lysis, the drug-treated bacteria simply stopped growing. Loss of viability of the cells was also greatly reduced. (ii) Protection against lysis was independent of the dose and chemical nature of the cell wall inhibitors. (iii) The protection effect was reversible; lysis and loss of viability could be triggered by a postincubation of the drug-treated bacteria at the pH permissive for lysis.  (+info)

The autolysis loop of activated protein C interacts with factor Va and differentiates between the Arg506 and Arg306 cleavage sites. (4/238)

The anticoagulant human plasma serine protease, activated protein C (APC), inactivates blood coagulation factors Va (FVa) and VIIIa. The so-called autolysis loop of APC (residues 301-316, equivalent to chymotrypsin [CHT] residues 142-153) has been hypothesized to bind FVa. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to probe the role of the charged residues in this loop in interactions between APC and FVa. Residues Arg306 (147 CHT), Glu307, Lys308, Glu309, Lys311, Arg312, and Arg314 were each individually, or in selected combinations, mutated to Ala. The purified recombinant protein C mutants were characterized using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) clotting assays and FVa inactivation assays. Mutants 306A, 308A, 311A, 312A, and 314A had mildly reduced anticoagulant activity. Based on FVa inactivation assays and APTT assays using purified Gln506-FVa and plasma containing Gln506-FV, it appeared that these mutants were primarily impaired for cleavage of FVa at Arg506. Studies of the quadruple APC mutant (306A, 311A, 312A, and 314A) suggested that the autolysis loop provides for up to 15-fold discrimination of the Arg506 cleavage site relative to the Arg306 cleavage site. This study shows that the loop on APC of residues 306 to 314 defines an FVa binding site and accounts for much of the difference in cleavage rates at the 2 major cleavage sites in FVa. (Blood. 2000;96:585-593)  (+info)

The D-alanine residues of Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acids alter the susceptibility to vancomycin and the activity of autolytic enzymes. (5/238)

Recently, Staphylococcus aureus strains with intermediate resistance to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort, have been described. Multiple changes in peptidoglycan turnover and structure contribute to the resistance phenotype. Here, we describe that structural changes of teichoic acids in the cell envelope have a considerable influence on the susceptibility to vancomycin and other glycopeptides. S. aureus cells lacking D-alanine esters in teichoic acids exhibited an at least threefold-increased sensitivity to glycopeptide antibiotics. Furthermore, the autolytic activity of the D-alanine mutant was reduced compared to the wild-type, and the mutant was more susceptible to the staphylolytic enzyme lysostaphin. Vancomycin inhibited autolysis at very high concentrations but neither in the wild-type nor in the mutant was the autolytic activity influenced in the range of the MIC. Mutant cells had a considerably higher capacity to bind vancomycin.  (+info)

Description of staphylococcus serine protease (ssp) operon in Staphylococcus aureus and nonpolar inactivation of sspA-encoded serine protease. (6/238)

Signature tagged mutagenesis has recently revealed that the Ssp serine protease (V8 protease) contributes to in vivo growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in different infection models, and our previous work indicated that Ssp could play a role in controlling microbial adhesion. In this study, we describe an operon structure within the ssp locus of S. aureus RN6390. The ssp gene encoding V8 protease is designated as sspA, and is followed by sspB, which encodes a 40.6-kDa cysteine protease, and sspC, which encodes a 12.9-kDa protein of unknown function. S. aureus SP6391 is an isogenic derivative of RN6390, in which specific loss of SspA function was achieved through a nonpolar allelic replacement mutation. In addition to losing SspA, the culture supernatant of SP6391 showed a loss of 22- to 23-kDa proteins and the appearance of a 40-kDa protein corresponding to SspB. Although the 40-kDa SspB protein could degrade denatured collagen, our data establish that this is a precursor form which is normally processed by SspA to form a mature cysteine protease. Culture supernatant of SP6391 also showed a new 42-kDa glucosaminidase and enhanced glucosaminidase activity in the 29 to 32 kDa range. Although nonpolar inactivation of sspA exerted a pleiotropic effect, S. aureus SP6391 exhibited enhanced virulence in a tissue abscess infection model relative to RN6390. Therefore, we conclude that SspA is required for maturation of SspB and plays a role in controlling autolytic activity but does not by itself exert a significant contribution to the development of tissue abscess infections.  (+info)

Increasing the thermal stability of euphauserase. A cold-active and multifunctional serine protease from Antarctic krill. (7/238)

A molecular model of Antarctic krill euphauserase based on the known crystal structure of its fiddler crab analog, collagenase I, indicates that the core structure of these enzymes is almost identical. Euphauserase is a cold-active and thermally sensitive enzyme with a high affinity for Lys, Arg and large hydrophobic amino acids. Residue Phe137 in euphauserase, localized in loop D (autolysis loop), is highly exposed on the surface of the molecule. Therefore, it appeared to be an easy target for autolysis. The broadly specific euphauserase has a low affinity for negatively charged residues. In order to increase the stability of the enzyme, two mutants were created in which residue Phe137 was replaced by a Glu and an Asp residue. Both mutations resulted in increased stability of the recombinant euphauserase towards thermal inactivation.  (+info)

The AbcA transporter of Staphylococcus aureus affects cell autolysis. (8/238)

Increased production of penicillin-binding protein PBP 4 is known to increase peptidoglycan cross-linking and contributes to methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The pbp4 gene shares a 400-nucleotide intercistronic region with the divergently transcribed abcA gene, encoding an ATP-binding cassette transporter of unknown function. Our study revealed that methicillin stimulated abcA transcription but had no effects on pbp4 transcription. Analysis of abcA expression in mutants defective for global regulators showed that abcA is under the control of agr. Insertional inactivation of abcA by an erythromycin resistance determinant did not influence pbp4 transcription, nor did it alter resistance to methicillin and other cell wall-directed antibiotics. However, abcA mutants showed spontaneous partial lysis on plates containing subinhibitory concentrations of methicillin due to increased spontaneous autolysis. Since the autolytic zymograms of cell extracts were identical in mutants and parental strains, we postulate an indirect role of AbcA in control of autolytic activities and in protection of the cells against methicillin.  (+info)

Autolysis is the process of self-digestion that occurs when living cells are broken down and destroyed through the action of their own enzymes. This term is often used in the context of biological or medical research, particularly in studies involving cell death and tissue breakdown. Autolysis can occur as a result of injury, disease, or programmed cell death (apoptosis). It's important to note that autolysis is different from necrosis, which is the premature death of cells due to external factors such as infection, toxins, or trauma.

Bacteriolysis is the breaking down or destruction of bacterial cells. This process can occur naturally or as a result of medical treatment, such as when antibiotics target and destroy bacteria by disrupting their cell walls. The term "bacteriolysis" specifically refers to the breakdown of the bacterial cell membrane, which can lead to the release of the contents of the bacterial cell and ultimately result in the death of the organism.

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase (also known as NAM Amidase or MurNAc-LAA Amidase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the bacterial cell wall metabolism. It is responsible for cleaving the amide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and L-alanine (L-Ala) in the peptidoglycan, which is a major component of the bacterial cell wall.

The enzyme's systematic name is N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, but it can also be referred to as:

* N-acetylmuramic acid lyase
* Peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase
* N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine glycohydrolase
* N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidohydrolase

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase is an essential enzyme for bacterial cell division and morphogenesis, as it facilitates the separation of daughter cells by cleaving peptidoglycan crosslinks. This enzyme has been studied extensively due to its potential as a target for developing new antibiotics that can selectively inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis without affecting human cells.

Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that play important roles in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell death, and remodeling of the cytoskeleton. They are present in most tissues and can be activated by an increase in intracellular calcium levels. There are at least 15 different calpain isoforms identified in humans, which are categorized into two groups based on their calcium requirements for activation: classical calpains (calpain-1 and calpain-2) and non-classical calpains (calpain-3 to calpain-15). Dysregulation of calpain activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophies, and cancer.

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

Peptidoglycan is a complex biological polymer made up of sugars and amino acids that forms a crucial component of the cell walls of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to bacterial cells, contributing to their shape and rigidity. Peptidoglycan is unique to bacterial cell walls and is not found in the cells of other organisms, such as plants, animals, or fungi.

The polymer is composed of linear chains of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. The NAM residues contain short peptide side chains, typically consisting of four amino acids, that cross-link adjacent polysaccharide chains, forming a rigid layer around the bacterial cell.

The composition and structure of peptidoglycan can vary between different species of bacteria, which is one factor contributing to their diversity. The enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading peptidoglycan are important targets for antibiotics, as inhibiting these processes can weaken or kill the bacterial cells without affecting host organisms.

Trypsinogen is a precursor protein that is converted into the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum, where it is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal mucosa. Trypsinogen plays a crucial role in digestion by helping to break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids.

In medical terms, an elevated level of trypsinogen in the blood may indicate pancreatic disease or injury, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Therefore, measuring trypsinogen levels in the blood is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify these conditions.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Teichoic acids are complex polymers of glycerol or ribitol linked by phosphate groups, found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. They play a crucial role in the bacterial cell's defense against hostile environments and can also contribute to virulence by helping the bacteria evade the host's immune system. Teichoic acids can be either linked to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acids) or to membrane lipids (lipoteichoic acids). They can vary in structure and composition among different bacterial species, which can have implications for the design of antibiotics and other therapeutics.

"Postmortem changes," also known as "autolysis" or "decomposition," refer to the natural biological processes that occur in a deceased body after death. These changes include various chemical, physical, and biological alterations such as livor mortis (pooling of blood), algor mortis (drop in body temperature), rigor mortis (stiffening of muscles), putrefaction (breakdown by microorganisms), and decomposition by insects and other animals. These changes help forensic experts estimate the time since death, known as the postmortem interval.

Cefotiam is a type of antibiotic known as a cephalosporin, which is used to treat various bacterial infections. It works by interfering with the bacteria's ability to form a cell wall, leading to bacterial cell death. Cefotiam has a broad spectrum of activity and is effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Here is the medical definition of 'Cefotiam':

Cefotiam is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It has activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including many strains that are resistant to other antibiotics. Cefotiam inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to bacterial cell death.

Cefotiam is available in various formulations, including intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injections, for the treatment of a wide range of infections, such as:

* Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
* Urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis, cystitis)
* Skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis, wound infections)
* Bone and joint infections (e.g., osteomyelitis, septic arthritis)
* Intra-abdominal infections (e.g., peritonitis, appendicitis)
* Septicemia (bloodstream infections)

Cefotiam is generally well tolerated, but like other antibiotics, it can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), skin rashes, and allergic reactions. In rare cases, cefotiam may cause serious adverse effects, such as seizures, interstitial nephritis, or hemorrhagicystitis. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics, impaired renal function, or a history of seizure disorders.

It is essential to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed by a healthcare professional, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that the infection is entirely eradicated and to reduce the risk of developing antibiotic resistance.

Enteropeptidase, also known as enterokinase, is an enzyme that is produced by the intestinal brush border cells. Its primary function is to activate other digestive enzymes, most notably trypsinogen, which is a precursor to the digestive enzyme trypsin.

Trypsinogen is inactive until it is cleaved by enteropeptidase, which removes a small peptide from the N-terminus of the molecule, activating it and allowing it to participate in protein digestion. Enteropeptidase also plays a role in activating other zymogens, such as chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, which are involved in the breakdown of proteins and peptides in the small intestine.

Deficiency or absence of enteropeptidase can lead to malabsorption and impaired digestion, as the activation of other digestive enzymes is hindered.

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

Octoxynol is a type of surfactant, which is a compound that lowers the surface tension between two substances, such as oil and water. It is a synthetic chemical that is composed of repeating units of octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol.

Octoxynol is commonly used in medical applications as a spermicide, as it is able to disrupt the membrane of sperm cells and prevent them from fertilizing an egg. It is found in some contraceptive creams, gels, and films, and is also used as an ingredient in some personal care products such as shampoos and toothpastes.

In addition to its use as a spermicide, octoxynol has been studied for its potential antimicrobial properties, and has been shown to have activity against certain viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, its use as an antimicrobial agent is not widely established.

It's important to note that octoxynol can cause irritation and allergic reactions in some people, and should be used with caution. Additionally, there is some concern about the potential for octoxynol to have harmful effects on the environment, as it has been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms at high concentrations.

Endopeptidases are a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins by cleaving peptide bonds inside the polypeptide chain. They are also known as proteinases or endoproteinases. These enzymes work within the interior of the protein molecule, cutting it at specific points along its length, as opposed to exopeptidases, which remove individual amino acids from the ends of the protein chain.

Endopeptidases play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as digestion, blood coagulation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). They are classified based on their catalytic mechanism and the structure of their active site. Some examples of endopeptidase families include serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases.

It is important to note that while endopeptidases are essential for normal physiological functions, they can also contribute to disease processes when their activity is unregulated or misdirected. For instance, excessive endopeptidase activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammatory conditions.

Muramidase, also known as lysozyme, is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, a polymer found in bacterial cell walls. This enzymatic activity plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by contributing to the destruction of invading bacteria. Muramidase is widely distributed in various tissues and bodily fluids, such as tears, saliva, and milk, and is also found in several types of white blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes.

Enterococcus faecalis is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. It is a type of enterococci that can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those with compromised immune systems.

E. faecalis is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of environments and resist various antibiotics, making it difficult to treat infections caused by this organism. It can also form biofilms, which further increase its resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. Accurate identification and appropriate treatment of E. faecalis infections are essential to prevent complications and ensure positive patient outcomes.

Chymosin, also known as rennin or rennet, is a proteolytic enzyme that is naturally present in the stomachs of ruminant animals such as cows, goats, and sheep. It plays an essential role in the digestion of milk in these animals by curdling or coagulating the milk protein casein, which helps in the separation of solid curds from liquid whey during the process of stomach digestion.

In the context of food production, chymosin is often used as a coagulant in the manufacturing of cheese and other dairy products. Traditionally, rennet was obtained by extracting it from the fourth stomach chamber (abomasum) of young calves, but nowadays, most commercial chymosin is produced through microbial fermentation using genetically modified bacteria or yeast that have been engineered to produce this enzyme. This method of production allows for a more consistent and animal-friendly source of chymosin for industrial applications.

The primary function of chymosin in cheese making is to catalyze the coagulation of casein, leading to the formation of a curd that can be further processed into various types of cheese. The enzyme specifically cleaves a bond in the casein protein called Phe105-Met106, resulting in the formation of para-κ-casein and paracaseinompholine, which then interact to form the curd. This reaction is crucial for initiating the cheese making process, as it allows for the separation of solid curds from liquid whey, which can then be pressed, aged, and transformed into a wide variety of cheese styles.

Caseins are a group of phosphoproteins found in the milk of mammals, including cows and humans. They are the major proteins in milk, making up about 80% of the total protein content. Caseins are characterized by their ability to form micelles, or tiny particles, in milk when it is mixed with calcium. This property allows caseins to help transport calcium and other minerals throughout the body.

Caseins are also known for their nutritional value, as they provide essential amino acids and are easily digestible. They are often used as ingredients in infant formula and other food products. Additionally, caseins have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving bone health. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Phosphotungstic acid is not typically defined in a medical context as it is a chemical compound with the formula H3PW12O40. It is a complex polyoxometalate anion consisting of 12 tungsten atoms and one phosphorus atom, all in the +5 or +6 oxidation state, surrounded by 40 oxygen atoms.

In medicine, phosphotungstic acid is sometimes used as a negative stain for electron microscopy to enhance contrast and visualization of biological specimens. However, it is not a medication or a therapeutic agent, so it does not have a medical definition per se.

Lysostaphin is not a disease or condition, but rather a bacteriolytic enzyme produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus species. It is an endopeptidase that specifically targets and cleaves the pentaglycine cross-bridge in the cell wall peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus, leading to bacterial lysis and death. Lysostaphin has been studied for its potential therapeutic use in treating Staphylococcus aureus infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains.

Cephaloridine is a type of antibiotic that belongs to the class of cephalosporins. It is used for treating various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and septicemia.

Cephaloridine works by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to bacterial death. It is administered intramuscularly or intravenously and is known for its broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, due to its potential nephrotoxicity (kidney toxicity), it has largely been replaced by other antibiotics with similar spectra of activity but better safety profiles.

It's important to note that the use of cephaloridine should be reserved for infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics, and its administration should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

Glucosamine is a natural compound found in the body, primarily in the fluid around joints. It is a building block of cartilage, which is the tissue that cushions bones and allows for smooth joint movement. Glucosamine can also be produced in a laboratory and is commonly sold as a dietary supplement.

Medical definitions of glucosamine describe it as a type of amino sugar that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues. It is often used as a supplement to help manage osteoarthritis symptoms, such as pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, by potentially reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage repair.

There are different forms of glucosamine available, including glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and N-acetyl glucosamine. Glucosamine sulfate is the most commonly used form in supplements and has been studied more extensively than other forms. While some research suggests that glucosamine may provide modest benefits for osteoarthritis symptoms, its effectiveness remains a topic of ongoing debate among medical professionals.

Streptolysins are exotoxins produced by certain strains of Streptococcus bacteria, primarily Group A Streptococcus (GAS). These toxins are classified into two types: streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS).

1. Streptolysin O (SLO): It is a protein exotoxin that exhibits oxygen-labile hemolytic activity, meaning it can lyse or destroy red blood cells in the presence of oxygen. SLO is capable of entering host cells and causing various cellular damages, including inhibition of phagocytosis, modulation of immune responses, and induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death).

2. Streptolysin S (SLS): It is a non-protein, oxygen-stable hemolysin that can also lyse red blood cells but does so independently of oxygen presence. SLS is more heat-resistant than SLO and has a stronger ability to penetrate host cell membranes.

Both streptolysins contribute to the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause various clinical infections such as pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, scarlet fever, and invasive diseases like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome.

The detection of streptolysin O antibodies (ASO titer) is often used as a diagnostic marker for past or recent GAS infections, particularly in cases of rheumatic fever, where elevated ASO titers indicate ongoing or previous streptococcal infection.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the ability of bacteria to synthesize proteins, which essential for their growth and survival. This helps to stop the spread of the infection and allows the body's immune system to clear the bacteria from the body.

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means that it is effective against many different types of bacteria. It is often used to treat serious infections that have not responded to other antibiotics. However, because of its potential for serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression and gray baby syndrome, chloramphenicol is usually reserved for use in cases where other antibiotics are not effective or are contraindicated.

Chloramphenicol can be given by mouth, injection, or applied directly to the skin in the form of an ointment or cream. It is important to take or use chloramphenicol exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, and to complete the full course of treatment even if symptoms improve before all of the medication has been taken. This helps to ensure that the infection is fully treated and reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Cycloserine is an antibiotic medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to other antibiotics. It works by killing or inhibiting the growth of the bacteria that cause TB. Cycloserine is a second-line drug, which means it is used when first-line treatments have failed or are not effective.

The medical definition of Cycloserine is:

A bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces orchidaceus that inhibits gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. It has been used to treat tuberculosis, but its use is limited due to its adverse effects, including neurotoxicity, which can manifest as seizures, dizziness, and confusion. Cycloserine is also used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and other bacterial infections that are resistant to other antibiotics. It is available in oral form and is typically taken two to four times a day.

... may refer to: Autolysis (biology), the destruction (or lysis) of a cell by its own enzymes Autocatalysis, in ... in the production of commercial extract This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Autolysis. If an ... or catalyzes its own transformation into another compound Autolysis (alcohol fermentation), the complex chemical reactions that ...
In beer brewing, autolysis causes undesired off-flavors. Autolysis in winemaking is often undesirable, but in the case of the ... autolysis in itself is not an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of ... In biology, autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own ... In terms of autolysis, peroxisomes provide catabolic potential for fatty acids and reactive oxygen species, which are released ...
"Autolysis Archived March 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine" Accessed Dec. 20th, 2008 M. J. Leroy et al. "Yeast Autolysis During ... The effects of autolysis on wine contributes to a creamy mouthfeel that may make a wine seem to have a fuller body. The release ... Autolysis in winemaking relates to the complex chemical reactions that take place when a wine spends time in contact with the ... "Autolysis". How to brew. Retrieved 28 March 2020. J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 54 Oxford ...
Effect of liver autolysis in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 26:304-5. With J. C. Ellis. Fatal effect of total loss of ... Liver autolysis in vivo. Arch. Surg., 20:8-16. With M. L. Montgomery, W. B. Matthews, and J. C. Ellis. Fatal effect of the ...
"Autolysis - and its effects on Champagne". Champagne Gallery. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016 ...
Levin RE, Van Sickle C (1976). "Autolysis of high-GC isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 42 (1-2): ... it has been observed that at least some species of bacteria with DNA of high GC-content undergo autolysis more readily, thereby ...
Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis. Heat fixation cannot be used in the capsular stain method as heat ... One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented. Fixation preserves ... fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction. It terminates any ongoing ...
Coronopus squamatus) based on its volatile glucosinolate autolysis products". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (10): 807 ...
... this triggers autolysis, during which the yeast self-destructs. The dying yeast cells are then heated to complete their ...
Some proteases are less active after autolysis (e.g. TEV protease) whilst others are more active (e.g. trypsinogen). Proteases ...
Wireman JW, Dworkin M (February 1977). "Developmentally induced autolysis during fruiting body formation by Myxococcus xanthus ...
Martínez, Virginia; García, Pedro; García, José Luis; Prieto, María Auxiliadora (2011-07-01). "Controlled autolysis facilitates ...
Cell Wall Plant Polysaccharide-degrading Enzymes in Autolysis of Botrytis Cinerea. Science Direct, July 1980. Web. 14 Nov. 2016 ...
The autolysis of P. freudenreichii has been suggested to contribute further to the flavor of the Emmental cheese. The ... Ostlie H (1995). "Autolysis of Dairy Propionibacteria: Growth Studies, Peptidase Activities, and Proline Production". Journal ... conditions leading to the autolysis of this bacterium are not well known. Propionibacterium freudenreichii was first discovered ...
They called this autolysis after Christian de Duve and Alex B. Novikoff. However Porter and Ashford wrongly interpreted their ...
Cole, Rosemary A. (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae ...
Cole, Rosemary A. (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae ...
Zare H, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Salami M, Mirzaei M, Saboury AA, Sheibani N (March 2013). "Purification and autolysis of the ficin ...
Chou JS, Impens F, Gevaert K, Davies PL (July 2011). "m-Calpain activation in vitro does not require autolysis or subunit ...
Cole Rosemary A (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae". ...
Ecological Advantages of Autolysis during the Development and Dispersal of Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Biofilms. Applied and ...
Autolysis and putrefaction also play major roles in the disintegration of cells and tissues. The human body is composed of ...
The last function of a lysosome is to digest the cell itself through autolysis. The spitzenkörper is a component of the ...
... significant cell autolysis had occurred, and cell definition was very poor. His brain was almost completely gone, leaving only ...
The hol-lys gene system therefore is believed to constitute a chromosomally-encoded autolysis system. The reaction probably ...
The sodium bicarbonate inhibits the autolysis of acetyl groups as well as inhibiting glycosyl bonds. Depending on the ...
Two of these RNAs, csRNA4 and csRNA5, have been shown to affect stationary-phase autolysis. Bacterial small RNA Halfmann, A; ...
Phytoplankton can also produce DOC by autolysis during physiological stress situations e.g., nutrient limitation. Other studies ...
It inhibits the absorption and autolysis of bones and thus leads to lowering of blood calcium. It inhibits bone salts from ...
"Autolysis and aging of Penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: Chitinase production and antifungal effect of ...
Autolysis may refer to: Autolysis (biology), the destruction (or lysis) of a cell by its own enzymes Autocatalysis, in ... in the production of commercial extract This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Autolysis. If an ... or catalyzes its own transformation into another compound Autolysis (alcohol fermentation), the complex chemical reactions that ...
Changes in NADH-Ubiquinone Reductase (Complex I) with Autolysis in the Rat Heart as Experimental Model Enzyme (August,2017) ... Enzymatic and Structural Modifications of Mitochondrial NADH-Ubiquinone Reductase with Autolysis as Experimental Model Subject ... Enzymatic and Structural Modifications of Mitochondrial NADH-Ubiquinone Reductase with Autolysis as Experimental Model. Enzyme ...
... Innovative methods of extracting ... there is a new way to speed up the autolysis of the wine. In his work entitled "Using ultrasound to accelerate aging on the ... lees of red wines," Morata shows how to achieve yeast autolysis in minutes, a process that usually takes from 7-12 months, ... mannoproteins from lees and accelerating autolysis. Alberto De Iseppi, University of Padua; Antonio Morata, Polytechnic ...
Autolysis. Lyses easily. The parent strain JM109 itself will release about 20% of cellular protein after one freeze-thaw cycle ... The XJ Autolysis™ method is highly efficient and takes only minutes (unlike traditional multiple freeze-thaw cycles). It can be ... When glucose is added to the growth media, it inhibits the induction of the autolysis genes when it is present in the media. As ... Heat shock is not necessary, however sometimes it can be beneficiary when preparing libraries or transforming XJb Autolysis E. ...
The intensity of autolysis was determined according to increase of amino nitrogen denoted by formalin titration. ... The autolysis of jack fish muscles was investigated under various conditions of pH and temperature. ...
... FASSINA G;VITA, CLAUDIO;DALZOPPO ... is to stabilize the loop 190-205 on the surface of the molecule against autolysis. ... is to stabilize the loop 190-205 on the surface of the molecule against autolysis. ... in the presence of EDTA and/or low concentrations of calcium ions produces fast enzyme inactivation as a result of autolysis. ...
Unleash the potential of your sourdough with the simple yet powerful technique of autolysis. Elevate your baking skills with ... Benefits of Autolysis. There are several reasons to use autolysis in your sourdough baking:. Gluten Formation. Autolysis helps ... Tips for Using Autolysis. Here are some tips to keep in mind when using autolysis:. *Plan ahead, make enough time to let the ... What is Autolysis?. Autolysis is a period where you let the dough rest after mixing before kneading or shaping it. During this ...
... of small-molecule amide substrate reveal no significant change in inherent activity thereby suggesting that reduced autolysis ... Site-selective chemical protein glycosylation protects from autolysis and proteolytic degradation. Russell D., Oldham NJ., ... of small-molecule amide substrate reveal no significant change in inherent activity thereby suggesting that reduced autolysis ...
Autolysis. The most common method of removing necrotic tissue from a wound is using the bodys own naturally occurring enzymes ... Dressings that aid this autolysis include: Flaminal Hydro or Forte™, Prontosan Gel™, Mesalt™ and Iodosorb™ powder or ointment. ... This is referred to as autolysis. Moist wound therapy assists in this process, although some moist agents can increase the risk ... encouraging the bodys naturally-occuring macrophages to manage the autolysis. ...
Vino Lingo - "Autolysis" Bob Pruett, Proprietor & Winemaker, Pruett Farms, Livermore Valley. August 7, 2023by Ray FisterNo ... "Autolysis". Learn more by visiting www.pruettwine.com ...
Two primary autolysis sites are strongly influenced by calcium binding (R117 and K188) in bovine trypsin, whereas Ca2+ plays a ... Two primary autolysis sites are strongly influenced by calcium binding (R117 and K188) in bovine trypsin, whereas Ca,sup,2+,/ ... Papaleo, E., Fantucci, P., DE GIOIA, L. (2005). Effects of Calcium Binding on Structure and Autolysis Regulation in Trypsins. A ... Effects of Calcium Binding on Structure and Autolysis Regulation in Trypsins. A Molecular Dynamics Investigation. PAPALEO, ...
AA, advanced autolysis; decomp, decomposition; Fr, fresh; MA, moderate autolysis; ND, not determined; neg, negative; no., ... Autolysis; absence of ingesta. Lung/neg, spleen/ neg. 17. 29. −23.11585, −44.66409. F. 170. Adult. ND. MA. Pulmonary edema; ...
10 cases with grade 3 autolysis had mean pH of 7.13, 7 cases with grade 2 autolysis had mean pH of 7.23 and in 6 cases with ... 10 cases with grade 3 autolysis had mean pH of 7.13, 7 cases with grade 2 autolysis had mean pH of 7.23 and in 6 cases with ... 10 cases with grade 3 autolysis had mean pH of 7.13, 7 cases with grade 2 autolysis had mean pH of 7.23 and in 6 cases with ... 10 cases with grade 3 autolysis had mean pH of 7.13, 7 cases with grade 2 autolysis had mean pH of 7.23 and in 6 cases with ...
On the other hand, autolysis-deficient mutants Lyt?1 and SH 108 exhibited just 50 and 56% lysis in the current presence of ... On the other hand, autolysis-deficient mutants Lyt?1 and SH 108 exhibited just 50 and 56% lysis in the current presence of ...
Uncover the influence of pH and NaCl concentration on autolysis. Compare autolytic activity in vegetable and raw-milk cheese ... Discover the impact of autolysis and proteolysis in L. lactis strains used in cheese production. Explore the potential of wild- ... The autolysis and proteolysis are important features in the strains of L. lactis used in the manufacture of cheese. The ... The rates of autolysis and proteolysis observed in vitro were highly strain-dependent. The pH and the NaCl concentration in the ...
Autolysis. thanun vongsuravanich/Shutterstock It isnt likely to be namechecked in crime dramas, but autolysis is one of the ... Taken together along with autolysis, which is the self-destruction of living cells, they ultimately represent the beginning of ... More immediately, the cells of the body undergo something called autolysis, a cellular phenomenon that affects all deceased ...
Autolysis * Gravity & alcohol measurements * Starches & dextrines * Sugars - glucose, maltose, maltotriose, sucrose * Unusual ...
Autolysis is the breakdown of the body by endogenous substances. It proceeds most rapidly in organs such as the pancreas and ... In most circumstances, autolysis and putrefaction occur in tandem. In temperate climatic conditions, they can result in rapid ... Two processes, putrefaction and autolysis, begin to alter the body; either one may predominate, depending on the circumstances ... The pancreas, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal mucosa show marked autolysis early in the PMI (see the following images). ...
GAMMA-CHYMOTRYPSIN IS A COMPLEX OF ALPHA-CHYMOTRYPSIN WITH ITS OWN AUTOLYSIS PRODUCTS ... GAMMA-CHYMOTRYPSIN IS A COMPLEX OF ALPHA-CHYMOTRYPSIN WITH ITS OWN AUTOLYSIS PRODUCTS Coordinates. PDB Format Method. X-RAY ... Harel, M. et al., Gamma-chymotrypsin is a complex of alpha-chymotrypsin with its own autolysis products. Biochemistry (1991) ...
Unfortunately, both placentas examined have had a moderate amount of autolysis, which is reflected in the histologic appearance ...
Analyze complex proteomes with minimal autolysis. *Compatible for simultaneous co-digestion with PNGase F and endoproteinase ...
Date: 25 Apr 96 12:22:44 EDT From: Gregg A. Howard ,102012.3350 at CompuServe.COM, Subject: autolysis I recently tasted a ... This got me to wondering; is autolysis oversold as a brewing danger, or was this a freak occurrence? Miller and Papazian are ... Any similar experiences? Has there been much research on autolysis? How the heck do you pronounce it? :-) Pardon the bandwidth ... autolysis (Gregg A. Howard) Crowd pleasn 10 gal Recipe (Michael A Gasman) What Fools We Mortals Be (Paul Ward) Non-alcoholic ...
Alexandre, H.; Guilloux-Benatier, M. Yeast autolysis in sparkling wine-A review. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 2006, 12, 119-127. [ ...
Many of them had advanced autolysis. Essentially, the animals of this group (4 males and 5 females) and of the 211, 108, 21 and ... Many of them had advanced autolysis. Essentially, the animals of this group (4 males and 5 females) and of the 211, 108, 21 and ...
Autolysis 04/01/2001 - "The objective of the study was to explain the effect of autolysis on immunohistochemical detection of ... 09/01/2006 - "Neurine, an acetylcholine autolysis product, elevates secreted amyloid-beta protein precursor and amyloid-beta ...
Due to postmortem autolysis, optimal examination of the tissues was prevented. In the kidneys, there was acute tubular ...
MACs cause lysis of pathogens and can also lead to autolysis of the host cells. Cellular lysis is counteracted by different ...
  • In his work entitled "Using ultrasound to accelerate aging on the lees of red wines," Morata shows how to achieve yeast autolysis in minutes , a process that usually takes from 7-12 months, using ultrasound technology . (infowine.com)
  • My recommendation was based on the premise that (20 years ago) larger (higher gravity) beers took longer to ferment completely, and that getting the beer off the yeast reduced the risk of yeast autolysis (ie. (homebrewtalk.com)
  • Suddenly, death by autolysis is rare for a beer because of two factors: the freshness and health of the yeast being pitched has drastically improved, and proper pitching rates are better understood. (homebrewtalk.com)
  • Kinetic parameters for protease activity with respect to the degradation of small-molecule amide substrate reveal no significant change in inherent activity thereby suggesting that reduced autolysis and proteolysis are a consequence of stabilization, perhaps by steric blockade of cleavage points or alteration of local unfolding kinetics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The autolysis and proteolysis are important features in the strains of L. lactis used in the manufacture of cheese. (scirp.org)
  • The rates of autolysis and proteolysis observed in vitro were highly strain-dependent. (scirp.org)
  • More immediately, the cells of the body undergo something called autolysis, a cellular phenomenon that affects all deceased organisms within minutes. (grunge.com)
  • It takes advantage of four concepts: 1) light switches, 2) cellular self-aggregation, 3) autolysis, and 4) transcriptional signal counter. (igem.org)
  • J. Ramírez-Nunez, R. Romero-Medrano, G. V. NevárezMoorillon and N. Gutiérrez-Méndez, "Effect of pH and Salt Gradient on the Autolysis of Lactococcus lactis Strains," Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1495-1499. (scirp.org)
  • Site-selective chemical protein glycosylation protects from autolysis and proteolytic degradation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • and the emerging relationship of transformation, virulence, and autolysis. (stjude.org)
  • In addition, 2 addi- in brain tissue suggests that USUV tissue samples was not successful be- tional unique amino acid substitutions might have a higher tropism for the cause of autolysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Cerebellar granular layer autolysis (GLA) is a surrogate marker for the quality of such tissue and suitability for molecular analysis. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Agarwal, AN , Gilbert, AR & Mais, DD 2021, ' Correlation of cerebellar granular layer autolysis with ante-mortem systemic acid-base status ', Cell and Tissue Banking , vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 505-509. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Taken together along with autolysis, which is the self-destruction of living cells, they ultimately represent the beginning of the process of decomposition - the first step toward the body breaking down and eventual skeletalization. (grunge.com)
  • MACs cause lysis of pathogens and can also lead to autolysis of the host cells. (nature.com)
  • The aggregated cells are once again irradiated with green light, inducing the expression of holin and endolysin, which causes the autolysis of the bacterial cells. (igem.org)
  • The XJ Autolysis™ method is highly efficient and takes only minutes (unlike traditional multiple freeze-thaw cycles). (biolinkk.com)
  • Most sourdough bakers recommend a resting time of at least 20 minutes and up to 1-2 hours for wheat dough, though many prefer even longer or overnight autolysis, depending on the ingredients in the dough. (simpelsurdej.dk)
  • Whole grains and shell parts may require longer autolysis while refrigeration may be necessary for extended rest times. (simpelsurdej.dk)
  • With autolysis no longer a concern, staling becomes the main problem. (homebrewtalk.com)
  • In my experience, autolysis takes longer than 3-4 weeks to become a problem. (homebrewersassociation.org)
  • This resting process is called autolysis, which literally means "self-digestion" in Greek. (simpelsurdej.dk)
  • Here at SimpleSourdough, we offer several tools that can support your sourdough journey and make the autolysis process easier. (simpelsurdej.dk)
  • Recognizing that aging on the lees is a powerful technique for protecting varietal aromas and color , and that it is also used to soften tannins and increase and improve the body and structure of the wine, there is a new way to speed up the autolysis of the wine. (infowine.com)
  • Autolysis helps gluten formation in the dough, which is essential for the structure of the bread. (simpelsurdej.dk)
  • Effects of Calcium Binding on Structure and Autolysis Regulation in Trypsins. (unimib.it)
  • Incubation of the neutral metalloendopeptidase thermolysin at pH 7.2 in the presence of EDTA and/or low concentrations of calcium ions produces fast enzyme inactivation as a result of autolysis. (unipd.it)
  • Optimal conditions for autolysis of jack fish muscles Trachurus trachurus (L. (pensoft.net)
  • It isn't likely to be namechecked in crime dramas, but autolysis is one of the most fundamental things that happens to the body after death. (grunge.com)
  • Autolysis is the breakdown of the body by endogenous substances. (medscape.com)
  • When glucose is added to the growth media, it inhibits the induction of the autolysis genes when it is present in the media. (biolinkk.com)
  • The pH and the NaCl concentration in the media affected significantly the autolysis of L. lactis . (scirp.org)
  • Research has shown that the decomposition of yeast cells through autolysis also has a positive effect on longevity (Champagne, The Future Uncorked, Gert Crum, 2017, p. 73). (wine-storage.com)
  • which causes the autolysis of the bacterial cells. (igem.org)
  • The aggregated cells are once again irradiated with green light, inducing the expression of holin and endolysin, which causes the autolysis of the bacterial cells. (igem.org)
  • In general, bioactive peptides in wine derive from enzymatic microbial hydrolyses of grape proteins, yeast autolysis and bacterial nitrogenous metabolism on protein or poly-peptidic substrates. (novapublishers.com)
  • MACs cause lysis of pathogens and can also lead to autolysis of the host cells. (nature.com)
  • Autolysis of anaphylactic and immune tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Due to the initial freezing of the specimens, moderate to advanced autolysis interfered with histological interpretation. (springer.com)
  • It takes advantage of four concepts: 1) light switches, 2) cellular self-aggregation, 3) autolysis, and 4) transcriptional signal counter. (igem.org)
  • In most circumstances, autolysis and putrefaction occur in tandem. (medscape.com)
  • Under specific conditions, however, instead of reverse remodeling and cicatrization, aggressive thrombus-associated autolysis of the aneurysm wall may result in delayed rupture. (ajnr.org)
  • However, an expert tasting of sparkling wines in 2010 revealed that sensory cues for 'autolytic character' were not clearly distinguishable nor agreed upon from 'aged wine' character and industry is now questioning whether this 'autolytic character' is entirely attributable to autolysis or if some of this character is simply aged wine character. (edu.au)
  • J. Ramírez-Nunez, R. Romero-Medrano, G. V. NevárezMoorillon and N. Gutiérrez-Méndez, "Effect of pH and Salt Gradient on the Autolysis of Lactococcus lactis Strains," Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1495-1499. (scirp.org)
  • The autolysis and proteolysis are important features in the strains of L. lactis used in the manufacture of cheese. (scirp.org)
  • During this phase of wine aging, important autolysis occurs. (wine-storage.com)
  • Investigate novel technologies to hasten the autolysis of yeast and therefore produce higher quality sparkling wines in a shorter amount of time. (edu.au)
  • O. J. Kang, L. P. Vézinz, S. Laberge and R. E. Simard, "Some Factors Influencing the Autolysis of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei," Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 81, No. 3, 1998, pp. 639-646. (scirp.org)