Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Phimosis
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
Penis
Rabbit oral papillomavirus complete genome sequence and immunity following genital infection. (1/37)
Rabbit oral papillomavirus (ROPV) infects mucosal tissues of domestic rabbits. The viral genomic sequence has been determined and the most related papillomavirus type was the cutaneous cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). Homologies between the open reading frames (ORFs) of ROPV and CRPV, however, ranged from 68% amino acid identity for L1 to only 23% identity for E4. Shared features unique to the two rabbit viruses included a large E6 ORF and a small E8 ORF that overlapped the E6 ORF. Serological responses to ROPV L1 viruslike particles (VLPs) were detected in rabbits infected at either the genital or oral mucosa with ROPV. The antibody response was specific to intact ROPV L1 VLP antigen, was first detected at the time of late regression, and persisted at high levels for several months after complete regression. Both oral and genital lesions regressed spontaneously, accompanied by a heavy infiltrate of lymphocytes. ROPV infection of rabbit genital mucosa is a useful model to study host immunological responses to genital papillomavirus infections. (+info)Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann developing after the appearance of the primary chancre. A case report. (2/37)
A case of primary syphilitic chancre of the coronal sulcus with subsequent development of syphilitic balanitis of Follmann is described. The histopathological picture and preponderantly intraepidermal localization of T. pallidum in the lesions is discussed. (+info)Circumcision: a refined technique and 5 year review. (3/37)
The vast majority of circumcisions currently performed in the UK are for phimosis or balanitis and the patients are not looking for the denuded glans appearance of a ritual circumcision. We present a refinement of the sleeve technique of circumcision, which involves Horton's test to define the proximal incision margin, and bipolar electro-dissection. A review of all patients undergoing circumcision at the Wordsley Plastic Surgery Unit, in a 5-year period, has shown this technique to be safe with a haematoma rate of only 1.4%, and an overall complication rate of 3%. (+info)Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons. (4/37)
To assess the reasons for and outcomes of referrals concerning the foreskin, 100 consecutive patients seen in paediatric clinics were followed to discharge. 18 referrals were for circumcision on religious grounds. Of the other 82, the main reason for referral was non-retractability or phimosis. At clinic, 24 (29%) of these were deemed normal for age, 31 (38%) were treated with topical steroid (successfully in 25), 9 (11%) were listed for preputioplasty, 7 (9%) were listed for adhesiolysis, 7 (9%) were listed for circumcision, and 4 were listed for other forms of surgery. 6 patients were identified as having balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), a condition that had not been suggested on referral. With the advent of new treatments for foreskin disorders, circumcision is decreasingly necessary. Knowledge of the natural history of the foreskin, and the use of topical steroids, could shift the management of paediatric foreskin problems from the hospital outpatient department to primary care. BXO is not sufficiently recognized as a form of phimosis that requires operation. (+info)Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. (5/37)
OBJECTIVE: To review the differences between physiologic and pathologic phimosis, review proper foreskin care, and discuss when it is appropriate to seek consultation regarding a phimotic foreskin. SOURCES OF INFORMATION: This paper is based on selected findings from a MEDLINE search for literature on phimosis and circumcision referrals and on our experience at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Urology Clinic. MeSH headings used in our MEDLINE search included "phimosis," "referral and consultation," and "circumcision." Most of the available articles about phimosis and foreskin referrals were retrospective reviews and cohort studies (levels II and III evidence). MAIN MESSAGE: Phimosis is defined as the inability to retract the foreskin. Differentiating between physiologic and pathologic phimosis is important, as the former is managed conservatively and the latter requires surgical intervention. Great anxiety exists among patients and parents regarding non-retractile foreskins. Most phimosis referrals seen in pediatric urology clinics are normal physiologically phimotic foreskins. Referrals of patients with physiologic phimosis to urology clinics can create anxiety about the need for surgery among patients and parents, while unnecessarily expanding the waiting list for specialty assessment. Uncircumcised penises require no special care. With normal washing, using soap and water, and gentle retraction during urination and bathing, most foreskins will become retractile over time. CONCLUSION: Physiologic phimosis is often seen by family physicians. These patients and their parents require reassurance of normalcy and reinforcement of proper preputial hygiene. Consultation should be sought when evidence of pathologic phimosis is present, as this requires surgical management. (+info)Frequency of bacteria, Candida and malassezia species in balanoposthitis. (6/37)
(+info)Biased genotype distributions of Candida albicans strains associated with vulvovaginal candidosis and candidal balanoposthitis in China. (7/37)
(+info)Foreskin inflammation is associated with HIV and herpes simplex virus type-2 infections in Rakai, Uganda. (8/37)
(+info)Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis, which is the rounded tip of the penis. It's a common condition in uncircumcised males and can affect men of all ages. The symptoms of balanitis include redness, swelling, pain, itching, and soreness on the glans penis. In some cases, there may be a discharge with an unpleasant odor.
Balanitis can have various causes, including poor hygiene, irritants (such as soaps or spermicides), infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral), and skin conditions (like psoriasis or eczema). In rare cases, balanitis can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes.
Treatment for balanitis depends on the cause. For mild cases, good hygiene and avoiding irritants may be enough. More severe cases might require medication, such as antibiotics, antifungals, or corticosteroids. If an underlying condition is causing the balanitis, that will need to be treated as well.
Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic, inflammatory condition that affects the foreskin and glans penis in uncircumcised males. It is also known as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus when it occurs in these areas.
The medical definition of Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a progressive inflammatory dermatosis characterized by white, shiny patches on the foreskin and glans penis. These patches can become thickened, scarred, and adhere to the underlying tissue, causing the foreskin to become difficult or impossible to retract (phimosis). BXO can also cause narrowing of the urethral meatus (the opening where urine exits), which can lead to problems with urination.
The exact cause of BXO is not known, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response or a localized reaction to irritants or trauma. Treatment typically involves topical corticosteroids, circumcision, or both. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct urethral narrowing.
Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:
1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.
These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Phimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin of the penis, which is the retractable sheath of skin that covers the head or glans of the penis, cannot be pulled back (retracted) over the glans. This condition is normal in uncircumcised infant boys and toddlers, but most boys can retract their foreskins by the time they reach puberty.
In some cases, phimosis may cause no symptoms or problems, while in others it may lead to issues such as discomfort, pain, especially during sexual activity, infection, inflammation, and difficulty urinating. Phimosis can be caused by various factors, including infections, skin conditions, scarring from previous injuries or surgeries, or forceful attempts to retract the foreskin.
Treatment for phimosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, gentle manual stretching exercises may be recommended to gradually increase the foreskin's ability to retract. In other cases, topical creams or medications may be prescribed to reduce inflammation or fight infections. If these treatments are not effective, or if phimosis is causing significant discomfort or complications, circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin) may be considered as a last resort.
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSEA) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that can affect both males and females, but it's most commonly found in women after menopause. It can occur at any age, including children. The condition typically affects the genital and anal areas, though it can appear elsewhere on the body as well.
The medical definition of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus is:
A skin disorder characterized by white patches (plaques) that can be smooth or wrinkled, thickened, and easily bruised. These patches may merge to form larger areas of affected skin. The condition can cause itching, burning, pain, and blistering. In women, the vulva is often affected, and sexual intercourse may become painful. In men, it can affect the foreskin and glans penis, leading to difficulty urinating or having sex.
The exact cause of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus remains unknown, but it's believed that hormonal imbalances, genetics, and an overactive immune system may play a role in its development. Treatment usually involves topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, other medications or phototherapy might be recommended. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Male circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin, which is the skin that covers the head (glans) of the penis. In some cultures and religions, male circumcision is performed as a religious rite or cultural tradition. In other cases, it may be recommended for medical reasons, such as to treat phimosis (a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the glans) or to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections and other conditions. The procedure is typically performed on infants or young boys, but it can also be done on older males.
The penis is a part of the male reproductive and urinary systems. It has three parts: the root, the body, and the glans. The root attaches to the pelvic bone and the body makes up the majority of the free-hanging portion. The glans is the cone-shaped end that protects the urethra, the tube inside the penis that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the testicles.
The penis has a dual function - it acts as a conduit for both urine and semen. During sexual arousal, the penis becomes erect when blood fills two chambers inside its shaft. This process is facilitated by the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the arterial walls and the trappping of blood in the corpora cavernosa. The stiffness of the penis enables sexual intercourse. After ejaculation, or when the sexual arousal passes, the muscles contract and the blood flows out of the penis back into the body, causing it to become flaccid again.
The foreskin, a layer of skin that covers the glans, is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. Circumcision is often performed for religious or cultural reasons, or as a matter of family custom. In some countries, it's also done for medical reasons, such as to treat conditions like phimosis (an inability to retract the foreskin) or balanitis (inflammation of the glans).
It's important to note that any changes in appearance, size, or function of the penis should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, as they could indicate an underlying medical condition.
Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.