Meige Syndrome
Hemifacial Spasm
Eyelid Diseases
Dystonia
Blinking
Facial Muscles
Neuromuscular Agents
Botulinum Toxins, Type A
Dystonic Disorders
Spasm
Botulinum Toxins
Photophobia
Facial Nerve
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
Oculomotor Muscles
Unconsciousness
Tic Disorders
Torticollis
Insanity Defense
Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia? (1/78)
Thirty-nine patients with the idiopathic blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome are described. All presented in adult life, usually in the sixth decade; women were more commonly affected than men. Thirteen had blepharospasm alone, nine had oromandibular dystonia alone, and 17 had both. Torticollis or dystonic writer's camp preceded the syndrome in two patients. Eight other patients developed toritocollis, dystonic posturing of the arms, or involvement of respiratory muscles. No cause or hereditary basis for the illness were discovered. The evidence to indicate that this syndrome is due to an abnormality of extrapyramidal function, and that it is another example of adult-onset focal dystonia akin to spasmodic torticollis and dystonic writer's cramp, is discussed. (+info)Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: objective response evaluation. (2/78)
Twenty seven patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and sixteen patients with blepharospasm (BS) having mean Jankovic disability rating scale score of 2.56+0.58 SD and 2.81+0.54 SD, respectively, were treated with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections. The total number of injection sessions were ninety one with relief response in 98.91%. The mean improvement in function scale score was 3.78+0.64 SD and 3.29+1.07 SD respectively, in HFS and BS groups. The clinical benefit induced by botulinum toxin lasted for a mean of 4.46+3.11 SD (range 2 to 13) months in HFS group and 2.66+1.37 SD (range 1 to 6) months, in BS groups. Transient ptosis was seen in 4.39% of total ninety one injection sessions. These findings show that local botulinum toxin treatment provides effective, safe and long lasting relief of spasms. (+info)Risk factors for spread of primary adult onset blepharospasm: a multicentre investigation of the Italian movement disorders study group. (3/78)
OBJECTIVES: Little is known about factors influencing the spread of blepharospasm to other body parts. An investigation was carried out to deterrmine whether demographic features (sex, age at blepharospasm onset), putative risk, or protective factors for blepharospasm (family history of dystonia or tremor, previous head or face trauma with loss of consciousness, ocular diseases, and cigarette smoking), age related diseases (diabetes, hypertension), edentulousness, and neck or trunk trauma preceding the onset of blepharospasm could distinguish patients with blepharospasm who had spread of dystonia from those who did not. METHODS: 159 outpatients presenting initially with blepharospasm were selected in 16 Italian Institutions. There were 104 patients with focal blepharospasm (mean duration of disease 5.3 (SD 1.9) years) and 55 patients in whom segmental or multifocal dystonia developed (mainly in the cranial cervical area) 1.5 (1.2) years after the onset of blepharospasm. Information was obtained from a standardised questionnaire administered by medical interviewers. A Cox regression model was used to examine the relation between the investigated variables and spread. RESULTS: Previous head or face trauma with loss of consciousness, age at the onset of blepharospasm, and female sex were independently associated with an increased risk of spread. A significant association was not found between spread of dystonia and previous ocular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, neck or trunk trauma, edentulousness, cigarette smoking, and family history of dystonia or tremor. An unsatisfactory study power negatively influenced the validity and accuracy of the negative findings relative to diabetes, neck or trunk trauma, and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this exploratory study confirm that patients presenting initially with blepharospasm are most likely to experience some spread of dystonia within a few years of the onset of blepharospasm and suggest that head or face trauma with loss of consciousness preceding the onset, age at onset, and female sex may be relevant to spread. The suggested association between edentulousness and cranial cervical dystonia may be apparent because of the confounding effect of both age at onset and head or face trauma with loss of consciousness. The lack of influence of family history of dystonia on spread is consistent with previous findings indicating that the inheritance pattern is the same for focal and segmental blepharospasm. (+info)The effect of apomorphine on blink kinematics in subhuman primates with and without facial nerve palsy. (4/78)
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to document the effect of acutely delivered apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist with both D1 and D2 properties, on blink rate and the amplitude-velocity characteristics of eyelid kinematics in a group of nonhuman primates. METHODS: Three cynomolgus and two rhesus macaques underwent baseline recordings for eyelid kinematics, using the Robinson search coil technique. Next, each animal received a 0.15-mg/kg subcutaneous injection of apomorphine. Recordings were taken at 45 and 90 minutes, respectively, after injection. Blink rates per minute were obtained, and main sequence relationships were calculated for every animal. The data were pooled for each eyelid, excluding one monkey who was affected by facial nerve palsy and was analyzed separately. RESULTS: Monkeys with normal facial musculature and normal baseline blink rates showed consistently longer, faster blinks after apomorphine. The main sequence relationship, although tending to be lower, was not statistically different from baseline. One monkey, with prior facial nerve palsy and a very steep amplitude versus peak velocity relationship, showed normalization of the main sequence slope after apomorphine at both 45 and 90 minutes after injection. CONCLUSIONS: Apomorphine consistently lowers blink rate and changed blink metrics in normal monkeys and, more dramatically, in a monkey with facial nerve palsy. These findings add credence to models in which dopamine deficiency plays a role in the modulation of blink kinematics. (+info)Botulinum toxin A treatment in patients suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye. (5/78)
BACKGROUND: Many patients with essential blepharospasm also show dry eye signs and symptoms. Botulinum toxin A is an effective treatment for reducing spasms in these patients. In this investigation, the effect of botulinum toxin A injections on tear function and on the morphology of the ocular surface in patients suffering from blepharospasm in combination with a dry eye syndrome was investigated. METHODS: Botulinum toxin A injections were applied to 16 patients with blepharospasm. All patients complained of dry eye symptoms and had reduced tear break up time values. A subjective questionnaire and ocular examinations including tear break up time, Schirmer test without local anaesthesia, and rose bengal staining were evaluated before, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after injection. Impression cytology was performed before, 1 month, and 3 months after botulinum toxin A treatment. RESULTS: Although all patients were relieved of blepharospasm after botulinum toxin injections, only three noticed an improvement in dry eye symptoms. Eight patients noticed no difference and five complained of worsening. Tear break up time was found to be increased 1 week and 1 month after injections. Schirmer test measurements were reduced up to 3 months. Rose bengal staining slightly increased 1 week after injections. Impression cytology showed no definite change in conjunctival cell morphology 1 month and 3 months after botulinum toxin A injections. CONCLUSION: In the patients presented here suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye, botulinum toxin A injections were effective in relieving blepharospasm but were not successful in treating dry eye syndrome. (+info)Botulinum toxin therapy: distant effects on neuromuscular transmission and autonomic nervous system. (6/78)
To evaluate distant effects of botulinum toxin, single fibre electromyography on the extensor digitorum communis muscle and six tests of cardiovascular reflexes were performed in five patients injected with BoTox (Oculinum(R) 20-130 units) for craniocervical dystonia and hemifacial spasm. Patients underwent two sessions of treatment and the second time the dosage was doubled. Botulinum toxin injection induced an increase of mean jitter value above normal limits in all cases. An increase of fibre density was recorded six weeks after the treatment. Cardiovascular reflexes showed mild abnormalities in four patients. The data confirm distant effects of botulinum toxin on neuromuscular transmission and on autonomic function. (+info)Treatment of blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and strabismus with botulinum a toxin. (7/78)
Thirty patients with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, strabismus and entropion were treated with botulinum A toxin giving satisfactory results. Rapid spasm relief, correction of strabismus and entropion were obtained. Only mild, transient and local side-effects occurred. The patients were followed up for 4-12 weeks with no recurrence. The clinical results show that local injection of a minute dose of botulinum A toxin in treating blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, strabismus and entropion is a safe, effective and simple method of nonsurgical therapy. (+info)Coexistent blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: overlapping pathophysiologic mechanism? (8/78)
BACKGROUND/AIM: Blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) appear to be distinct disorders. Clinical characteristics of coexistent BEB and HFS have not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical, and imaging features of coexistent BEB among a cohort of HFS patients and controls. RESULTS: Among 665 study subjects, nine (5.5%) of the 164 consecutive HFS patients had coexistent BEB, significantly higher than age and gender matched controls (0/501, 0%) without neurological diseases (p<0.0001). The mean age of the nine patients was 61.4 (SD 9.9) (range 51-72), consisting of 88.9% women, and 66.7% had left sided HFS, similar to HFS patients without BEB. Six (66.7%) reported BEB symptoms at a mean of 0.8 years after HFS onset, one before, and onset was undetermined in two patients. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed neurovascular compression of the ipsilateral side of HFS, without any basal ganglia lesions. CONCLUSIONS: BEB occurred more frequently in HFS patients, suggesting changes in the brainstem blink reflex circuitry could play a modulatory role in certain at-risk individuals resulting in the coexistence of these movement disorders. (+info)Blepharospasm is a medical condition characterized by involuntary spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyelids. These spasms can cause frequent blinkings, eye closure, and even difficulty in keeping the eyes open. In some cases, the spasms may be severe enough to interfere with vision, daily activities, and quality of life.
The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that controls movement. It can occur as an isolated condition (known as essential blepharospasm) or as a symptom of other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
Treatment options for blepharospasm may include medication, botulinum toxin injections, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of the spasms, improve symptoms, and enhance the patient's quality of life.
Meige Syndrome, also known as Brueghel's syndrome or Hemifacial spasm-blepharospasm syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the simultaneous contraction of muscles in the face, neck, and sometimes other parts of the body. It is a form of dystonia, which is a movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures.
Meige Syndrome is typically divided into two types:
1. Ocular Meige Syndrome: This type primarily affects the muscles around the eyes, causing involuntary spasms, blinks, and eyelid closure.
2. Cranio-cervical Dystonia or Brueghel's syndrome: This type involves both the cranial (head) and cervical (neck) regions, leading to abnormal head postures, neck pain, and involuntary movements of the facial muscles.
The exact cause of Meige Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal functioning in the basal ganglia, a part of the brain responsible for controlling movement. In some cases, it may be associated with structural lesions or vascular abnormalities in the brain.
Treatment options for Meige Syndrome include medications such as botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which help to relax the overactive muscles and reduce spasms. In severe cases, surgical interventions may be considered.
Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular contractions or twitching of the muscles on one side of the face. These spasms typically begin around the eye and may progress to involve the muscles of the lower face, including those around the mouth.
The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on or irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) as it exits the brainstem, often due to a blood vessel or tumor. This pressure can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the facial nerve, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions.
In some cases, hemifacial spasm may be associated with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medications to help relax the muscles, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections to paralyze the affected muscles temporarily, and, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.
Eyelid diseases refer to a variety of medical conditions that affect the function and/or appearance of the eyelids. These can include structural abnormalities, such as entropion (inward turning of the eyelid) or ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), as well as functional issues like ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other common eyelid diseases include blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), and cancerous or benign growths on the eyelid. Symptoms of eyelid diseases can vary widely, but often include redness, swelling, pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific diagnosis and may range from self-care measures and medications to surgical intervention.
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, leading to repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can be painful and may affect one part of the body (focal dystonia) or multiple parts (generalized dystonia). The exact cause of dystonia varies, with some cases being inherited and others resulting from damage to the brain. Treatment options include medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation surgery.
Blinking is the rapid and repetitive closing and reopening of the eyelids. It is a normal physiological process that helps to keep the eyes moist, protected and comfortable by spreading tears over the surface of the eye and removing any foreign particles or irritants that may have accumulated on the eyelid or the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids).
Blinking is controlled by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which sends signals to the muscles that control the movement of the eyelids. On average, people blink about 15-20 times per minute, but this rate can vary depending on factors such as mood, level of attention, and visual tasks. For example, people tend to blink less frequently when they are concentrating on a visual task or looking at a screen, which can lead to dry eye symptoms.
Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:
1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.
These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.
Neuromuscular agents are drugs or substances that affect the function of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. These agents can either enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals across the neuromuscular junction, leading to a variety of effects on muscle tone and activity.
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a type of neuromuscular agent that is commonly used in anesthesia and critical care settings to induce paralysis during intubation or mechanical ventilation. NMBAs can be classified into two main categories: depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents.
Depolarizing NMBAs, such as succinylcholine, work by activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle contraction followed by paralysis. Non-depolarizing NMBAs, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, block the activation of these receptors, preventing muscle contraction and leading to paralysis.
Other types of neuromuscular agents include cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and can be used to reverse the effects of NMBAs, and botulinum toxin, which is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and is used in the treatment of various neurological disorders.
Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.
Dystonic disorders are a group of neurological conditions characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that result in involuntary, repetitive, and often twisting movements and abnormal postures. These movements can affect any part of the body, including the face, neck, limbs, and trunk. Dystonic disorders can be primary, meaning they are caused by genetic mutations or idiopathic causes, or secondary, resulting from brain injury, infection, or other underlying medical conditions.
The most common form of dystonia is cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), which affects the muscles of the neck and results in abnormal head positioning. Other forms of dystonia include blepharospasm (involuntary eyelid spasms), oromandibular dystonia (affecting the muscles of the jaw, face, and tongue), and generalized dystonia (affecting multiple parts of the body).
Dystonic disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing pain, discomfort, and social isolation. Treatment options include oral medications, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation surgery in severe cases.
A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.
Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.
In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.
It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.
Eyelids are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the front surface (cornea) of the eye when closed. They are composed of several layers, including the skin, muscle, connective tissue, and a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva. The upper and lower eyelids meet at the outer corner of the eye (lateral canthus) and the inner corner of the eye (medial canthus).
The main function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from foreign particles, light, and trauma. They also help to distribute tears evenly over the surface of the eye through blinking, which helps to keep the eye moist and healthy. Additionally, the eyelids play a role in facial expressions and non-verbal communication.
Photophobia is a condition characterized by an abnormal sensitivity to light. It's not a fear of light, despite the name suggesting otherwise. Instead, it refers to the discomfort or pain felt in the eyes due to exposure to light, often leading to a strong desire to avoid light. This can include both natural and artificial light sources.
The severity of photophobia can vary greatly among individuals. Some people may only experience mild discomfort in bright light conditions, while others may find even moderate levels of light intolerable. It can be a symptom of various underlying health issues, including eye diseases or disorders like uveitis, keratitis, corneal abrasions, or optic neuritis, as well as systemic conditions such as migraines, meningitis, or certain medications that increase light sensitivity.
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.
The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:
1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.
Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.
Anti-dyskinetic agents are a class of medications that are used to treat or manage dyskinesias, which are involuntary movements or abnormal muscle contractions. These medications work by blocking or reducing the activity of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in movement control.
Dyskinetic symptoms can occur as a side effect of long-term use of levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Anti-dyskinetic agents such as amantadine, anticholinergics, and dopamine agonists may be used to manage these symptoms.
Amantadine works by increasing the release of dopamine and blocking its reuptake, which can help reduce dyskinesias. Anticholinergic medications such as trihexyphenidyl and benztropine work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter that can contribute to dyskinesias. Dopamine agonists such as pramipexole and ropinirole mimic the effects of dopamine in the brain and can help reduce dyskinesias by reducing the dose of levodopa required for symptom control.
It is important to note that anti-dyskinetic agents may have side effects, and their use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare provider.
Facial injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the face, which may include the bones of the skull that form the face, teeth, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, and skin. Facial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and disfigurement. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as accidents, falls, sports-related injuries, physical assaults, or animal attacks.
Facial injuries can affect one or more areas of the face, including the forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, ears, mouth, and jaw. Common types of facial injuries include lacerations (cuts), contusions (bruises), abrasions (scrapes), fractures (broken bones), and burns.
Facial injuries can have significant psychological and emotional impacts on individuals, in addition to physical effects. Treatment for facial injuries may involve simple first aid, suturing of wounds, splinting or wiring of broken bones, reconstructive surgery, or other medical interventions. It is essential to seek prompt medical attention for any facial injury to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.
The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:
1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.
These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.
Unconsciousness is a state of complete awareness where a person is not responsive to stimuli and cannot be awakened. It is often caused by severe trauma, illness, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. In medical terms, it is defined as a lack of response to verbal commands, pain, or other stimuli, indicating that the person's brain is not functioning at a level necessary to maintain wakefulness and awareness.
Unconsciousness can be described as having different levels, ranging from drowsiness to deep coma. The causes of unconsciousness can vary widely, including head injury, seizure, stroke, infection, drug overdose, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Depending on the cause and severity, unconsciousness may last for a few seconds or continue for an extended period, requiring medical intervention and treatment.
Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.
There are several different types of tic disorders, including:
1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.
Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.
Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a condition where the neck muscles contract and cause the head to turn to one side. There are different types of torticollis including congenital (present at birth), acquired (develops after birth), and spasmodic (neurological).
Congenital torticollis can be caused by a tight or shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck, which can occur due to positioning in the womb or abnormal blood vessels in the muscle. Acquired torticollis can result from injury, infection, or tumors in the neck. Spasmodic torticollis is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the neck muscles and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, environmental toxins, or head trauma.
Symptoms of torticollis may include difficulty turning the head, tilting the chin upwards or downwards, pain or discomfort in the neck, and a limited range of motion. Treatment for torticollis depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, stretching exercises, medication, or surgery.
An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).
Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.
Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.
The Insanity Defense is a legal concept, rather than a medical one, but it is based on psychological and psychiatric assessments of the defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime. It is used as a criminal defense in which the defendant claims that they should not be held criminally responsible for their actions due to mental illness or disorder that prevented them from understanding the nature and wrongfulness of their behavior.
The specific criteria for an insanity defense vary by jurisdiction, but generally, it requires evidence that the defendant had a severe mental illness or cognitive impairment that significantly affected their ability to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of their conduct or to conform their behavior to the requirements of the law. If successful, the insanity defense can result in an acquittal, hospitalization, or other dispositions that do not involve incarceration.
It's important to note that the insanity defense is not a determination of whether the defendant is "crazy" or "insane," but rather an assessment of their mental state at the time of the offense and its impact on their legal responsibility for their actions.
Blepharospasm
Mental disorders in fiction
Meige's syndrome
Methyldichloroarsine
Basal ganglia disease
Dystonia
CR gas
Photophobia
Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
Apraxia of lid opening
Cyanea annaskala
Avulsion injury
Clonazepam
Substance-induced psychosis
Capsaicin
Spasmodic torticollis
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome
Raman Malhotra
Myokymia
Torsion dystonia
Dopamine receptor D5
Eyelid
Botulinum toxin
Hyperkinesia
Crotoxin
Photinos Panas
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
TIMM8A
Queen Victoria Hospital
Phosgene oxime
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A Patients with Hemidystonia and Blepharospasm Following Tra | 45788
Blepharospasms and Hemifacial Spasms - Brian Biesman MD
National Association of Special Education Teachers: Issue # 13
Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia
Eyelid Disorders | MedlinePlus
Eyelid Conditions - Optometrists.org
Cause of blepharospasm3
- The cause of blepharospasm is multifactorial. (medscape.com)
- The cause of blepharospasm is thought to involve overstimulation of the blink reflex resulting from excessive glutamate stimulation. (addexpharma.com)
- Overall, the exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, and more research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms that contribute to its development. (icloudhospital.com)
Cases of blepharospasm3
- however, the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- It is estimated that there are at least 50,000 cases of blepharospasm in the United States, with up to 2000 new cases diagnosed annually. (medscape.com)
- However, most cases of blepharospasm occur sporadically without any known family history. (icloudhospital.com)
Development of blepharospasm3
- Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm. (wikipedia.org)
- It is thought that abnormalities in the central nervous system, particularly in the basal ganglia, which regulate muscle movement, may contribute to the development of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- It is thought that the basal ganglia, a group of structures located deep within the brain, may play a role in the development of blepharospasm. (icloudhospital.com)
Symptoms17
- In most cases, blepharospasm symptoms last for a few days and then disappear without treatment, but in some cases the twitching is chronic and persistent, causing life-long challenges. (wikipedia.org)
- A recent Cochrane systematic review showed that a single treatment session (where both eyelids were injected with BtA multiple times) alleviated the symptoms of blepharospasm, disability, and number of involuntary movements. (wikipedia.org)
- The effects on the severity and frequency of blepharospasm signs and symptoms using objective measures, clinical ratings and patient reported outcomes were also evaluated as secondary endpoints. (addexpharma.com)
- What are the Symptoms of Blepharospasm? (wellbeing.ie)
- Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Della Coletta MV. Frequency of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
- Symptoms of blepharospasm are uncontrolled blinking and closing of the eye. (msdmanuals.com)
- The diagnosis of blepharospasm relies on the ability of a qualified healthcare professional to recognize the symptoms and rule out other possibilities. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Symptoms of blepharospasm may begin with increased blinking, light sensitivity, a sensation of eye irritation or dry eyes, or a foreign body sensation. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Environmental factors: Certain environmental factors can trigger or worsen the symptoms of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- The diagnosis of blepharospasm is usually made by observation of symptoms by the doctor. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- Treatment for blepharospasm aims to reduce involuntary muscle contractions and alleviate symptoms. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- Sunglasses and environmental management techniques: Wearing sunglasses or using screens or filters to reduce environmental Exposure to bright light can help alleviate light-triggered symptoms of blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- The diagnosis of blepharospasm is based on a clinical evaluation and the exclusion of other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. (icloudhospital.com)
- Botulinum toxin injections are the most common and effective treatment for blepharospasm, as they help to reduce muscle spasms and improve symptoms. (icloudhospital.com)
- However, with appropriate treatment, most people with blepharospasm can manage their symptoms and lead productive lives. (icloudhospital.com)
- The symptoms of blepharospasm can be disruptive to daily activities such as driving, reading, or watching television, and may interfere with social interactions and employment. (icloudhospital.com)
- This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. (nih.gov)
Spasm11
- Little progress was made in the diagnosis or treatment of blepharospasm until the early 20th century, when Henry Meige (pronounced "mehzh"), a French neurologist, described a patient with eyelid and midface spasms, spasm facial median, a disorder now known as Meige syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Botox ® is a prescription medicine that is injected into muscles and used to treat abnormal spasm of the eyelids (Blepharospasm) in people 12 years and older. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Benign essential blepharospasm: risk factors with reference to hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
- Blepharospasm is a spasm of the muscles around the eye. (msdmanuals.com)
- Blepharospasm should not be confused with conditions such as ptosis, blepharitis, or hemifacial spasm. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are neurologic disorders in which the eyelid and facial muscles contract and squeeze involuntarily. (drbiesman.com)
- Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are separate and unrelated disorders. (drbiesman.com)
- There are no traditional medical treatments for blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
- Botox® and Xeomin® are typically effective in relieving spasms for three months in patients with blepharospasm and up to six months in patients with hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB) is a condition in which the eyelids spasm or blink abnormally. (lyfboat.com)
- Executive functioning in patients with blepharospasm in comparison with patients with hemifacial spasm. (bvsalud.org)
Eyelids7
- Blepharospasm is an involuntary contraction of one of the muscles that controls the eyelids, causing them to close. (wellbeing.ie)
- Blepharospasm causes involuntary contractions of the muscles of the eyelids. (ipsennordic.com)
- In the early stages of Blepharospasm, you may feel irritation and discomfort of the eyelids, as well as increased blinking. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- Individuals with blepharospasm have normal vision, but forced closure of the eyelids may interfere with sight. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Blepharospasm is a condition involving abnormal involuntary spasms of the eyelids. (laskyskincenter.com)
- Blepharospasm is a type of dystonia that affects the eyelids. (icloudhospital.com)
- Blepharospasm is a neurological condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause the eyelids to twitch, blink rapidly, or close involuntarily. (icloudhospital.com)
Effective treatment for blepharospasm1
- The most effective treatment for blepharospasm is regular botulinum neurotoxin injections to the affected muscles. (dystoniacanada.org)
Term blepharospasm1
- The term blepharospasm means is an uncontrolled, abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. (cafacialplastics.com)
Causes involuntary2
- Blepharospasm causes involuntary muscle contractions in the eyelid and brow muscles. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Blepharospasm is a movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the muscles responsible for controlling eye movement and eyelid function. (icloudhospital.com)
Include botulinum toxin1
- Blepharospasm treatment options include botulinum toxin injections, medications, and surgical procedures. (icloudhospital.com)
People with blepharospasm1
- Some people with blepharospasm have a history of dry eyes, light sensitivity, and even fatigue. (wikipedia.org)
Injections for blepharospasm2
- Dr Downs offers Botox® medical injections for Blepharospasm within a safe clinical environment in Exeter, Devon & Cornwall. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- Botulinum neurotoxin injections for blepharospasm typically include multiple injection sites applied around the eyes and brows. (dystoniacanada.org)
Benign5
- The benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia-a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary and sustained contractions of the muscles around the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
- Blepharospasm is sometimes part of benign fasciculation syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Botulinum toxin A is a safe, long-term treatment for patients with benign essential blepharospasm, but sustained treatment efficacy may require higher doses in later stages of the disease. (medscape.com)
- A novel mechanism for benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
- Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial characteristics of patients with benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
Focal5
- Blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia characterized by increased blinking and involuntary eyelid closure. (medscape.com)
- Fahn S. Blepharospasm: A focal dystonia. (medscape.com)
- Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Neurological dysfunction: Blepharospasm is considered a form of focal dystonia, which is a movement disorder characterized by contractions involuntary muscles. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- Blepharospasm (BSP) is a type of focal dystonia and a number of patients with BSP have relatives also affected by BSP. (bvsalud.org)
Characterized by involuntary3
- Blepharospasm is a form of dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions or spasms of the eyelid muscles which can result in sustained eyelid closure causing substantial visual disturbance or functional blindness. (addexpharma.com)
- Blepharospasm is characterized by involuntary spasms of the muscles around the eye, resulting in uncontrolled blinking, narrowing, and even closing of the eyelid. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- Blepharospasm is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary spasms of the muscles surrounding the eyes. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
Excessive2
- Excessive blinking and/or eye irritation usually signal the onset of blepharospasm. (wellbeing.ie)
- Treats excessive, abnormal contractions associated with blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
Contractions of the muscles1
- Blepharospasm is manifested by involuntary and repeated contractions of the muscles of the eyelid, which can lead to uncontrollable blinking and forced closing of the eyes. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
Photophobia2
- The photophobia associated with blepharospasm may be related to dry eyes and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
- In the presence of normal neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations, the most common conditions associated with photophobia are migraine, blepharospasm, and traumatic brain injury. (researchgate.net)
20221
- Geneva, Switzerland, May 27, 2022 - Addex Therapeutics Ltd (SIX: ADXN, Nasdaq: ADXN), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering allosteric modulation-based drug discovery and development, announced today that the outcome of a small Phase 2a feasibility study of dipraglurant in patients with blepharospasm was inconclusive and did not meet all of its objectives. (addexpharma.com)
Onset1
- The mean age of onset of blepharospasm is 56 years, and two thirds of patients are age 60 years or older. (medscape.com)
Muscle spasms1
- Oral medications: Certain oral medications may be prescribed to help reduce the muscle spasms associated with blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
Abnormal contraction1
- Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Ptosis1
- Morrison DA, Mellington FB, Hamada S. Schwartz-Jampel syndrome: surgical management of the myotonia-induced blepharospasm and acquired ptosis after failure with botulinum toxin A injections. (medscape.com)
Intermittent2
- At one end of the clinical spectrum, essential blepharospasm is manifested by simple increased blink rate and intermittent eyelid spasms, while at the other end of the spectrum, blepharospasm is a disabling condition with ocular pain and functional blindness. (medscape.com)
- Blepharospasm can affect one or both eyes and can be intermittent or constant. (icloudhospital.com)
BOTOX4
- How do Botox® injections help treat Blepharospasm? (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- To treat Blepharospasm, BOTOX ® injections help block signals from the nerves that tell the muscles that control the affected areas to contract. (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
- Indicated for blepharospasm in adults previously treated with onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox). (medscape.com)
- Botulinum toxin injections: Injections of botulinum toxin, such as botulinum toxin type A (eg, Botox ), are the most commonly used treatment for blepharospasm. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
Corneal1
- [ 11 , 12 ] Fayers et al have found a decrease in corneal sensitivity in patients with blepharospasm, implying an impairment in cortical processing of sensory input, with a resultant loss of blink reflex inhibition. (medscape.com)
Treatments2
- Some drugs can induce blepharospasm, such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease, as well as hormone treatments, including estrogen-replacement therapy for women going through menopause. (wikipedia.org)
- Our medical injection treatments for Blepharospasm are prescribed and administered by fully trained medical professionals in a safe and regulated healthcare environment at Exeter Medical , The Medical Eye Clinic (Exeter) or Duchy Hospital in Cornwall . (southwestdermatology.co.uk)
Xeomin2
- Xeomin® is a prescription medication used to effectively treat intramuscular conditions such as blepharospasm, or abnormal involuntary closing of the eyelid. (laskyskincenter.com)
- If you're interested in Xeomin® treatment for conditions like blepharospasm, please contact board-certified dermatologist, Dr. Mark G. Rubin , by calling (310) 556-0119 or reaching out online to schedule a consultation. (laskyskincenter.com)
Treatment1
- According to the FDA Label indications, botulinum toxin treatment for blepharospasm and chronic migraine headaches is limited to specific muscles. (cms.gov)
Disorders4
- Blepharospasm may result from drug exposure, brain injury, or disorders such as parkinsonian syndromes and Wilson's disease. (dystoniacanada.org)
- The type of doctor that is typically trained to diagnose and treat blepharospasm and other dystonias is a neurologist with special training in movement disorders, often called a movement disorder specialist. (dystoniacanada.org)
- People with a family history of dystonic disorders, such as blepharospasm, have an increased risk of developing the condition. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
- Blepharospasm has been associated with other medical conditions, including dry eye syndrome , thyroid disorders, and Parkinson's disease. (icloudhospital.com)
Occur4
- Blepharospasm may occur in association with dystonia of the face or jaw ( oromandibular dystonia ) in what is known as Meige's syndrome. (dystoniacanada.org)
- Blepharospasm can occur in isolation or as a part of more generalized dystonia. (icloudhospital.com)
- In some cases, blepharospasm may be inherited , but most cases occur sporadically without any known family history. (icloudhospital.com)
- After exposure to low amounts of Lewisite or to the mixture, temporary loss of eyesight may occur because of blepharospasm or eyelid edema. (cdc.gov)
Clinical2
- Clinical features, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. (medscape.com)
- Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. (medscape.com)
Exposure1
- Exposure to certain environmental toxins or medications has been linked to an increased risk of blepharospasm. (icloudhospital.com)
Benzodiazepines1
- Blepharospasm can also be a symptom of acute withdrawal from benzodiazepines. (wikipedia.org)
LIFTING1
- Blepharospasm - Lifting the Lid' by Professor Brigitte Girard, an ophthalmologist who has been treating patients for more than twenty years. (dystonia.org.uk)
Fully understood1
- The exact causes of blepharospasm are not fully understood, but it is generally thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. (tunisie-esthetic.com)
Patients3
- While not showing conclusive effects of dipraglurant in this first study of an mGlu5NAM in blepharospasm patients, it has provided us with a number of important insights related to the patient population. (addexpharma.com)
- Bentivoglio AR, Daniele A, Albanese A. Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
- The blink rate (BR) during rest, conversation, and reading was assessed in 50 patients with blepharospasm (BS) and in 150 healthy subjects. (unicatt.it)
Prevalence2
- The prevalence of blepharospasm in the general population is approximately 5 in 100,000. (medscape.com)
- Blepharospasm is a relatively rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of 16 cases per million people in the United States. (icloudhospital.com)
Neurological1
- Diagnosis of blepharospasm is based on information from the affected individual and the physical and neurological examination. (dystoniacanada.org)
Affects1
- Blepharospasm almost always affects both eyes, but may begin in one eye. (dystoniacanada.org)
Diagnosis2
- Jankovic J. Etiology and differential diagnosis of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. (medscape.com)
- At this time, there is no test to confirm diagnosis of blepharospasm, and, in most cases, assorted laboratory tests are normal. (dystoniacanada.org)
Regulate1
- If the central control center fails to regulate blinking in blepharospasm, it is believed to be only one component of an overloaded, defective circuit. (medscape.com)
Blink reflex1
- Quartarone A, Sant'Angelo A, Battaglia F. Enhanced long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
Movement disorder1
- Blepharospasm is a type of dystonia, which is a movement disorder that causes muscles to contract involuntarily. (icloudhospital.com)
Muscles responsible1
- In the case of blepharospasm, the muscles responsible for controlling eye movement and eyelid function are affected. (icloudhospital.com)
Closure1
- Eye-Closure Rate Modulation in Blepharospasm. (bvsalud.org)