Blast Injuries
Explosions
Bombs
Military Medicine
Explosive Agents
Afghanistan
Hospitals, Military
Tympanic Membrane
Brain Injuries
Iraq
Lung Injury
Wounds and Injuries
Development of serial bio-shock tubes and their application. (1/205)
OBJECTIVE: To design and produce serial shock tubes and further examine their application to experimental studies on blast injury. METHODS: Bio-medical engineering technique was used for the design and development of the serial shock tubes. One thousand four hundred and fifty nine animals (757 rats, 105 guinea pigs, 335 rabbits, 240 dogs and 22 sheep) were then used to test the wounding effects of the shock tubes. RESULTS: Three types of bio-shock tubes, that is, large-, medium- and small-scale shock tubes were made in our laboratory. The large-scale shock tube is 39 meters long; the inner diameter of the test section is 1 meter; and the maximum overpressure in the driving section is 10.3 MPa. A negative pressure could be formed by means of the reflected rarefactive wave produced by the end plate. The medium-scale shock tube is 34.5 meters long; the maximum overpressure in the driving section is 22 MPa; the test section is designed to be a knockdown, showing 5 basic types with inner diameter of 77 to 600 millimeters, which could be used for researches on overpressure, explosive decompression, underwater explosion, and so on. The small-scale shock tube is 0.5 meter long with the maximum endured overpressure of 68.6 MPa. Results from animal experiments showed that this set of shock tubes could induce various degrees of systemic or local blast injury in large or small animals. CONCLUSIONS: This set of bio-shock tubes can approximately simulate typical explosive wave produced by nuclear or charge explosion, and inflict various degrees of blast injury characterized by stability and reproducibility. Therefore, they can meet the needs of blast research on large and small animals. (+info)Effect of type and transfer of conventional weapons on civilian injuries: retrospective analysis of prospective data from Red Cross hospitals. (2/205)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the link between different weapons used in modern wars and their potential to injury civilians. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data about hospital admissions. SETTING: Hospitals of the International Committee of the Red Cross. SUBJECTS: 18 877 people wounded by bullets, fragmentation munitions, or mines. Of these, 2012 had been admitted to the hospital in Kabul within six hours of injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age and sex of wounded people according to cause of injury and whether they were civilians (women and girls, boys under 16 years old, or men of 50 or more). RESULTS: 18.7% of those injured by bullets, 34.1% of those injured by fragments, and 30.8% of those injured by mines were civilians. Of those admitted to the Red Cross hospital in Kabul within six hours of injury, 39.1% of those injured by bullets, 60.6% of those injured by fragments, and 55.0% of those injured by mines were civilians. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of civilians injured differs between weapon systems. The higher proportion injured by fragments and mines is explicable in terms of the military efficiency of weapons, the distance between user and victim, and the effect that the kind of weapon has on the psychology of the user. (+info)Circumstances around weapon injury in Cambodia after departure of a peacekeeping force: prospective cohort study. (3/205)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the circumstances surrounding weapon injury and combatant status of those injured by weapons. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Northwestern Cambodia after departure of United Nations peacekeeping force. SUBJECTS: 863 people admitted to hospital for weapon injuries over 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual incidence of weapon injury by time period; proportions of injuries inflicted as a result of interfactional combat (combat injuries) and outside such combat (non-combat injuries) by combatant status and weapon type. RESULTS: The annual incidence of weapon injuries was higher than the rate observed before the peacekeeping operation. 30% of weapon injuries occurred in contexts other than interfactional combat. Most commonly these were firearm injuries inflicted intentionally on civilians. Civilians accounted for 71% of those with non-combat injuries, 42% of those with combat related injuries, and 51% of those with weapon injuries of either type. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of weapon injuries remained high when the disarmament component of a peacekeeping operation achieved only limited success. Furthermore, injuries occurring outside the context of interfactional combat accounted for a substantial proportion of all weapon injuries, were experienced disproportionately by civilians, and were most likely to entail the intentional use of a firearm against a civilian. (+info)Prevention of skin and soft tissue entrapment in tibial segment transportation. (4/205)
We report of a ten year old patient with soft tissue damage and bone defect of the tibia as a sequel of osteomyelitis. After excision and stabilization with an Ilizarov fixateur segment transportation was started. In order to avoid skin and soft tissue entrapment in the docking region, we used a metal cage as a space provider, which was shortened as segment transportation progressed. To our knowledge this simple method has not been described so far. (+info)Mine blast injuries: ocular and social aspects. (5/205)
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Landmines have long been used in conventional warfare. These are antipersonnel mines which continue to injure people long after a ceasefire without differentiating between friend or foe, soldier or civilian, women or children. This study focuses on Afghan non-combatants engaged in mine clearing operations in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the Russo-Afghan war. The patterns and types of injuries seen are described and experiences in their management, ways, and means to prevent them, and recommendations for the rehabilitation of the affected individuals are given. METHODS: It is a retrospective and analytical study of 84 patients aged 19-56 years who sustained mine blast injuries during mine clearing operations in Afghanistan from November 1992 to January 1996. The study was carried out at a military hospital with tertiary care facilities. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their injuries. Group 1 required only general surgical attention, group 2 sustained only ocular injuries, while group 3 had combined ocular and general injuries. Patients in groups 2 and 3 were treated in two phases. The first phase aimed at immediate restoration of the anatomy, while restoration of function wherever possible was done in subsequent surgical procedures in the second phase. RESULTS: It was observed that 51 out of 84 patients (60.7%) had sustained ocular trauma of a variable degree as a result of the blasts. The mean age of the victims was 29 years and they were all male. A total of 91 eyes of 51 patients (89.2%) had been damaged. Bilaterality of damage was seen in 40 (78.4%) patients. Most, 34 (37.3%), eyes became totally blind (NPL). Only a few escaped with injury mild enough not to impair vision. Foreign bodies, small and multiple, were found in the majority of eyes; most, however, were found in the anterior segment, and posterior segment injuries were proportionally less. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of blindness caused by mine blast injuries is quite high. The resulting psychosocial trauma to the patients and their families is tremendous and has not been adequately highlighted. These injuries are a great drain on the country's resources. Enforcement of preventive measures and the use of protective gear and sophisticated equipment by the mine clearing personnel would prove to be far more economical in terms of human life as well as medical and economic resources. There is also need for greater attention towards the establishment of support groups and rehabilitation programmes for these individuals. (+info)Injuries from fireworks in the United States. (6/205)
Fireworks traditionally are used in the United States to celebrate Independence Day on July 4th. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) estimates that 8500 persons in the United States are treated in emergency departments each year for fireworks-related injuries (1). Of all fireworks-related injuries, 70%-75% occur during a 30-day period that surrounds the July 4th holiday (June 23-July 23) (2). Seven of every 100 persons injured by fireworks are hospitalized, approximately 40% of those injured are children aged < or = 14 years, and males are injured three times more often than females (1). The injury rate is highest among boys aged 10-14 years (3). Most commonly, injuries from fireworks affect the hands (34%), face (12%), and eyes (17%) (4). Injuries are more frequent and more severe among persons who are active participants than among bystanders (3). (+info)High rate of candidemia in patients sustaining injuries in a bomb blast at a marketplace: a possible environmental source. (7/205)
In this study, a cluster of candidemia among patients sustaining injuries in a bomb blast at a marketplace was investigated by means of a multivariate analysis, a case-control study, and quantitative air sampling. Candidemia occurred in 7 (30%) of 21 patients (58% of those admitted to the intensive care unit [ICU]) between 4 and 16 days (mean, 12 days) after the injury and was the single most frequent cause of bloodstream infections. Inhalation injury was the strongest predictor for candidemia by multivariate analysis. Candidemia among the case patients occurred at a significantly higher rate than among comparable trauma patients injured in different urban settings, including a pedestrian mall (2 of 29; P=. 02), and among contemporary ICU control patients (1 of 40; P=.001). Air sampling revealed exclusive detection of Candida species and increased mold concentration in the market in comparison with the mall environment. These findings suggest a role for an exogenous, environmental source in the development of candidemia in some trauma patients. (+info)Effect of epidermal growth factor and dexamethasone on explosive deafness. (8/205)
OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on cochlear hair cells of normal and explosion-stricken guinea pigs and the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dexamethasone (DXM) treatment for blast hearing loss. METHODS: Immunohistochemical technique and auditory brainstem response (ABR) test were used. RESULTS: Scattered expression of EGFR was seen in inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) in normal guinea pigs. Segmentally distributing positive reaction was also located in stereocilia of hair cells. Distribution of EGFR reaction was seen in the cytoplasm of IHC 24 hours after exposure to blasts, and in the stereocilia of IHC and the cuticular plate of OHC 72 hours postexposure. At one week EGFR reaction in hair cells increased obviously and part of OHC stereocilia also showed positive reaction. EGFR reaction reduced at two weeks, though positive reaction could still be found in the stereocilia of hair cells at one month. Combination of EGF and DXM administrations promoted hearing recovery significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The healing of injured hair cells may be related to EGF. (+info)Blast injuries are traumas that result from the exposure to blast overpressure waves, typically generated by explosions. These injuries can be categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries.
1. Primary Blast Injuries: These occur due to the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, which can cause barotrauma to organs with air-filled spaces such as the lungs, middle ear, and gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to conditions like pulmonary contusion, traumatic rupture of the eardrums, or bowel perforation.
2. Secondary Blast Injuries: These result from flying debris or objects that become projectiles due to the blast, which can cause penetrating trauma or blunt force injuries.
3. Tertiary Blast Injuries: These occur when individuals are thrown by the blast wind against solid structures or the ground, resulting in blunt force trauma, fractures, and head injuries.
4. Quaternary Blast Injuries: This category includes all other injuries or illnesses that are not classified under primary, secondary, or tertiary blast injuries. These may include burns, crush injuries, inhalation of toxic fumes, or psychological trauma.
It is important to note that blast injuries can be complex and often involve a combination of these categories, requiring comprehensive medical evaluation and management.
An explosion is a rapid release of energy that causes a blast wave or pressure surge, and may also produce rapidly expanding gases, heat, light, and sound. In medical terms, explosions can cause a variety of injuries, including blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burns, and primary and secondary blast injuries.
Blunt trauma is caused by the force of the explosion propelling objects or people through the air, or by the collapse of structures. Penetrating trauma is caused by flying debris or fragments that pierce the skin and other tissues. Burns can result from the heat generated by the explosion, as well as from contact with hot gases, flames, or chemicals.
Primary blast injuries are caused by the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, and can damage internal organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Secondary blast injuries are caused by debris or fragments that become projectiles due to the force of the explosion. Tertiary blast injuries occur when people or objects are thrown by the blast wind or become trapped in collapsed structures.
Medical personnel who treat victims of explosions must be trained to recognize and manage these various types of injuries, as well as to provide appropriate psychological support for those affected by the traumatic event.
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "bombs." The term is most commonly used in non-medical contexts to refer to explosive devices or, metaphorically, to something that has a sudden and major impact. If you are looking for information about a specific medical concept or condition, please provide more context or try rephrasing your question. I'm here to help!
"Military medicine" is a specific branch of medical practice that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries in military populations. It encompasses the provision of healthcare services to military personnel, both in peacetime and during times of conflict or emergency situations. This may include providing care in combat zones, managing mass casualties, delivering preventive medicine programs, conducting medical research, and providing medical support during peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance efforts. Military medicine also places a strong emphasis on the development and use of specialized equipment, techniques, and protocols to ensure the best possible medical care for military personnel in challenging environments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
Explosive agents are substances or materials that can undergo rapid chemical reactions, leading to a sudden release of gas and heat, resulting in a large increase in pressure and volume. This rapid expansion creates an explosion, which can cause significant damage to surrounding structures and pose serious risks to human health and safety.
Explosive agents are typically classified into two main categories: low explosives and high explosives. Low explosives burn more slowly than high explosives and rely on the confinement of the material to build up pressure and cause an explosion. Examples of low explosives include black powder, smokeless powder, and certain types of pyrotechnics.
High explosives, on the other hand, decompose rapidly and can detonate with great speed and force. They are often used in military applications such as bombs, artillery shells, and demolitions. Examples of high explosives include TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), and PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate).
It is important to note that the handling, storage, and use of explosive agents require specialized training and strict safety protocols, as they can pose significant risks if not managed properly.
'Afghanistan' is a country and not a medical term or condition. It is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, and the Arabian Sea. The country has a complex history with ongoing political and security challenges. If you are looking for information related to medical tourism or healthcare in Afghanistan, I can provide some general insights. However, please note that the medical facilities and services in Afghanistan may not be comparable to those in developed countries due to various factors such as infrastructure, resources, and expertise.
Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.
The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.
Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
"Military hospitals" are healthcare facilities that are operated by the military or armed forces of a country. They provide medical care and treatment for active duty military personnel, veterans, and at times, their families. These hospitals can be located within military bases or installations, or they may be deployed in field settings during military operations or humanitarian missions. Military hospitals are staffed with healthcare professionals who have received additional training in military medicine and are responsible for providing a range of medical services, including emergency care, surgery, rehabilitation, and mental health services. They also often conduct research in military medicine and trauma care.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!
The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.
A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.
Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.
A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:
* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.
Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.
In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.
Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.
Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.
The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
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Blast injury - Wikipedia
Blast Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Frequency
Brain injuries from blasts similar to football impacts | ScienceDaily
Shielding body protects brain from 'shell shocking' blast injuries - ScienceBlog.com
Senators owner blasts Penguins' Cooke after Karlsson injury - The Globe and Mail
The Ninth Department of Defense State-of-the-Science Meeting on Blast Injury Research | RAND
Blasts cause shock but no injuries in Toronto | Euronews
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Soft Materials under Air Blast Loading and Their Effect on Primary Blast Injury
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Winston Peters blasts Australian senator Fraser Anning as 'four-flushing, jingoistic moron' - NZ Herald
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Traumatic29
- Thus, the majority of prior research focused on the mechanisms of blast injuries within gas-containing organs and organ systems such as the lungs, while primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury has remained underestimated. (wikipedia.org)
- Injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries. (wikipedia.org)
- In an advance that may someday provide health benefits for soldiers and athletes, a team of researchers has discovered a mechanism that could be the cause of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in blast-exposed soldiers. (sciencedaily.com)
- In mild traumatic brain injury, fluid pressure from the initial explosion could be rippling through a soldier's chest and lungs to the brain, by way of the major blood vessels of the neck and the cerebrospinal fluid, he says. (scienceblog.com)
- Our results should put military physicians in the field on notice that they need to really closely monitor veterans for mild traumatic brain injuries even in the absence of any lung injury," says Koliatsos. (scienceblog.com)
- Regardless of what you call it - shell shock, mild traumatic brain injury, or mild traumatic brain injury combined with post-traumatic stress disorder - it may hide a serious neurological condition. (scienceblog.com)
- Koliatsos and colleagues will analyze brain tissue samples from recently deceased veterans who suffered mild traumatic brain injury to see if there are any permanent signs of axonal damage. (scienceblog.com)
- 2007 The current Iraq conflict and the prominent role of improvised explosive devices (IED) dramatically increased the portion of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). (sciencepop.org)
- This perhaps led to the well publicized view that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is the signature brain injury for combat troops in today's armed service. (sciencepop.org)
- Does Repeated Blast-Related Trauma Contribute to the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)? (health.mil)
- This project aims to develop targted intranasally delivered, magnetically propulsed, and targted nanoparticles for traumatic brain injury (TBI). (sbir.gov)
- However, they still face a hidden threat-the resulting blast pressure and shock wave that could cause traumatic brain injury (TBI). (neurocc.com)
- Welcome to the Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence. (health.mil)
- To accomplish the mission, TBICoE supports, trains and monitors service members, veterans, family members and providers who have been, or care for those who are affected by traumatic brain injury. (health.mil)
- Traumatic brain injury is a significant health issue which affects service members and veterans during times of both peace and war. (health.mil)
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function. (msdmanuals.com)
- As a critical piece of a warfighter's protective gear, the combat helmet has vastly improved over the years as new technology and better designs have reduced the risk of fatal blows and traumatic brain injuries. (health.mil)
- Katherine Perlberg, a physical therapist at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center's Traumatic Brain Injury Clinic, performs a balancing test on Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class John Toomer, a hospital corpsman from Naval Hospital Naples, during Landstuhl Regional Medical Center's Virtual Health Presenters Course, Sept. 3. (health.mil)
- Navy Capt. (Dr.) Scott Pyne sees March's Brain Injury Awareness Month as an opportunity to highlight what the Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence does all year long. (health.mil)
- A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is any blow or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. (health.mil)
- I think the biggest difference is in the area of concussions or mild traumatic brain injury, and this has been pushed out to our line leaders, clinicians, patients, service members, and veterans to be aware of the effects of mild traumatic brain injury," Pyne said. (health.mil)
- The advances that we're making in severe and penetrating and moderate traumatic brain injury are remarkable. (health.mil)
- On the combat side, Pyne said that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and brain injuries often go hand-in-hand. (health.mil)
- You can have PTSD without having a traumatic brain injury, and you can have a traumatic brain injury without PTSD, but sometimes they come together. (health.mil)
- We're finding that people who have an isolated traumatic brain injury do a lot better than those that have a traumatic brain injury and PTSD," Pyne said. (health.mil)
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability and mortality. (medscape.com)
- See Pediatric Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the signs and symptoms of TBI, determine the type and severity of injury, and initiate appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
- Understanding the pathological changes that can occur in fatalities caused by fire, particularly in relation to fire damage to the body, is paramount in attempting to distinguish ante-mortem and peri-mortem blunt traumatic injuries from fire-related damage to the body. (bvsalud.org)
- Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension Dr Barclay looks at how a recent study comparing decompressive surgery with medical monitoring can help facilitate patient conversations after traumatic brain injuries. (medscape.com)
Centre for Blast Injury Studies2
- Like Imperial's pioneering adult-focused Centre for Blast Injury Studies, the new Centre will translate research into direct applications that address children's clinical needs. (hippocraticpost.com)
- Established in 2011 with funding from The Royal British Legion and Imperial College London as well as support in-kind from the Ministry of Defence , the Centre for Blast Injury Studies addresses the disabling injuries of conflict with a clinically-led approach. (imperial.ac.uk)
Coordinating Office1
- The BIRCO website is provided as a public service by the Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office . (health.mil)
Explosive11
- Secondary blast wounds may be lethal and therefore many anti-personnel explosive devices are designed to generate fast-flying fragments. (wikipedia.org)
- The breakthrough study, published recently in the journal Science Translational Medicine , finds that the brain injuries suffered by soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are due to the head rotation or motion from the blast wind. (sciencedaily.com)
- Such mild trauma, resulting from the initial shock of exploding mines, grenades and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) now accounts for more than 80 percent of all brain injuries among U.S. troops. (scienceblog.com)
- Distressing brain injury due to explosive or blast events happens to be divided into 4 phases: primary supplementary tertiary and quaternary blast injury. (sciencepop.org)
- These children are at huge risk of injury and death from explosive weapons. (hippocraticpost.com)
- From Syria to Yemen to Afghanistan, our field teams are meeting children who have suffered life-altering injuries caused by explosive weapons, whether from airstrikes or landmines. (fdocuments.net)
- We recognized that when a soldier experiences a blast, such as from an improvised explosive device, or IED, something happens that makes it difficult for blood to travel through their lungs," said Dr. Lichtenberger, speaking from the RSNA Learning Center on Monday. (rsna.org)
- The official maintained that it was yet to be ascertained if the blast was caused by an improvised explosive device (IED). (dawn.com)
- ARLINGTON, Va.-Modern body armor better protects warfighters against shrapnel from explosive blasts. (neurocc.com)
- Explosive ocular injuries at work place are commonly reported worldwide with an adverse impact on the economic status of the family members. (biomedcentral.com)
- Since most of the explosive injuries cause multiple structural damage of the eye, there is no consensus regarding the timing and method of management. (biomedcentral.com)
Barotrauma3
- Intestinal barotrauma is more common with underwater than air blast injuries. (medscape.com)
- Barotrauma is an injury caused by a difference in pressure between a gas inside, in contact with, or outside the body and the pressure of the surrounding gas or fluid. (medscape.com)
- This article is overview of the various types of barotrauma, such as decompression sickness, altitude sickness, medically induced barotrauma, primary blast injury, and self-inflicted barotrauma. (medscape.com)
Penetrating trauma2
- These injuries may affect any part of the body and sometimes result in penetrating trauma with visible bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
- Tertiary injuries may present as some combination of blunt and penetrating trauma, including bone fractures and coup contre-coup injuries. (wikipedia.org)
Neurotrauma5
- The research team created a blast neurotrauma mouse model that controlled head motion during blast exposure. (sciencedaily.com)
- The keynote speeches, sessions and panel debates will be covering topics such as civilian blast, paediatric blast, blast neurotrauma, musculoskeletal injury, and rehabilitation after blast injuries. (blastinjury.org.uk)
- Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of indirect neurotrauma caused by lung blast injury. (ac.rs)
- TY - CONF AU - Stojanov, Marina AU - Kotur, Jelena AU - Černak, Ibolja PY - 2001 UR - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/286 PB - Amer Assoc Clinical Chemistry, Washington C3 - Clinical Chemistry T1 - Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of indirect neurotrauma caused by lung blast injury. (ac.rs)
- conference{ author = "Stojanov, Marina and Kotur, Jelena and Černak, Ibolja", year = "2001", publisher = "Amer Assoc Clinical Chemistry, Washington", journal = "Clinical Chemistry", title = "Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of indirect neurotrauma caused by lung blast injury. (ac.rs)
Explosions5
- Blast injuries result from explosions that have the capability to cause multisystem, life-threatening injuries in single or multiple victims simultaneously. (medscape.com)
- Explosions can produce classic injury patterns from blunt and penetrating mechanisms to several organ systems, but they can also result in unique injury patterns to specific organs, including the lungs and the central nervous system. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] An analysis of data from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Databank (NTDB) found that the majority of blast injuries (56%) resulted from fireworks, gas, or pressurized container explosions. (medscape.com)
- The study is believed to be the first to show widespread axonal damage in the brain from mild blast explosions and was designed specifically to investigate the ill effects on the body of the primary blast, of extremely fast-moving, high-pressure air, researchers say. (scienceblog.com)
- In many parts of the world, civilians and peacekeepers are exposed to potentially serious injury from blasts and explosions. (uwaterloo.ca)
Waves6
- Primary injuries are caused by blast overpressure waves, or shock waves. (wikipedia.org)
- He also showed that the experimentally produced blast waves were similar -- in amplitude and duration -- to military exposures. (sciencedaily.com)
- Koliatsos emphasizes that these results do not undermine the need to wear a helmet to shield their head from flying shrapnel and other bomb debris and protect them from secondary blast waves, some of which are strong enough to throw bodies more than 100 feet. (scienceblog.com)
- An explosion causes a sudden release of energy, which forms what are called blast waves. (rsna.org)
- As blast pressure waves primarily exert force at the air-tissue interfaces within the body, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and auditory systems are at the highest risk for injury. (rsna.org)
- Modern combat helmets, like the one worn by this Marine, offer protection from both projectiles and blast waves. (health.mil)
Quaternary injuries2
- Quaternary injuries, or other miscellaneous named injuries, are all other injuries not included in the first three classes. (wikipedia.org)
- and quaternary injuries, by all other forces. (medscape.com)
Explosives4
- Blast injuries occur with the detonation of high-order explosives as well as the deflagration of low order explosives. (wikipedia.org)
- Some explosives, such as nail bombs, are deliberately designed to increase the likelihood of secondary injuries. (wikipedia.org)
- Primary blast injury is organ and tissue damage caused solely by the blast wave associated with high-order explosives. (medscape.com)
- He said law enforcement agencies (LEAs) were on the lookout for the suspect who left the explosives-laden car at the blast spot and disappeared. (dawn.com)
Lung injury1
- The developed fabric and foam material models were then utilized in conjunction with a detailed torso model for the estimation of lung injury resulting from air blast. (uwaterloo.ca)
Blunt2
- Children have unique thoracic anatomical and physiological characteristics, often necessitating diagnostic and management considerations that differ from management of blunt chest injury in adults. (bvsalud.org)
- This review discusses diagnostic and treatment modalities for commonly encountered injuries in pediatric blunt thoracic trauma, such as pulmonary contusions, rib fractures, pneumothoraces, and hemothoraces. (bvsalud.org)
Concussion4
- For injuries in the civilian populace the mechanical factors are often grouped into either the or causes 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycine that produce the different mixture of clinical injuries ranging from concussion to skull fracture contusions and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). (sciencepop.org)
- A concussion is a light kind of stressful brain injury (TBI) brought on by a strike to the head or body. (healthandbalancewellness.com)
- the rate of underreporting of concussion among high school athletes was 55 percent One of the most reasons the professional athletes offered for not reporting feasible traumas consisted of that they really did not believe the injury was severe adequate to look for clinical interest, they really did not wish to shed playing time and also they really did not wish to allow their colleagues down. (healthandbalancewellness.com)
- The high rate of TBI and blast-related concussion events resulting from current combat operations directly impacts the health and safety of individual service members and subsequently the level of unit readiness and troop retention. (health.mil)
Shrapnel3
- The secondary injury phase results from shrapnel penetration into the head. (sciencepop.org)
- in short main bTBI is usually from your shockwave secondary bTBI is usually from shrapnel tertiary bTBI is usually from your 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycine blast wind and quaternary covers the remaining mitigating factors. (sciencepop.org)
- The subsequent tempest of trash and shrapnel from broken glass windows and building exteriors was the principal wellspring of injury to most patients, composed Ramzi M. Alameddine. (powdersvillepost.com)
Tertiary injury2
- Children are at particularly high risk of tertiary injury due to their relatively smaller body weight. (wikipedia.org)
- The tertiary injury phase results from head contact/acceleration causes as the body is usually moved by the "blast wind" (a forced super-heated air flow). (sciencepop.org)
Prevention2
- The Centers for Disease Control 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycine and Prevention (CDC) defines blast injury in four phases. (sciencepop.org)
- The FY21 Report to the Executive Agent for Medical Research for the Prevention, Mitigation, and Treatment of Blast Injuries is now available for download. (health.mil)
Brain injury2
- As a co-author of the paper, Moss contributed to the sections describing the blast characteristics and the discussion leading to the conclusion that blast-induced head motion was the predominant brain injury mechanism. (sciencedaily.com)
- This reduces the likelihood of someone enduring multiple blasts and suffering more serious brain injury. (neurocc.com)
Extremity injuries1
- The team will initially focus on addressing the lack of prosthetics for musculoskeletal and extremity injuries in Ukraine, where four children per day are injured or killed and where mines and unexploded ordnance threaten the lives and limbs of over two million children. (hippocraticpost.com)
Lungs5
- The lungs, bowel, and middle ear are most susceptible to primary blast injuries (PBIs). (medscape.com)
- In unshielded mice, researchers found that the lungs were the chest organ most likely to be marred by a blast wave, but the absence of any respiratory injury did not mean the brain was safeguarded, with brain injuries evident in both lung-damaged and lung-undamaged mice. (scienceblog.com)
- After a blast, children tend to suffer more internal damage than adults, as their underdeveloped skulls and muscles offer less protection to the brain, lungs, and organs. (hippocraticpost.com)
- While reviewing non-combat and war- zone CT scans of soldiers who had suffered a blast injury to the lungs, John P. Lichtenberger, MD, and colleagues at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center noted an interesting pattern: In addition to their blast-related injuries, many soldiers also showed signs of pulmonary hypertension. (rsna.org)
- Dr. Lichtenberger said this is the first study to describe this possible association between a blast injury to the lungs and pulmonary hypertension. (rsna.org)
IEDs1
- The study showed that the brain injuries observed in mice exposed to blasts -- equivalent to battlefield exposures -- are identical to the brain injuries suffered by soldiers from military blasts, such as IEDs, when the heads were allowed to move. (sciencedaily.com)
Occur3
- Injuries can occur at any point during the cleaning process. (machineryaccident.com)
- It is estimated from the National Eye Trauma System Registry that 2.4 million eye injuries occur annually in the United States, about one-quarter of serious injuries emerge at the workplace. (biomedcentral.com)
- During rapid ascent, incidents of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as well as sinus squeeze and inner ear injuries can occur. (medscape.com)
Damage9
- Blast lung refers to severe pulmonary contusion, bleeding or swelling with damage to alveoli and blood vessels, or a combination of these. (wikipedia.org)
- The results showed that the brain damage in blast-exposed veterans is similar to the brain injuries observed in football players who have sustained repetitive concussive head injuries. (sciencedaily.com)
- Moss and other members of the research team believe that once a person has undergone a blast exposure, it may still be possible some day to stem some of the effects of the brain damage in the days and weeks after such an explosion. (sciencedaily.com)
- Because the brain injuries don't appear immediately upon exposure -- and take time to develop -- this suggests there may be a way to medically intervene with drugs or other therapies that could inhibit or prevent the damage from occurring," Moss said. (sciencedaily.com)
- Indeed, the axonal damage observed from mild blast injuries was similar to that seen in many motor vehicle accidents, Koliatsos says, with blast damage possibly due to impulse stress on the brain coming from inside the body, whereas a typical car crash involves impulses coming from outside the body. (scienceblog.com)
- The quaternary injury phase incorporates any damage not protected in the various other three phases such as for example a number of the extracranial accidents or "polytrauma" including hemorrhagic surprise and chemical substance or thermal burn off accidents (Lew 2005 Scott et al. (sciencepop.org)
- Injuries to the eyes can cause permanent damage, including loss of vision. (machineryaccident.com)
- When you damage a leg or disjoint a shoulder, proof of your injury is evident. (healthandbalancewellness.com)
- The supersonic blast wave in primary blast injury compresses gas-filled spaces, which then rapidly reexpand, causing shearing and tearing forces that can damage tissue and perforate organs. (msdmanuals.com)
Burn injuries1
- Conventional warfare : ballistic, blast, and burn injuries / specialty editors: Ronald F. Bellamy, Russ Zajtchuk. (who.int)
Children's1
- Professor Bull said: "Children's needs after blast injury are very different from those of adults. (hippocraticpost.com)
Clinical5
- A total of 1972 US military personnel who sustained a blast-related injury during military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan were identified from clinical records. (biomedcentral.com)
- Determining Blast Injury No one model can mimic the clinical and mechanical complexity resulting 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycine from a bTBI. (sciencepop.org)
- The Centre brings together medics, engineers, pain specialists, operational humanitarians and prosthetics and rehabilitation experts who are already driving new research and innovations to meet the clinical needs of children with blast injuries. (hippocraticpost.com)
- Building on previous work by Imperial Blast Research Group, the aims of the Centre can be summarised as 1) improving the mitigation of injury through addressing specific clinical areas, and 2) increasing lifelong health and quality of life after blast injury by developing and advancing treatment, rehabilitation and recovery. (imperial.ac.uk)
- With her focus on long-term neurological, behavioural and multi-organ functional deficits, she works for the advancement of clinical knowledge on blast-induced injuries in military and veteran populations. (medizzy.com)
Overpressure2
- Injury from blast overpressure is a pressure and time dependent function. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the latest experimental results, the extent and types of primary blast-induced injuries depend not only on the peak of the overpressure, but also other parameters such as number of overpressure peaks, time-lag between overpressure peaks, characteristics of the shear fronts between overpressure peaks, frequency resonance, and electromagnetic pulse, among others. (wikipedia.org)
Burns4
- These include flash burns, crush injuries, and respiratory injuries. (wikipedia.org)
- TBI, Burns and Blast: Is PTSD all about the Blast? (rand.org)
- The most common injuries are Burns, Injuries to the Eyes and Ears, and Injuries to the Hands. (machineryaccident.com)
- Physical trauma includes fractures, respiratory compromise, injuries to soft tissue and internal organs, internal and external blood loss with shock, burns, and sensory impairment, especially of hearing and sight. (msdmanuals.com)
Soldiers7
- The researchers also compared brain tissue samples from four soldiers with known blast exposure and/or concussive injury with brain tissue samples from three amateur American football players and a professional wrestler with histories of repetitive concussive injuries. (sciencedaily.com)
- Stronger and tougher body armor to shield the chest, abdomen and back may be just what soldiers fighting in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars need to better protect their brains from mild injuries tied to so-called "shell shock," results of a Johns Hopkins study in mice suggest. (scienceblog.com)
- For soldiers deployed in combat missions, blast injuries are an unfortunate, but all-too-common, cause of injury and death. (rsna.org)
- What if I am at the spot where and when soldiers are injured by a blast? (medizzy.com)
- Before this step, injured soldiers sought medical help only when there were visible injuries with clearly manifesting symptoms. (medizzy.com)
- Modern helmets are designed and tested to meet consistent standards to protect soldiers from concussions and other injuries. (health.mil)
- Four other soldiers, including an officer, of the army team lost their lives with injuries," the statement said. (cleverread.in)
Wounds4
- Advances in combat casualty care, medical transport, and personal protective equipment led to a greater survivability from wounds, and the US Military Health System subsequently faced a growing number of service members and veterans with injury-related sequelae [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Presently, 1 year after the impact - one of the biggest non-nuclear blasts ever - ophthalmologists are portraying the kind of eye wounds they experienced as the result of the blast. (powdersvillepost.com)
- Ophthalmic injury drops out of some emergency apparatuses, with patients with disengaged eye wounds being delegated the strolling injured, they compose. (powdersvillepost.com)
- All around built visual injury frameworks can run both ways to serve all, they compose, with less extreme wounds being sent down the echelon to properly fit more modest units when higher-request offices themselves got overpowered. (powdersvillepost.com)
Explosion8
- A blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion. (wikipedia.org)
- These injuries are compounded when the explosion occurs in a confined space. (wikipedia.org)
- Secondary injuries are ballistic trauma caused by impacts of flying shrapnels and other objects propelled by the explosion. (wikipedia.org)
- Displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. (wikipedia.org)
- Triton Systems, Inc. proposes to develop a piezo-textile that can capture underwater explosion pressure wave patterns to ultimately establish and monitor for injury risk severity. (sbir.gov)
- Javed, who runs a business in a market near the blast site, said he was dealing with some clients when he heard a deafening explosion. (dawn.com)
- BLAST uses coin-sized sensors that are tough enough to survive an explosion, can be worn on helmets and body armor and are able to record blast pressure. (neurocc.com)
- Srinagar, Feb 13: Expressing grave concern over the serious injuries caused to 28 students in a school at Pulwama district in a mysterious explosion, Hurriyat (M) Chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq on Wednesday strongly condemned the incident and said that such incidents have taken place in the past as well in various places across Kashmir killing and seriously injuring children. (thekashmirmonitor.net)
Shock1
- In a report to be published in the May edition of the Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology , Koliatsos and his team used a metal shock tube specially designed at Hopkins' Applied Physics Laboratory to isolate the effects of an explosion's primary blast wave on mice. (scienceblog.com)
Thresholds1
- To fight this invisible, insidious adversary, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) is sponsoring the development of a portable, three-part system that can measure blast pressure, establish injury thresholds for the brain and analyze potential TBI symptoms. (neurocc.com)
Secondary injuries1
- Most casualties are caused by secondary injuries as shrapnels generally affect a larger area than the primary blast area, because as debris can easily be propelled for hundreds or even thousands of meters. (wikipedia.org)
Primary blast injuries1
- There is general agreement that spalling, implosion, inertia, and pressure differentials are the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of primary blast injuries. (wikipedia.org)
Circumstances2
- Let's go and see the circumstances of the injury and understand better. (medizzy.com)
- The idea of practically experiencing the circumstances of blasts in the war gave her exclusive insight into the situation. (medizzy.com)
Children in conflict1
- The harrowing impact of blast injuries on children in conflict zones is a powerful illustration of why this matters. (hippocraticpost.com)
Civilian2
- Injury from blast is significant in both military and civilian environments. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The Centre is comprised of the unique multidisciplinary collaborations of military medical officers and civilian engineers and scientists from around the world, all of whom are dedicated to investigating the difficult research issues surrounding blast injury. (imperial.ac.uk)
Concussions2
- Modern helmet designers optimize protection using test standards and methods measuring the probability of neck injuries, concussions, and other injuries for specific conditions like ejection, said Benjamin Steinhauer, an engineer for the Air Force Research Laboratory's 711th Human Performance Wing. (health.mil)
- It used to be, if you were able to play through them (brain injuries or concussions), you played through them. (health.mil)
Iraq and Afghanistan1
- Blast injury emerged as a primary source of morbidity among US military personnel during the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, and led to an array of adverse health outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Severe2
- Total body disruption is the most severe and invariably fatal primary injury. (wikipedia.org)
- 10 measures for treating war injury are Outcome of wound treatment similar to those for any severe injury [2]. (who.int)
Commonly2
- Initially, 1-D finite element and mathematical models were developed to investigate a variety of soft materials commonly utilized in ballistic and blast protection. (uwaterloo.ca)
- However, when you have a blast, the immediate impact of your injury is not always obvious or very noticeable That's why a blast is commonly called an "unseen injury. (healthandbalancewellness.com)
Ballistic1
- Protection from Blast and Ballistic Threats: Take Cover! (cbrnecentral.com)
Organ1
- The mind is a really intricate and also impressive body organ, and also every blast is as special as a snow," states Dr. Schaller. (healthandbalancewellness.com)
Twitter1
- Micah Parsons responded to Scott on X (formerly Twitter), blasting the former Baltimore Raven and New York Jet for his callousness. (arcamax.com)
Effects of blast1
- Left untreated, we know that the long-term effects of blast injuries - both physical and psychological - will leave children facing a lifetime of suffering, and a whole generation lost and at risk of exclusion. (fdocuments.net)
Centers1
- The three-year-long study, believed to be the first and only research effort that has clearly identified an injury mechanism from the direct effects of blasts, involved 35 researchers from 14 university research centers, medical schools, hospitals or other centers. (sciencedaily.com)
Victims1
- The new Centre will bring together the best minds in this field to drive better treatment and care for child victims of blast injuries across the globe. (hippocraticpost.com)
Debris1
- The force of the air blasts can dislodge large amounts of dirt and debris from the surface, which can then be swept away by the machine's moving parts. (machineryaccident.com)
Casualties1
- In the blast periphery (walking-wounded zone), most casualties will have non-life-threatening injuries and psychologic trauma, no rescue is required, and basic support and self-help are needed. (msdmanuals.com)
Thrombosis1
- Dr. Lichtenberger and colleagues conducted a study to determine the incidence of main pulmonary artery (MPA) dilation (which correlates with pulmonary hypertension) in blast injury patients with and without pulmonary artery occlusion from emboli or thrombosis. (rsna.org)
Result of the blast1
- More than 300,000 people have been left homeless as a result of the blast, of which 6000 are living in schools, and the rest living with family and friends in the community. (who.int)
History of blast2
- In addition, they compared the brain tissue samples to those from a control group of four young men without a history of blast exposure, concussive injury or neurological disease. (sciencedaily.com)
- A 45-year-old male patient admitted on 17th October 2011 with history of blast eye injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Occurs1
- However the bulk of bTBI occurs in the first three phases: the primary injury phase is usually comprised of the response of brain tissue to the blast wave (an intense overpressurization impulse component of the blast). (sciencepop.org)
Neurological effects1
- However, when the head motions were restrained, there were no brain injuries or other neurological effects in the mice. (sciencedaily.com)
Conflict1
- One of the Paediatric Blast Injury Partnership's most valuable resources to date is the Paediatric Blast Injury Field Manual, which gives medical staff in conflict settings, who often have to operate with little or no previous experience or training, the knowledge and technical guidance needed to treat children from the point of injury onwards. (fdocuments.net)
Beirut1
- Six hospitals in Beirut were affected by the blast and rendered either non- functional or partially functional. (who.int)
Experimentally1
- The ability for material configurations to amplify blast pressure and injury has been shown experimentally by other researches, and numerically in this study. (uwaterloo.ca)