Cantharidin
Pemphigoid, Bullous
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
Pemphigus
Desmoglein 3
Drug Packaging
Exudates and Transudates
Skin
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Desmoglein 1
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Suction
Exfoliatins
Encyclopedias as Topic
Friction
Modulation of cellular annexin I in human leukocytes infiltrating DTH skin reactions. (1/380)
Based on our previous studies showing endogenous annexin I being depleted from migrated neutrophils (PMN) in vitro, we have tested whether the levels of this glucocorticoid-regulated protein in PMN and mononuclear cells (PBMC) were modified after adhesion to endothelial monolayers in vitro and extravasation into skin blisters in vivo. In vitro, annexin I levels were depleted more significantly (-70%) in post-adherent PMNs than in monocytes (-25%) and lymphocytes (-50%, only in the positive fraction). In vivo, a significant time-dependent increase (approximately threefold, P < 0.05) in cell-associated annexin I was measured in PBMCs recovered from the blisters, whereas no significant changes were detected in extravasated PMNs. This was associated with annexin I release in the blister fluids (approximately 35 ng/mL), whereas no detectable protein was found in matched-paired plasmas. In conclusion, we report for the first time an activation of the annexin I pathway during an ongoing experimental inflammatory response in humans, which is differently regulated between PMNs and PBMCs. (+info)Spontaneous regression of a bulla with the development of adenocarcinoma of the lung. (2/380)
Spontaneous regression of a bulla in the lung is rare. We describe a case of spontaneous regression associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the lung in a 59-year-old male smoker. The bulla had begun to regress spontaneously at least six months before lung cancer was detected on a chest radiograph. He underwent left upper lobe lobectomy with mediastinal node dissection. The tumor arose within the bulla, extending along the bulla wall. He has been alive for more than eight years with no evidence of recurrence. This case suggests that spontaneous regression of a bulla should be recognized as one of the early radiographic signs of the development of lung cancer in patients with bullous lung disease. (+info)Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus antibodies are pathogenic in plasminogen activator knockout mice. (3/380)
Previous studies have suggested that urokinase plasminogen activator is required for blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Other studies, however, have shown that downregulation of plasminogen activator does not inhibit blisters induced by pemphigus immunoglobulin G. To eliminate the possibility that small amounts of urokinase plasminogen activator might be sufficient for blister formation, we passively transferred pemphigus immunoglobulin G to urokinase plasminogen activator knockout neonatal mice. Pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris immunoglobulin G caused gross blisters and acantholysis in the superficial and suprabasal epidermis, respectively, to the same degree in knockout and control mice, demonstrating that urokinase plasminogen activator is not absolutely required for antibody-induced blisters. Some studies have shown elevated tissue-type plasminogen activator in pemphigus lesions. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, however, is not necessary for blister formation, because pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris immunoglobulin G caused blisters to the same degree in tissue-type plasminogen activator knockout and control mice. To rule out that one plasminogen activator might compensate for the other in the knockout mice, we bred urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator double knockouts. After passive transfer of pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris immunoglobulin G these mice blistered to the same degree as the single knockout and control mice, and histology indicated blisters at the expected level of the epidermis. These data definitively demonstrate that plasminogen activator is not necessary for pemphigus immunoglobulin G to induce acantholysis in the neonatal mouse model of pemphigus. (+info)The functional diversity of epidermal keratins revealed by the partial rescue of the keratin 14 null phenotype by keratin 16. (4/380)
The type I epidermal keratins K14 and K16 are remarkably similar at the primary sequence level. While a structural function has been clearly defined for K14, we have proposed that a function of K16 may be to play a role in the process of keratinocyte activation that occurs after acute injury to stratified epithelia. To compare directly the functions of the two keratins we have targeted the expression of the human K16 cDNA to the progenitor basal layer of the epidermis of K14 null mice. Mice null for K14 blister extensively and die approximately 2 d after birth (Lloyd, C., Q.C. Yu, J. Cheng, K. Turksen, L. Degenstein, E. Hutton, and E. Fuchs. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129:1329-1344). The skin of mice expressing K16 in the absence of K14 developed normally without evidence of blistering. However, as the mice aged they featured extensive alopecia, chronic epidermal ulcers in areas of frequent physical contact, and alterations in other stratified epithelia. Mice expressing a control K16-C14 cDNA also rescue the blistering phenotype of the K14 null mice with only a small percentage exhibiting minor alopecia. While K16 is capable of rescuing the blistering, phenotypic complementation in the resulting skin is incomplete due to the multiple age dependent anomalies. Despite their high sequence similarity, K16 and K14 are not functionally equivalent in the epidermis and other stratified epithelia and it is primarily the carboxy-terminal approximately 105 amino acids of K16 that define these differences. (+info)Penetration of moxifloxacin into peripheral compartments in humans. (5/380)
To characterize the penetration of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039) into peripheral target sites, the present study aimed at measuring unbound moxifloxacin concentrations in the interstitial space fluid by means of microdialysis, an innovative clinical sampling technique. In addition, moxifloxacin concentrations were measured in cantharides-induced skin blisters, saliva, and capillary plasma and compared to total- and free-drug concentrations in venous plasma. For this purpose, 12 healthy volunteers received moxifloxacin in an open randomized crossover fashion either as a single oral dose of 400 mg or as a single intravenous infusion of 400 mg over 60 min. An almost-complete equilibration of the free unbound plasma fraction of moxifloxacin with the interstitial space fluid was observed, with mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)(interstitial fluid)/AUC(total-plasma) ratios ranging from 0.38 to 0.55 and mean AUC(interstitial fluid)/AUC(free-plasma) ratios ranging from 0.81 to 0.86. The skin blister concentration/plasma concentration ratio reached values above 1.5 after 24 h, indicating a preferential penetration of moxifloxacin into inflamed lesions. The moxifloxacin concentrations in saliva and capillary blood were similar to the corresponding levels in plasma. Our data show that moxifloxacin concentrations attained in the interstitial space fluid in humans and in skin blister fluid following single doses of 400 mg exceed the values for the MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited for most clinically relevant bacterial strains, notably including penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. These findings support the use of moxifloxacin for the treatment of soft tissue and respiratory tract infections in humans. (+info)Ectosomes released by human neutrophils are specialized functional units. (6/380)
Here we show that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) release ectosomes independently of complement attack during their activation both in vitro and at the site of inflammation in vivo. Patterns of biotinylated proteins on the surface of PMN and on PMN-derived ectosomes indicated a specific sorting of cell surface proteins into and out of ectosomes. Ectosomes expressed clusters of complement receptor 1 (CR1), which allowed them to bind efficiently to opsonized bacteria. Myeloperoxidase and human leukocyte elastase, both stored within the azurophilic granules of PMN, were found to colocalize on ectosomes with CR1. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase colocalized with human leukocyte elastase. In contrast, not present on CR1-expressing ectosomes were CD63, a selective marker for the azurophilic granules, and CD14, which is located within the same granules and the secretory vesicles as CR1. Of the other complement regulatory proteins expressed by PMN, only CD59 colocalized with CR1, while CD55 and CD46 were almost absent. Ectosomes released by activated PMN at the site of inflammation may function as a well organized element (ecto-organelle), designed to focus antimicrobial activity onto opsonized surfaces. (+info)Targeted inactivation of the type VII collagen gene (Col7a1) in mice results in severe blistering phenotype: a model for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. (7/380)
Dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) are associated with mutations in the type VII collagen gene (Col7a1) which encodes the major component of anchoring fibrils. To develop a DEB animal model, type VII collagen deficient mice were generated by targeted homologous recombination. The targeting vector replaced exons 46-69 of Col7a1 with the neomycin-resistance gene, in reverse transcriptional orientation, resulting in elimination of most of the collagenous domain 1. Col7a1 heterozygous (+/-) mice were phenotypically normal. Mating of Col7a1 +/- mice revealed that Col7a1 null (-/-) mice, which were born with extensive cutaneous blistering, died during the first two weeks of life probably due to complications arising from the blistering. Transmission electron microscopy revealed subepidermal blistering below the lamina densa and absence of anchoring fibrils. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-human type VII collagen antibody stained the dermal-epidermal junction in control mice, but did not stain the skin of Col7a1 null mice. Collectively, the DEB mice recapitulate the clinical, genetic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of recessive DEB in humans. These mice provide an animal model to study the pathomechanisms of DEB and serve as a system to test therapeutic approaches, including gene replacement, towards the cure of this devastating skin disease. (+info)BALB/c mice produce blister-causing antibodies upon immunization with a recombinant human desmoglein 3. (8/380)
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an Ab-mediated autoimmune blistering disease of mucotaneous surfaces. Over 95% of the patients with PV express DR4 or DRw6, and the disease is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 3 (Dsg 3), a protein expressed on keratinocytes. An appropriate animal model is required to understand immunoregulation and to address the role of immunogenetic components in the production of pathogenic Abs that are characteristic of PV. Therefore, we turned to the development of a mouse model. Four strains of female mice (BALB/c, DBA/1, SJL/J, and HRS/J) were screened for their ability to produce pathogenic anti-Dsg 3 Abs. We demonstrated that only BALB/c mice immunized with a full-length Dsg 3 can produce pathogenic Abs capable of causing acantholysis of human foreskin in culture and blistering in neonatal mice. This observation suggested that either H-2d or the BALB background contains the immunogenetic makeup necessary for the production of pathogenic anti-Dsg 3 Abs. No correlation was noted between a given isotype and the pathogenic potential of autoantibodies from different strains of mice. Similarly, the pattern of reactivity of Abs with a panel of 46 synthetic peptides that span the entire Dsg 3 failed to reveal any association between binding specificity and the pathogenic potential, and suggested that pathogenic Abs might recognize conformational epitopes. Moreover, our studies showed that the epitopes recognized by pathogenic Abs are contained within the extracellular Dsg 3. (+info)A blister is a small fluid-filled bubble that forms on the skin due to friction, burns, or contact with certain chemicals or irritants. Blisters are typically filled with a clear fluid called serum, which is a component of blood. They can also be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) if the blister is caused by a more severe injury.
Blisters act as a natural protective barrier for the underlying skin and tissues, preventing infection and promoting healing. It's generally recommended to leave blisters intact and avoid breaking them, as doing so can increase the risk of infection and delay healing. If a blister is particularly large or painful, medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications.
Cantharidin is a toxic substance that is produced by several species of beetles, including the blister beetle. It has been used in medicine as a topical vesicant or blistering agent to treat warts and other skin conditions. Cantharidin works by causing irritation and inflammation of the skin, which leads to the formation of a blister. This can help to remove the affected skin and promote healing.
It is important to note that cantharidin is a potent toxic substance and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. It can cause serious side effects if it is not used properly, including severe burns, scarring, and allergic reactions. Cantharidin is not approved for use in the United States, and its use is generally discouraged due to the risks associated with it.
According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the National Organization for Rare Disorders, bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the formation of large, fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition primarily affects older adults, with most cases occurring in individuals over 60 years of age.
In bullous pemphigoid, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against proteins called BP230 and BP180, which are found in the basement membrane zone – a layer that separates the epidermis (outer skin layer) from the dermis (inner skin layer). This autoimmune response leads to the formation of blisters, causing significant discomfort and potential complications if left untreated.
The symptoms of bullous pemphigoid typically include:
1. Large, fluid-filled blisters on the skin, often appearing on the trunk, arms, or legs. These blisters may be itchy or painful.
2. Blisters that rupture easily, leading to raw, open sores.
3. Mucous membrane involvement, such as blisters in the mouth, nose, eyes, or genital area.
4. Skin redness and irritation.
5. Fluid-filled bumps (papules) or pus-filled bumps (pustules).
6. Scarring and skin discoloration after blisters heal.
Treatment for bullous pemphigoid usually involves a combination of medications to control the immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. These may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or other targeted therapies. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help manage secondary infections that can occur due to blister formation.
It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan if you suspect you have bullous pemphigoid or are experiencing related symptoms.
Vesiculobullous skin diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the formation of blisters (vesicles) and bullae (larger blisters) on the skin. These blisters form when there is a separation between the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) and the dermis (layer beneath the epidermis) due to damage in the area where they join, known as the dermo-epidermal junction.
There are several types of vesiculobullous diseases, each with its own specific causes and symptoms. Some of the most common types include:
1. Pemphigus vulgaris: an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks proteins that help to hold the skin together, causing blisters to form.
2. Bullous pemphigoid: another autoimmune disorder, but in this case, the immune system attacks a different set of proteins, leading to large blisters and inflammation.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a skin condition associated with celiac disease, where gluten ingestion triggers an immune response that leads to the formation of itchy blisters.
4. Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare autoimmune disorder that occurs during pregnancy and causes blisters on the abdomen and other parts of the body.
5. Epidermolysis bullosa: a group of inherited disorders where there is a fragile skin structure, leading to blistering and wound formation after minor trauma or friction.
Treatment for vesiculobullous diseases depends on the specific diagnosis and may include topical or systemic medications, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics, as well as wound care and prevention of infection.
Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.
There are several types of pemphigus, including:
1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.
Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.
Desmoglein 3 is a type of desmoglein protein that is primarily found in the upper layers of the epidermis, specifically in the desmosomes of the skin. Desmogleins are part of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and cohesion of tissues, particularly in areas subjected to mechanical stress.
Desmoglein 3 is essential for the formation and maintenance of desmosomal junctions in stratified squamous epithelia, such as the skin and mucous membranes. It is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion by forming calcium-dependent homophilic interactions with other Desmoglein 3 molecules on adjacent cells.
Mutations in the gene encoding Desmoglein 3 have been associated with several skin disorders, including pemphigus vulgaris, a severe autoimmune blistering disease that affects the mucous membranes and skin. In pemphigus vulgaris, autoantibodies target Desmoglein 3 (and sometimes Desmoglein 1) molecules, leading to loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of blisters and erosions.
Drug packaging refers to the process and materials used to enclose, protect, and provide information about a pharmaceutical product. The package may include the container for the medication, such as a bottle or blister pack, as well as any accompanying leaflets or inserts that contain details about the drug's dosage, side effects, and proper use.
The packaging of drugs serves several important functions:
1. Protection: Proper packaging helps to protect the medication from physical damage, contamination, and degradation due to exposure to light, moisture, or air.
2. Child-resistance: Many drug packages are designed to be child-resistant, meaning they are difficult for young children to open but can still be easily accessed by adults.
3. Tamper-evidence: Packaging may also include features that make it easy to detect if the package has been tampered with or opened without authorization.
4. Labeling: Drug packaging must comply with regulatory requirements for labeling, including providing clear and accurate information about the drug's ingredients, dosage, warnings, and precautions.
5. Unit-dose packaging: Some drugs are packaged in unit-dose form, which means that each dose is individually wrapped or sealed in a separate package. This can help to reduce medication errors and ensure that patients receive the correct dosage.
6. Branding and marketing: Drug packaging may also serve as a tool for branding and marketing the product, with distinctive colors, shapes, and graphics that help to differentiate it from similar products.
Exudates and transudates are two types of bodily fluids that can accumulate in various body cavities or tissues as a result of injury, inflammation, or other medical conditions. Here are the medical definitions:
1. Exudates: These are fluids that accumulate due to an active inflammatory process. Exudates contain high levels of protein, white blood cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages), and sometimes other cells like red blood cells or cellular debris. They can be yellow, green, or brown in color and may have a foul odor due to the presence of dead cells and bacteria. Exudates are often seen in conditions such as abscesses, pneumonia, pleurisy, or wound infections.
Examples of exudative fluids include pus, purulent discharge, or inflammatory effusions.
2. Transudates: These are fluids that accumulate due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure within the blood vessels. Transudates contain low levels of protein and cells compared to exudates. They are typically clear and pale yellow in color, with no odor. Transudates can be found in conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome.
Examples of transudative fluids include ascites, pleural effusions, or pericardial effusions.
It is essential to differentiate between exudates and transudates because their underlying causes and treatment approaches may differ significantly. Medical professionals often use various tests, such as fluid analysis, to determine whether a fluid sample is an exudate or transudate.
Body fluids refer to the various liquids that can be found within and circulating throughout the human body. These fluids include, but are not limited to:
1. Blood: A fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the cardiovascular system. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma.
2. Lymph: A clear-to-white fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, helping to remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from tissues while also playing a crucial role in the immune system.
3. Interstitial fluid: Also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid, it is the fluid that surrounds the cells in the body's tissues, allowing for nutrient exchange and waste removal between cells and blood vessels.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, cushioning, and nutrients to these delicate structures while also removing waste products.
5. Pleural fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
6. Pericardial fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction during heart contractions.
7. Synovial fluid: A viscous, lubricating fluid found in joint spaces, allowing for smooth movement and protecting the articular cartilage from wear and tear.
8. Urine: A waste product produced by the kidneys, consisting of water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, which is excreted through the urinary system.
9. Gastrointestinal secretions: Fluids produced by the digestive system, including saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions, which aid in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food particles.
10. Reproductive fluids: Secretions from the male (semen) and female (cervical mucus, vaginal lubrication) reproductive systems that facilitate fertilization and reproduction.
In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare inherited skin disorders that are characterized by the development of blisters, erosions, and scarring following minor trauma or friction. The condition results from a genetic defect that affects the structural proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).
There are several types of EB, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. These include:
1. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS): This is the most common form of EB, and it typically affects the skin's superficial layers. Blistering tends to occur after minor trauma or friction, and healing usually occurs without scarring. There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity.
2. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB): This form of EB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma. Healing often results in scarring, and affected individuals may also experience nail loss, dental abnormalities, and fragile mucous membranes.
3. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB): DEB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can lead to significant scarring, contractures, and fusion of fingers and toes. There are two main subtypes of DEB: recessive DEB (RDEB), which is more severe and associated with a higher risk of skin cancer, and dominant DEB (DDEB), which tends to be milder.
4. Kindler Syndrome: This is a rare form of EB that affects both the epidermis and dermis. Blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma, and affected individuals may experience photosensitivity, poikiloderma (a mottled skin appearance), and oral and gastrointestinal abnormalities.
Treatment for EB typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing blister formation and infection, and promoting wound healing. There is currently no cure for EB, but research is ongoing to develop new therapies and treatments.
Desmoglein 1 is a type of desmosomal cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. It is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the skin. Desmoglein 1 forms desmosomes, specialized intercellular junctions that connect adjacent keratinocytes and help to resist shearing forces.
Desmoglein 1 is also a target for autoantibodies in certain blistering diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceus, where the binding of these antibodies to desmoglein 1 results in the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of skin blisters.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies against type VII collagen, a protein that plays a crucial role in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis. This results in the formation of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes, particularly in areas subjected to friction or trauma.
EBA can be classified into two main forms: the mechanobullous form and the inflammatory form. The mechanobullous form is characterized by spontaneous blistering and mechanical fragility of the skin, while the inflammatory form presents with inflammation and erosions in the mucous membranes.
The onset of EBA can occur at any age, but it is more common in adults, particularly those over 40 years old. The diagnosis of EBA is based on clinical presentation, direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies, and detection of autoantibodies against type VII collagen.
Treatment of EBA typically involves a combination of wound care, prevention of infection, and immunosuppressive therapy to control the production of autoantibodies. The prognosis of EBA varies depending on the severity and extent of skin and mucous membrane involvement, as well as the response to treatment.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is a cutaneous condition, primarily seen in infants and young children, characterized by widespread, superficial blistering and sloughing of the skin, which gives the appearance of a burn or scald. It's caused by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that produce exfoliative toxins (ETs), specifically ET-A and ET-B, which can cause epidermal separation at the granular layer.
The condition often begins with symptoms such as fever, irritability, and skin tenderness. Within 24 to 48 hours, large, flaccid blisters develop, usually first on the face and perioral area, and then spread to other parts of the body. The blisters are fragile and easily rupture, leading to widespread, shallow areas of denuded skin. The affected areas are red, painful, and can be mistaken for a burn or scald injury.
Despite its appearance, SSSS is not a true infection of the deeper layers of the skin but rather a reaction to the toxins produced by the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The condition is usually treated with systemic antibiotics active against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as supportive care for the damaged skin, such as wound dressings and pain management. Prompt treatment typically leads to a good prognosis, although severe cases can lead to complications like dehydration, sepsis, or even death in rare instances.
In medical terms, suction refers to the process of creating and maintaining a partial vacuum in order to remove fluids or gases from a body cavity or wound. This is typically accomplished using specialized medical equipment such as a suction machine, which uses a pump to create the vacuum, and a variety of different suction tips or catheters that can be inserted into the area being treated.
Suction is used in a wide range of medical procedures and treatments, including wound care, surgical procedures, respiratory therapy, and diagnostic tests. It can help to remove excess fluids such as blood or pus from a wound, clear secretions from the airways during mechanical ventilation, or provide a means of visualizing internal structures during endoscopic procedures.
It is important to use proper technique when performing suctioning, as excessive or improperly applied suction can cause tissue damage or bleeding. Medical professionals are trained in the safe and effective use of suction equipment and techniques to minimize risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Exfoliatins" is not a recognized medical term or a known medical condition. It seems like there might be a spelling mistake or a mix-up with the terminology. Exfoliation refers to the natural process of shedding dead skin cells from the surface of the skin. If you have any specific concerns about skin issues or other health problems, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for accurate information and advice tailored to your situation.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "friction" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Friction is a physical concept that describes the force that resists the sliding of one surface over another. It is commonly described as the "roughness" between two surfaces. While friction can have effects on various biological processes and medical devices, it does not have a unique medical meaning in and of itself.
The hymen is a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening in some females. It's a remnant of fetal development and varies greatly from person to person in terms of its size, shape, and flexibility. The presence or absence of an intact hymen does not definitively indicate virginity, as it can be torn due to various reasons such as exercise, tampon use, injury, or sexual activity. It's also important to note that some people are born without a hymen.
Dermatology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and conditions related to the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who has completed specialized training in this field. They are qualified to treat a wide range of skin conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and many others. Dermatologists may also perform cosmetic procedures to improve the appearance of the skin or to treat signs of aging.
Blister
Blister agent
Fracture blister
Blister pack
Blister (band)
Delayed blister
Friction blister
Gory Blister
Blood blister
Suction blister
Coma blister
Blister (disambiguation)
Edema blister
Blister bush
Blister beetle
Blister hangar
Sucking blister
Blister (TV series)
Orange blister beetle
Blister (Portuguese band)
Shadow blister effect
The Hope Blister
Blister beetle dermatitis
Wither Blister Burn & Peel
Blister in the Sun
Blistered
Osmotic blistering
Blistered pyrgomorph
Blistering (magazine)
Blistering distal dactylitis
Blister - Wikipedia
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E-Blister Clock: 'Simply Time, Nothing Else' - Core77
Recurrent blisters on the lip | The BMJ
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Blister Agents: Lewisite (L), Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL) | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
One Track Mind: The Effects' 'Blister' - Washington City Paper
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Friction Blisters: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Blistering heat wave claims 54 lives in Quebec | CNN
What is the fluid that oozes from blisters? - Answers
Air Fryer Blistered Shishito Peppers Recipe - Quick Cooking
Gelcoat Blister Repair | BoatUS
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Used Klockner Blister Packaging Line Model CP1200
Blessed Blisters - Hinduism Today
Treat Blisters1
- 3. How can I treat blisters at home? (indepsec.org)
Painful12
- Painful blisters located on hands (palmar surface) and feet (plantar surface) are due to tissue shearing deeper in the epidermis, near nerve endings. (wikipedia.org)
- But if a blister is large, painful, or looks like it will pop on its own, you can drain the fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
- Pemphigus vulgaris, a possibly life-threatening skin disease, causes painful blisters in the mouth or skin. (webmd.com)
- Both fever blisters and canker sores are common across all ages and can be painful. (nih.gov)
- Fever Blisters (also known as cold sores) are painful fluid-filled sores that form on the outside of the mouth around the lips. (nih.gov)
- If you have a blister that is painful or in a position that makes it likely to burst, cover it with a soft dressing to cushion and protect it. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Blood blisters are dark in colour and are often more painful than other blisters. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Blood blisters are often painful. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Blisters, those painful pockets of fluid that form on our feet, can be incredibly frustrating. (indepsec.org)
- By understanding the causes and taking preventive measures, you can minimize the likelihood of these painful blisters. (indepsec.org)
- It causes small, painful blisters commonly called cold sores or fever blisters. (nih.gov)
- Caused by a defect in the gene coding for a protein called type VII collagen, RDEB is characterized by painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes that leaves people prone to infections, scarring and skin cancer. (nih.gov)
Calluses5
- Less-aggressive rubbing over long periods of time may cause calluses to form rather than a blister. (wikipedia.org)
- Both blisters and calluses can lead to more serious complications, such as foot ulceration and infection, particularly when sensation or circulation is impaired, as in the case of diabetes, neuropathy or peripheral artery disease (PAD). (wikipedia.org)
- Blisters, calluses, and corns happen because when something rubs against the skin, usually on the hands or feet. (kidshealth.org)
- Areas on your body that form blisters and continue to be rubbed every day can go on to form calluses. (kidshealth.org)
- Unlike corns and calluses, which show up after rubbing that's gone on for a long time, friction blisters come from brief, intense contact on a small area. (webmd.com)
Friction blisters6
- Friction blisters are caused by excess shear stress between the bottom and surface of the skin and the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Friction blisters and cellulitis in a navy recruit population. (medscape.com)
- The formation of friction blisters on the foot: the development of a laboratory-based blister creation model. (medscape.com)
- Brennan FH Jr, Jackson CR, Olsen C, Wilson C. Blisters on the battlefield: the prevalence of and factors associated with foot friction blisters during Operation Iraqi Freedom I. Mil Med . (medscape.com)
- First-Aid Treatment for Friction Blisters: "Walking Into the Right Direction? (medscape.com)
- Gonzalez de la Guerra JM, González Campo M. [Betadine in the care of friction blisters. (medscape.com)
Skip2
- Rings can trap wetness, which is no good for eczema blisters, so if you have dyshidrotic eczema on your hands, you may wish to temporarily skip wearing all those cute rings you bought on Etsy - or just remove them when washing so that your fingers have a chance to dry thoroughly. (greatist.com)
- Or, hey, just skip the chore and do it another time - eczema blisters are as good an excuse as any to push off annoying cleaning tasks. (greatist.com)
Autoimmune blistering sk3
- Collagen XVII (COL17) is a hemidesmosomal transmembrane protein in the skin, which, in several autoimmune blistering skin diseases, may be targeted by autoantibodies. (nih.gov)
- Oral lesions are observed commonly in autoimmune blistering skin diseases. (medscape.com)
- As a group, autoimmune blistering skin diseases are recognized as autoantibody-mediated diseases. (medscape.com)
Shishito peppers3
- Guys, these Salt n' Pepper Blistered Shishito Peppers are kind of my favorite. (lifesambrosia.com)
- I mentioned my love for blistered shishitos a couple of years ago when I shared this recipe for Blistered Shishito Peppers with Sriracha Cream Sauce . (lifesambrosia.com)
- I got the idea for these Salt n' Pepper Blistered Shishito Peppers from this recipe for Salt n' Pepper Chicken Wings . (lifesambrosia.com)
Heal9
- To heal properly, a blister should not be popped unless medically necessary. (wikipedia.org)
- Blisters will usually heal on their own. (medlineplus.gov)
- Blisters usually just need time to heal on their own. (kidshealth.org)
- Bullous pemphigoid causes less severe blisters that heal faster and are not life-threatening. (webmd.com)
- Applying a topical steroid cream can also help fight itch, irritation, and inflammation from eczema blisters, and help your skin heal. (greatist.com)
- Most blisters heal naturally and do not require medical attention. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Leave blood blisters to heal naturally. (dash4it.co.uk)
- These blisters heal quickly, usually without leaving a scar. (msdmanuals.com)
- These blisters heal more slowly and may leave scars. (msdmanuals.com)
Pemphigus4
- Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are the earliest recognized autoimmune blistering diseases, and, together, they account for about one half of the autoimmune blistering diseases. (medscape.com)
- This article discusses the oral manifestations of several well-characterized autoimmune blistering diseases, including pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis, and paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP). (medscape.com)
- Accordingly, the pemphigus subset of diseases is termed intraepidermal blistering disease, while the pemphigoid subset of diseases is named subepidermal blistering disease. (medscape.com)
- Passive transfer experiments have demonstrated that purified autoantibodies from patients with the pemphigus group of diseases can induce blister formation when delivered to newborn mice. (medscape.com)
Bulla3
- In dermatology today, the words vesicle and bulla refer to blisters of smaller or greater size, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- Other names for blisters are vesicles (usually for smaller blisters) and bulla (for larger blisters). (medlineplus.gov)
- A blister (bulla, or, when small, a vesicle) is a bubble of fluid that forms beneath a thin layer of dead skin. (msdmanuals.com)
Infection10
- A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, usually caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Normally you don't want to drain a blister, because of the risk of infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- A single blister like that is usually easy to treat at home, but if you see signs of infection, it's time to call your doctor. (webmd.com)
- Blisters are a common symptom of conditions like chickenpox , cold sores , shingles , and a skin infection called impetigo . (webmd.com)
- Opening a blister can increase the risk of contracting a skin infection. (greatist.com)
- Fever Blisters are caused by an infection with the herpes simplex virus, usually type 1, or HSV-1. (nih.gov)
- The unbroken skin over a blister provides a natural barrier to infection. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Allow the fluid inside to drain, then cover the blister and the area around it with a dry, sterile dressing to protect it from infection until it heals. (dash4it.co.uk)
- If a blood blister bursts, keep the area clean and dry and protect it with a sterile dressing to prevent infection. (dash4it.co.uk)
- It's generally best to leave blisters intact to prevent infection. (indepsec.org)
Blood blisters2
- However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as "blood blisters") or with pus (for instance, if they become infected). (wikipedia.org)
- Blisters are sometimes filled with blood (called blood blisters) or pus (if they become infected). (dash4it.co.uk)
Bandage4
- You can put a bandage on the blister to keep it clean. (medlineplus.gov)
- Keep a blister clean and dry and cover it with a bandage until it goes away. (kidshealth.org)
- If your blister rubs up against your shoe, you can stop it from getting worse by using padding underneath the bandage. (webmd.com)
- Clean the blister with mild soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and cover it with a bandage or blister pad. (indepsec.org)
Bullous2
- Bullosis diabeticorum (bullous disease of diabetes or diabetic bullae) is a noninflammatory, blistering disease occurring spontaneously in diabetic patients.The bullae are usually located on acral skin surfaces, particularly the feet. (medscape.com)
- however, rabbit antibodies raised against the recombinant proteins encoded by the gene of mouse bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BP180) are capable of inducing blisters in newborn mice in a complement-dependent manner. (medscape.com)
Shishitos2
- Shishitos can be eaten raw, though they are most popular blistered in a pan or in the oven. (theepochtimes.com)
- And blistering shishitos is so easy. (theepochtimes.com)
Heals1
- It protects your blister while it heals. (webmd.com)
Mucous membranes2
- Warm, moist areas with thin skin, the moist linings of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the blistering (vesicant) effects of sulfur mustard. (cdc.gov)
- A group of autoimmune blistering diseases affecting primarily the mucous membranes is termed mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) (also termed cicatricial pemphigoid ). (medscape.com)
Prevention5
- Exploring the Mechanism for Blister Prevention Using Moleskin. (medscape.com)
- Prevention of food blisters. (medscape.com)
- Nexcare Blister Prevention Tape helps you stand up to your favorite activities. (findtape.com)
- 7. Are there any home remedies for blister prevention? (indepsec.org)
- Applying moleskin or blister prevention patches to areas prone to blistering can provide additional protection and reduce friction. (indepsec.org)
Fluid-filled3
- Blisters are fluid-filled sacs on the outer layer of your skin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Fluid-filled blisters on the outside of the mouth around the lips. (nih.gov)
- They also differ in appearance: Fever blisters are patches of several small fluid-filled blisters, while canker sores are usually single round white or yellow sores with a red border. (nih.gov)
Mustard-Lewisite Mixture1
- Both the DHHS and IARC have classified the blister agent H/HD (the sulfur mustard used in the Mustard-Lewisite mixture) as a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
Individual blister1
- We will showcase how individual blister pockets in multiple blister packs can be tested down to 5µm (pack and material dependent), irrelevant of foil type (matt or gloss) or different text patterns. (livestorm.co)
Skin25
- A blister may form when the skin has been damaged by friction or rubbing, heat, cold or chemical exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- Intense rubbing can cause a blister, as can any friction on the skin if continued long enough. (wikipedia.org)
- Blisters form more easily on damp skin than on dry or soaked skin, and are more common in warm conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- A blood blister usually forms when a minute blood vessel close to the surface of the skin ruptures (breaks), and blood leaks into a tear between the layers of skin. (wikipedia.org)
- The skin over the blister helps keep out infections. (medlineplus.gov)
- A blister is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside. (kidshealth.org)
- Contact of the skin with Lewisite or Mustard-Lewisite vapors or liquid will result in local pain, swelling, and rash, followed by blistering that might be delayed for hours. (cdc.gov)
- You can get blisters when something rubs against your skin, like a tool handle or a new pair of shoes. (webmd.com)
- An extremely low temperature on your skin can cause blisters. (webmd.com)
- Your skin may blister if you come in contact with certain chemicals, cosmetics , and many plant allergens. (webmd.com)
- Genes .There are rare genetic diseases that cause the skin to be fragile and to blister. (webmd.com)
- The virus generally resides in the nerve cells where it may periodically reactivate, traveling to the skin and causing recurring fever blisters. (nih.gov)
- Cut the Blister Cushion to desired shape and place underneath a sock or stockings against the skin in area desired. (bungapads.com)
- Blisters are usually caused by injury to the skin from friction and/or heat on the skin can create a tear between the upper layer of the skin (the epidermis) and the layers beneath. (dash4it.co.uk)
- If your skin is rubbed for long enough, a blister will form. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Blisters are more likely to develop on moist skin so splashing out on a good pair of moisture-absorbing socks can help prevent blisters and save a lot of pain in the long run. (dash4it.co.uk)
- As new skin grows beneath the blister, your body will slowly reabsorb the fluid in the blister and the skin on top will dry and peel off. (dash4it.co.uk)
- If a blister bursts, do not peel off the dead skin on top of the blister. (dash4it.co.uk)
- Shoes that are too tight or too loose can cause friction and pressure on the skin, leading to blisters. (indepsec.org)
- 5. Moisture: Excessive moisture from sweat or wet conditions can soften the skin, making it more prone to blisters. (indepsec.org)
- 6. Foot abnormalities: Certain foot abnormalities, like bunions or hammer toes, can cause your shoes to rub against the skin in abnormal ways, leading to blisters. (indepsec.org)
- 7. Allergies: Some people may have allergies to certain shoe materials, such as latex or certain dyes, which can cause skin irritation and blister formation. (indepsec.org)
- This review summarizes the current understanding of cleavage of COL17, and how such cleavage relates to blistering skin diseases. (nih.gov)
- Blisters most commonly form in response to a specific injury, such as a burn or irritation, and usually involve only the topmost layers of skin. (msdmanuals.com)
- Blisters that develop as part of a systemic (bodywide) disease may start in the deeper layers of the skin and cover widespread areas. (msdmanuals.com)
Avoid5
- The best way to deal with blisters is to avoid getting them altogether. (kidshealth.org)
- To avoid getting blisters on your hands, wear the right kind of gloves or protective gear. (kidshealth.org)
- How to Avoid Blisters Ah blisters. (physioroom.com)
- Knowing your hay supplier is the best method to avoid feeding blister beetle-infected alfalfa hay. (holistichorse.com)
- They can tell you whether there were concerns about beetle infestation during harvest and what precautions they employed to avoid the presence of blister beetles in hay. (holistichorse.com)
Beetles4
- Blister Beetles have a wide host range including alfalfa hay. (holistichorse.com)
- The hay-producing states known to have the biggest problems with blister beetles are Texas and Oklahoma. (holistichorse.com)
- This treatment might be a bad idea if the horse is suffering from ingestion of blister beetles, according to research conducted by scientists at Oklahoma State University. (holistichorse.com)
- Because blister beetles are attracted to blooming weeds and alfalfa, purchase weed free, pre-bloom alfalfa hay. (holistichorse.com)
Wash2
- So, if you're experiencing dyshidrotic eczema blisters, wash with a lukewarm temp instead. (greatist.com)
- Wash the blisters gently with germ-fighting (antiseptic) soap and water. (nih.gov)
Burns3
- This type of blistering is one of the tools used to determine the degree of burns sustained. (wikipedia.org)
- however, it is characteristic of second degree burns to blister immediately, whereas first degree burns can have blisters after a couple of days. (wikipedia.org)
- Although burns and repeated friction (for example from wearing tight shoes or using a shovel for a long time) are a common cause of blisters, these are not considered blistering disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Cold Sore1
- apply to affected area on the face or lips at the first sign of cold sore/fever blister (tingle). (nih.gov)
Severe2
- A severe sunburn can also cause blisters. (webmd.com)
- In severe cases, topical or oral steroids, immunomodulators (taken by mouth or given as an injection), or other medications may be the right treatment for eczema blisters. (greatist.com)
Diseases3
- COL17 can be targeted by various proteases, including MMP9, neutrophil elastase, plasmin and granzyme B, which may be associated with blister formation in pemphigoid diseases. (nih.gov)
- Over the last few decades, many other autoimmune blistering diseases have been delineated, and some of these newly identified diseases have oral manifestations. (medscape.com)
- Spontaneous animal homologues of human autoimmune blistering diseases have been identified in the last 2 decades. (medscape.com)
Sunburn1
- Sunburn can also result in blisters. (wikipedia.org)
Fever8
- Fever blisters are very contagious. (nih.gov)
- The main way to tell the difference between a fever blister and a canker sore is by location. (nih.gov)
- Fever blisters occur outside the mouth, generally around the border of the lips. (nih.gov)
- There is no known treatment that can permanently cure fever blisters or canker sores and prevent them from recurring. (nih.gov)
- Fever blisters can be treated with prescription antiviral medications either applied as topical creams or taken orally. (nih.gov)
- Both fever blisters and canker sores can have triggers that produce flare ups. (nih.gov)
- Sun exposure may sometimes trigger outbreaks of fever blisters. (nih.gov)
- Be aware that in young children, fever blisters can cause loss of appetite, drooling, and fever that can last for several days. (nih.gov)
Shear2
- Plantar shear stress distribution in athletic individuals with frictional foot blisters. (medscape.com)
- Bunga Gel Blister Cushion™ is used to stop shear force, pressure, shock and vibration. (bungapads.com)
Eczema12
- Just the Facts, Please: How Do You Treat Eczema Blisters? (greatist.com)
- But eczema blisters? (greatist.com)
- The eczema blisters tend to show up on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet. (greatist.com)
- Here's what to know about treating eczema blisters and healing your inflamed hands and feet. (greatist.com)
- How do you treat eczema blisters? (greatist.com)
- When it comes to treating eczema blisters, you can try some DIY methods at home for itch and irritation relief. (greatist.com)
- Adjusting the water temperature of your shower or bath is an easy way to get relief from eczema blisters. (greatist.com)
- A course of specialized UV light therapy sessions in the clinic a few times a week, over the course of several weeks or a few months, could help ease irritation and reduce how often you get eczema blisters. (greatist.com)
- Some meds used to treat atopic dermatitis may help with eczema blisters, as well. (greatist.com)
- Creams like pimecrolimus and tacrolimus can help control overactive inflammatory processes that may otherwise lead to those itchy eczema blisters. (greatist.com)
- Is it OK to pop eczema blisters? (greatist.com)
- Those eczema blisters might practically be begging to be popped - but resist the urge to squeeze, poke, scratch, or do any other kind of damage to the bubbles. (greatist.com)
Leak1
- Join Paul Smith (Managing Director) and Philip Cooper (Head of Technology & New Product Development) and learn how this innovative 3D technology takes non-destructive leak testing of blister packs to a new level. (livestorm.co)
Capsule2
- This high speed blister packing machine is the sealing of PTP and PVC for packing medicine (tablet/capsule), food, and health care products. (ecplaza.net)
- DPP-80 Tablet pill blister packaging machine,blister packaging machine Introduction This blister package machine is suitable for blister packing tablet, capsule, pill, injection and other medicine, food, electronic component. (richpacking888.com)
Tablet2
- 2.This tablet blister machine adopts the newest type high-power transmission mechanism to arrange the chain and drive the main driving shaft. (richpacking888.com)
- If you are searching for dpp-80 tablet pill blister packaging machine,blister packaging machine, Rich Machinery must be your best choice. (richpacking888.com)