Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
The rear surface of an upright primate from the shoulders to the hip, or the dorsal surface of tetrapods.
General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.
A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
Moving or bringing something from a lower level to a higher one. The concept encompasses biomechanic stresses resulting from work done in transferring objects from one plane to another as well as the effects of varying techniques of patient handling and transfer.
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
An occupational discipline founded by D.D. Palmer in the 1890's based on the relationship of the spine to health and disease.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.
The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them.
The position or attitude of the body.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the SACRUM and ILIUM.
Musculature of the BACK.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
An absence from work permitted because of illness or the number of days per year for which an employer agrees to pay employees who are sick. (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981)
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.
The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Procedures used by chiropractors to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints.
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.
Chronic absence from work or other duty.
Excision, in part or whole, of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
A degenerative joint disease involving the SPINE. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE).
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.
The planned and carefully managed manual movement of the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine to produce increased motion. The term is sometimes used to denote a precise sequence of movements of a joint to determine the presence of disease or to reduce a dislocation. In the case of fractures, orthopedic manipulation can produce better position and alignment of the fracture. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p264)
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Musculoskeletal manipulation based on the principles of OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE developed in 1874 by Dr Andrew Taylor Still.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The central part of the body to which the neck and limbs are attached.
Forward displacement of a superior vertebral body over the vertebral body below.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Insurance coverage providing compensation and medical benefits to individuals because of work-connected injuries or disease.
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.
Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Various manipulations of body tissues, muscles and bones by hands or equipment to improve health and circulation, relieve fatigue, promote healing.
Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
The total amount of work to be performed by an individual, a department, or other group of workers in a period of time.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Assessment of physiological capacities in relation to job requirements. It is usually done by measuring certain physiological (e.g., circulatory and respiratory) variables during a gradually increasing workload until specific limitations occur with respect to those variables.
Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
Productive or purposeful activities.
Inflammation of the joints of the SPINE, the intervertebral articulations.
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.
Text editing and storage functions using computer software.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Persons trained in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY to make use of PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.
A type of pain that is perceived in an area away from the site where the pain arises, such as facial pain caused by lesion of the VAGUS NERVE, or throat problem generating referred pain in the ear.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.
The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.
The auxiliary health profession which makes use of PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction of anatomic or physiological origin.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Resumption of normal work routine following a hiatus or period of absence due to injury, disability, or other reasons.
The MUSCLES, bones (BONE AND BONES), and CARTILAGE of the body.
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, and originate from cells within the spinal structure or spread to the spine from other parts of the body (metastatic).
Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
A POSTURE in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. Postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking.
Allied health personnel who assist the professional nurse in routine duties.
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.
The field of nursing care concerned with the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health.
The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.
Circumscribed collections of suppurative material occurring in the spinal or intracranial EPIDURAL SPACE. The majority of epidural abscesses occur in the spinal canal and are associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a vertebral body; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include local and radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, URINARY INCONTINENCE, and FECAL INCONTINENCE. Cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a cranial bone, SINUSITIS, or OTITIS MEDIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p710 and pp1240-1; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Aug;65(2):209-12)
Two muscles, the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior, located in between the deep and the superficial back muscle layers. Their function is to control THORAX movement.
Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.
Percutaneous excision of a herniated or displaced INTERVERTEBRAL DISC by posterolateral approach, always remaining outside the spinal canal. Percutaneous nucleotomy was first described by Hijikata in Japan in 1975. In 1985 Onik introduced automated percutaneous nucleotomy which consists in percutaneous aspiration of the nucleus pulposus. It is carried out under local anesthesia, thus reducing the surgical insult and requiring brief hospitalization, often performed on an outpatient basis. It appears to be a well-tolerated alternative to surgical diskectomy and chymopapain nucleolysis.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Deep muscles in the BACK whose function is to extend and rotate the SPINE and maintain POSTURE. It consists splenius, semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii and sacrospinalis.
Coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-psychiatric illness. These may include loss of APPETITE or LIBIDO; disinterest in ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; or withdrawal from social interaction.
Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
Place or physical location of work or employment.
The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
Methods or programs of physical activities which can be used to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Cognitive and emotional processes encompassing magnification of pain-related stimuli, feelings of helplessness, and a generally pessimistic orientation.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
Training of the mentally or physically disabled in work skills so they may be returned to regular employment utilizing these skills.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
The effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. Included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
Therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. They may lack biomedical explanations but as they become better researched some (PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; DIET; ACUPUNCTURE) become widely accepted whereas others (humors, radium therapy) quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. Therapies are termed as Complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as Alternative when used instead of conventional treatment.
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Moving or repositioning patients within their beds, from bed to bed, bed to chair, or otherwise from one posture or surface to another.
An interval of care by a health care facility or provider for a specific medical problem or condition. It may be continuous or it may consist of a series of intervals marked by one or more brief separations from care, and can also identify the sequence of care (e.g., emergency, inpatient, outpatient), thus serving as one measure of health care provided.
Country located in EUROPE. It is bordered by the NORTH SEA, BELGIUM, and GERMANY. Constituent areas are Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, formerly included in the NETHERLANDS ANTILLES.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.
The period of history before 500 of the common era.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
In anatomy, 'axis' is a term used to describe a real or imaginary line around which something rotates or along which it aligns, such as the second cervical vertebra, also known as the axis bone, which provides the pivot point for the rotation of the head.
A major orthodox system of Hindu philosophy based on Sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. It includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit. (From Webster, 3d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Denmark" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
The body region between (and flanking) the SACRUM and COCCYX.
Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another.
Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.
A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of X-RAYS or GAMMA RAYS, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film).
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Adhesive tape with the mechanical strength to resist stretching. It is applied to the skin to support, stabilize, and restrict movement to aid healing and/or prevent injuries of MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
The discipline concerned with using the combination of conventional ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE to address the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of health and illness.
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.
The planning of the furnishings and decorations of an architectural interior.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is a country and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It is located in Central Europe and is known for its advanced medical research and facilities.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Health services for employees, usually provided by the employer at the place of work.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Asia, known as Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku in Japanese, and is renowned for its unique culture, advanced technology, and rich history. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The state of legal insolvency with assets taken over by judicial process so that they may be distributed among creditors.
The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.

Chronic radiodermatitis following cardiac catheterisation: a report of two cases and a brief review of the literature. (1/230)

Cardiac angiography produces one of the highest radiation exposures of any commonly used diagnostic x ray procedure. Recently, serious radiation induced skin injuries have been reported after repeated therapeutic interventional procedures using prolonged fluoroscopic imaging. Two male patients, aged 62 and 71 years, in whom chronic radiodermatitis developed one to two years after two consecutive cardiac catheterisation procedures are reported. Both patients had undergone lengthy procedures using prolonged fluoroscopic guidance in a limited number of projections. The resulting skin lesions were preceded, in one case, by an acute erythema and took the form of a delayed pigmented telangiectatic, indurated, or ulcerated plaque in the upper back or below the axilla whose site corresponded to the location of the x ray tube during cardiac catheterisation. Cutaneous side effects of radiation exposure result from direct damage to the irradiated tissue and have known thresholds. The diagnosis of radiation induced skin injury relies essentially on clinical and histopathological findings, location of skin lesions, and careful medical history. Interventional cardiologists should be aware of this complication, because chronic radiodermatitis may result in painful and resistant ulceration and eventually in squamous cell carcinoma.  (+info)

Can nuchal cord cause transient increased nuchal translucency thickness? (2/230)

When detected in a first trimester scan, an increased thickness of nuchal translucency (NT) may be associated with chromosomal, cardiac or genetic disorders. However, less attention has been devoted to the outcome of those fetuses who have confirmed normal anatomies and karyotyping, but have abnormal first trimester scans. Thus, a challenging new issue is how to counsel such cases of transient increased NT in which the translucency rapidly vanishes with no evidence of other underlying abnormalities. Two cases of transient increased thickness of NT are reported. In both, a nuchal cord was ultrasonographically demonstrated and a thorough work-up revealed chromosomally and anatomically normal fetuses. The pathophysiological theories behind these observations and their significance are discussed. Based on these observations, we suggest that transvaginal sonography combined with Doppler flow studies should be utilized for the presize detection of cord patterns to accomplish the work-up in cases of increased NT.  (+info)

Evaluation of an intervention to reduce sun exposure in children: design and baseline results. (3/230)

The Kidskin Study is a 5-year intervention study (1995-1999) involving 1,776 5- and 6-year-old children attending 33 primary schools in Perth, Western Australia. The aim of the study is to design, implement, and evaluate an intervention to reduce sun exposure in young children. There are three study groups: a control group, a "moderate intervention" group, and a "high intervention" group. The control schools receive the standard Western Australian health education curriculum, while the moderate and high intervention schools receive a specially designed curricular intervention. In addition, children in the high intervention group receive program materials over the summer holidays, when exposure is likely to be highest, and are offered sun-protective swimwear at low cost. The main outcome measure is the number of nevi on the back. Other outcomes include nevi on the chest (boys only), face, and arms, levels of suntanning, degree of freckling, and sun-related behaviors. At baseline, the three groups were similar with respect to nevi and freckling after adjustment for observer and month of observation. Sun exposure was slightly higher in the high intervention group. The groups were also similar with respect to most potential confounders, although they differed with respect to Southern European ethnicity and parental education.  (+info)

A study of motoneuron groups and motor columns of the human spinal cord. (4/230)

Eight normal human spinal cords were studied for motoneuron (Mn) groups and columns. Spinal segments (C1 to Coc.) were identified and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial cross sections were cut at 25 microm and stained by cresyl violet. Cross-sectional profiles of the spinal cord were traced for each segmental level and the outlines of the various Mn groups superimposed. These charts (maps) were used to examine intra and intersegmental changes in the relative positions of the columns. An attempt was made to provide topographical picture of Mn groups of individual segments. In the cervical region neuronal groups were more numerous but smaller and less distinct, while in the lumbosacral region they were fewer, larger and at many levels better circumscribed. The average number of Mn groups at any segmental level was 3-4 and never exceeded 5. C4, C5, C6, C7, L4, L5 and S1 contained numerous Mn groups. Maximum intrasegmental changes were noted at C3, C4, C7, T1, and S2, while at C5, C6, all thoracic, L1 L2 and L3, the pattern was constant throughout the segment. Eleven motor columns were traced in the human spinal cord. Column 1 belonged to the medial division and columns 2-11 to the lateral division of the ventral grey horn. Columns 1 and 2 were the most extensive as they were traceable from the lower medulla to S3 segment. Columns 3-8 were confined to cervical segments (including T1), while columns 9-11 were traced in lumbosacral segments. In general, motor columns followed a definite mode for their appearance and disappearance. Many of them showed rotation from a dorsal to a ventromedial direction.  (+info)

The unilateral and bilateral control of motor unit pairs in the first dorsal interosseous and paraspinal muscles in man. (5/230)

1. The discharges of two motor units were identified in an intrinsic hand muscle (first dorsal interosseous, FDI) or an axial muscle (lumbar paraspinals, PSP) in ten healthy subjects. Each motor unit was situated in the homologous muscle on either side of the body (bilateral condition) or in the same muscle (ipsilateral condition). The relationship between the times of discharge of the two units was determined using coherence analysis. 2. Motor unit pairs in the ipsilateral FDI showed significant coherence over the frequency bands 1-10 Hz and 12-40 Hz. Motor units in the ipsilateral PSP were significantly coherent below 5 Hz. In contrast there was no significant coherence at any frequency up to 100 Hz in the bilateral FDI condition and only a small but significant band of coherence below 2 Hz in the bilateral PSP condition. 3. Common drive to motor units at frequencies of < 4 Hz was assessed by cross-correlation of the instantaneous frequencies of the motor units. A significantly higher coefficient was found in the ipsilateral FDI, ipsi- and bilateral PSP compared with shifted, unrelated data sets. This was not the case for the bilateral FDI condition. 4. The presence of higher frequency coherence ( > 10 Hz) in the ipsilateral FDI condition and its absence in ipsilateral PSP is consistent with a more direct and influential cortical supply to the intrinsic hand muscles compared with the axial musculature. The presence of low frequency drives (< 4 Hz) in the bilateral PSP condition and its absence in the bilateral FDI condition is consistent with a bilateral drive to axial, but not distal, musculature by the motor pathways responsible for this oscillatory input.  (+info)

Investigation of trunk and extremity movement associated with passive head turning in newborns. (6/230)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Physical therapist examination of pediatric clients or clients with neurological conditions often includes the observation of stereotypical movement patterns such as the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex and righting reactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether extremity and trunk responses to passive head turning could be documented in newborn infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-two newborns with no known medical problems were videotaped within 5 days of birth while an investigator turned their heads left and right. Videotapes were stopped at 5-second intervals to record the direction of head turn with the rest of the body obscured. A second investigator recorded trunk and extremity position with the head obscured. RESULTS: The direction of head turning affected upper- and lower-extremity position, with extension stronger on the face side. The direction of trunk convexity was also affected by head position, with the trunk convex to the side to which the face was turned. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Extremity responses and trunk responses to passive head turning can be documented corresponding to patterns reported for the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex and righting reflexes in neonates with no known medical problems more frequently than would occur by chance.  (+info)

Genome-wide scan for body composition in pigs reveals important role of imprinting. (7/230)

The role of imprinting in body composition was investigated in an experimental cross between Chinese Meishan pigs and commercial Dutch pigs. A whole-genome scan revealed significant evidence for five quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting body composition, of which four were imprinted. Imprinting was tested with a statistical model that separated the expression of paternally and maternally inherited alleles. For back fat thickness, a paternally expressed QTL was found on Sus scrofa chromosome 2 (SSC2), and a Mendelian-expressed QTL was found on SSC7. In the same region of SSC7, a maternally expressed QTL affecting muscle depth was found. Chromosome 6 harbored a maternally expressed QTL on the short arm and a paternally expressed QTL on the long arm, both affecting intramuscular fat content. The individual QTL explained from 2% up to 10% of the phenotypic variance. The known homologies to human and mouse did not reveal positional candidate genes. This study demonstrates that testing for imprinting should become a standard procedure to unravel the genetic control of multifactorial traits.  (+info)

Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of failed back surgery syndrome--two case reports. (8/230)

Severe, persistent back pain following back surgery is often referred to as Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS). Conservative measures such as physiotherapy, back strengthening exercises, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and epidural steroids may be inadequate to alleviate pain. Spinal Cord Stimulators were implanted into two patients suffering from FBSS. Both patients responded successfully to spinal cord stimulation with reduction of pain and disability.  (+info)

Back pain is a common symptom characterized by discomfort or soreness in the back, often occurring in the lower region of the back (lumbago). It can range from a mild ache to a sharp stabbing or shooting pain, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, restricted mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Back pain is typically caused by strain or sprain to the muscles, ligaments, or spinal joints, but it can also result from degenerative conditions, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other medical issues affecting the spine. The severity and duration of back pain can vary widely, with some cases resolving on their own within a few days or weeks, while others may require medical treatment and rehabilitation.

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, typically between the costal margin (bottom of the ribcage) and the gluteal folds (buttocks). It can be caused by several factors including strain or sprain of the muscles or ligaments, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other degenerative conditions affecting the spine. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp stabbing sensation and may be accompanied by stiffness, limited mobility, and radiating pain down the legs in some cases. Low back pain is often described as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (lasting between 6-12 weeks), or chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks).

The term "back" is a common word used to describe the large posterior part of the body of a human or an animal, which extends from the neck to the pelvis and contains the spine, spinal cord, ribs, muscles, and other various tissues. In medical terms, the back is also known as the dorsal region. It provides support, protection, and mobility for the body, allowing us to stand upright, bend, twist, and perform various physical activities. The back is susceptible to various injuries, disorders, and conditions, such as back pain, strains, sprains, herniated discs, scoliosis, and arthritis, among others.

Back injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the structures of the back, including the muscles, nerves, ligaments, bones, and other tissues. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as sudden trauma (e.g., falls, accidents), repetitive stress, or degenerative conditions. Common types of back injuries include strains, sprains, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and spinal cord injuries. Symptoms may vary from mild discomfort to severe pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Treatment options range from conservative measures like physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention in severe cases.

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) is not a formally recognized medical diagnosis, but rather a term that is used to describe the condition of patients who continue to experience chronic pain in the spine or legs after having undergone one or more spinal surgeries. FBSS does not necessarily mean that the surgery was performed incorrectly, but rather that it did not achieve the desired outcome of relieving the patient's pain.

The symptoms of FBSS can vary from person to person, but often include chronic pain in the back or legs, numbness or tingling sensations, muscle weakness, and decreased mobility. The exact cause of FBSS is not always clear, but it may be due to a variety of factors, such as nerve damage, scar tissue formation, or continued spinal instability.

Treatment for FBSS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include medication, physical therapy, injections, and psychological support. In some cases, additional surgery may be recommended, but this is usually considered a last resort due to the risks involved and the fact that previous surgeries have not been successful.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

In a medical context, "lifting" generally refers to the act or process of physically moving or supporting an object or person with the use of one's muscles, particularly those in the back, legs, and arms. However, I am a large language model, not a doctor, and this definition is based on general usage rather than specific medical terminology.

Improper lifting techniques can lead to injuries, especially musculoskeletal ones. For this reason, healthcare professionals often provide guidelines for safe lifting, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a wide base of support, keeping the object close to the body, using leg muscles instead of the back, and avoiding twisting or bending at the waist.

In some cases, "lifting" may also refer to medical procedures where a surgeon raises a part of the body during surgery, but this is more commonly referred to as "elevation."

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for a period of 3 months or longer, beyond the normal healing time for an injury or illness. It can be continuous or intermittent and range from mild to severe. Chronic pain can have various causes, such as nerve damage, musculoskeletal conditions, or chronic diseases like cancer. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing limitations in mobility, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and decreased overall well-being. Effective management of chronic pain often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and complementary therapies.

Disability Evaluation is the process of determining the nature and extent of a person's functional limitations or impairments, and assessing their ability to perform various tasks and activities in order to determine eligibility for disability benefits or accommodations. This process typically involves a medical examination and assessment by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician or psychologist, who evaluates the individual's symptoms, medical history, laboratory test results, and functional abilities. The evaluation may also involve input from other professionals, such as vocational experts, occupational therapists, or speech-language pathologists, who can provide additional information about the person's ability to perform specific tasks and activities in a work or daily living context. Based on this information, a determination is made about whether the individual meets the criteria for disability as defined by the relevant governing authority, such as the Social Security Administration or the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.

Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:

1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.

Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.

Chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system, with an emphasis on the spine. Chiropractors use manual therapies, including spinal manipulation and adjustment, to realign the spine and improve function, reduce pain, and promote overall health and well-being.

The primary goal of chiropractic care is to correct subluxations, or misalignments of the vertebrae in the spine, which can cause nerve interference and affect the body's natural ability to heal itself. Chiropractors may also use other therapies such as exercise, nutrition counseling, and lifestyle modifications to help patients achieve optimal health and wellness.

Chiropractic is a drug-free and non-surgical approach to healthcare that is recognized by major regulatory bodies around the world. It has been shown to be effective for a wide range of conditions, including back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other musculoskeletal disorders.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Spinal manipulation is a manual therapy technique often used in the practice of chiropractic, osteopathic medicine, and physical therapy. It involves applying controlled force to the spinal joints, usually through quick and precise thrusting movements. The goal of this technique is to improve mobility and range of motion in the spine, reduce pain and muscle tension, and promote overall function of the nervous system. Spinal manipulation may also be used to treat various conditions such as low back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other musculoskeletal disorders. It is important to note that spinal manipulation should only be performed by licensed healthcare professionals with proper training and expertise in this technique.

I believe you may be looking for the term "human factors engineering" or "ergonomics," as there is no widely recognized medical definition for "human engineering." Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design and integration of systems, products, and environments to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. This includes considering human capabilities, limitations, and characteristics in the design process to ensure safe, efficient, and effective interactions between humans and technology.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure found between the vertebrae of the spinal column in humans and other animals. It functions as a shock absorber, distributes mechanical stress during weight-bearing activities, and allows for varying degrees of mobility between adjacent vertebrae.

The disc is composed of two parts: the annulus fibrosus, which forms the tough, outer layer; and the nucleus pulposus, which is a gel-like substance in the center that contains proteoglycans and water. The combination of these components provides the disc with its unique ability to distribute forces and allow for movement.

The intervertebral discs are essential for the normal functioning of the spine, providing stability, flexibility, and protection to the spinal cord and nerves. However, they can also be subject to degeneration and injury, which may result in conditions such as herniated discs or degenerative disc disease.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

The sacroiliac (SI) joint is the joint that connects the iliac bone (part of the pelvis) and the sacrum (the triangular bone at the base of the spine). There are two sacroiliac joints, one on each side of the spine. The primary function of these joints is to absorb shock between the upper body and lower body and distribute the weight of the upper body to the lower body. They also provide a small amount of movement to allow for flexibility when walking or running. The SI joints are supported and stabilized by strong ligaments, muscles, and bones.

The back muscles, also known as the dorsal muscles, are a group of muscles that run along the length of the back and provide movement, support, and stability to the spine and vertebral column. They can be divided into three layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The main back muscles include:

1. Trapezius: A large, triangular muscle that covers the upper and middle back, extending from the base of the skull to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the shoulder blades. It is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula and extending the head at the neck.
2. Latissimus dorsi: A broad, flat muscle that covers the lower back and sides of the torso, originating from the lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs, and inserting on the humerus bone. It is responsible for adducting, extending, and medially rotating the arm, as well as extending and laterally flexing the trunk.
3. Erector spinae: A group of three muscles that run along both sides of the vertebral column, from the sacrum to the cervical vertebrae. They are responsible for extending and laterally flexing the spine, as well as rotating the trunk. The three muscles are:
* Iliocostalis: The most lateral muscle, which runs along the length of the ribcage.
* Longissimus: A muscle that lies medial to iliocostalis and extends from the pelvis to the skull.
* Spinalis: The smallest and deepest muscle, located directly over the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
4. Rhomboids: Two muscles (major and minor) that lie between the shoulder blades and connect them to the thoracic vertebrae. They are responsible for retracting and rotating the scapulae, as well as stabilizing the shoulder blades during arm movements.
5. Levator scapulae: A muscle that originates from the cervical vertebrae and inserts on the superior medial border of the scapula. It is responsible for elevating and rotating the scapula, as well as assisting with neck movements.
6. Serratus anterior: A muscle that lies on the lateral chest wall and connects the ribcage to the scapula. It is responsible for protracting (pushing forward) and rotating the scapula during arm movements, such as throwing or punching.
7. Teres major and minor: Two muscles that lie between the shoulder blade and the humerus bone of the upper arm. They are responsible for adducting (pulling inward), extending, and internally rotating the arm.

Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.

Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.

The benefits of exercise therapy include:

* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.

Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.

"Sick leave" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the context of employment and human resources. It refers to the time off from work that an employee is allowed to take due to illness or injury, for which they may still receive payment. The specific policies regarding sick leave, such as how much time is granted and whether it is paid or unpaid, can vary based on the employer's policies, labor laws, and collective bargaining agreements.

Musculoskeletal diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. These diseases can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and decreased function in the affected areas of the body. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the lining of the joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and bone erosion.
3. Gout: A form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to severe pain, redness, and swelling.
4. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures due to decreased bone density.
5. Fibromyalgia: A disorder that causes widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and tenderness in specific areas of the body.
6. Spinal disorders: Conditions affecting the spine, such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease, which can cause back pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
7. Soft tissue injuries: Damage to muscles, tendons, and ligaments, often caused by overuse, strain, or trauma.
8. Infections: Bone and joint infections (septic arthritis or osteomyelitis) can cause pain, swelling, and fever.
9. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in bones, muscles, or soft tissues can lead to pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
10. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can affect the musculoskeletal system and cause various symptoms.

Treatment for musculoskeletal diseases varies depending on the specific condition but may include medications, physical therapy, exercise, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a physiological and biochemical process that occurs in the spinal discs, which are located between each vertebra in the spine. These discs act as shock absorbers and allow for movement and flexibility of the spine.

The degenerative process involves changes in the structure and composition of the disc, including loss of water content, decreased production of proteoglycans (which help to maintain the disc's elasticity), and disorganization of the collagen fibers that make up the disc's outer layer (annulus fibrosus). These changes can lead to a decrease in the disc's height and mobility, as well as the development of tears or cracks in the annulus fibrosus.

In advanced stages of degeneration, the disc may herniate or bulge outward, causing pressure on nearby nerves and potentially leading to pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area. It's worth noting that while intervertebral disc degeneration is a normal part of aging, certain factors such as injury, smoking, obesity, and repetitive stress can accelerate the process.

A zygapophyseal joint, also known as a facet joint, is a type of synovial joint that connects the articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae in the spine. These joints are formed by the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebral bodies and are covered with hyaline cartilage. They allow for smooth movement between the vertebrae, providing stability and limiting excessive motion while allowing flexibility in the spine. The zygapophyseal joints are supported by a capsule and ligaments that help to maintain their alignment and restrict abnormal movements. These joints can become sources of pain and discomfort when they become inflamed or damaged due to conditions such as arthritis, degenerative disc disease, or injury.

Chiropractic manipulation, also known as spinal manipulative therapy, is a technique used by chiropractors to realign misaligned vertebrae in the spine (subluxations) with the goal of improving function, reducing nerve irritation, and alleviating pain. This technique involves using controlled force, direction, amplitude, and velocity to move joints beyond their passive range of motion but within their physiological limits. The purpose is to restore normal joint motion and function, which can help reduce pain and improve overall health and well-being. It is commonly used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain, neck pain, and headaches.

Acute pain is a type of pain that comes on suddenly and can be severe, but it typically lasts for a short period of time. It is often described as sharp or stabbing and can be caused by tissue damage, inflammation, or injury. Acute pain is the body's way of signaling that something is wrong and that action needs to be taken to address the underlying cause.

Acute pain is different from chronic pain, which is pain that persists for 12 weeks or longer. Chronic pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including ongoing medical conditions, nerve damage, or inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing acute pain that does not improve or becomes severe, as it may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Radiculopathy is a medical term that refers to the condition where there is damage or disturbance in the nerve roots as they exit the spinal column. These nerve roots, also known as radicles, can become damaged due to various reasons such as compression, inflammation, or injury, leading to a range of symptoms.

Radiculopathy may occur in any part of the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When the nerve roots in the cervical region are affected, it can result in symptoms such as neck pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or fingers. On the other hand, when the nerve roots in the lumbar region are affected, it can cause lower back pain, leg pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs or feet.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage to the nerve roots. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own with rest and conservative treatment. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as physical therapy, medication, or surgery may be necessary to alleviate the symptoms and prevent further damage.

Absenteeism is a term used in the medical and occupational health fields to describe the habitual pattern of absence from work or school. It refers to an employee or student's repeated failure to show up for scheduled work or classes without a valid reason or excuse. Absenteeism can have various causes, including physical illness or injury, mental health issues, stress, burnout, disengagement, and poor job or school satisfaction. Chronic absenteeism can lead to negative consequences such as decreased productivity, increased healthcare costs, and reduced academic performance.

Diskectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of an intervertebral disc (the cushion between two vertebrae) is removed. This procedure is typically performed to alleviate pressure on nerve roots or the spinal cord caused by a herniated or degenerative disc. In a diskectomy, the surgeon accesses the damaged disc through an incision in the back or neck and removes the portion of the disc that is causing the compression. This can help to relieve pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb. Diskectomy may be performed as an open surgery or using minimally invasive techniques, depending on the individual case.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure where two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together to create a solid bone. The purpose of this procedure is to restrict movement between the fused vertebrae, which can help reduce pain and stabilize the spine. This is typically done using bone grafts or bone graft substitutes, along with hardware such as rods, screws, or cages to hold the vertebrae in place while they heal together. The procedure may be recommended for various spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or fractures.

Osteoarthritis of the spine, also known as spondylosis, is a degenerative joint disease that affects the spine. It is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints of the spine, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. The condition most commonly affects the joints in the lower back (lumbar) and neck (cervical) regions of the spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis of the spine can vary widely, but may include:

* Pain and stiffness in the neck or back, especially after prolonged periods of inactivity or overuse
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs, due to nerve compression
* Decreased range of motion and flexibility in the spine
* Popping, cracking, or grinding sounds in the spine with movement
* In severe cases, loss of bladder or bowel control.

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the spine is typically made through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment options may include pain medication, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

Acupuncture is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the body's natural healing processes. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, energy (known as "qi" or "chi") flows through the body along pathways called meridians. Acupuncture is believed to help restore the flow of qi and improve the balance of the body's energy.

In modern medical practice, acupuncture is often used to treat pain, including chronic pain, muscle stiffness, and headaches. It is also sometimes used to treat conditions such as nausea and vomiting, insomnia, and addiction. The precise mechanism by which acupuncture works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the release of natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins, as well as other physiological changes in the body. Acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner, and side effects are typically mild and temporary.

Orthopedic manipulation is a hands-on technique that is used by healthcare professionals, such as orthopedic doctors, chiropractors, and physical therapists, to diagnose and treat muscle and joint disorders. This manual procedure involves moving the joints or soft tissues in a specific direction and amplitude with the aim of improving joint mobility, reducing pain, relieving muscle tension, and enhancing overall function.

Orthopedic manipulation can be performed on various parts of the body, including the spine, extremities, and cranial structures. It is often used as a complementary treatment alongside other therapeutic interventions, such as exercise, medication, or surgery, to manage a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions, including but not limited to:

* Back pain and stiffness
* Neck pain and stiffness
* Joint pain and inflammation
* Muscle spasms and tension
* Headaches and migraines
* Disc disorders
* Sprains and strains
* Postural dysfunctions

It is important to note that orthopedic manipulation should only be performed by trained and licensed healthcare professionals, as improper techniques can lead to injury or further damage. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider to determine if orthopedic manipulation is an appropriate treatment option for their specific condition.

The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone in the lower portion of the human vertebral column, located between the lumbar spine and the coccyx (tailbone). It forms through the fusion of several vertebrae during fetal development. The sacrum's base articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, while its apex connects with the coccyx.

The sacrum plays an essential role in supporting the spine and transmitting weight from the upper body to the pelvis and lower limbs. It also serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments. The sacral region is often a focus in medical and chiropractic treatments due to its importance in spinal stability, posture, and overall health.

Osteopathic manipulation, also known as osteopathic manual medicine (OMM), is a hands-on approach to diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness and injury. It is a system of manual therapy that was developed by Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathic medicine. OMM uses a variety of techniques to move, stretch, and massage the muscles, joints, and other tissues. The goal of osteopathic manipulation is to restore normal function and balance to the body, allowing it to heal itself.

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a series of manual techniques that are used to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions. These techniques may include stretching, gentle pressure, or resistance to improve the mobility and function of joints, muscles, and other tissues. OMT can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including back pain, headaches, neck pain, and other musculoskeletal problems. It is also used to help relieve the symptoms of various internal disorders, such as asthma, sinus disorders, and digestive problems.

It's important to note that Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) should be performed by a qualified healthcare professional with training in osteopathic manipulation, like an osteopathic physician (DO). It is generally considered safe when performed by a trained and licensed practitioner. However, as with any medical treatment, it is not without risks and potential complications. Therefore, it's important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of OMT with your healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The torso refers to the central part of the human body, which is composed of the spine, ribcage, and the abdomen. It does not include the head, neck, arms, or legs. In anatomical terms, it is often used to describe the area between the neck and the pelvis.

Spondylolisthesis is a medical condition that affects the spine, specifically the vertebrae in the lower back (lumbar region). It occurs when one vertebra slips forward and onto the vertebra below it. This slippage can lead to narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the nerves exiting the spine, causing pain and discomfort. The condition can be congenital, degenerative, or result from trauma or injury. Symptoms may include lower back pain, stiffness, and radiating pain down the legs. Treatment options range from physical therapy and pain management to surgical intervention in severe cases.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Workers' compensation is a form of insurance that provides medical benefits, wage replacement, and rehabilitation expenses to employees who are injured or become ill as a direct result of their job. It is designed to compensate the employee for lost wages and cover medical expenses due to work-related injuries or illnesses, while also protecting employers from potential lawsuits. Workers' compensation laws vary by state but generally require employers to carry this insurance and provide coverage for eligible employees. The program is typically funded through employer premiums and is administered by individual states.

Discitis is a medical condition that refers to an inflammation of the intervertebral disc space, which is the area between two adjacent vertebrae in the spine. The condition is usually caused by an infection, most commonly bacterial, that spreads to the disc space from nearby tissues or the bloodstream.

The symptoms of discitis may include lower back pain, fever, and difficulty walking or standing upright. In some cases, the condition may also cause nerve root compression, leading to radiating pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs. Diagnosis of discitis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI scans, or CT scans, as well as blood tests and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the presence of an infection.

Treatment for discitis usually involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as pain management and physical therapy to help manage symptoms and maintain mobility. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or stabilize the spine.

Acupuncture therapy is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of energy (Qi), balance the vital force (Chi), and promote healing. It is based on the concept of meridians, or pathways, through which this energy flows. Acupuncture therapy is used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, stress, anxiety, insomnia, digestive disorders, and reproductive health issues. According to Western medicine, acupuncture may work by stimulating the nervous system, increasing blood flow, and releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins. It is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Medical Definition of Massage:

Massage is defined as the manual manipulation of soft body tissues (such as muscle, connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments) to enhance health and well-being. It involves various techniques that include kneading, rubbing, pressing, and stretching the muscles and fascia (the connective tissue that covers the muscles).

The goal of massage is to increase circulation, relieve tension, reduce muscle stiffness and pain, promote relaxation, and improve range of motion and overall flexibility. Massage therapy may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anxiety, headaches, insomnia, joint pain, soft tissue injuries, and sports-related injuries.

It is important to note that massage should be performed by a trained and licensed professional to ensure safety and effectiveness. Additionally, individuals with certain health conditions, such as deep vein thrombosis, fractures, or infectious diseases, should avoid massage or consult their healthcare provider before receiving treatment.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

Occupational health is a branch of medicine that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all types of jobs. The goal of occupational health is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and disabilities, while also promoting the overall health and safety of employees. This may involve identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing controls to reduce or eliminate those hazards, providing education and training to workers on safe practices, and conducting medical surveillance and screenings to detect early signs of work-related health problems.

Occupational health also involves working closely with employers, employees, and other stakeholders to develop policies and programs that support the health and well-being of workers. This may include promoting healthy lifestyles, providing access to mental health resources, and supporting return-to-work programs for injured or ill workers. Ultimately, the goal of occupational health is to create a safe and healthy work environment that enables employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently, while also protecting their long-term health and well-being.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

A physical examination is a methodical and systematic process of evaluating a patient's overall health status. It involves inspecting, palpating, percussing, and auscultating different parts of the body to detect any abnormalities or medical conditions. The primary purpose of a physical examination is to gather information about the patient's health, identify potential health risks, diagnose medical conditions, and develop an appropriate plan for prevention, treatment, or further evaluation.

During a physical examination, a healthcare provider may assess various aspects of a patient's health, including their vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and overall appearance. They may also examine different organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, musculoskeletal, and genitourinary systems, to identify any signs of disease or abnormalities.

Physical examinations are an essential part of preventive healthcare and are typically performed during routine check-ups, annual physicals, and when patients present with symptoms or concerns about their health. The specific components of a physical examination may vary depending on the patient's age, sex, medical history, and presenting symptoms.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Musculoskeletal manipulations refer to the skilled manual movement of or pressure applied to a joint or joints, muscle, or muscles and connective tissues. The goal is to improve mobility, relieve pain, reduce muscle tension, or restore function in the body. This technique is often used by chiropractors, osteopathic physicians, physical therapists, and some massage therapists as a treatment intervention for various musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain, neck pain, headaches, and joint disorders.

It's important to note that musculoskeletal manipulations should be performed by trained healthcare professionals, as there are potential risks and contraindications associated with this type of treatment. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider before undergoing any form of manual therapy.

Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis, which is a part of the vertebra in the lower back (lumbar spine). This condition most commonly affects young athletes who participate in sports that involve repetitive hyperextension of the lower back, such as gymnastics, football, and dance. Spondylolysis can cause lower back pain and stiffness, and if left untreated, it may lead to spondylolisthesis, a condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it. In some cases, spondylolysis may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during an imaging test performed for another reason.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.

Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:

1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.

These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Musculoskeletal pain is discomfort or pain that affects the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. It can be caused by injury, overuse, or disease and can affect any part of the body, including the neck, back, shoulders, hips, and extremities. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Common causes of musculoskeletal pain include arthritis, fibromyalgia, tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle or ligament strain. Treatment for musculoskeletal pain depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are routine self-care activities that individuals usually do every day without assistance. These activities are widely used as a measure to determine the functional status and independence of a person, particularly in the elderly or those with disabilities or chronic illnesses. The basic ADLs include:

1. Personal hygiene: Bathing, washing hands and face, brushing teeth, grooming, and using the toilet.
2. Dressing: Selecting appropriate clothes and dressing oneself.
3. Eating: Preparing and consuming food, either independently or with assistive devices.
4. Mobility: Moving in and out of bed, chairs, or wheelchairs, walking independently or using mobility aids.
5. Transferring: Moving from one place to another, such as getting in and out of a car, bath, or bed.

There are also more complex Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) that assess an individual's ability to manage their own life and live independently. These include managing finances, shopping for groceries, using the telephone, taking medications as prescribed, preparing meals, and housekeeping tasks.

Shoulder pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or hurt in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or surrounding structures. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and this mobility makes it prone to injury and pain. Shoulder pain can result from various causes, including overuse, trauma, degenerative conditions, or referred pain from other areas of the body.

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint, can also be a source of pain if it becomes inflamed or torn.

Shoulder pain can range from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, bruising, weakness, numbness, tingling, or reduced mobility in the affected arm. The pain may worsen with movement, lifting objects, or performing certain activities, such as reaching overhead or behind the back.

Medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of shoulder pain and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and nature of the condition.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

In the context of healthcare, workload refers to the amount and complexity of tasks or responsibilities that a healthcare professional is expected to perform within a given period. This can include direct patient care activities such as physical assessments, treatments, and procedures, as well as indirect care activities like documentation, communication with other healthcare team members, and quality improvement initiatives.

Workload can be measured in various ways, including the number of patients assigned to a provider, the amount of time spent on direct patient care, or the complexity of the medical conditions being managed. High workloads can impact the quality of care provided, as well as healthcare professional burnout and job satisfaction. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and manage workload effectively to ensure safe and high-quality patient care.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "disabled persons" are those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which may hinder their participation in society on an equal basis with others. The term "disability" is not meant to be understood as a 'personal tragedy' but rather as a complex interaction between the features of a person's body and mind, the activities they wish to perform and the physical and social barriers they encounter in their environment.

It's important to note that the term 'disabled persons' has been largely replaced by 'people with disabilities' or 'persons with disabilities' in many contexts, as it is considered more respectful and empowering to put the person first, rather than focusing on their disability. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) uses the term "persons with disabilities" throughout its text.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

A Work Capacity Evaluation (WCE) is a set of systematic and objective procedures used to assess an individual's physical and cognitive abilities in relation to their ability to perform specific job tasks. It is typically conducted by a team of healthcare professionals, including occupational therapists, physiatrists, and kinesiologists, who evaluate the person's strength, endurance, flexibility, range of motion, sensation, balance, coordination, and cognitive abilities.

The goal of a WCE is to determine an individual's functional limitations and capabilities, and to provide recommendations regarding their ability to return to work or perform specific job tasks. The evaluation may include a variety of tests and measurements, such as lifting and carrying capacities, fine motor skills, visual tracking, and problem-solving abilities.

The results of the WCE can be used to develop a treatment plan, modify job duties, or determine eligibility for disability benefits. It is an important tool in helping individuals with injuries or disabilities return to work safely and effectively, while also ensuring that employers have the information they need to accommodate their employees' needs.

The abdominal muscles, also known as the abdominals or abs, are a group of muscles in the anterior (front) wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. They play a crucial role in maintaining posture, supporting the trunk, and facilitating movement of the torso. The main abdominal muscles include:

1. Rectus Abdominis: These are the pair of long, flat muscles that run vertically along the middle of the anterior abdominal wall. They are often referred to as the "six-pack" muscles due to their visible, segmented appearance in well-trained individuals. The primary function of the rectus abdominis is to flex the spine, allowing for actions such as sitting up from a lying down position or performing a crunch exercise.

2. External Obliques: These are the largest and most superficial of the oblique muscles, located on the lateral (side) aspects of the abdominal wall. They run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (the upper part of the pelvis) and the pubic tubercle (a bony prominence at the front of the pelvis). The external obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in side-bending and exhalation.

3. Internal Obliques: These muscles lie deep to the external obliques and run diagonally downward and backward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba (the strong band of connective tissue that runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen). The internal obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in forced exhalation and increasing intra-abdominal pressure during actions such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.

4. Transversus Abdominis: This is the deepest of the abdominal muscles, located inner to both the internal obliques and the rectus sheath (a strong, fibrous covering that surrounds the rectus abdominis). The transversus abdominis runs horizontally around the abdomen, attaching to the lower six ribs, the thoracolumbar fascia (a broad sheet of connective tissue spanning from the lower back to the pelvis), and the pubic crest (the front part of the pelvic bone). The transversus abdominis helps maintain core stability by compressing the abdominal contents and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Together, these muscles form the muscular "corset" of the abdomen, providing support, stability, and flexibility to the trunk. They also play a crucial role in respiration, posture, and various movements such as bending, twisting, and lifting.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

In a medical or occupational health context, "work" is often used to refer to physical or mental activities that require energy expenditure and are performed as part of a job, daily routine, or exercise. However, there is also a specific medical concept called "work" that is used in the field of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders.

In this context, work is defined as the product of force and distance, measured in joules (J) or newton-meters (Nm). It can be used to describe the amount of physical effort required to perform a specific task or activity, such as lifting an object or operating a machine.

For example, if a worker lifts a box that weighs 10 kilograms (kg) and raises it to a height of 0.5 meters (m), the work done can be calculated as follows:

Work = Force x Distance
Force = weight of the object (mass x gravity)
Distance = height raised

Force = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 (acceleration due to gravity) = 98 N (newtons)
Work = 98 N x 0.5 m = 49 J or 49 Nm

This measurement of work can help assess the physical demands of a job and identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries, such as overexertion or repetitive strain.

Spondylarthritis is a term used to describe a group of interrelated inflammatory diseases that primarily affect the spine and sacroiliac joints (where the spine connects to the pelvis), but can also involve other joints, ligaments, tendons, and entheses (sites where tendons or ligaments attach to bones). These conditions share common genetic, clinical, and imaging features.

The most common forms of spondylarthritis include:

1. Ankylosing spondylitis - a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing pain and stiffness. In some cases, it can lead to fusion of the spine's vertebrae.
2. Psoriatic arthritis - a form of arthritis that occurs in people with psoriasis, an autoimmune skin condition. It can cause inflammation in the joints, tendons, and entheses.
3. Reactive arthritis - a type of arthritis that develops as a reaction to an infection in another part of the body, often the urinary or gastrointestinal tract.
4. Enteropathic arthritis - a form of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
5. Undifferentiated spondylarthritis - when a patient presents with features of spondylarthritis but does not meet the criteria for any specific subtype.

Common symptoms of spondylarthritis include:

- Back pain and stiffness, often worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity
- Peripheral joint pain and swelling
- Enthesitis (inflammation at tendon or ligament insertion points)
- Dactylitis (swelling of an entire finger or toe)
- Fatigue
- Uveitis (inflammation of the eye)
- Skin rashes, such as psoriasis
- Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment often includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, and lifestyle modifications to manage symptoms and prevent joint damage.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) are a group of conditions that result from repeated exposure to biomechanical stressors, often related to work activities. These disorders can affect the muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and reduced range of motion.

CTDs are also known as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) or overuse injuries. They occur when there is a mismatch between the demands placed on the body and its ability to recover from those demands. Over time, this imbalance can lead to tissue damage and inflammation, resulting in chronic pain and functional limitations.

Examples of CTDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, epicondylitis (tennis elbow), rotator cuff injuries, and trigger finger. Prevention strategies for CTDs include proper ergonomics, workstation design, body mechanics, taking regular breaks to stretch and rest, and performing exercises to strengthen and condition the affected muscles and joints.

"Word processing" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the use of computer software to create, edit, format and save written text documents. Examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple Pages. While there may be medical transcriptionists who use word processing software as part of their job duties to transcribe medical records or reports, the term itself is not a medical definition.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

A physical therapist (PT), also known as a physiotherapist in some countries, is a healthcare professional who provides treatment to individuals to develop, maintain, and restore maximum body movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. This is achieved through promotion of mobility, functional ability, quality of life and prevention of activity limitations and participation restrictions due to diseases, disorders or injuries.

Physical therapists evaluate and assess an individual'

s mobility, strength, flexibility, balance, coordination, posture, and cardiopulmonary status to determine a diagnosis and prognosis. They then develop an individualized treatment plan, incorporating a variety of therapeutic interventions such as exercise, manual therapy, education, modalities (e.g., heat, cold, electrical stimulation), assistive devices, and technology to achieve the goals outlined in the treatment plan.

Physical therapists may practice in various settings including hospitals, outpatient clinics, private practices, rehabilitation centers, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies, schools, sports and fitness facilities, workplaces, and universities. They often collaborate with other healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and social workers to provide comprehensive care to patients.

In addition to direct patient care, physical therapists may also be involved in education, research, and administration related to the field of physical therapy.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

Occupational accidents are defined as unexpected and unplanned events that occur in the context of work and lead to physical or mental harm. These accidents can be caused by a variety of factors, including unsafe working conditions, lack of proper training, or failure to use appropriate personal protective equipment. Occupational accidents can result in injuries, illnesses, or even death, and can have significant impacts on individuals, families, and communities. In many cases, occupational accidents are preventable through the implementation of effective safety measures and risk management strategies.

Referred pain is a type of pain that is felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. This occurs because the brain incorrectly interprets nerve signals from damaged tissues or organs. In the case of referred pain, the brain misinterprets the location of the pain signal and attributes it to a different area of the body.

Referred pain is often described as a dull, aching sensation rather than a sharp, stabbing pain. It can be difficult to diagnose because the source of the pain may not be immediately apparent. Common examples of referred pain include:

* Heart attack pain that is felt in the left arm or jaw
* Gallbladder pain that is felt in the right shoulder blade
* Kidney stones that cause pain in the lower back and abdomen
* Appendicitis that causes pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, but can sometimes be referred to the lower left quadrant in pregnant women or those with a longer colon.

Referred pain is thought to occur because the nerves carrying pain signals from different parts of the body converge on the same neurons in the spinal cord before traveling to the brain. If these neurons are stimulated by pain signals from multiple sources, the brain may have difficulty distinguishing between them and may interpret the pain as coming from a single location.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Clinical protocols, also known as clinical practice guidelines or care paths, are systematically developed statements that assist healthcare professionals and patients in making decisions about the appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence and consist of a set of recommendations that are designed to optimize patient outcomes, improve the quality of care, and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. Clinical protocols may cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and disease prevention, and are developed by professional organizations, government agencies, and other groups with expertise in the relevant field.

Fear is a basic human emotion that is typically characterized by a strong feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or distress in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural and adaptive response that helps individuals identify and respond to potential dangers in their environment, and it can manifest as physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.

Physical symptoms of fear may include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, and muscle tension. Emotional symptoms may include feelings of anxiety, worry, or panic, while cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, and intrusive thoughts about the perceived threat.

Fear can be a normal and adaptive response to real dangers, but it can also become excessive or irrational in some cases, leading to phobias, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. In these cases, professional help may be necessary to manage and overcome the fear.

A Physical Therapy Specialty refers to an area of practice within the field of physical therapy that requires advanced knowledge, skills, and experience beyond the entry-level degree. The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties (ABPTS) recognizes nine specialty areas: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary, Clinical Electrophysiology, Geriatrics, Neurology, Oncology, Orthopaedics, Pediatrics, Sports, and Women's Health.

To become a board-certified specialist in one of these areas, physical therapists must meet specific education, practice, and examination requirements established by the ABPTS. Specialty certification is valid for ten years, after which specialists must recertify to maintain their credential. Board certification in a specialty area demonstrates a commitment to excellence and expertise in providing high-quality patient care within that specialized area of practice.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Psychophysiology is a branch of psychology that deals with the scientific study of the relationships between physical processes (such as heart rate, skin conductance, brain activity) and mental or emotional states. It involves the use of physiological measures to understand psychological phenomena and how they relate to behavior. This field of study often employs various research methods, including laboratory experiments, observational studies, and neuroimaging techniques, to examine these relationships in both healthy individuals and those with psychological disorders. The goal of psychophysiology is to better understand the underlying mechanisms that contribute to emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

"Return to Work" (RTW) is a term used in the medical and occupational health fields to describe the process of an individual who has been unable to work due to illness or injury, returning to their previous job or a new role that accommodates their limitations. The goal of RTW is to help the individual safely and effectively reintegrate into the workforce while considering their medical condition and any restrictions or accommodations needed. This process often involves collaboration between healthcare professionals, employers, and sometimes insurance companies or vocational specialists. A successful RTW program can improve outcomes for both the employee and the employer by promoting recovery, reducing disability duration, and minimizing lost productivity.

The Musculoskeletal System is a complex system composed of the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and associated tissues that work together to provide form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It serves various functions including:

1. Protection: The musculoskeletal system protects vital organs by encasing them in bones, such as the ribcage protecting the lungs and heart, and the skull protecting the brain.
2. Support and Movement: Muscles and bones work together to enable movement and maintain posture. Muscles contract to pull on bones, causing joint motion and producing movements like walking, running, or jumping.
3. Storage: Bones act as a reservoir for essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream when needed.
4. Hematopoiesis: Within the bone marrow, hematopoietic cells produce blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
5. Endocrine Function: Bone tissue is also an endocrine organ, producing hormones like osteocalcin and FGF23 that regulate various physiological processes, such as energy metabolism and mineral homeostasis.

Dysfunctions or injuries in the musculoskeletal system can result in conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle strains, tendonitis, and other painful or debilitating ailments that impact an individual's quality of life and mobility.

"Employment" is a term that is commonly used in the context of social sciences and law rather than medicine. It generally refers to the state or condition of being employed, which means an individual is engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer in exchange for compensation, such as wages or salary. Employment may involve various types of work arrangements, including full-time, part-time, temporary, contract, or freelance positions.

In the context of medicine and public health, employment is often discussed in relation to its impact on health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status. For instance, research has shown that unemployment or underemployment can negatively affect mental and physical health, while stable employment can contribute to better health outcomes and overall well-being. Additionally, employment may influence an individual's ability to afford healthcare, medications, and other essential needs, which can impact their health status.

In summary, the medical definition of 'employment' pertains to the state or condition of being engaged in a job or occupation, providing services to an employer for compensation. Employment has significant implications for health outcomes, healthcare access, and socioeconomic status.

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Spinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors found within the spinal column, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can originate in the spine itself, called primary spinal neoplasms, or they can spread to the spine from other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic spinal neoplasms. Spinal neoplasms can cause various symptoms, such as back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis, depending on their location and size. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent or minimize long-term complications and improve the patient's prognosis.

In the field of dentistry, braces are devices used to align and straighten teeth and improve jaw position. They are typically made of metal or ceramic brackets that are bonded to the teeth, along with wires and rubber bands that apply pressure and move the teeth into proper alignment over time. The length of treatment with braces can vary but typically lasts from 1-3 years. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure effective movement of the teeth.

The purpose of wearing braces is to correct malocclusions, such as overbites, underbites, crossbites, and open bites, as well as crowded or crooked teeth. This can lead to improved dental health, better oral function, and a more aesthetically pleasing smile. It's important to maintain good oral hygiene while wearing braces to prevent issues like tooth decay and gum disease. After the braces are removed, retainers may be used to maintain the new alignment of the teeth.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore a state of equilibrium during any posture or activity. It involves the integration of sensory information (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) to control and adjust body position in space, thereby maintaining the center of gravity within the base of support. This is crucial for performing daily activities and preventing falls, especially in older adults and individuals with neurological or orthopedic conditions.

A "Nurse Aide", also known as a "Nursing Assistant," is a healthcare worker who provides basic care and assistance to patients in various healthcare settings under the supervision of licensed nurses. Nurse aides are responsible for performing routine tasks such as monitoring vital signs, assisting with personal hygiene, helping with mobility, serving meals, making beds, and answering patient calls. They play a critical role in maintaining a safe and comfortable environment for patients and supporting the overall care team.

It is important to note that the specific duties and responsibilities of nurse aides may vary depending on the state or country where they work, as well as the specific healthcare setting. In some cases, nurse aides may be required to complete a state-approved training program and pass a certification exam in order to practice.

Spondylosis is a general term that refers to degenerative changes in the spine, particularly in the joints (facets) between vertebrae and/or intervertebral discs. It's a common age-related condition, which can also be caused by stresses on the spine due to poor posture, repetitive movements, or injury.

The degenerative process often involves loss of hydration and elasticity in the intervertebral discs, leading to decreased disc height and potential disc herniation. This can cause narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) or nerve root canal (foraminal stenosis), resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerves.

Spondylosis can occur throughout the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, legs, or back, depending on the location and severity of the degeneration. However, it's worth noting that many people with spondylosis might not experience any symptoms at all. Treatment options typically include pain management, physical therapy, and, in severe cases, surgery.

Here's a medical definition of "nursing" from Stedman's Medical Dictionary:

"The profession practiced by those who have completed a program of study, usually in a college or university, and who are licensed to provide nursing care under the direction of a physician. Nursing includes such functions as taking patient histories, administering and monitoring medications and treatments, applying dressings, instructing patients about care of their bodies and diseases, and assisting physicians during surgery and other medical procedures. Modern nursing also encompasses case management, health education, counseling, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses."

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive method of pain relief that involves the use of low-voltage electrical currents. A TENS device, which is usually small and portable, delivers these currents through electrodes that are placed on the skin near the site of pain. The electrical impulses stimulate nerve fibers, which can help to block the transmission of pain signals to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain.

TENS is thought to work through a number of different mechanisms, including the gate control theory of pain and the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. It is generally considered safe, with few side effects, and can be used in conjunction with other forms of pain management.

TENS is often used to treat chronic pain conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and lower back pain, as well as acute pain from injuries or surgery. However, its effectiveness varies from person to person, and it may not work for everyone. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using TENS, particularly if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medication that could interact with the electrical currents.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Bed rest is a medical recommendation for a person to limit their activities and remain in bed for a period of time. It is often ordered by healthcare providers to help the body recover from certain medical conditions or treatments, such as:

* Infections
* Pregnancy complications
* Recent surgery
* Heart problems
* Blood pressure fluctuations
* Bleeding
* Bone fractures
* Certain neurological conditions

The duration of bed rest can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and response to treatment. While on bed rest, patients are typically advised to change positions frequently to prevent complications such as bedsores, blood clots, and muscle weakness. They may also receive physical therapy, occupational therapy, or other treatments to help maintain their strength and mobility during this period.

An epidural abscess is a localized collection of pus (abscess) in the epidural space, which is the potential space between the dura mater (the outermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) and the vertebral column. The infection typically occurs as a result of bacterial invasion into this space and can cause compression of the spinal cord or nerves, leading to serious neurological deficits if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Epidural abscesses can occur in any part of the spine but are most commonly found in the lumbar region. They may develop as a complication of a nearby infection, such as a skin or soft tissue infection, or as a result of hematogenous spread (spread through the bloodstream) from a distant site of infection. Risk factors for developing an epidural abscess include diabetes, intravenous drug use, spinal surgery, and spinal instrumentation.

Symptoms of an epidural abscess may include back pain, fever, neck stiffness, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, along with laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of surgical drainage of the abscess and administration of antibiotics to eliminate the infection. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and prevent further neurological damage.

The "intermediate back muscles" are not a standard or widely used term in anatomy or medicine. However, it is possible that the term may refer to the thoracic erector spinae muscles, which are a group of muscles located in the mid-back region.

More specifically, the thoracic erector spinae muscles include the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles, which run parallel to the vertebral column and help extend and rotate the trunk. These muscles can be considered "intermediate" in the sense that they are located between the more superficial back muscles (such as the latissimus dorsi and trapezius) and the deeper muscles of the back (such as the multifidus and rotatores).

It's important to note that there is some variation in how anatomical terms are defined and used, so the exact meaning of "intermediate back muscles" may depend on the context in which it is being used.

A pain clinic, also known as a pain management center or pain treatment center, is a healthcare facility that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of various types and levels of pain. These clinics are typically staffed with interdisciplinary teams of medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and physical therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive and personalized care for patients experiencing chronic or acute pain.

Pain clinics may offer a range of treatments, including medications, injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, psychological counseling, and complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage. The goal of these clinics is to help patients manage their pain effectively, improve their quality of life, and increase their functionality and mobility.

It's important to note that while pain clinics can be very helpful for many people, it's essential to do your research and choose a reputable clinic with licensed and experienced medical professionals who prioritize patient safety and evidence-based treatments.

In the context of medical terminology, "occupations" generally refers to the activities or tasks that a person performs as part of their daily life and routines. This can include both paid work or employment, as well as unpaid activities such as household chores, hobbies, and self-care. The term is often used in the field of occupational therapy, which focuses on helping individuals develop, recover, and maintain the skills needed for participation in their daily occupations and improving their overall quality of life. Additionally, Occupational Medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention and management of job-related injuries and illnesses, as well as promoting health and productivity in the workplace.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation in the spinal vertebrae, often leading to stiffness and pain. The most common form is Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints in the spine. This can cause the bones in the spine to grow together, resulting in a rigid and inflexible spine. Other forms of spondylitis include reactive spondylitis, infectious spondylitis, and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Symptoms may also include pain and stiffness in the neck, lower back, hips, and small joints of the body.

A percutaneous diskectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove herniated disc material that is causing pain or neurological symptoms. "Percutaneous" means that the surgery is performed through a small incision or needle stick, rather than through a larger incision that requires muscle dissection.

During the procedure, the surgeon uses imaging guidance, such as fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT), to guide a needle or series of needles into the affected disc space. Once the needle is in place, the surgeon uses small instruments or lasers to remove the herniated disc material that is pressing on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.

Percutaneous diskectomy is typically recommended for patients who have not responded to conservative treatments such as physical therapy, medication, and rest, and who have symptoms that are severe or worsening. The procedure is usually performed on an outpatient basis and has a shorter recovery time compared to traditional open discectomy. However, it may not be appropriate for all cases of herniated discs, particularly those with significant nerve compression or spinal instability.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.

Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.

Physical fitness is a state of being able to perform various physical activities that require endurance, strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), physical fitness is defined as "a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity."

The AHA identifies five components of physical fitness:

1. Cardiorespiratory endurance: The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to muscles during sustained physical activity.
2. Muscular strength: The amount of force a muscle can exert in a single effort.
3. Muscular endurance: The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions or to continue to apply force against an external resistance over time.
4. Flexibility: The range of motion possible at a joint.
5. Body composition: The proportion of fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and organs) to fat mass in the body.

Being physically fit can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer. It can also improve mental health, increase energy levels, and enhance overall quality of life.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Paraspinal muscles are a group of muscles that run along the vertebral column, primarily on either side of the spine. These muscles play an essential role in providing stability, support, and mobility to the spine. They assist in movements such as bending, rotating, and extending the trunk, and help maintain proper posture.

There are several layers of paraspinal muscles, including:

1. Erector spinae: A set of three columns of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) that extend from the sacrum to the skull, helping to straighten and rotate the spine.
2. Multifidus: Deep muscles that attach directly to individual vertebrae, providing stability and limiting excessive movement between them.
3. Semispinalis: A group of muscles located more superficially than the multifidus but deeper than the erector spinae, which help extend the spine.
4. Rotators: Smaller muscles that assist in rotating and stabilizing the vertebral column.

Paraspinal muscle dysfunction or injury can lead to back pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. Proper care and conditioning of these muscles are crucial for maintaining a healthy spine and overall spinal function.

Illness behavior is a term used in the field of medicine and psychology to describe the way an individual perceives, experiences, and responds to symptoms or illness. It encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are associated with being sick or experiencing discomfort. This can include seeking medical attention, adhering to treatment plans, and adjusting one's daily activities to accommodate the illness.

Illness behavior is not simply the presence of physical symptoms, but rather it is the way in which an individual interprets and responds to those symptoms. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural beliefs about health and illness, previous experiences with illness, personality traits, and mental health status.

It's important to note that illness behavior is not necessarily indicative of malingering or fabricating symptoms. Rather, it reflects the complex interplay between an individual's physical health, psychological factors, and social context. Understanding illness behavior can help healthcare providers better assess and manage their patients' symptoms and improve overall care.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "History" is a subject that refers to events, ideas, and developments of the past. It's not something that has a medical definition. However, if you're referring to the "21st century" in a historical context, it relates to the period from 2001 to the present. It's an era marked by significant advancements in technology, medicine, and society at large. But again, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you meant something else, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Palpation is a medical examination technique in which a healthcare professional uses their hands to feel the size, shape, and consistency of body parts, including organs, tissues, and bones. It is used to assess the patient's overall health, identify any abnormalities or areas of pain, monitor healing and disease progression, and guide diagnostic and treatment decisions.

During palpation, the healthcare professional applies gentle pressure with their fingers or hands to specific areas of the body, feeling for any changes in texture, temperature, moisture, or movement. The technique can be used to assess various bodily systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.

Palpation is a valuable tool in physical examinations because it is non-invasive, relatively quick, and cost-effective. It can provide important information that helps healthcare professionals make accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans for their patients.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "workplace" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. The term "workplace" generally refers to a place where people work or carry out their jobs. It could be an office, a factory, a construction site, a retail store, or any other location where work-related activities take place.

If you're looking for a term related to health or medicine that describes a physical location, some examples might include "healthcare facility," "clinic," "hospital," "operating room," or "examination room." If you could provide more context or clarify what you're looking for, I'd be happy to help further!

Psychology is not a medical discipline itself, but it is a crucial component in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of many medical conditions. It is a social science that deals with the scientific study of behavior and mental processes such as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, and motivation. In a medical context, psychology can be applied to help understand how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence an individual's health and well-being, as well as their response to illness and treatment. Clinical psychologists often work in healthcare settings to evaluate, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, using various therapeutic interventions based on psychological principles and research.

In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.

Intractable pain may be classified as:

1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.

Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:

1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.

"Exercise movement techniques" is a general term that refers to the specific ways in which various exercises are performed. These techniques encompass the proper form, alignment, and range of motion for each exercise, as well as any breathing patterns or other instructions that may be necessary to ensure safe and effective execution.

The purpose of learning and practicing exercise movement techniques is to maximize the benefits of physical activity while minimizing the risk of injury. Proper technique can help to ensure that the intended muscles are being targeted and strengthened, while also reducing strain on surrounding joints and connective tissues.

Examples of exercise movement techniques may include:

* The correct way to perform a squat, lunge, or deadlift, with attention to foot placement, knee alignment, and spinal positioning.
* The proper form for a push-up or pull-up, including how to engage the core muscles and maintain stability throughout the movement.
* Breathing techniques for yoga or Pilates exercises, such as inhaling on the expansion phase of a movement and exhaling on the contraction phase.
* Techniques for proper alignment and posture during cardiovascular activities like running or cycling, to reduce strain on the joints and prevent injury.

Overall, exercise movement techniques are an essential component of any safe and effective fitness program, and should be learned and practiced under the guidance of a qualified instructor or trainer.

Acupuncture analgesia is a form of pain relief that involves the stimulation of specific points on the body, called acupoints, using thin needles. This technique is based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles, which suggest that energy, or "qi," flows through the body along pathways called meridians. According to TCM, blockages or imbalances in this flow of qi can lead to illness or pain. By inserting needles at specific acupoints, acupuncture is thought to help restore the balance and flow of qi, thereby alleviating pain and promoting healing.

In modern medical terms, acupuncture analgesia is believed to work by stimulating the nervous system and triggering the release of natural painkillers called endorphins. The needles may also cause localized changes in blood flow and inflammation, which can help reduce pain and promote healing in the affected area.

Acupuncture has been shown to be effective for a variety of pain conditions, including osteoarthritis, migraines, and chronic low back pain. However, it is important to note that acupuncture should be performed by a qualified practitioner and may not be suitable for everyone. As with any medical treatment, there are potential risks and side effects associated with acupuncture, including infection, bruising, and bleeding. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sports" is not a medical term. It refers to physical activities that are governed by a set of rules and often engaged in competitively. However, there are fields such as Sports Medicine and Exercise Science that deal with various aspects of physical activity, fitness, and sports-related injuries or conditions. If you have any questions related to these areas, I'd be happy to try to help!

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine, although other joints can also be involved. It causes swelling in the spinal joints (vertebrae) that can lead to stiffness and pain. Over time, some of these joints may grow together, causing new bone formation and resulting in a rigid spine. This fusion of the spine is called ankylosis.

The condition typically begins in the sacroiliac joints, where the spine connects to the pelvis. From there, it can spread up the spine and potentially involve other areas of the body such as the eyes, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal system.

Ankylosing spondylitis has a strong genetic link, with most people carrying the HLA-B27 gene. However, not everyone with this gene will develop the condition. It primarily affects males more often than females and tends to start in early adulthood.

Treatment usually involves a combination of medication, physical therapy, and exercise to help manage pain, maintain mobility, and prevent deformity. In severe cases, surgery may be considered.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

In the context of medicine, particularly in anatomy and physiology, "rotation" refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis or the long axis of another structure. This type of motion is three-dimensional and can occur in various planes. A common example of rotation is the movement of the forearm bones (radius and ulna) around each other during pronation and supination, which allows the hand to be turned palm up or down. Another example is the rotation of the head during mastication (chewing), where the mandible moves in a circular motion around the temporomandibular joint.

Catastrophizing is a term used in the medical field, particularly in psychology and psychiatry, to describe a cognitive distortion or a pattern of thinking in which an individual tends to exaggerate the severity or negative consequences of a situation or problem. It involves magnifying or blowing things out of proportion, expecting the worst-case scenario, and having a lack of faith in one's ability to cope with adversity.

Catastrophization can be a symptom of various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It can also contribute to increased pain perception and disability in individuals with chronic pain conditions.

For example, a person who catastrophizes might think that if they make a small mistake at work, it will lead to them losing their job, which will then cause them to become homeless and destitute. This type of thinking can be debilitating and interfere with an individual's ability to function in daily life.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to help individuals identify and challenge catastrophic thoughts, with the goal of replacing them with more balanced and realistic thinking patterns.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!

Vocational rehabilitation is a process that aims to help individuals with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses to obtain and maintain suitable employment. It is a coordinated program of services that may include assessment, counseling, training, job development, and placement. The goal is to assist the individual in acquiring the necessary skills and abilities to return to work or to begin a new career path. This process often involves collaboration between healthcare professionals, vocational counselors, and employers to ensure that the individual's needs are met and that they are able to perform their job duties safely and effectively.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Acupuncture points, also known as "acupoints," are specific locations on the body that are used in acupuncture therapy. These points are believed to correspond to underlying pathways, or meridians, through which vital energy, or "qi" (pronounced "chee"), flows.

Acupuncture points are typically found along these meridians and are thought to have specific therapeutic properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, stimulating these points with needles, heat, pressure, or electrical impulses can help restore the balance of qi and promote healing in the body.

There are over 360 acupuncture points identified in TCM, each with its own name, location, and set of indications for use. Modern research has attempted to identify the anatomical structures underlying these points, with some studies suggesting that they may correspond to nerve bundles, blood vessels, or other physiological features. However, the exact mechanisms by which acupuncture works remain a topic of ongoing scientific investigation and debate.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

The medical definition of 'Automobile Driving' is the act of operating a motor vehicle, typically a car, on public roads or highways. This requires a set of cognitive, physical, and sensory skills to safely control the vehicle, navigate through traffic, and respond to various situations that may arise while driving.

Cognitive skills include attention, memory, decision-making, problem-solving, and judgment. Physical abilities encompass fine motor coordination, reaction time, strength, and flexibility. Sensory functions such as vision, hearing, and touch are also essential for safe driving.

Various medical conditions or medications can impair these skills and affect a person's ability to drive safely. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals to consult with their healthcare providers about any potential risks associated with driving and follow any recommended restrictions or guidelines.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

Complementary therapies refer to a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medicine. They are often used in conjunction with conventional treatments and are intended to facilitate the physical and emotional well-being of the patient. Complementary therapies can include a wide range of interventions such as acupuncture, chiropractic care, massage therapy, herbal medicine, yoga, meditation, guided imagery, hypnotherapy, and homeopathy, among others. It is important to note that while some complementary therapies have been shown to be effective for certain conditions, others lack scientific evidence of their safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new complementary therapy.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

'Moving and lifting patients' is a term used in the medical field to refer to the process of safely transferring patients from one location or position to another. This can include tasks such as:

1. Transfers: Moving patients between surfaces, such as from a bed to a wheelchair, or from a wheelchair to a toilet.
2. Repositioning: Changing a patient's position in bed to prevent pressure sores, promote comfort, and facilitate breathing.
3. Ambulation: Assisting patients with walking or moving about in their environment.

Proper techniques are crucial in moving and lifting patients to prevent injury to both the patient and the caregiver. These techniques often involve the use of mechanical lifting devices, such as hoists or slide boards, and require proper body mechanics and communication between the caregiver and the patient.

An "episode of care" is a term commonly used in the healthcare industry to describe the period of time during which a patient receives medical treatment for a specific condition, injury, or health issue. It typically includes all the services provided by one or more healthcare professionals or facilities during the course of treating that particular condition or health problem. This may include various aspects such as diagnosis, treatment, follow-up care, and any necessary readmissions related to that specific condition.

The purpose of defining an episode of care is to help measure the quality, effectiveness, and cost of healthcare services for a given condition or procedure. By analyzing data from episodes of care, healthcare providers, payers, and policymakers can identify best practices, improve patient outcomes, and make more informed decisions about resource allocation and reimbursement policies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Netherlands" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Western Europe, known for its artistic heritage, elaborate canal system, and legalized marijuana and prostitution. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

In a medical context, feedback refers to the information or data about the results of a process, procedure, or treatment that is used to evaluate and improve its effectiveness. This can include both quantitative data (such as vital signs or laboratory test results) and qualitative data (such as patient-reported symptoms or satisfaction). Feedback can come from various sources, including patients, healthcare providers, medical equipment, and electronic health records. It is an essential component of quality improvement efforts, allowing healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about changes to care processes and treatments to improve patient outcomes.

I'm not a medical professional, but the term "History, Ancient" is not a medical term per se. However, in a broader context, it could refer to the study of ancient medical practices, theories, and beliefs that existed in civilizations prior to the Middle Ages or Classical Antiquity. This might include the examination of ancient texts, artifacts, and archaeological evidence to understand how illnesses were treated and viewed in these historical periods. It forms an essential part of the evolution of medical knowledge and practices over time.

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.

"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:

The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:

1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.

In medical terms, "axis" is used to describe a line or lines along which a structure or body part can move or around which it is oriented. It is often used in anatomical context to refer to specific axes of movement or alignment for various parts of the body. For example:

* The axial skeleton, also known as the upright skeleton, includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest cage.
* In neurology, the term "axis" is used to describe the second cervical vertebra (C2), which is also called the axis because it serves as a pivot point for head movement.
* The term "longitudinal axis" is used to describe an imaginary line that runs from the head to the foot, passing through the center of the body.
* In imaging studies such as X-rays or MRIs, the term "axis" may be used to describe a specific orientation or alignment for the image.

Overall, the term "axis" is used in medicine to describe lines or planes that serve as reference points for movement, alignment, or orientation of various body structures and parts.

I'm happy to help, but I must clarify that as a assistant, I don't provide medical definitions directly. However, I can search for a reliable source that provides the information you seek. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services:

"Yoga is a mind and body practice with historical origins in ancient Indian philosophy. Various styles of yoga combine physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation or relaxation. Yoga is a form of exercise that can be both gentle and challenging, depending on the style and the practitioner's level of experience."

Please note that while yoga has many well-documented health benefits, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical care. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new exercise regimen, including yoga.

I'm not sure I understand your question. "Denmark" is a country located in Northern Europe, and it is not a medical term or concept. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, and it consists of the Jutland peninsula and several islands in the Baltic Sea. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen.

If you are looking for information about a medical condition that may be associated with Denmark, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I would be happy to help you with more specific information if I can.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

The sacrococcygeal region is the lower part of the back where the spine ends, specifically referring to the area where the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by the fusion of several vertebrae) meets the coccyx (also known as the tailbone). This region is located at the very bottom of the spine and is susceptible to injury or trauma due to its position and role in supporting the body's weight. It is also a common site for birth defects, particularly in newborns.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question as "translations" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, if you are referring to the process of "translation" in the context of medicine and biomedical research, it refers to the process of converting scientific findings or medical information from one language to another, while maintaining accuracy, clarity, and the original meaning. This is particularly important in the field of international clinical trials, medical publications, and cross-cultural healthcare communication.

If you meant something different by 'translations', please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Protective devices, in the context of medical care, refer to equipment or products designed to prevent injury, harm, or infection to patients, healthcare workers, or others. They can include a wide range of items such as:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Items worn by healthcare professionals to protect themselves from infectious materials or harmful substances, such as gloves, masks, face shields, gowns, and goggles.
2. Medical Devices: Equipment designed to prevent injury during medical procedures, such as tourniquets, safety needles, and bite blocks.
3. Patient Safety Devices: Items used to protect patients from harm, such as bed rails, pressure ulcer prevention devices, and fall prevention equipment.
4. Environmental Protection Devices: Equipment used to prevent the spread of infectious agents in healthcare settings, such as air purifiers, isolation rooms, and waste management systems.
5. Dental Protective Devices: Devices used in dental care to protect patients and dental professionals from injury or infection, such as dental dams, mouth mirrors, and high-speed evacuators.

The specific definition of protective devices may vary depending on the context and field of medicine.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question as "automobiles" is a general term used to describe wheeled motor vehicles for transportation, and it's not typically a medical term with its own specific definition. However, I can provide you with some automobile-related terms that have medical implications:

1. **Driving fitness**: This refers to the physical and mental abilities required to operate a vehicle safely. Various medical conditions or treatments can impact driving fitness, such as seizure disorders, sleep apnea, certain medications, or alcohol/substance use disorders.
2. **Driving simulator**: A device used in research and rehabilitation settings that presents a realistic driving environment for assessing and training individuals with various medical conditions or disabilities affecting their ability to drive.
3. **Adaptive automobile equipment**: Devices designed to assist people with disabilities in operating vehicles, such as hand controls, wheelchair lifts, or pedal extensions.
4. **Transportation disadvantage**: A situation where an individual's medical condition, disability, or lack of access to suitable transportation limits their ability to obtain necessary healthcare services.
5. **Motor vehicle crash (MVC) outcomes**: Medical consequences resulting from motor vehicle crashes, including injuries and fatalities. These outcomes are often studied in public health and injury prevention research.

If you have a specific medical term or concept related to automobiles that you would like me to define or explain, please provide more details, and I will be happy to help.

Tissue adhesions, also known as scar tissue adhesions, are abnormal bands of fibrous tissue that form between two or more internal organs, or between organs and the walls of the chest or abdominal cavity. These adhesions can develop after surgery, infection, injury, radiation, or prolonged inflammation. The fibrous bands can cause pain, restrict movement of the organs, and potentially lead to complications such as bowel obstruction. Treatment options for tissue adhesions may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the adhesions.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.

However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.

Radiography is a diagnostic technique that uses X-rays, gamma rays, or similar types of radiation to produce images of the internal structures of the body. It is a non-invasive procedure that can help healthcare professionals diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions, including bone fractures, tumors, infections, and foreign objects lodged in the body.

During a radiography exam, a patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a special film or digital detector. The machine emits a beam of radiation that passes through the body and strikes the film or detector, creating a shadow image of the internal structures. Denser tissues, such as bones, block more of the radiation and appear white on the image, while less dense tissues, such as muscles and organs, allow more of the radiation to pass through and appear darker.

Radiography is a valuable tool in modern medicine, but it does involve exposure to ionizing radiation, which can carry some risks. Healthcare professionals take steps to minimize these risks by using the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to produce a diagnostic image, and by shielding sensitive areas of the body with lead aprons or other protective devices.

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a type of clinical study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental intervention or the control condition, which may be a standard of care, placebo, or no treatment. The goal of an RCT is to minimize bias and ensure that the results are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups to determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes. RCTs are often considered the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, as they provide a high level of evidence for causal relationships between the intervention and health outcomes.

Athletic tape, also known as sports tape or physiotherapy tape, is a type of adhesive tape that is commonly used in the field of sports medicine and physical therapy to provide support and stability to joints, muscles, and tendons during athletic activities. It is typically made from a cotton or synthetic fabric material with a strong adhesive backing.

The main purpose of athletic tape is to limit excessive movement or provide compression to an injured area, which can help to reduce pain, swelling, and the risk of further injury. Athletic tape can be used to support a wide variety of body parts, including the ankles, knees, wrists, elbows, and fingers.

There are several different types of athletic tape available, including rigid and flexible options. Rigid tapes, such as zinc oxide tape, are designed to provide maximum support and stability to joints and muscles, while flexible tapes, such as cohesive bandage or kinesiology tape, allow for a greater range of motion and can be used to provide more gentle support or to help facilitate muscle activation and movement.

It is important to note that athletic tape should only be applied by trained professionals, as improper application can lead to further injury or skin irritation. Additionally, athletes should always consult with their healthcare provider before using athletic tape to treat an injury, as it may not be appropriate for all types of injuries or medical conditions.

Integrative Medicine (IM) is a comprehensive, whole-person approach to healthcare that combines conventional medicine with evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies. The goal of IM is to achieve optimal health and healing by addressing the physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of an individual's life.

The principles of Integrative Medicine include:

1. Patient-centered care: Treating each patient as a unique individual and considering their personal needs, values, and preferences in the treatment plan.
2. Collaboration: Working together with patients, families, and other healthcare providers to create a coordinated and comprehensive care plan.
3. Evidence-informed practice: Using the best available evidence from both conventional and complementary medicine to inform clinical decision making.
4. Incorporation of lifestyle modifications: Encouraging patients to make lifestyle changes that promote health and wellness, such as diet, exercise, stress management, and sleep hygiene.
5. Use of both conventional and complementary therapies: Utilizing a range of treatments, including pharmaceuticals, surgery, acupuncture, herbs, nutrition, and mind-body techniques, to address the root causes of illness and promote healing.
6. Attention to all aspects of health: Addressing physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual factors that contribute to health and wellness.
7. Focus on prevention and wellness: Emphasizing the importance of preventing illness and promoting overall health and well-being.
8. Continuous learning and improvement: Staying up-to-date with the latest research and best practices in both conventional and complementary medicine, and using this knowledge to improve patient care.

Myofascial pain syndromes (MPS) are a group of chronic pain disorders characterized by the presence of trigger points in the musculoskeletal system. A trigger point is a hyperirritable spot within a taut band of skeletal muscle, which is often tender to palpation and can cause referred pain, meaning that the pain is felt in a different location than where the trigger point is located.

MPS can affect any muscle in the body, but they are most commonly found in the muscles of the neck, back, shoulders, and hips. The symptoms of MPS may include local or referred pain, stiffness, weakness, and reduced range of motion. The pain is often described as a deep, aching, or throbbing sensation that can be aggravated by physical activity, stress, or anxiety.

The exact cause of MPS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to muscle overuse, injury, or chronic tension. Other factors that may contribute to the development of MPS include poor posture, vitamin deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, and emotional stress.

Treatment for MPS typically involves a combination of physical therapy, trigger point release techniques, pain management strategies, and self-care practices such as stretching, relaxation, and stress reduction. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage the pain and reduce muscle spasms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Interior Design and Furnishings" is not a term that has a medical definition. Interior design refers to the planning, designing, and coordinating of spaces in residential, commercial, or industrial buildings to create functional and aesthetically pleasing environments. This can include selecting colors, furniture, lighting, flooring, and other decorative materials. Furnishings generally refer to the items such as furniture, curtains, rugs, and other decorative elements that are used to make a space comfortable and attractive.

If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a medical approach that combines the best available scientific evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. It emphasizes the use of systematic research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, to guide clinical decision making. EBM aims to provide the most effective and efficient care while minimizing variations in practice, reducing errors, and improving patient outcomes.

Health status indicators are measures used to assess and monitor the health and well-being of a population. They provide information about various aspects of health, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, prevalence of chronic diseases, lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and access to healthcare services. These indicators can be used to identify trends and disparities in health outcomes, inform policy decisions, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions. Examples of health status indicators include life expectancy, infant mortality rate, prevalence of diabetes, smoking rates, and access to primary care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country in central Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Occupational Health Services (OHS) refer to a branch of healthcare that focuses on the prevention and management of health issues that arise in the workplace or are caused by work-related factors. These services aim to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations.

OHS typically includes:

1. Health surveillance and screening programs to identify early signs of work-related illnesses or injuries.
2. Occupational health education and training for employees and managers on topics such as safe lifting techniques, hazard communication, and bloodborne pathogens exposure control.
3. Ergonomic assessments and interventions to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and other work-related injuries.
4. Development and implementation of policies and procedures to address workplace health and safety issues.
5. Case management and return-to-work programs for employees who have been injured or become ill on the job.
6. Medical monitoring and treatment of work-related injuries and illnesses, including rehabilitation and disability management services.
7. Collaboration with employers to identify and address potential health hazards in the workplace, such as chemical exposures, noise pollution, or poor indoor air quality.

Overall, Occupational Health Services play a critical role in protecting the health and safety of workers, reducing the burden of work-related illnesses and injuries, and promoting a healthy and productive workforce.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Bankruptcy is a legal status of an individual or organization that cannot pay its debts and seeks relief from some or all of those debts through the courts. In medical terms, bankruptcy may refer to a person's inability to pay their medical bills or debts due to high medical costs, which can lead to filing for bankruptcy protection under federal laws.

Medical debt is a significant contributor to personal bankruptcy in many countries, particularly in the United States. According to various studies, medical expenses are the leading cause of bankruptcy in the US, accounting for over 60% of all personal bankruptcies. Even having health insurance does not necessarily protect individuals from medical-related financial hardship, as high deductibles, co-pays, and out-of-network charges can still leave patients with substantial bills.

Filing for bankruptcy due to medical debt can provide relief by discharging some or all of the debts, allowing the individual to start fresh financially. However, it also has long-term consequences, such as damage to credit scores and potential difficulties obtaining loans, credit cards, or housing in the future.

The Cauda Equina refers to a bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord within the vertebral column. It originates from the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S5) regions and looks like a horse's tail, hence the name "Cauda Equina" in Latin. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremities, bladder, bowel, and sexual organs. Any damage or compression to this region can lead to serious neurological deficits, such as bowel and bladder incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and lower limb weakness or paralysis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Job Description" is not a medical term. It is a general human resources and employment concept. A job description is a document that provides details about the duties, responsibilities, necessary skills, working conditions, and other relevant information related to a specific job position. It serves as a guide for both employers and employees to understand the expectations and requirements of the role.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

In the context of medicine, particularly in physical therapy and rehabilitation, "pliability" refers to the quality or state of being flexible or supple. It describes the ability of tissues, such as muscles or fascia (connective tissue), to stretch, deform, and adapt to forces applied upon them without resistance or injury. Improving pliability can help enhance range of motion, reduce muscle stiffness, promote circulation, and alleviate pain. Techniques like soft tissue mobilization, myofascial release, and stretching are often used to increase pliability in clinical settings.

Lordosis is a term used in the medical field to describe an excessive inward curvature of the spine. It most commonly occurs in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When it happens in the lower back, it's often referred to as swayback. While some degree of lordosis is normal and necessary for proper spinal alignment and movement, excessive curvature can lead to pain, discomfort, and difficulty with mobility. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions such as kyphosis or spondylolisthesis.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question. "Schools" and "Nurseries" are institutions or facilities where children receive education and care, they are not medical terms or conditions. However, I can provide you with a brief explanation of each:

1. Schools: These are educational institutions designed to provide learning environments and teach academic and social skills to children (and sometimes adults) of various age groups. Schools may focus on different areas of education, such as elementary, secondary, or higher education. They typically follow a structured curriculum and have certified teachers who guide students in their studies.

2. Nurseries: A nursery is an early childhood education facility that provides care for children, usually between the ages of 6 weeks and 5 years old. Also known as preschools or daycare centers, they offer a safe and nurturing environment where young children can learn, play, and socialize under the supervision of trained professionals. Nurseries often follow an educational program that promotes early childhood development through various activities, such as storytime, arts and crafts, and games.

I hope this clarifies any confusion regarding your question. If you have any other questions or need further information, please don't hesitate to ask!

Intra-articular injections refer to the administration of medication directly into a joint space. This route of administration is used for treating various joint conditions such as inflammation, pain, and arthritis. Commonly injected medications include corticosteroids, local anesthetics, and viscosupplementation agents. The procedure is usually performed using imaging guidance, like ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to ensure accurate placement of the medication within the joint.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "history" in medical terms usually refers to the detailed account of a patient's symptoms, illnesses, and treatments received, which is used by healthcare professionals to understand their health status and provide appropriate care. It is not typically associated with a specific century like the 17th century.

If you are asking for information about the medical practices or significant developments in the field of medicine during the 17th century, I would be happy to provide some insight into that. The 17th century was a time of great advancement in medical knowledge and practice, with several key figures and events shaping the course of medical history.

Some notable developments in medicine during the 17th century include:

1. William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of blood (1628): English physician William Harvey published his groundbreaking work "De Motu Cordis" (On the Motion of the Heart and Blood), which described the circulatory system and the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout the body. This discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of human anatomy and physiology.
2. The development of the microscope (1600s): The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to observe structures that were previously invisible to the naked eye, such as cells, bacteria, and other microorganisms. This technology opened up new avenues of research in anatomy, physiology, and pathology, paving the way for modern medical science.
3. The establishment of the Royal Society (1660): The Royal Society, a prominent scientific organization in the UK, was founded during this century to promote scientific inquiry and share knowledge among its members. Many notable scientists and physicians, including Robert Hooke and Christopher Wren, were part of the society and contributed significantly to the advancement of medical science.
4. The Smallpox Vaccination (1796): Although this occurred near the end of the 18th century, the groundwork for Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine was laid during the 17th century. Smallpox was a significant public health issue during this time, and Jenner's development of an effective vaccine marked a major milestone in the history of medicine and public health.
5. The work of Sylvius de le Boe (1614-1672): A Dutch physician and scientist, Sylvius de le Boe made significant contributions to our understanding of human anatomy and physiology. He was the first to describe the circulation of blood in the lungs and identified the role of the liver in metabolism.

These are just a few examples of the many advancements that took place during the 17th century, shaping the course of medical history and laying the foundation for modern medicine.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Golf" is not a medical term. It is a sport that involves hitting a small ball with various clubs into a series of holes on a course, typically in as few strokes as possible. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

... is an album by American jazz pianist Keith Jarrett recorded in two sessions in October 1974 that also gave way to the ... Aside from its appearance in The Impulse Years: 1973-1974 boxset in 1997, the music contained in Back Hand had been reissued ... "Back Hand" for the 2000 album As Long as You're Living Yours: The Music of Keith Jarrett, where it is listed as "Backhand". The ... Nastos awarded Back Hand 5 stars, referring to the group as a "landmark quintet", and writing: "any recording by this band is ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Back, Isle of Lewis. Back Free Church Sgoil a'Bhac Back FC (Use dmy dates from October ... Back F.C. are named after the district Back and have a large pull from the internal villages. Others have played for the blues ... Football is the most popular sport in Back, with some community members attending games. Back F.C. was formed in 1933 and play ... These are: Gearraidh Ghuirm, Upper Coll, Coll, Inner Coll, Vatisker, Back and Gress. The district of Back is located ...
... , also called Rabbit Back, is an elevated promontory, or peninsula, that extends eastward into Lake Huron. It is ... From nearby Mackinac Island the promontory is said to appear like the back of a crouching rabbit, hence the name Rabbit's Back ...
Back is also the owner of The Goats do Roam Wine Company and The Spice Route Winery, which is a wine cellar in the Swartland ... Back has brought a number of new grape varietals to South Africa and is one of the country's original Rhône Rangers. He was the ... Charles Louis Back is the third-generation owner of South African wine and cheese producer Fairview, in Paarl in the Western ... Back also bottled South Africa's first single varietal Petite Sirah. He is of the opinion that the majority of South African ...
... was a French aircraft manufacturer based in Tallard and founded by Thierry Simonet. The company specialized in the ... ISSN 1368-485X Back Bone. "Home". Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2015. (Articles with short ...
... at GameRankings Back Track at IGN Back Track at Metacritic v t e (Articles needing additional references from ... Back Track is a first-person shooter that was released for Windows PC in 1998 and for the Game Boy Advance in 2001. It is ... Pocket Magazine / Pockett Videogames All Game Guide GameSpot NP Staff (2001). "Back Track". Nintendo Power. Retrieved May 22, ... "Back Track (US) (Par PVG24)". http://allgame.com/game.php?id=34832&tab=review "BackTrack Review". ...
". "Top Back" (Amended Mix) "Top Back" (Remix Instrumental) "Top Back" (Explicit Mix Version) "T.I. Chart History (Hot 100)". ... "Top Back" is a song by American hip hop recording artist T.I., taken from his fourth studio album King (2006). The song, ... "American single certifications - T.I. - Top Back". Recording Industry Association of America. (Articles with short description ...
Look up back story in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Back Story may refer to: Back Story (novel), a crime novel by Robert B. ... "The Back Story" (Beverly Hills, 90210), a 1992 television episode "The Back Story" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode This ... Parker Back Story (autobiography), an autobiography by David Mitchell Backstory, a set of events invented for a plot, presented ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Back Story. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
"Steve Backshall becomes Bite-Back patron". Bite-Back. Retrieved 1 October 2016. "Team Bite-Back". Bite-Back. Retrieved 26 ... Bite-Back Shark & Marine Conservation Bite-Back Facebook page Bite-Back Twitter account (Pages using infobox organization with ... "BITE-BACK EXPOSES SHARK FIN LOOPHOLE". Bite-Back. 2015-04-24. Retrieved 2021-06-18. Coles, Sarah (2015-04-21). "Shark fin soup ... "Bite-Back Celebrities - Bite-Back". 2013-12-03. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2021-06-18. "Gordon fronts ...
Back at the table with his colleagues, he finds that the scholarly discussion has moved from time travel to money, and William ... Corrigan pounds his fist on a window sill angry that no one listened and finds he is back in 1961 at the Potomac Club. It seems ... "Back There" is episode 49 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on January 13, ... In discussion with the strangers he meets there, he discovers that he has been transported back in time to April 14, 1865, the ...
"Gimme Back" is a single by musician Michael Oldfield. It is from the album Heaven's Open. It was only released in Germany in ... "Gimme Back" - 4:12 "Amarok" (excerpt II) - 3:22 "Amarok" (excerpt III) - 9:30 Mike Oldfield (2 August 2012), Two Sides Sleeve ...
... is a mountain ridge in New London County, Connecticut. It is named after Jeremy Adams, one of the original ...
Bob Back's dam Toter Back was a daughter of the 1961 Kentucky Derby winner Carry Back and a granddaughter of the mare Roman ... "Bob Back pedigree". Equineline. Blood-Horse Staff (8 February 2011). "Bob Back, Ran in Second Breeders' Cup, Dies". BloodHorse. ... "Bob Back - Stud Record". Racing Post. Retrieved 2015-04-12. "Versatility was the hallmark of Ballylinch veteran Bob Back". ... Bob Back was a big brown with a faint white star horse bred in Kentucky by Joseph Allen. He was sired by Roberto, an American- ...
... may refer to: Go Back (album) or the title song, by Titãs, 1988 "Go Back" (Chalee Tennison song), 2000 "Go Back" ( ... "Go Back", a song by Leah Daniels, 2014 Go-back, a retail item that must be placed back on the shelves Go-Back, a fictional ... a 2004 episode of the TV series South Park This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Go Back. If an ... Jeanette song), 2000 "Go Back", a song by Crabby Appleton, 1970 " ...
... is the second studio album by American singer Milira, released in 1992 under Motown Records. It peaked to number ...
... on YouTube Get Back (single version) on YouTube (CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi), CS1 German-language sources (de), ... "Get back to the place you should be" from fellow Beatle George Harrison's "Sour Milk Sea" into "Get back to where you once ... "Get Back" that was released on the Let It Be album.) In an interview in Playboy magazine in 1980, Lennon described "Get Back" ... Get back!" The third rooftop performance of "Get Back" is available on Anthology 3: the last song of the Beatles' final live ...
Chronic back strain occurs because of the sustained trauma and wearing out of the back muscles. Acute back strain can occur ... Chronic back strain is more common than the acute type. To avoid back strain it is important to bend the knees whenever you ... Back strain is the injury occurring to muscles or tendons. Due to back strain, the tendons and muscles supporting the spine are ... Back strain is also more common in people with excessive curving of the back, weak muscles (as in muscular dystrophies) and ...
... may refer to: Spring Back Compensation, a method to compensate the spring back effect of metal while bending ... article specialized for metalworking This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Spring back. If an ...
"We're Back!" on artists' home page "We're Back!" on YouTube v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... "The Lonely Island - 'We're Back' Video". Terra Networks. Retrieved 6 April 2011. "The Lonely Island's 'We're Back!' - Discover ... "We're Back!" is the first track and third single from The Lonely Island's second album Turtleneck & Chain. The song was first ... "We're Back! - Album Version". YouTube. Retrieved 6 April 2011. Grant, Drew (4 April 2011). "Andy Samberg and The Lonely ...
In theoretical physics, back-reaction (or backreaction) is often necessary to calculate the self-consistent behaviour of a ... Taking into account the constraints implied on the model by the particle's properties - the back-reaction - is one way of ... this can be described as saying that we deal with a probe and that back-reaction is neglected. However, a real object also ...
... and Becky's Back. Official website (in Korean) Becky's Back on KBS World Becky's Back at HanCinema (CS1 Korean-language sources ... Becky's Back (Korean: 백희가 돌아왔다; RR: Baekiga Dorawatda; lit. Baek-hee Is Back) is a four-episode Korean drama, airing on KBS2 ...
"Carry Back bounces back". Miami News. September 7, 1963. Retrieved 2012-07-09. "Carry Back will race in France". Miami News. ... and Toter Back (dam of the Group One winner and sire Bob Back). Carry Back was voted into the American Hall of Fame in 1975. ... Carry Back was well back in the early stages, but on this occasion his late charge failed to materialize and he finished ... Carry Back was unanimously voted 1961 U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt by the Thoroughbred Racing Association. Carry Back again ...
... may refer to: "Bounce Back" (Fire on Blonde song), 1987 Bounce Back (album), a 1990 album by Alisha "Bounce Back" ( ... "Bounce Back", a song by Vaneese Thomas from Shining Time Station Bounce Back, in Bounce (video game series) The Bounce Back, a ... "Bounce Back" (Big Sean song), 2016 "Bounce Back" (Little Mix song), 2019 "Bounce Back", a song by Charice from Infinity " ... for UK companies during 2020 covid epidemic This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bounce Back. If ...
"Bixby's Back" at ABC.com "Bixby's Back" at IMDb (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from ... The older woman then walks in after coming back from the bar. Back at the house, Phil and Claire decide to just act like ... Back at their house, the two have a fight and Gloria refuses to go inside. She is so angry she wants to get in her car and take ... "Bixby's Back" was written by Danny Zuker, his sixth writing credit for the series. The episode was directed by Chris Koch, his ...
... at IMDb Back Trail at the TCM Movie Database Back Trail at the American Film Institute Catalog (Articles with short ... Back Trail is a 1948 American Western film, directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, and ... "Back Trail". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018. "8 Start, Three ... When he was younger and lived back east he was framed for embezzling funds from his clients by his partner, Frank Gilmore. ...
... or Backstreet may refer to: Back Street, Suffolk, a village in Suffolk, England Back Street (novel), a 1931 romance ... "Back Street", a 1965 single by Edwin Starr This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Back Street. If an ... based on the novel Back Street (1941 film), based on the novel Back Street (1961 film), based on the novel - starring Susan ... a pop music group Back Street (album) an album by jazz saxophonist Lou Donaldson Backstreet (album), a 1982 album by David ...
Back was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained Deacon in 1887; and Priest in 1888. His began his career with ... ii p108 Crockford's Clerical Directory 1898: London, Horace Cox, 1898 p 51 Solihull Life 'BACK, Ven. Hugh Cairns Alexander', ... Christianity portal Hugh Cairns Alexander Back (20 August 1863 - 27 December 1928) was Archdeacon of Warwick from 1923 until ...
... may refer to: She's Back (film), a 1989 film starring Carrie Fisher She's Back (Debbie Deb album), 1995 She's Back ( ... "She's Back", a song by Human Nature from Walk the Tightrope "She's Back", a song by Westlife from Face to Face "She's Back", ... B-side of 1972 single Lazy John This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title She's Back. If an internal ... Dionne Warwick album), 2019 "She's Back" (song), a 2010 song by Infinite " ...
... is a compilation album by Front 242, released in 1987, and rereleased in 1992. It is a collection of singles and ...
A back door is a door in the rear of a building. Back door may also refer to: Back Door (jazz trio), a British group Porta dos ... Back Door (album), a 1972 by English jazz trio Back Door The Back Door (album), a 1992 album by American band Cherish the ... Works so titled: The Back Door (fiction), a 1897 work serialised in Hong Kong "Back Door", a 1969 sound single by Rhinoceros ( ... "Back Door Santa", a 1968 blues song written by Clarence Carter and Marcus Daniel "Lookin' out My Back Door", a rock song by ...
Back Hand is an album by American jazz pianist Keith Jarrett recorded in two sessions in October 1974 that also gave way to the ... Aside from its appearance in The Impulse Years: 1973-1974 boxset in 1997, the music contained in Back Hand had been reissued ... "Back Hand" for the 2000 album As Long as Youre Living Yours: The Music of Keith Jarrett, where it is listed as "Backhand". The ... Nastos awarded Back Hand 5 stars, referring to the group as a "landmark quintet", and writing: "any recording by this band is ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Back, Isle of Lewis. Back Free Church Sgoil aBhac Back FC (Use dmy dates from October ... Back F.C. are named after the district Back and have a large pull from the internal villages. Others have played for the blues ... Football is the most popular sport in Back, with some community members attending games. Back F.C. was formed in 1933 and play ... These are: Gearraidh Ghuirm, Upper Coll, Coll, Inner Coll, Vatisker, Back and Gress. The district of Back is located ...
Back is also the owner of The Goats do Roam Wine Company and The Spice Route Winery, which is a wine cellar in the Swartland ... Back has brought a number of new grape varietals to South Africa and is one of the countrys original Rhône Rangers. He was the ... Charles Louis Back is the third-generation owner of South African wine and cheese producer Fairview, in Paarl in the Western ... Back also bottled South Africas first single varietal Petite Sirah. He is of the opinion that the majority of South African ...
... is very common. Treatment varies from medicines to surgery depending on the cause and kind of pain. ... Lumbago is pain on the lower part of your back. ... MRI and low back pain. *Returning to sports after a back injury ... Back pain and sports (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Chiropractic care for back pain (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in ... Back Pain (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Low Back Pain (American Academy of Family Physicians) ...
... Several weeks ago, Back to Bucha was previewed for a group of parishioners at St. Andrews Episcopal Church in ... Back to Bucha opens with a poem. A poem written by Phyllis Wheatley in 1784, an African American who captures the essence of ... Unlike the original Trek to Bucha shot in the early days of the full-scale invasion, Back to Bucha is filled with women and ... So much so that the Lake Worth Playhouses Stonzek Theatre just down the street has graciously agreed to host Back to Buchas ...
As the end of 2023 nears, now is a good opportunity to look back at some of the devices and accessories that Apple discontinued ...
The views expressed in interviews and in opinion pieces, like the Back Page, are not necessarily those of APS. APS News ...
The Amazon Coat is BackCourtesy of Amazon. Hearst Magazines and Yahoo may earn commission or revenue on some items through ...
Back in 1985, there was probably no high school student more eager to jump into such an experiment than me. Lets not mince ... Back to the Future. By Mark Toner - April 14, 2006 9 min read ... So I trudged back the way I came, repositioning the bag on my ... caught a fleeting glimpse of the back of my head, hunched over the laptop. I wasnt even 18 yet, and my 15 minutes of fame had ...
... the only way to bring her back was through reading. Reading My Mother Back is a genre-bending memoir that explores a life ... Reading My Mother Back offers a bold and personal view of why the stories we read and share matter so much. And there are ... Reading My Mother Back A Memoir in Childhood Animal Stories. by Timothy C. Baker ... Profoundly moving, it captures all that is slowly revealed to us about childhood, if we are brave enough to look back. ...
4 when you switch back to Hotmail you are given a chance to leave MSN feedback as to why you are switching back but the ...
But here it is, 12:28 in the AM, and once again Ive woken up in the middle of the night with back to school jitters. Only this ... But here it is, 12:28 in the AM, and once again Ive woken up in the middle of the night with back to school jitters. Only this ... Back to School. By Emmet Rosenfeld - June 29, 2009 3 min read ... a camp up at another private school two teaching gigs back ( ...
Science News was founded in 1921 as an independent, nonprofit source of accurate information on the latest news of science, medicine and technology. Today, our mission remains the same: to empower people to evaluate the news and the world around them. It is published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education (EIN 53-0196483).. ...
Adult Asthma Call-back Survey Land Line And Cell Phone Combined Prevalence Tables. 2019 BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey Land Line ... ACBS data files and documentation: BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS). Adult Asthma Call-back Survey Land Line only ... 2014 BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey Prevalence Tables. 2013 BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey Prevalence Tables. 2012 BRFSS Asthma ... 2011 BRFSS Asthma Call-Back Survey Prevalence Tables. 2010 BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey Prevalence Tables. 2009 BRFSS Asthma ...
Terminator, eat your heart out: evil machine intelligences of the future could use quantum mechanics to help them wipe out humanity
Encouragingly, new orders and new export orders - lead indicators for future levels of activity - bounced back into ...
Back 4 Blood is a thrilling cooperative first-person shooter from the creators of the critically acclaimed Left 4 Dead ... BACK 4 BLOOD™ © Turtle Rock Studios, Inc. All Rights Reserved. BACK 4 BLOOD™ and the BACK 4 BLOOD™ logo are the trademarks and/ ... Back 4 Blood on Twitter Back 4 Blood on YouTube View update history Read related news View discussions Find Community Groups ... Back 4 Blood: Deluxe Edition. Buy Back 4 Blood: Deluxe Edition and get:. * Base Game. ...
Red Cross Offers Back to School Safety Tips for Parents, Students and Motorists ... The American Red Cross offers ten ways to help make sure your student is safe as they head back to school for the upcoming year ... Drivers should slow down as children head back to school. Know that yellow flashing lights indicate the bus is getting ready to ... content/redcross/en/local/illinois/about-us/news-and-events/back-to-school-safety-tips ...
You can hit it on the head with a two-by-four, and somehow it seems to bounce back just when you think it is dead.Yet the ...
Is first potential weight-loss drug in 13 years.
So Bill Elliott is back. This may be brief, for just this week, NASCAR changed the aerodynamic rules for Dodges in 2002, and ... But for a refreshing week or so, NASCAR is back at the grass roots again. And Dawsonville sits happily deserted. ... whence he was extradited back to Georgia, where he was wanted for bank robbery. ...
Opioid drugs are a common treatment for back pain, but they come with risks and can be addictive. Learn the risks of these ... Mayo Clinic: "Back pain: Diagnosis & treatment.". Johns Hopkins Medicine: "7 Ways to Treat Chronic Back Pain Without Surgery." ... BMJ: "Opioids for low back pain.". The New England Journal of Medicine: "Opioid abuse in chronic pain--misconceptions and ... Should You Worry About Your Back Pain Meds?. Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD. on December 08, 2021 ...
Now, maybe it's back to the drawing board.. Let's be honest - the European side played some exquisite golf, ... SAINT-QUENTIN-EN-YVELINES, France (AP) - Europe waited two long years for that one moment when the Ryder Cup was back in its ... This was one week after he capped a personal comeback following four back surgeries by winning the Tour Championship, the 80th ... and just got behind early in the matches and never got back. ...
SETI@home: Were back online. And with some incredible luck we didnt lose any entries in the pulse signal table at all.. happy ... Message boards : News : Were back online. Message board moderation To post messages, you must log in.. ". Oldest first. Newest ... Message boards : News : Were back online. ©2023 University of California SETI@home and Astropulse are funded by grants from ... Good to hear we were back online pretty quick without losing any data. However, there still are some issues.. Some of the tasks ...
Five Ways To Beat Back Pain In Under 60 Secs. Deep Heat has become a part of every household as have heat balms and sprays. ... Use Your Head! How to Reduce Your Back Pain at Work. Good posture isnt something you do, its the by-product of not pulling ... Twelve Things Ive Learned About Having a Bad Back. Ive had people Ive dated, asking (as a first question after the topic has ... Pain creates tension in the body, which feeds back into the brain, which responds by turning up the volume on its pain ...
"Back to Keynes?," CESifo Working Paper Series 1424, CESifo. * van der Ploeg, Frederick, 2005. "Back to Keynes?," CEPR ... "Back to Wicksell? In search of the foundations of practical monetary policy," Department of Economics Working Papers 0602, ... "Back to Keynes?," CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo, vol. 51(4), pages 777-822. ...
Back pain can make getting a good nights sleep challenging. Try these tips to help you get more rest. ... Best Mattress for Low Back Pain Is a firm mattress best for back pain? Maybe not. ... Back pain can make getting through the day hard, but it can make getting a good nights sleep even harder. It can be tough to ... 9 Sleep Tips for Back Pain Medically Reviewed by Michael W. Smith, MD on September 16, 2021 ...
Back Talk: Peter Singer. Back Talk: Peter Singer. A conversation with the author of The Life You Can Save about charitable ... now lets go back to enjoying our symphonies and our medieval paintings. ...
  • As the end of 2023 nears, now is a good opportunity to look back at some of the devices and accessories that Apple discontinued throughout the year. (macrumors.com)
  • The term 'back belt' is also applied to therapeutic devices such as spinal braces, supports, corsets, and orthoses. (cdc.gov)
  • A transporting and absorbing evocation of an unorthodox childhood in Baltimore and rural Vermont, and of a son's search for his mother, who died too soon, Reading My Mother Back is wise, perceptive, funny, and startlingly profound. (mit.edu)
  • Acute back pain comes on suddenly and usually lasts from a few days to a few weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • A discussion on the initial approach to the patient with acute low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • A discussion on visual inspection of the patient with acute low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of palpation in the examination of a patient with acute low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • In 2017, Back was awarded the 1659 Wine Industry Medal of Honour 2017 and the South African Farmer of the Year 2017. (wikipedia.org)
  • Back pain prevalence and visit rates: estimates from U.S. national surveys, 2002. (medscape.com)
  • There are insufficient data to demonstrate a relationship between the prevalence of back injury in healthy workers and the discontinuation of back belt use. (cdc.gov)
  • Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/back%20catalog. (merriam-webster.com)
  • DATE: May 27, 1994 FROM: Back Belt Working Group SUBJECT: Conclusions/Recommendations on the Use of Back Belts to Prevent Work-Related Back Injuries TO: Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H. Director, NIOSH Through: Richard A. Lemen, Ph.D. _____ _____ (D35) In the Autumn of 1992, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) formed a Working Group to review the scientific literature related to back belts. (cdc.gov)
  • The NIOSH Back Belt Working Group has reviewed the most recent, published scientific information contained in refereed or peer-reviewed literature. (cdc.gov)
  • A recently published article from NIOSH reports that more than 1 in 4 (26%) working adults experience low back pain. (cdc.gov)
  • Occasionally, low back pain results from a disorder that does not involve the musculoskeletal system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many models of Internet-connected cameras contain a glaring back door-they have login accounts with hard-coded passwords, which can't be changed, and there is no way to delete these accounts either . (gnu.org)
  • Doctors used to always recommend firm mattresses, but research has shown that people with low back pain actually sleep worse on very hard mattresses when compared to other kinds. (webmd.com)
  • However, this can make your back pain even worse and cause long-term damage. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • But doing targeted exercises to strengthen your core -- the muscles in your abdomen , hips, lower back, and pelvis -- can also help ease back pain. (webmd.com)
  • The lower spine (lumbar spine) connects to the spine in the upper back (thoracic spine) above and to the pelvis through the sacrum below. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Working Group recommends that the most effective means of minimizing the likelihood of back injury is to develop and implement a comprehensive ergonomics program. (cdc.gov)
  • You should not engage in strenuous exercise, such as heavy lifting, as "that may aggravate your back further," according to Stewart Tucker, consultant orthopaedic and spinal surgeon at The Wellington Hospital. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The spine (spinal column) consists of back bones (vertebrae). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Back pain is one of the most common medical problems, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point during their lives. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Back pain can range from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Back pain is called chronic if it lasts for more than three months. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most back pain goes away on its own, though it may take awhile. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your back pain is severe or doesn't improve after three days, you should call your health care provider. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You should also get medical attention if you have back pain following an injury . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment for back pain depends on what kind of pain you have, and what is causing it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Should You Worry About Your Back Pain Meds? (webmd.com)
  • If you're one of some 26 million Americans who live with frequent back pain, relief is likely at the top of your wish list. (webmd.com)
  • These drugs do relieve back pain for short periods, but they're strong -- and they come with some serious risks. (webmd.com)
  • Doctors recommend a few different medicines to treat back pain. (webmd.com)
  • The Logical Solution for Your Work Related Back Pain and R.S.I. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
  • Pain creates tension in the body, which feeds back into the brain, which responds by turning up the 'volume' on its pain amplifiers, creating even more suffering. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
  • Back pain can make getting through the day hard, but it can make getting a good night's sleep even harder. (webmd.com)
  • If you're having trouble getting enough shut- eye because of back pain , try these tips that can make sleeping a little easier. (webmd.com)
  • Certain sleeping positions can help ease your back pain, so find one that is most comfortable for you. (webmd.com)
  • In one study, nearly 63% of people reported significant improvements in low back pain after switching to a new sleep system. (webmd.com)
  • Bending forward at your waist or making quick and jerking motions can cause you more back pain. (webmd.com)
  • Research has shown that yoga or intensive stretching can help reduce low back pain . (webmd.com)
  • What are good exercises for lower back pain? (telegraph.co.uk)
  • There are multiple causes of lower back pain but the most common one is inactivity," Lucy Macdonald, physiotherapist at Octopus Clinic , explains. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • In 98pc of cases, lower back pain is caused by a sprain or strain that resolves itself within a few weeks, according to the CSP. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • However, a positive attitude can help with lower back pain. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Does exercise help with lower back pain? (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The best thing people can do if they have lower back pain is to keep moving," Macdonald advises. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Consider what triggers your back pain and then tailor your technique. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The following are some of these gentle exercises that have been approved by our experts for helping with lower back pain. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • A review and analysis of data from two US national surveys in 2002 found that 26.4% of respondents reported low back pain lasting at least a whole day in the past 3 months. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Lower back pain causes more global disability than any other condition. (medscape.com)
  • A standardized clinical examination of the lumbar spine is critical in the evaluation of patients with low back pain . (medscape.com)
  • See Back Pain: Find the Cause, Watch for the Comeback , a Critical Images slideshow, to help diagnose and manage this common problem. (medscape.com)
  • The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. (medscape.com)
  • Last AR, Hulbert K. Chronic low back pain: evaluation and management. (medscape.com)
  • Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. (medscape.com)
  • Introductory discussion on the examination of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • A discussion of the role of range-of-motion testing in the evaluation of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • A discussion of potential causes and symptoms based on patients' descriptions of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • An introduction to and explanation of the straight leg raise test as part of an examination for low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • Explanation of the crossed straight leg raise in the evaluation of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • Demonstration of dorsiflexion of the big toe as part of the evaluation of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • Demonstration of Achilles reflex evaluation as part of the examination of low back pain. (medscape.com)
  • The term back injury is used throughout the text to refer to all back disorders, injuries, or pain. (cdc.gov)
  • Are you a worker who is experiencing low back pain? (cdc.gov)
  • Neck Pain Along with low back pain, neck pain is a very common reason for health care visits. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Low back pain becomes more common as people age, affecting more than half of people over 60. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Low back pain can limit many activities and reduce the quality of life. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Common types of back pain include local, radiating, and referred pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Local pain occurs in a specific area of the lower back. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avoid sleeping on your stomach because it puts a lot of strain on your back. (webmd.com)
  • If you don't do enough exercise, your muscles are not strong enough to withstand strenuous activity, so you are more likely to strain your back. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The use of back belts may produce temporary strain on the cardiovascular system. (cdc.gov)
  • Loch a Tuath News - is a community run monthly magazine that provides local district news, local features and history, and which covers the Tong district as well as Back. (wikipedia.org)
  • If I have made en error when adding values to the plugin job parameters I get a page telling me that I've tried to add invalid data. (lu.se)
  • The page gives me the options Back and Close. (lu.se)
  • The Back button takes me to the Finish page where I can start my plugin. (lu.se)
  • Once on the "Finish" page it is not possible to go back an re-enter parameter values. (lu.se)
  • This was one week after he capped a personal comeback following four back surgeries by winning the Tour Championship, the 80th of his PGA Tour career and first in more than five years. (foxbusiness.com)
  • In phones sold in Europe, Xiaomi leaves this deactivated by default, but has a back door to activate the censorship. (gnu.org)
  • Conclusions The Working Group concludes that the effectiveness of using back belts to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers remains unproven. (cdc.gov)
  • There is insufficient scientific evidence to conclude that wearing back belts reduces risk of injury to the back based on changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and trunk muscle electromyography (EMG). (cdc.gov)
  • Knowing how much weight an individual worker can safely lift is a key component to preventing back injury in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • I started a camp up at another private school two teaching gigs back (before TJ I spent a couple years at Alexandria Country Day School), and before that ran a walk-paddle-bike trip called "Potowmack Discovery" along a local stretch of the river (the extra letters are historical). (edweek.org)
  • Back in 1985, there was probably no high school student more eager to jump into such an experiment than me. (edweek.org)
  • But here it is, 12:28 in the AM, and once again I've woken up in the middle of the night with back to school jitters. (edweek.org)
  • The American Red Cross offers ten ways to help make sure your student is safe as they head back to school for the upcoming year. (redcross.org)
  • Drivers should slow down as children head back to school. (redcross.org)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Are You Ready to Face Back-to-School Health Concerns? (medscape.com)
  • Parents who are sending their children back to school this fall face a series of health-related issues, from vaccination requirements to an increased risk for infectious diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Are you able to provide parents and kids with the back-to-school health help they need? (medscape.com)
  • It wasn't long before she was back in school, studying hard and looking forward to the future again. (who.int)
  • Overall, it means that this alumnus is back to being a student part-time at the School of Economics and Management. (lu.se)
  • The Group's objective was to evaluate the adequacy of the data supporting the use of back belts to reduce work-related back injuries in healthy, previously uninjured workers. (cdc.gov)
  • The Working Group does not recommend the use of back belts to prevent injuries among uninjured workers, and does not consider back belts to be personal protective equipment. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently published research, "Increased overall and cause‐specific mortality associated with disability among workers' compensation claimants with low back injuries," examined the issue. (cdc.gov)
  • 4) 4 when you switch back to Hotmail you are given a chance to leave MSN feedback as to why you are switching back but the feedback does not work correctly! (ipetitions.com)
  • Gerdahallen, and most likely all other gyms in Lund, are filling up with people eager to stay on track with their New Year's resolutions or just getting back to their weekly routines. (lu.se)
  • Encouragingly, new orders and new export orders - lead indicators for future levels of activity - bounced back into expansionary territory, rising to 51.4 and 50.2 respectively. (businessinsider.com)
  • When you have a sore back, you may be tempted to stay in bed for the indefinite future. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The system was shut down for security reasons and in expected back online in early may 2011. (answers.com)
  • However, in the light of recent findings, the risk of back-contamination now seems much more real (though still small) in the case of some other satellites and minor objects in the solar system. (daviddarling.info)
  • The article suggests it might be a universal back door, but this isn't clear. (gnu.org)
  • Building strength and flexibility in these muscles can lower the chances of you straining your back and experiencing muscle spasms during the night. (webmd.com)
  • We anticipated dual n-back training to increase white matter integrity in pathways that connect brain regions related to WM processes. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, we hypothesized that dual n-back training would produce more brain-wide white matter changes than single. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, we hypothesized that dual n-back training would produce more brain-wide white matter changes than single n-back training because of the involvement of two modalities and the additional dual-task coordination component of the task. (lu.se)
  • The results therefore show that dual n-back training produces increased integrity in white matter pathways connecting different brain regions. (lu.se)
  • Good to hear we were back online pretty quick without losing any data. (berkeley.edu)
  • This makes the back saw particulary well-suited to jobs that demand good control and precise cutting. (daviddarling.info)
  • Research excluded from this review related to the use of back belts prescribed by medical care providers for the treatment and rehabilitation of injured persons. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2007 Back was nominated as one of UK publication Harpers most influential personalities in the wine industry The KWV appointed Back onto their advisory winemaking committee in 2007, tasked with assisting the company with their quality and production strategy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike the original Trek to Bucha shot in the early days of the full-scale invasion, Back to Bucha is filled with women and their children. (brownpapertickets.com)
  • If a state includes children in the BRFSS and the randomly selected child has ever been diagnosed with asthma, then the child is eligible for the asthma Call-back. (cdc.gov)
  • Younger children should use car seats or booster seats until the lap-shoulder belt fits properly (typically for children ages 8-12 and over 4'9"), and ride in the back seat until they are at least 13 years old. (redcross.org)
  • Aside from its appearance in The Impulse Years: 1973-1974 boxset in 1997, the music contained in Back Hand had been reissued only on compact disc in Japan, packaged in a miniature replica of the original vinyl LP sleeve. (wikipedia.org)
  • SAINT-QUENTIN-EN-YVELINES, France (AP) - Europe waited two long years for that one moment when the Ryder Cup was back in its hands. (foxbusiness.com)
  • If there's a chip on my shoulder about being in a band for 24 years, it might be that you drag your entire back catalog with you with every record that you release. (merriam-webster.com)
  • A few years back, he began discussing with his manager whether someone should be researching ways to better define, quantify and integrate environmental sustainability into the sales process. (lu.se)
  • Back doors that allow full control over the programs which contain them are said to be "universal. (gnu.org)
  • The facet joints in your back are full of liquid that lubricates your joints as you move, so by staying in bed you lose that lubrication and the joints become stiffer. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • This November most of us will turn back the clocks as daylight savings time ends, a sign that winter, cooler temperatures, and shorter days are approaching. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you like to sleep on your back, try the pillow under your knees, or roll up a small towel and place it under the small of your back. (webmd.com)
  • Stand with your feet hip-width apart, then bend your knees, maintaining the small curve in your back. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Android has a back door for remotely changing "user" settings . (gnu.org)
  • Some D-Link routers have a back door for changing settings in a dlink of an eye. (gnu.org)
  • India's economy has bounced back from a year-long slowdown, but not enough to regain the global growth crown from China. (cnn.com)
  • Google has long had a back door to remotely unlock an Android device , unless its disk is encrypted (possible since Android 5.0 Lollipop, but still not quite the default). (gnu.org)
  • A typical back saw blade is 8 to 14 inches long with 11 to 14 teeth per inch (tpi). (daviddarling.info)
  • Some of the tasks that were reported shortly after the system came back online are still 'waiting for validation' while both wingmen returned results. (berkeley.edu)
  • They are working round the clock rebuilding and strengthening the system and should have it back up within a week, Early May 2011 they will begin the procedure to restore services regionally. (answers.com)
  • Reading My Mother Back offers a bold and personal view of why the stories we read and share matter so much. (mit.edu)
  • In this case, the Back button should never really not be activated, but the error handling routines doesn't support that. (lu.se)
  • There are insufficient dam indicating that typical industrial back belts significantly reduce the biomechanical loading of the trunk during manual lifting. (cdc.gov)